of selected list of historians and other scholars and …978-0-306-47179...castof characters...

C a s t o f C h a r a c t e r s

Selected List of Historiansand Other Scholars and Writers

Cited in the Text

Historians Dates Nationality

Wilbur C. Abbott 1869–1947 AmericanLordActon 1834–1902 EnglishBrooksAdams 1848–1927 AmericanCharles Francis Adams 1835–1915 AmericanGeorge Burton Adams 1851–1925 AmericanHenry Adams 1838–1918 American

1876–1967 German Konrad Adenauer Archibald Alison 1792–1867 Scottish Grant Allen 1848–1899 English Jacques Amyot 1513–1593 French Aristotle 384–322B.C. GreekThomas Arnold 1795–1842 English William C. Atkinson 1902–1992 English W. H Auden 1907–1973 American St. Augustine 354–430 North African Herman Ausubel 1920–1977 American Sir Francis Bacon 156 1–1626 English Philip Bagby 1918–1959 English Walter Bagehot 1826–1877 English George Bancroft 1800–1891 American Harry Elmer Barnes 1889–1968 American Geoffrey Barraclough 1908–1984 English Paul Barth 1858–1922 German Jacques Barzun 1907– American

257

258 Cast of Characters


Charles A. Beard 1874–1948 American Mary R. Beard 1876–1956 American Carl L. Becker 1873–1945 American Howard Becker 1899–1960 American Edward S. Beesly 1831–1915 English Lee Benson 1948– American Isaiah Berlin 1909–1998 English Ernst Bernheim 1850–1922 German Olivier Bernier 1930– French/American Henri Berr 1863–1954 French Otto von Bismarck 1815–1896 GermanJohn B. Black 1883–1964 English

1886–1944 French Marc Bloch Franz Boas 1858–1942 German/American Kenneth E. Bock 1916– American Jean Bodin 1530–1596 French Napoleon Bonaparte 1769–1821 French Bishop Jacques Bossuet 1627–1704 French James Boswell 1740–1795 Scottish

1902–1985 French Fernand Braudel Kurt Breysig 1866–1940 German Crane Brinton 1898–1968 American James Bryce 1838–1922 English Henry Thomas Buckle 1821–1862 English William C. Bullitt 1891–1967 American Jacob Burckhardt 1818–1897 Swiss Ernest W. Burgess 1886–1966 American John W. Burgess 1844–193 1 American Jean Buridan 1300–1358 French Edmund Burke 1729–1797 Irish/English John B. Bury 1861–1927 Irish Herbert Butterfield 1901–1979 English Tomasso Companella 1568–1639 Italian Thomas Carlyle 1775–1881 Scottish Edward Hallett Carr 1892–1982 English Kwan-chih Chang 1931– Chinese/American Francois Chateaubriand 1768–1848 French Lord Chesterfield 1694–1773 English Edward P. Cheyney 1861–1947 American V. Gordon Childe 1892–1957 Australian/Ehglish John L. Clive 1924–1990 American Thomas C. Cochran 1902–1999 American Morris R. Cohen 1880–1947 American

Selected List of Historians 259


Charles W. Colby 1867–1955 Canadian Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772–1834 English R. G. Collingwood 1889–1943 English Henry Steele Commager 1902–1998 American Auguste Comte 1798–1857 French Marie-Jean-Antoine Condorcet 1743–1794 French Edwin Grant Conklin 1863–1952 American

1907–1968 American Rushton Coulborn Benedetto Croce 1866–1952 Italian J. G. Crowther 1899– English Jean Le Rond D’Alembert 17 17– 1783 French Leonardo da Vinci 1452–1519 Italian Lloyd De Mause 1931– American René Descartes 1596–1650 French Denis Diderot 1713–1784 French Wilhelm Dilthey 1833_1911 German John William Draper 181 1–1882 American Johann Gustav Droysen 1808–1884 German William A. Dunning 1847–1922 American Victor Duruy 1811–1894 French Fred Eggan 1906–1991 American Albert Einstein 1879–1955 German/Swiss Geoffrey R. Elton 1920–1994 English Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803–1882 American Ephraim Emerton 1851–1935 American Frederick Engels 1820–1895 German Leonhard Euler 1707–1783 Swiss Lucien Febvre 1878–1956 French Alfred Feder 1872–1927 German Francois de Fénélon 1651–1715 French Johann Gottfried Fichte 1762–1814 German Moses I. Finley 1912–1986 American/English H. A. L. Fisher 1865–1940 English John Fiske 1842–1901 American Fred Morrow Fling 1860–1934 American Robert Flint 1838–1910 Scottish Bernard De Fontenelle 1657–1757 French Anatole France 1844–1924 French Jerome Frank 1889–1957 American Tenney Frank 1876–1939 American James G. Frazer 1854–1941 Scottish Edward A. Freeman 1823–1892 English Sigmund Freud 1856–1939 Austrian

Cast of Characters 260

Dates NationalityHistorians

Jean Froissart 1333–1400? French James Anthony Froude 1818–1894 English Numa Fustel de Coulanges 1830–1889 French

1822–1911 English Francis Galton 1922– English Patrick Gardiner

Peter Gay 1923– American Pieter Geyl 1887–1966 Dutch Edward Gibbon 1737–1794 English Morris Ginsberg 1889–1970 English William Ewarts Gladstone 1809–1898 English Joseph Arthur Gobineau 1816–1882 French Alexander Goldenweiser 1880–1940 American Stephen Jay Gould 1941– American Alvin W. Gouldner 1920– American Arthur James Grant 1862–1948 English J. R. Green 1837–1883 English Thomas Hill Green 1836–1882 English Jacob Grimm 1785–1863 German George Grote 1794–1871 English Philip Guedalla 1889–1944 English M. J. Guest 1839–1909 English

FrenchLudwig Gumplowicz 1838–1909 Polish

1777–1859 English Henry Hallam Oscar Handlin 1915– American Carlton J. H. Hayes 1882–1964 American Arnold Ludwig Heeren 1760–1842 German Georg W. F. Hegel 1770–1831 German Werner Heisenberg 1901–1976 German Johann Gottfried von Herder 1744–1803 German Christian Gottlob Heyne 1729–1812 German John Higham 1920– American Gertrude Himmelfarb 1922– American Philip Hitti 1886–1978 American Homer C. Hockett 1875–1960 American Richard Hofstadter 1916–1970 American C. Warren Hollister 1930–1997 American Sidney Hook 1902–1989 American Walter E. Houghton 1904–1941 American Floyd House 1893–1975 American Michael Howard 1922– English H. Stuart Hughes 1916– American Johan Huizinga 1872–1945 Dutch

Francois Guizot 1787–1874



David Hume 1711–1776 Scottish Julian Huxley 1887–1975 English Thomas Henry Huxley 1825–1895 English Washington Irving 1783–1859 American Andrew Jackson 1767–1845 American Gabriel Jackson 1921– American

1842–1910 American William James William Stanley Jevons 1835–1882 English Samuel Johnson 1709–1784 English Immanuel Kant 1724–1804 German

1925– American Justin Kaplan Albert G. Keller 1874–1956 American

1571–1630 German Johannes Kepler Abdal-Raman ibn-Khaldun 1332–1406 Arabic Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929–1968 American Charles Kingsley 1819–1875 English

1902–1984 American Edna E. Kramer A. L. Kroeber 1876–1960 American Joseph Wood Krutch 1893–1970 American George Kubler 1912–1996 American Karl Lamprecht 1856–1903 German Charles V. Langlois 1863–1929 French Henry C. Lea 1825–1909 American

1841–1931 French Gustave Le Bon 1838–1931 English W. E. H. Lecky 1926– English Gordon Leff

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646–17 16 GermanAlexander Lesser 1902–1982 AmericanRobert Jay Lifton 1926– AmericanAbraham Lincoln 1809–1865 AmericanBrett J. Loewenberg 1905–1974 AmericanRobert H. Lowie 1883–1957 AmericanLucretius 99–55B.C. RomanEmil Ludwig 1881–1948 GermanGabriel Bonnet de Mably 1709–1785 FrenchThomas Babington Macaulay 1800–1859 EnglishJoseph de Maistre 1753–1821 FrenchDavid Samuel Margouliath 1858–1940 EnglishFelix Markham 1908–1992 English

1805–1900 English James Martineau 1818–1883 German Karl Marx

William H. McNeill 1917– American 1862–1954 German Friedrich Meinecke

Cast of Characters 262


Eduard Meyer 1855–1930 German Jules Michelet 1798–1874 French Francois Auguste Mignet 1796–1884 French John Stuart Mill 1806–1873 English Theodor Mommsen 1817–1903 German Gabriel Monod 1844–1912 French Charles de Secondat Montesquieu 1689–1755 French John L. Motley 1814–1877 American George P. Murdock 1897–1985 American Gilbert Murray 1866–1957 English

1888–1960 English Sir Lewis B. Namier Lynn H. Nelson 1931– American Allan Nevins 1890–1971 American Sir Isaac Newton 1642–1727 English Barthold Georg Niebuhr 1776–1831 German Max Nordau 1849–1923 German Michael Oakeshott 1901–1990 English Sir Charles Oman 1860–1946 English

1864–1944 American Robert E. Park Francis Parkman 1823–1893 American Blaise Pascal 1623–1662 French Mark Pattison 1813–1884 English Edward John Payne 1844–1904 American

1926– English Harold Perkin Charles Petit-Dutailles 1868–1947 French Henri Pirenne 1862–1935 Belgian George Plekhanov 1857–1918 Russian John H. Plumb 1911– English Plutarch A.D.46–120 GreekPolybius 203–125 B.C. Greco-RomanFrederick York Powell 1850–1904 English Sir Maurice Powicke 1879–1963 English William H. Prescott 1796–1859 American Sir Walter Raleigh 1552–1618 English

Friedrich Ratzel 1844–904 GermanHans Reichenbach 1891–1953 German/AmericanErnest Renan 1823–1892 FrenchColin Renfrew 1937– EnglishG. J. Renier 1892–1962 Dutch/EnglishHeinrich Rickert 1863–1936 German

Leopold von Ranke 1795–1886 German



William Robertson 1721–1793 Scottish James Harvey Robinson 1863–1936 American Charles Rollin 1661–1741 French Edward A. Ross 1866–1951 American A. L. Rowse 1903–1997 English Steven Runciman 1903– English

1934– English W. G. Runciman Bertrand Russell 1872–1970 English Edward N. Saveth 1913– American Saint-Simon 1760–1825 French Charles Auguste Sainte-Beuve 1804–1869 French J. Salwyn Schapiro Friedrich von Schelling 1775–1854 GermanFriedrich von Schlegél 1772–1829 GermanArthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. 1888–1965 American

1771–1832 Scottish Sir Walter Scott Henri Sée 1864–1936 French John Robert Seeley 1834–1895 English Charles Seignobos 1854–1942 French Edward R. A. Seligman 1861–1939 American Elman R. Service 1915–1996 American James T. Shotwell 1874–1965 American Georg Simmel 1858–1918 German William Milligan Sloane 1850–1928 American

1823–1910 English Goldwin Smith Lacey Baldwin Smith 1922– American Preserved Smith 1880–1941 American Pitirim A. Sorokin 1889–1968 Russian/American Herbert Spencer 1820–1903 English Benedict de (Baruch) Spinoza 1632–1677 Dutch Chester G. Starr 1914– American Sir Leslie Stephen 1832–1904 English

1926– American Fritz Stern Lawrence Stone 1919–1999 English Lytton Strachey 1880–1932 English William Stubbs 1825–1901 English J. W. Swain 1820–1895 American John R. Swanton 1873–1958 American John Addington Symonds 1840–1893 English Tacitus A.D. 55–117 Roman Hippolyte Taine 1828–1892 French

1843–1904 French Gabriel Tarde

1879–1974 American

264 Cast of Characters


Niccolò Tartaglia 1499–1557 ItalianRichard H. Tawney 1880–1962 EnglishA. J. P. Taylor 1906–1990 EnglishHenry Osborn Taylor 1856–1941 AmericanFrederick J. Teggart 1870–1946 AmericanWilliam Makepeace Thackeray 1811–1863 EnglishAugustin Thierry 1795–1856 FrenchArthur J. Todd 1878–1948 AmericanLeo Tolstoy 1828–1910 RussianArnold J. Toynbee 1877–1962 EnglishGeorge M. Trevelyan 1876–1962 EnglishH. R. Trevor-Roper 1914– EnglishErnst Troeltsch 1865–1923 GermanLeon Trotsky 1879–1940 RussianBarbara Tuchman 1912–1989 AmericanA. R. Jacques Turgot 1727–1781 FrenchFrederick Jackson Turner 1861–1932 AmericanRalph E. Turner 1893–1964 AmericanMark Twain 1835–1910 AmericanEdward B. Tylor 1832–1917 EnglishJohn Tyndall 1820–1893 IrishThorstein Veblen 1857–1929 AmericanPaul Veyne 1857–1929 FrenchGiambattista Vico 1688–1744 ItalianFrangois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire 1694–1778 FrenchWilliam Walsh 1913–1986 EnglishLester Ward 1841–1913 AmericanWalter Prescott Webb 1888–1963 AmericanMax Weber 1864–1920 GermanC.V. Wedgwood 1910–1997 EnglishJulius Wellhausen 1844–1918 GermanH. G. Wells 1866–1946 EnglishEdward Westermarck 1862–1939 FinnishAndrew D. White 1832–1918 AmericanLeslie A. White 1900–1975 AmericanLynn T. White 1907– AmericanMorton G. White 1917– AmericanOscar Wilde 1856–1900 IrishWilliam B. Willcox 1907–1985 AmericanWoodrowWilson 1856–1924 AmericanWilhelm Windelband 1848–1915 GermanJustin Winsor 1831–1897 American



Harvey Wish 1909–1968 AmericanWilhelm Wundt 1832–1920 GermanAlexandru Xénopol 1847–1920 RomanianEdgar Zilsel 1891–1944 AmericanHoward Zinn 1922– American

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Index

Abbott, Wilbur C., 257 Abundance, relationship to magnitude,

Achilles, 109 Acoma Pueblo, 241 39 Actium, Battle of, 212 Agriculture Acton, John Emerich Edward (Lord), 7,9,

Adenauer, Konrad, 67,257 Advancement of Learning, The (Ba-

Age of Louis XXV, The (Volatire), 37, 38– 254–255 con),17,142–143, 199

development of, 183 257 in pre-Columbian Peru, 113

criticism of Leopold von Ranke, 28 on ideas in history, 132 on moral judgments by historians, 61,62 on universal history, 33

The Law of Civilization and Decay, 212

Ajax, 109 Aldrovandus, 26 Alexander the Great, 65,124–125,127 Alfonso I, 94 Alfonso VIII of Castile, 69 Alison, Archibald, 3–4, 257

Adams, Brooks, 257

Adams, Charles Francis, 212,257 Adams, George Burton, 8,257

on the French Revolution, 96–97 on generalization in history, 169 on Gibbon’s writing style, 19, 83 as Great Man theory exponent, 111 on historians of antiquity, 221 on historical writing, 17, 19,20 on laws of history, 204 on Michelet’s Histoire de France, 17on racial determinism, 88

Allen, Grant, 117, 257, 260 Alternating-phase law, of history, 204–

America in Midpassage (Beard and

American Anthropological Association, 69

American Historical Association, 7, 8, 29,

on economics, 193 on facts as focus of history, 83 on history as science, 146 on laws of history, 208 on Spencer‘s influence on history, 162

Democracy, 6on evolutionary theory, 170,207 on laws of history, 207, 210,211,212–

on religious determinants of history,

“Rule of Phase Applied to History,

Adams, Henry, 257

213 205

105 Beard), 141

The,” 212-213 American frontier, 173 Adams, Herbert Baxter, 85 Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 83,105,146, 193,207,208,209

87 American Historical Review, 75–76

289

290 Index

American historiography, 7, 8–9 Augustine (saint), 95, 257 Augustus, Emperor, 65

of, 194–197 Ausubel, Herman, 257 Axarquia, Battle of, 94

Bacon, Francis, 60,99, 257

economic determinism interpretation

Amyot, Jacques, 57,257 Ancient History of the Egyptians,

Carthaginians, Assyrians, Baby-lonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians, The 143,199(Rollin), 98–99 Novum Organum, 199

42–43,63,222 Bagehot, Walter, 206,257

The Advancement of Learning, 17,142–

Annales d’histoire économique et sociale,

Anne, Queen of England, 73 Anthropology Balzac, Honoré 18

antievolutionism of, 233 comparative method of, 156-158, 163,

contribution to evolutionary theory,

cultural, moral neutrality of, 65–66 on Decline and Fall of the Roman Em-cultural relativism of, 81 Great Man theory of history perspec- description of Henry Osborn Taylor, 105

tive of, 113–121,129–130 on evolutionary theory, 166 historical relativism of, 81–82 on German Idealism, 133 interpretation of racial and cultural on laws of history, 209

on philosophy of history, 3 investigational techniques of, 228–229 racial determinism of, 89 philosophy of history perspective of, 10, on scientific method in history, 10–11

postmodernism of, 81 on truth in history, 8–9 scientific generalization by, 150–151 on world history, 34

Antiphon the Sophist, 181 Antiquarianism, 8 216-217,257Aragon, 94 Barrow, Isaac, 180 Archaeology, comparative method of, 163, Barth, Paul, 211,257

Archimedes, 181,200 Bastian, Adolf, 133 Aristotle, 114–115, 157-158, 166, 257

Politics, 196 Actium, 212 Armada, Spanish, 67 Axarquia, 94 Arnold, Matthew, 13,99 Crécy, 81 Arnold, Thomas, 99,257 Fraga, 94 Art, as human developmental stage, 5 Artists, free will of, 51, 74 Art of History, The (Black), 11 Assassinations, failed, 67, 68 Astronomy, 200, 253 Athens, 119_120 States, 105Atkinson, William C., 257

Attacotti, 19–20 Auden, W. H., 122,257

Bagby, Philip, 152, 257

Bain, Alexander, 134

Bancroft, George, 16,207,257

Baquero, Eduardo Gómez de, 43 Barbarossa, Frederick, 72–73

History of the United States, 104–105174–175,229

174–175 Barnes, Harry Elmer, 257

pire, 4

differences by, 92–93

12 on Toynbee, 107

Barraclough, Geoffrey, 84, 151, 168, 173,

165 Barzun, Jacques, 29,37,86,257

Battles

Nájera, 19 Rossbach, 70

Beard, Charles A., 196198,258 America in Midpassage, 141on Bancroft’s History of the United

on determinism, 48 The Economic Basis of Politics, 195An Economic Interpretation of the Con-

stitution, 141, 194–195

History of Spain and Portugal, 90

Index 291

Beard, Charles A. (cont.) Bonaparte: see Napoleon Bonaparte Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne de, 97-98, 101,

Discourse on Universal History, 32, 97,

The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian

historical relativism of, 81 as New History proponent, 43 The Rise of American Civilization, 195“That Noble Dream,” 76–77, 78 “Written History as an Act of Faith,”

Democracy, 195 258

98, 109 Boswell, James, 1,49, 258

Life of Johnson, 26Boyle’s law, 251–252

Breisach, Ernst, 148 Breysig, Kurt, 258

78–79 Braudel, Fernand, 17,38,42,43,258 Beard, Mary R., 141,195,258 Becker, Carl L., 258

“Detachment in the Writing of His-

on facts of history, 84, 161–162 The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-

Century Philosophers, 76historical relativism of, 81 on history as science, 143, 147 on philosophy of history,11 on religious determinism, 99, 102–103,

on Universal History, 34

Der Stufenbau und die Gesetze der tory,” 76 Weltgeschichte, 211

Briggs, Henry, 182 Brinton, Crane, 77,230–231,258 Bryce, James, 34,161,258 Buckle, Henry Thomas, 163,258

on history as science, 158-159Introduction to the History of Civiliza-

on laws of history, 131,224–225 on philosophy of history, 39 on universal history, 32

Bullitt, William, C., 138,258 Buoyancy, law of, 200 Burckhardt, Jacob, 258 Burgess, Ernest W., 217, 258 Burgess, John W., 258 Buridan, Jean, 99,258 Burke, Edmund, 122,258 Burney, Fanny, 22 Bury, John B., 43,258

tion in England, 98, 159, 206 107

Becker, Howard, 258 Beesley, Edward S., 51-52, 116, 128,258 Benson, Lee, 258 Berlin, Isaiah, 52, 65, 139, 258 Bernheim, Ernst, 211,258

Bernier, Olivier, 223, 258 Bernoulli, Jacques, 181 Bernoulli, Jean, 181Berr-, Henri, 12,34–35,135–136,209,258 Bible, 94, 95,96, 166,206 Binomial theorem, 182 Biography

Lehrbuch der Historischen, 146

on contingency in history, 73 on evolutionary theory, 173–174 on history as literature, 18 on history as science, 146, 161 on ideas as historical determinants,

on individuals’ role in history, 222 on philosophy of history, 1, 5, 6, 9-10on static nature of history, 166 “The Science of History,” 28 on Universal History, 31, 32

Butterfield, Herbert, 258 on causation, 86 on facts in history, 4 on Great Man theory of history, 121,

222on ideas as historical determinants,

132,143on laws of history, 219

of ancient Greeks and Romans, 109 history as, 221

Bismarck, Otto von, 122, 258 131-132Black, John. B., 9, 19,258

The Art of History, 11Blanca/Blanche (wife of Louis VIII of

Bloch, Marc, 42, 63, 222,258 Bloomsbury Group, 27 Boas, Franz, 113,164,252,258 Bock, Kenneth E., 80–81,258 Bodin, Jean, 3,31, 167, 212, 258

France), 69–70, 71

Method for Easily Understanding His-tory, 3

History, 101Method for the Easy Comprehension of

292 Index

Butterfield, Herbert (cont.) Charlemagne, 65,219–220 Charles VIII, King of France, 96 Chateaubriand, Francois, 258

Chesterton, G.K., 67, 113 Cheyney, Edward P., 258

on religious determinism, 104 The Whig Interpretation of History, 2–

3,63, 171 Chesterfield, Lord, 258 Byron, George Gordon (Lord), 69

Calculus, 236 Calculus, invention of, 120–121,179–182 Cambridge Modern History, 33

on contingency in history, 73–74 on evolutionary theory, 173 on Great Man theory, 117,118,127,

Law in History and Other Essays, 53on laws of history, 208–209,213–214 on medieval social movements, 164–165 on moral judgment by historians, 62–

on philosophy of history, 9 on religion, 107 remarks about Joan of Arc, 127 A Short History of England, 44–45on Trevelyan’s literary style, 25–26

Chiefdoms, 153, 157, 158, 163–164, 183,

prediction of development of, 243–248

Cambridge University, 6, 8, 132 128-129Idealism movement at, 133, 134 Professor of Modern History, 207 Regius Professor of Modern History,

28, 53, 61, 146 Campanella, Tomasso, 37, 60,258 63 Capitalists, 194 Capital (Marx), 206 Captain Stormfield‘s Visit to Heaven

Cardano, Geronimo, De substilitate re-(Twain), 117-118

rum. 169 Carlyle, Thomas, 16, 36, 212,258 184–185

definition of history, 13 on determinism, 49 evolutionism of, 169

as Great Man theory exponent, 110 Heroes and Hero-Worship, 110on history as science, 161 on individuals in history, 220 on Scott’s novels, 20 18,19

Childe, V. Gordon, 163,236,258 China, development of civilization in,

Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña (anony-mous), 94

Chronicles of France, Flanders, England, Scotland and Spain (Froissart),

French Revolution, 24,26 187,188-190

Carneiro, Robert L., 242,245–247,248–

Carr, Edward Hallett, 14-15, 79,258 What Is History? 214

Casanova, 26 Catherine the Great, 22 Catholic Church, 98, 120 Causation, time lag in, 239–240 Causation, 85–107,133,147,159 Cleisthenes, 116

Chronology, history as, 1

Civil law, Montesquieu on, 57–58 Civil War, American, 231–232 Classical antiquity, see also Greece, an-

cient; Roman Empire

249,250-251 Cicero, 26

Heroic Age of, 109–110 historians of, 220–221

environmental determinants of, 92 evolutionary, 171 Clio, 94 racial determinants of, 86-93religous determinants of, 93–107 as scientific principle, 199

Cleopatra, 66

Clive, John L., 20,41, 95, 258 Cobban, Alfred, 2 Cochran, Thomas C., 15–16,45,258 Cohen, Morris R., 125,258 Colby, Charles W., 1–2, 259 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 96, 259 Collective behavior, history as, 56 Collingwood, R. G., 93,211,259

Cellini, Benvenuto, 26 Celts, 90,91,93 Cerfbeer, T., 59 Challener, Richard D., 209,215 Challenge-and-response principle, 187 Chang, Kwang-chih, 164,258 Autobiography, 141

Index 293

Columbia University, 165 Creativity, artistic, 51 Crécy, Battle of, 81

Commager, Henry Steele, 17,64,85, 172, Crete, 109 173,210,259 Minoan civilization of, 187–188

Community size, relationship to social Croce, Benedetto, 141, 259 structure, 242–243 Cromwell, Oliver, 96, 97, 116, 138

Comparative method, 151–156, 158 Cross-cultural comparison, 163 Crowther, J. G., 202,259

Cultural History, 35–43

Seth Low Professor of History, 17

in anthropology, 156–158, 163, 174–

as cross-cultural comparison, 163 for cultural complexity estimation, 249 relationship to social psychology, 135–

sociological, 160–161 Culture

175,229 Crusades, 72–73

Macaulay’s contributions to, 39–41 Voltaire’s contributions to, 32, 37–39

136 Cultural relativism, 81

Comparative Politics (Freeman), 163 Comte, Auguste, 259

Cours de philosophie positive, 205Henry Thomas Buckle as follower of,

John Stuart Mill as follower of, 205–

Law of the Three Stages of, 205 opposition to Universal History, 32 positivism of, 145 on religious determinism, 102 on social development, 168

anthropological analysis of, 174 laws of: see Law(s), of culture racial differences in, 93 science of, 148–150

131 Culture process, 177-198definition of, 178,220

206 distinguished from history, 73–74 influence on individuals, 225–227 of invention, 179–182 of political development, 182–186

Culturologists, 179 Curate of Los Palacios, 94

Cyclicity, in history, 167–168, 204–205

D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond, 57–58,259 Danton, George Jacques, 138,224 Darwin, Charles, 100–101, 111, 112, 117,

142, 171, 182; see also Evolution-ary theory, Darwinian

The Origin of Species, 103, 166, 170, 205,206

Concentration camps, 65 Custom, 50 Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine, 3, 131,

Sketch of a Historical Table of the 168,203,259

Progress of the Human Mind, 204

Conklin, Edwin Grant, 119,259 Conquest of Granada, The (Irving), 20 Considerations on the Causes of the

Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline (Montesquieu, 203 Darwin, Erasmus, 169

Constitutions da Vinci, Leonardo, 128,137,201,259 “Decay of Lying, The,” (Wilde), 26 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

(Gibbon), 1,3–4 16, 19–20,83Deffand, Madame du, 37,39 Defoe, Daniel, History of the Plague

of Greek city-states, 157 U.S., 194, 195

anthropology’s perspective on, 72–74 distinguished from determinism, 73–74

Contingency, in history, 66–74

Continuity, law of, 213 Corday, Charlotte, 224 Deists, 101–102 Cornell University, 6, Corveé, 250-251Coulborn, Rushton, 153,259 Coursault, Jesse, 161 Cours de philosophie positive (Comte), 205 Creation, The (Haydn), 68

Years, 26

De Mause, Lloyd, 139,259 Democracy, law of, 213 Democracy (Adams), 6 Democratic National Committee, 106 Democrats, Jeffersonians, 194–195 Democritus, 200

294 Index

De Rerum Natura (Lucretius), 200 Descartes, René, 99, 100, 180, 199,259

Economic Interpretation of the Constitu-tion, An (Beard), 141,194–195

Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democ-racy (Beard), 195

Edinburgh Review, 39-49Edward IV, King of England, 73 Edward VI, King of England, 73

Eighteenth Brumaire (Engels), 206 Einstein, Albert, 50,80,123,259 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 69–70,71 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 128

Dioptrique, 202Discours de la Méthode, 202

Descriptive histiorography, 152 De substilitate rerum (Cardano). 169 “Detachment in the Writing of History”

Determinism, 115 (Becker),76 Eggan, Fred, 238,259

distinguished from contingency, 73–74 distinguished from fatalism, 49–50 distinguished from free will, 47–57,

ecological, 191 scientific, 148,200,201 social, 52 on determinism, 171

Aristotle’s theory of, 157–158 cultural, 158

historical, 154 social laws of, 204–205

203 Elton, Geoffrey R., 82,259 on comparative method, 153 on cultural history, 45

on Erikson’s Young Man Luther ..., 139 on historical relativism, 79, 80 on history as literature, 2–28,29 on laws of history, 210,218,223 on objectivity of history, 14

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 24, 131,259 as Great Man theory exponent, 110–

‘History,” 110_111 on history as biography, 221 on ideas as historical determinants, 131

Development

laws of, 248–252

Developmental stages, of mankind, 5

Diderot, Denis, 58, 131,259 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 133,148,259 Dioptrique (Descartes), 202 Discours de la Méthode (Descartes), 202 Discourse on Universal History (Bossuet),

Domesday Book, 79 Domitian, Emperor, 57 Dostoyevsky, Fëodor, 137 Drake, Francis, 67 Draper, John William, 259 35,136,209 Droysen, Johann Gustav, 259 Dryasdust, Rev. Dr. (fictional character), (White), 233

Dryden, John, 113 226,259; see also Marxist theory Du Barry, Madame, 70,71 Dubos, Jean Baptiste, 38-39Dunning, William A., 15, 16, 259 Duruy, Jean Victor, 66,259

École, Militaire, 69

Economic Basis of Politics, The (Beard),

Economic determinism, 191 French, 131,168 Economic factors, as historical determi-

Diamond, Stanley, 191 111

Emerton, Ephraim, 7,259 Eminent Victorians (Strachey), 27, 136–

Empiricism, 115, 148, 199 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2, 126 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 126Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 34–

‘Energy and the Evolution of Culture”

21 Engels, Frederick, 53–55,56,123–124,

32, 97,98, 109 137

Eighteenth Brumaire, 206on ideas as behavioral determinants,

Ludwig Feuerbach, 206social determinism of, 206

142

England, cultural history in, 39–40,43,

English Social History (Trevelyan), 41 Ecological determinism, 191 45

195 Enlightenment, 3,101–102

ideological influences during, 130–131 universal history during, 32 nants, 190–198

Index 295

Environmental determinism, 92 Febvre, Lucien, 34–35,42,43,136,209, Erikson, E. H., Young Man Luther: A

Study in Psychoanalysis and Feder, Alfred, 218,259 History, 139 Federalist Papers, 196

Essay on the Manners and Customs of Federalist Party, 194 Nations, (Voltaire), 37 Fénelon, Francois de, 37,259

Essays, historical, 39–40 Fermi, Enrico, 123 Ethics (Spinoza), 203 Ferraro, Joseph, 55 Ethnography Feudalism, 129,166,172,225,226

259

comparative method of, 163–164 of 17th-century England, 41

Ethnology, German Idealism and, 133 Eudoxus, 181 Euler, Leonhard, 247,259 Euphrates Valley, 184 Events

comparative study of, 153 Feudal Monarchy in France and England

(Petit-Dutaillis), 139–140 Fichte, Johann Gottfried, 4, 5, 132

Finley, Moses I., 259 Fisher, H. A. L., 259

History of Europe, 72Fiske, John, 50–51,259

Addresses to the German Nation, 87

as focus of history, 1, 3–4, 8–9, 158 New Historians’ interpretation of,

Voltaire’s dissatisfaction with, 37–38 44_45 on the Constitution, 194

on Great Man Theory, 111, 112, 221 on institutional history, 45 on laws of history, 206-207on social development, 174

general classes of, 219 as historical forms, 174 historical laws based on, 216–217 narrative history of, 16 objective reality of, 79 order of, 12

Fling, Fred Morrow, 217-219,259Flint, Robert, 259 Folklore in the Old Testament (Frazer),

Fontenelle, Bernard De, 57, 259

Forster, E. M., 27 Fouché, Joseph, 138 Founding Fathers, 194

France, Anatole, 2627,259 France, cultural history in, 37–39, 42–43 Frank, Jerome, 14,67,259

Franklin, Benjamin, Poor Richard‘s Al-

Frazer, James G., 89, 132,259

Evolutionary distance, of traits, 248–252 Evolutionary Potential, Law of, 214–215,

Evolutionary theory

175

235–237 Ford, Henry, 13

of culture, 233–234 Darwinian, 100–101, 103, 111, 112,

simultaneous development of, 182

anthropology‘s contribution to, 174–

opposition to, 170–173 political, 166 manac, 66pre-Darwinian, 167–170 in sociology and anthropology, 205

Experimentation, scientific, 201,228

Facts, see also Events; Particularism as focus of history, 8–9, 11,83–84 historians’ intrepretation of, 13, 14–15,

narrative recounting of, 15–18

117,166,180,205,206,207 Fraga, Battle of, 94

in history, 165–175

175 Frank, Tenney, 259

Folklore in the Old Testament, 175Psyche’s Task, 225

Free consent, law of necessity of, 213 Freedom of the Mind in History (Taylor),

Freeman, Edward A., 36, 161,259

Free will, 159

French Enlightenment, 131, 168

105

77,79 Comparative Politics, 163

Fanatics, 111–112 Fatalism, distinguished from determin-

determinism versus, 47-57, 74,203

ism, 49–50 French history, 59

296 Index

French Revolution, 59,63–64, 71,73,96–

French Revolution, The (Carlyle), 24 Freud, Sigmund, 136,259 Gracchi, 138

Moses and Monotheism, 137–138Froissart, Jean, 6, 161,260

Chronicles of France, Flanders, Eng-

Froude, James Anthony, 47,58,75,83,

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 208 Gould, Stephen J., 74,260 Gouldner, Alvin, 81,260

Grant, Ulysses S., 118Gravity, law of, 201–202,215–216,218 Great Cultural Traditions, The (Turner),

Great Man theory, of history, 109–143 208,260 anthropological perspective on, 113–

97, 168,222,223,224,229–230

land, Scotland and Spain, 18, 19 152–153

History of England, 25 121,129–130 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa, 75, 145, 260 facilitators versus deflectors concept of,

opponents of, 115–119 History of the Political Institutions of 124–127

Ancient France, 61–62“Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the En-

vironment’’ (James), 112 Greatness, historical figures’ comments

Galileo, 99, 112, 180, 199 law of falling bodies, 201–202, 215–

216,218 on, 121–130 Galton, Francis, 117,260 Greece, ancient Gardiner, Patrick, 2, 11,85,260 Garner, John Nance, 67 Gay, Peter, 3,41, 79, 81,260 Geisteswissenschaft, 148–150 mathematics of, 181 Generalization

city-states of, constitutions of, 157 epics of, 109 Great Man theory applied to, 119–120

philosophers of, 166; see also Names of

Greek Political Thought (Toynbee), 154–

Green, J. R., 36, 58–59, 260 Green, Thomas Hill, 133–134,260 Gregory, James, 182 Grimm, Jacob, 5–6, 260

History of Greece, 52

by anthropologists, 150–151 individual philosophers historians’ attitudes toward, 229 historical, 158, 170–171 155 statistical, 237, 238

“Genesis of the Concept of Physical Law,

Genius, see also Great Man theory, of his-The” (Zilsel), 200

tory Grote, George, 260 of inventors, 120–121 Macaulay’s statement on, 113–114 unrecognized, 117–118

Germany, cultural history in, 42 Geyl, Pieter, 106, 172,260 Gibbon, Edward, 1,95, 118, 161, 167,260

conversion to Catholicism, 97 260 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,

literary style of, 19-20Ginsberg, Morris, 118,260 Gladstone, William Ewarts, 122, 194, 260 Gobineau, Joseph Arthur de, 260

The Inequalities of the Human Races,

Guedalla, Philip, 30, 67, 260 Guest, M. J., 260

Guizot, Francois, 63–64,260 Gumplowicz, Ludwig, 61,128, 133,226,

Gunnery, principle of, 201

Gurevich, Aaron, 55 Guttman scale analysis, 248–249

Habit, 50 Hahn, Otto, 123

87 Hallam, Henry, 260 Handbook of English History (Guest), 88 Handlin, Oscar, 260

Religious interpretations, of his- Hannibal, 66 tory Hanno, Pleriplus, 26

Handbook of English History, 88

1,3–4,16,19–20,83 Guns of August, The (Tuchman),147

God, German Idealists’ concept of, 134 God’s will, history as expression of: see

Index 297

Haydn, Joseph, The Creation, 68 History: Its Purpose and Method (Renier),Hayes, Carlton J. H., 260 Heeren, Arnold Ludwig, 260 History, see also Cultural history; Narra-Hegel, Georg Friedrich, 2,4–5,6, 10, 55,

102, 103, 132, 133, 193,260; see also Idealism, German

215

tive history; Universal history as chronology, 1as collective behavior, 56 definitions of, 13–15,55,67,72, 76,77practice of, 15–16 scope of, 13–15

evolutionism of, 169 Philosphy of Law, 192remarks about Napoleon, 110

Heisenberg, Werner, 123,260 Henry Esmond (Thackeray), 36 Henry Prince of Wales, 73

“History,” (Emerson), 110–111 History of England From the Accession of

James II, The (Macaulay), 16, Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 4–5, 102, 23–24,40–41,76

260 History of England (Froude), 25 History of England (Hume), 4 History of England (Lecky), 85–86 History of English Literature (Taine),

History of Europe (Fisher), 72 History of France (Michelet), 17, 90-91,

History of Greece (Grote), 52 History of Scotland (Robertson), 154 History of Spain and Portugal

History of the Crusades (Runciman), 84 History of the French Revolution

(Mignet), 63-64, 110 History of the Plague Years (Defoe), 26 History of the Political Institutions of An-

cient France (de Coulanges), 61– 62

evolutionism of, 168-169laws of history of, 204 Thoughts Concerning the Philosophy of

Man’s History, 168_169 221 Herodotus, 26,220–221 Heroes, see also Great Man theory, of his-

tory 167–-168of classical antiquity, 109-110

Heroes and Hero-Worship (Carlyle), 110 Heyne, Christian Gottlieb, 236, 260 Higham, John, 7,16,41,45–46,133,194, (Atkinson), 90

Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 27, 81, 260 Histoire de France (Michelet), 17, 90-91,

Histoire de la Révolution Francaise

Historians, see also Names of individual

American, religious determinism of,

birth and death dates of, 257–265 British, racial determinism of, 88–90 French Hitti, Philip, 260

as proponents of social psychology,

racial determinism of, 90–91

197

167-168

(Mignet), 63-64,110

historians History of the Sciences, A (Mason), 200 History of the United States (Bancroft),

History of the World (Raleigh), 75 Hitler, Adolf, 64-66

Hobbes, Thomas, 196

Hofstadter, Richard, 17, 27, 260 Holt, W. Stull, 8, 209–210 Hook, Sidney, 117, 118–119, 196,226,

Houghton, Walter E., 169,260 House, Floyd, 101,260

Howard, Michael, 63,17, 165, 260 Hughes, H. Stuart, 27,30,77,139,146,

Huizinga, Johan, 16–17,77,260

104–105 104–105

135–136 Hockett, Homer C., 29,260

German, racial determinism of, 87–

moral judgments by, 57–66 260 Rationalist, 4 rejection of philosophy of history by, 1–

scientific, opposition to narrative his-

88

3 Households, development of, 157

tory, 28–29 Historical materialism, 191 260 Historical relativism, 15, 74–82

298 Index

Hume, David, 1,58, 161, 167, 261

Hundred Years' War, 18 Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 253 Huxley, Julian, 112–113,261 simultaneous, 235–236 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 50,54,261 Hypotheses testing, 228

Idealism Ivanhoe (Scott), 20–21

Intuition, 148 History of England, 4 Invention

culture process of, 179–182 role of genius in, 120–121

Irving, Washington, 261

Islam, 127 The Conquest of Granada, 20

French, 133 German, 4–5,6–7,102,132–135,148, Jackson, Andrew, 121–122,261

191 Jackson, Gabriel, 45,72,196,223–224,

133-134 James, Arthur, 71

141–143

143 Environment," 112

influence on British philosophers,

influence on twentieth-century history,

261

James, William, 49,89, 117,261 on Great Man theory, 112, 117 "Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the

on laws of history, 208 Jevons, Stanley, 146, 261 Joan of Arc, 118–119,127 John, King of England, 58–59,60, 139–

Ideas, as historical determinants, 130–

Ideologyeconomic determinism versus, 197–198Marxist theory of, 193

Idiographic approach, 149, 150,216–217 If, Or History Rewritten, 67Ikhnaton, 116, 137 Iliad, 18 Johnson, Andrew, 16 Imagination, literary, 26-27Impermanence, law of, 213 Individuals, see also Great Man theory, of

140psychosis of, 139-140

Johnson, Samuel, 1,49,261

Joliot, 123

Journal of Psychohistory, 139Julius Caesar, 66

Kant, Immanuel, 31–32,102,133–134,

"The Vanity of Human Wishes," 165

history Josephine Bonaparte, 68 historians' focus on, 220-227influence of culture process on, 225–

role in historical events, 56–57 role in the origin of the state, 177–178

227

261Induction, 199 Kaplan, Justin, 261 Inertia, law of, 202 Inheritance, 154 Institutional history, 45–46

International Encyclopedia of the Social

Interpretation, 79,83–84; see also Causa-

Keller, Albert G., 128, 162,261 Kepler, Johannes, 99, 100,199,261

laws of planetary motion, 100, 181, Interdependence, law of, 213 201-202,255

ibn Khaldun, Abdal-Raman, 31, 261 King, Martin Luther Jr., 55–56,261 Kingsley, Charles, 88, 100–101, 103–104,

as Great Man theory exponent, 110–

on individuals in history, 221 on laws of history, 207–208,211 racial determinism of, 88 "The Limits of Exact Science as Ap-

Kinship, lineal, terminology of, 238–239

Sciences,11,85

tion 146,261 particularism versus, 83-85scientific, 147 111, 116,221

Introduction to the History of Civitization in England (Buckle), 98,159,206

Introduction to the History of Western Eu-rope (Robinson), 44,63

Introduction to the Study of History (Langlois and Signobos), 145–146

plied to History," 53

Index 299

Kramer, Edna E., 69,261 Law in History and Other Essays, 53Law of Civilization and Decay, The (Ad-

Law of Evolutionary Potential, 236–237 Lea, Henry C., 7,62,261

The Nature and Growth of Modern Mathematics, 181 ams), 212

Kroeber, A. L., 119, 152, 233,261 Krutch, Joseph Wood, 48–49, 51,261 Kubler, George, 261 Leaders Kuikuru, 241,242 Kulturgeschichte, 42, 133, 134

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste, 169 Lamprecht, Karl, 116–117,134–135,211,

Langlois, Charles V., 145–146,261Laplace, Pierre Simon, 69 6

Last Judgment, 96 Law(s) Lehrbuch der Historischen (Bernheim),

historians’ moral judgment about, 58– 59, 60, 62

of social movements, 55 Le Bon, Gustave, 91,111-112,261Lecky, W. E. H., 27,125,261

261 History of England, 85–86Lee, Lightfoot Mrs. (fictional character),

Lee, Maurice Jr. 209,215 Leff, Gordon, 72,210,261

Mécanique Céleste, 116

Boyle’s, 251–252 146 causal, 240 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 120-121,

anthropologists’ formulation of, 229 Lenin, Vladimir, 124 complexity as function of size, 241– Leo III (Pope), 219–220

243 Leopold of Austria, 223 of cultural development, 248-252 Lesser, Alexander, 239–240,261 predictive, 243–248 Leszczynska, Maria, 70 statistical, 237–255 Leucippus, 115,200

of culture, 224–225,233–255 168, 180, 181–182,261

of Evolutionary Potential, 214–215,

of gravity, 201–202,215–216,218 of history, 54,55, 199–232

Lever, law of, 200

Life of Johnson (Boswell), 26 Lifton, Robert Jay,137–138,261 Lincoln, Abraham, 121, 261 Lincoln College, Oxford, 134 Linguistics, Grimm’s “law,” of, 214 Literature, narrative history as, 18–30

Carlyle’s influence on, 24–25 Macaulay’s influence on, 22–24, 25 Scott’s influence on, 20–23 Strachey’s influence on, 25–26, 29-30

235-237 Lewis, A. H., 121-122

development of, 203–207 historians’ denial of, 209–210 historians’ opposition to, 207–208,

218–219historians’ support for, 208–209,219 proposed, 210–220

Montesquieu on, 57–58 natural, 53, 99–100, 101, 102,104, 107,

prescriptive, 199 proscriptive, 199 scientific, 206 Livy, 220–221

159,199 Trevelyan’s influence on, 25–26,29–30 Lives of the Saints, 26 Lives (Plutarch), 57, 109

Locke, John, 113,196

London, 1685, Macaulay’s description of,

Lorentz, Konrad, 123 Louis XV of France, 70

24 1 Louis XVI, 224 Louis VIII, 69, 71 Low, Seth, 165

Boyle’s law, 251–252 of buoyancy, 200 Logarithms, 182 definition of, 199

origin of, 199-202of universal gravitation, 202,240–

elemental form of, 227–228 23–24

of squares, 212–213 of the Three Stages, 205

300 Index

Lowie, Robert H., 113,261 Lucretius, 261

De Rerum Natura, 200Ludwig, Emil, 221, 261 Ludwig Feuerbach (Engeld, 206 Lung-shan culture, 189 Luther, Martin, 117 Lycothenes, Conrad, 26 History, 1–2 Lycurgus, 109–110

Mably, Gabriel Bonnet de, 109–110,261 MacArthur, Robert, 253Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 84,261

Mathematics, see also Calculusculture process in, 179–182

Maurois, André 67 Maya, 191 Mayne, Richard, 42 McCombs, William F., 106 McGill University, Kingsford Professor of

McGrew, R. E., 152,223 McNeill, William H., 84–85, 151, 152,

219,261Mécanique Céleste (Laplace), 116 Medieval Cities (Pirenne), 92 Meinecke, Friedrich, 49, 147,261 Method for Easily Understanding History

Method for the Easy Comprehension of History (Bodin), 101

Method of exhaustion, 181 Meyer, Eduard, 209,211,215,262

Michelet, Jules, 161, 262

Middle Ages

contribution to cultural history, 39–41 Dryden essay, 113–114 “History,” 22, 39–40 (Bodin), 3 The History of England From the Acces-

sion of James II, 16,23–24,40–41literary style of, 21–24 on Scott’s novels, 21, 22

Machiavelli, 60, 196 Michelangelo, 128 Madison, James, 195 Magdalenians, 236 Magnitude, relationship to abundance,

Mailly, Madame de, 70 Maistre, Joseph de, 261 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 179 Malory, Thomas, 26 Malta, 163–164 Marat, Jean Paul, 138,224 Margoliouth, D. S., 126, 261

Markham, Felix, 68,261 Martin, Bishop of Tours, 98

Marx, Karl, 53–55,192–193,196,261

History of France, 17, 90-91, 167–168

253–254 architectural achievement during, 120 concept of human progress during, 166 concept of ideas during, 130 historical writing during, 31,94,95–96 invention of stirrups during, 182 social development during, 164

Histoire de la Révolution Francaise, Mignet, Francois Auguste, 262

Mark Antony, 66 63–64,110 Mill, John Stuart, 133–134,262

as Great Man theory exponent, 110–

on ideas as historical determinants, 131 on laws of history, 159 on national character, 92 System of Logic, 4748,205-206

Millennium (1,0000 AD), 96 Milton, John, 113 Mind, 134Minoan civilization, 187–188 Minos, King of Crete, 109

Miracles, 95, 98, 101

Martineau, James, 48, 261 111, 114–115

Capital, 206on German Idealism, 132–133 on individuals in history, 221 social determinism of, 206

American histography and, 195–197 of free will versus determinism, 53–55

Marxist theory, 193, 194

Mason, Stephen, A History of the Sci-

Masson, David, 134 Mass psychology, 135 Mohammed, 112,117,124 Mastre, Joseph de, 97

ences, 200 Mirabeau, Honoré, 224

as “abnormal” historical figure, 124, Materialism, 115 125–128

historical, 191 Mommsen, Theodor, 58,87,212,262

Index 301

Monarchs, see also Names of individual Natural selection, 172-173, 182 Nature and Growth of Modern Mathe-kings and queens

Montesquieu on, 57-58 matics, The (Kramer), 181 Monarchy, 174 Naturwissenschaft, 148–149Monk of Croyden, 18 Monod, Gabriel, 262 Monotheism, 116,137

Necessity, 54–55 Nelson, Lynn H., 94, 262 Neolithic period, 163–164, 183–184, 189,

Nevins, Allan, 28, 77, 173, 195,227, 262 New History, 10,43–46

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, 39,262 236,244–245Considerations on the Causes of the

Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline, 203 historical relativism of, 77

moral neutrality of, 62-63The Spirit of the Laws, 57–58,203Moors, 94 objectives of, 216 Morality, social, 52 Moral judgments, in history, 57–66 Moral progress, law of, 213 Morgan, Lewis H., 170

Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 137–138 Motley, John L., The Rise of the Dutch

Murdock, George P., 262

Murray, Gilbert, 18,262 241 Mythology, 92,227–228 Principia Mathematica Philosophiae

Nájera, Battle of, 19 Namier, Lewis B., 15, 16, 77,84, 135,

Napier, John, 182 Napoleon Bonaparte, 26, 65, 73, 117, 121,

New History, The (Robinson), 193–194 Newman, John Henry (cardinal), 27 New Science, The (Vico), 101, 167–168 Newton, Isaac, 99, 100, 112, 113, 114,

Morrison, J. Cottee, 2 118,122–123, 142,167,262 calculus of, 120–121, 179–182 on his contributions to science, 122–

intellect of, 114 law of universal gravitation, 202, 240–

Republic, 16, 59, 89 123

Social Structure, 238–239

Naturalis, 202New York Times, 195Nichol, John P., 100

Nightingale, Florence, 136 Nile Valley, 184

Nomothetic approach, 149,150,216–217 Nordau, Max, 11,262 Nordic myth, 92 Northwestern University, 72 Novels, historical, 18, 20–22 Novum Organum (Bacon), 199

Oakeshott, Michael, 77, 217, 262 Objectivity, historical, 74-82Odyssey, 18Olaus Magnus, 26 Oman, Charles, 7, 15,72, 124, 125–126,

“On a Method of Investigating the Devel-opment of Institutions; Appled to Laws of Marriage and Descent”

139,262 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 262

258 Nomos, 200contingency in life of, 68–69 Engel’s statement about, 123–124 Hegel’s remarks about, 110 Wells’ on, 41–42

Narrative history, 15–18 focus of, 30–31 as literature, 18–30

Carlyle’s influence on, 24–25 Macaulay’s influence on, 22–24, 25 Scott’s influence on, 20–23 Strachey’s influence on, 25–26,29–30 Trevelyan’s influence on, 25–26,29–

30 161,262 National character, 90,91,92 Natural History (Pliny), 26 Natural law, 53,99–100,101, 102, 104,

Natural science, 148–149, 172–173 107, 159,199 (Tylor), 238

Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 103, 166, objectivism as basis of, 80 170,205,206

302 Index

Orloff, Count, 22-23Otto I, Emperor of Germany, 96 Outline of History, The (Wells), 34,41–

Oxford University, 97, 165, 210

Philosophy of History, The (Voltaire), 37 Philosophy of History (Schlegel), 5 Philosophy of Law (Hegel), 192

42,89 Physics classical, 150 Newtonian, 167

Medieval Cities, 92

Idealism movement at, 133, 134 Lincoln College, 134 Professor of Modern History, 146 Regius Professor of History, 25, 77,208

Pirenne, Henri, 33–34,84,217

Planetary motion, Kepler’s law of, 100,

Planetary motion, laws of, 255 Plato, 114–115, 130 Plekhanov, George, 121, 128,262 Pleriplus (Hanno), 26

Plumb, J ohn H., 8,262 Plutarch, 221,262

Poetry, narrative history as, 24–25 Poincaré, Jules, 123 Pelitical development, culture process of,

Politics (Aristotle), 196 Polybius, 31, 60, 93–94, 166,262 Pompadour, Madame de, 70,71 Poor Richard‘s Almanac (Franklin), 66 Pope Leo 111,219–220

Population growth, influence on political development, 183–184

Positivism, 145, 222 Postmodernism, 81 Powell, Frederick York, 18,262 Powicke, Maurice, 262

Prescott, William H., 161,262

Principia Mathematica Philosophiae

Principles of a New Science of the Nature

181,201–202,255Paleolithic period, 183 Parallelogram of forces, 56 Paris Academy, 247 Parkman, Francis, 20,262 Particularism Pliny, Natural History, 26

historians’ dissatisfaction with, 169 historical interpretation versus, 83–85

Pensées, 66Pascal, Blaise, 180,262 Lives, 57

Pattison, Mark, 134,262 Payne, Edward John, 85,262

Periplus (Hanno), 26 Perkin, Harold, 2,262 Peter the Hermit, 112 Petit-Dutaillis, C., 262

Pensées (Pascal), 66 182-186

Feudal Monarchy in France and Eng-land, 139–140 Population growth, 244–247

Phenomena, 151,152,155,219-220comparative study of, 164 uniqueness of, 229

Philip II, King of Spain, 59, 62, 65 Philip of Macedon, 124 Philosophers, see also Names of individ-

British, influence of German Idealism

German, historical philosophy of, 4–6

ual philosophers Prehistory, 154

on, 133-134 Princeton University, 138

Philosophes, 131 Naturalis (Newton), 202 Philosophy

Great Man theory of, 114–115 of history, 1–12 168,203

of Nations (Vico), 31, 101, 167–

application to universal history, 3 1–

definition of, 11 development of, 3–5 (Lycothenes), 26 historians’ acceptance of, 9–12 historians’ opposition to, 1–3,5–9 170 metaphysical, 4, 6, 10 theological, 4–5 Khaldun), 31

Principles of Sociology, The (Spencer),

Prodigiorum et Ostentorum Chronicon

“Progress: Its Law and Cause” (Spencer),

Prolegomena to Universal History (Ibn

Protestant Ethic, The (Weber), 198

32 116,160–161, 170,173

Southwest German School of, 148

Index 303

Providential theory, of history, 95 Psyche’s Task (Frazer), 225 Psychoanalytic interpretations, of his-

Psychohistory, 139 Psychological interpretations, of history,

Psychology, social, 134–135, 140 139 Punctuated equilibria theory, 74 Revolutions Pyrrhus, 66

Rabelais, Francois, 191 Racial determinants, of history, 86–

Renfrew, Colin, 163, 262 Before Civilization m, 163–164

Renier, G. J., 14, 129, 138, 217,262 History: Its Purpose and Method, 215

Rerum Natura, De (Lucretius), 200 Retrogressive theory, of history, 167

tory, 136–139

134–141 Revolutionaries, psychoanalysis of, 138–

historical parallels of, 229–231 Marxist theory of, 192–193

Revue de synthése historique, 135–136Richard II of England, 73

Rickert, Heinrich, 133, 262 Rise of American Civilization, The (Beard

Rise of the Dutch Republic, The (Motley),

Robertson, William, 263

Robespierre, Maximilien, 68, 138 Robinson, James Harvey, 6, 7, 39,46, 77,

93 Richard the Lionhearted, 223

153-154as opposition to comparative history,

during sixteenth century, 167

History of the World, 75

on goal of historians, 75 Hegelianism of, 6 on history as science, 147, 150 on human freedom, 48 216,263 Lord Acton’s criticism of, 28 on particularism in history, 16 on the practice of history, 15 religious determinism of, 102–103 on universal history, 33

and Beard), 195

16,59, 89

History of Scotland, 154

Raleigh, Walter, 262

Ranke, Leopold von, 171–172,262

concept of history, 14 on the Deists, 102 on historians’ moral neutrality, 62 Introduction to the History of Western

Europe, 44, 63 on laws of history, 209 The New History, 193–194as New History founder, 10, 43–44,

on prehistory, 154 on the relationship of history and liter-

ature, 28–29 on religious determinism, 93–94, 107Roman History, 87 on social psychology, 135

The Ancient History of the Egyptians,

Raphael, 117,128 Rationalis Philosophiae (Campanella),

37Rationality, 148 193–194 Ratzel, Friedrich, 14, 88, 262 Reflection, optical law of, 200 Reform Bill of 1832,220 Refraction, law of, 202,226 Reichenbach, Hans, 240, 262 Relativism, historical, 15, 74-82Religion, Montesquieu on, 57-58Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (Taw-

Religious determinants, of history, 93–

Rollin, Charles, 263

ney), 198 Carthaginians, Assyrians, Baby-

107,155 Macedonians and Grecians, 98–lonians, Medes and Persians,

German Idealism and, 133 99 laws of history and, 211

historical writing during, 31 Italian, artistic achievement during, 83

Roman Empire, 66–67 Renaissance German tribes’ attacks on, 104,214

Gibbon’s history of, 1,3–4, 16, 19–20,

120,128 historians of, 18, 31 Renan, Ernest, 145,262 history of, contingency in, 66–67

304 Index

Roman History (Robinson), 87 Science Rome and China, A Study of Correlations of culture, 148–150

of history, 145–175 in Historical Events (Teggart),214 comparative method of, 151–153,

sination of, 67 historians’ opposition to, 145–147 Ross, Edward A., 263 historians’ support for, 145 Rossbach, Battle of, 70 influence on historical interpreta-Rowse, A. L., 25, 143,263 tion, 99-100, 101, 103, 105

Science of Culture, The (White), 233–234 235

“Science of History, The” (Bury), 28 Scientific method, 228 Scienza nuova, La (The New Science )

(Vico), 203 Scott, Walter, 18, 167, 263

History of the World, 19Ivanhoe, 20–21Waverly novels of, 21

Roosevelt, Franklin D., attempted assas- 162–165

on causation in history, 85,86 on contingency in history, 73–74 on economic determinism, 194 on evolution, 173–174 on the French Revoluiton, 59 on historical writing as literature, 30 on history as social science, 146 on laws of history, 226 on Marxist economic theory, 194 racial determinism of, 90 on Raleigh’s History of the World,

on religious determinism, 107 The Use of History, 237–238

Secular interpretation, of history, 93–94,

Sée, Henri, 263 Seeley, John R., 28,263 Seignobos, Charles, 145–146,263 Seligman, E. R. A., 197, 263 Service, Elman R., 236-237,263

19 99–102, 103,104,105, 107

“Rule of Phase Applied to History, The”

Runciman, Steven, 263

Runciman, W.G., 215,263 215 Russell, Bertrand, 7, 52, 151, 263 Russian Revolution, 229–230

Said, 92 St. Augustine, 95,257 St. Martin, 98 44–45 Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin, 110,

Saint Louis Exposition, Congress of Arts

Saints, 95 Saint-Simon, Comte de, 204–205,263 Saliceti, Antoine Cristophe, 68 Sallust, 220–221 Saveth, Edward N., 263 263 Savonarola, 96 Scalogram, 249-250Schapiro, J. Salwyn, 204,263 117 Schelling, Friedrich von, 4, 5, 102, 132,

Schlegel, Friedrich von, 4,263

Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., 227,263

(Adams), 212–213

History of the Crusades, 84 Law of Evolutionary Potential, 214–

Seven Years’ War, 70 Shakespeare, William, 12, 115, 117, 118 Shang civilization, 189–190 Shaw, George Bernard, 127 Short History of England, A (Cheyney),

Shotwell, James T., 14, 43, 263

Sismondi, Jean de, 57 Sketch of a Historical Table of the Prog-

263 Simmel, Georg, 242, 263

and Science, 9 ress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), 204

Slavery, 64 Sloane, William Milligan, 6, 17, 39, 165,

Smith, Goldwin, 69, 263 on the Great Man theory of history,

on moral judgments by historians, 62 on the philosophy of history, 11–12,48 on prediction, 243

263

Philosophy of History, 5 Smith, Lacey Baldwin, 72,263 Smith, Preserved, 36–37,99,263

Index 305

Social History: see Cultural History Social institutions, historical study of,

Socialism, scientific, 54 “Social Organism, The,” (Spencer), 103,

Social science, history as, 158–162 Social Statics (Spencer), 115 Social structure, relationship to commu-

nity size, 242-243Social Structure (Murdock), 238–239 Sociocultural determinism, 124 Sociology in China, 164

comparative, 152, 160–161 general theory of, 2 186,190 influence on institutional history, 45–

perspective on laws of history, 217–218 philosophy of history perspective of,

Spencer’s contributions to, 159–161,

subjectivism of, 81

Spirit of Capitalism, The (Weber), 198 Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu),

Sprenger, Aloys, 126 Stages, historical, duration of, mathe-

Starr, Chester G., 92, 146–147,263 Stasis, of history, 166, 167 State

45-46 57–58,203

115 matical laws of, 212–213

definition of, 186 origin of, 156–158

anthroplogical concept of, 158

culture process in, 177–178, 185–

role of individuals in, 177–178 46 Statistical laws, of culture, 237–255

Stefan-Boltzmann Law, 241–242 Stephen, Leslie, 206, 263

10–11 Stern, Fritz, 38, 153, 263 Stirrups, invention of, 182

162 Strachey, Lytton, 27,263 Eminent Victorians, 136–137

Socrates, 114–115 Stubbs, William, 263 Sorokin, Pitirim A., 95–96,263

Spartacus, 138 Spartans, 109-110 116 Specialists, full-time craft, 250–251 Specialization, of historians, 9

Spencer, Herbert, 133–134, 171, 174, 263

Study of History, A (Toynbee), 35,106–

Study of Sociology, The (Spencer), 115–

Stufenbau und die Gesetze der

Soubise, General, 70 107,155–156,186-189

Weltgeschichte, Der (Breysig), 211Species, size relationship of, 253

Subjectivism, 81, 135, 141 comparative method of, 162-163contributions to sociology, 159–161,

on the development of science, 252–253 evolutionism of, 170 First Principles, 205

on the Greek epics, 109 on historical change, 225 on history as science, 159 The Principles of Sociology, 116, 160–

“Progress: Its Law and Cause,” 170 Social Statics, 115 The Study of Sociology, 115–116“The Social Organism,” 103, 115

Spinning wheel, invention of, 182 Spinoza, Benedict de (Baruch), 263

Substilitate rerum, De (Cardano),169 Suetonius, 26

Swanton, John R., 113,263 Symonds, John Addington, 111,263 System of Logic, A (Mill), 47-48, 115,

162 Swain, J. W., 161,263

as Great Man theory critic, 115–116 205–206

Tacitus, 26,57,93–94,161,220–221,263Taine, Hippolyte, 145,263

History of English Literature, 221161, 170,173 Tarde, Gabriel, 263

Tartaglia, Niccolò, 201, 264 Tasmanian aborigines, 241 Tawney, R. H., 264

Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 198

Taylor, Henry Osborn, 58,105,264 Ethics, 203 Freedom of the Mind in History, 105

306 Index

Technology, during seventeenth century, 202 Tuchman, Barbara, 3,79,137,147,264

Teggart, Frederick J., 7,171,221–222, 264

Rome and China, A Study of Correla-tions in Historical Events, 214

67 Turner, Ralph E., 264

Trotsky, Leon, 236,264

The Guns of August, 147Turgot, A. R. Jacques, 3,39, 131, 168,

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 14,43,79, 205,264

Tennessee Gas Transmission Company, 173,264

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 264

“That Noble Dream,” (Beard), 76–77, 78 The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Cen-

The Inequalities of the Human Races (de

Themistocles, 111 velopment of Institutions; Theologians, 4–5, 133 Theory, 7 Descent,” 238 Thierry, Augustin, 63–64, 264 Thoughts Concerning the Philosophy of

Thucydides, 93–94,220–221

Todd, Arthur J., 135,264 Tolstoy, Leo, 264

Toynbee, Arnold J., 11, 93, 96, 154–155,

The Great Cultural Traditions, 152–153

biography of, 112 Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven,

Henry Esmond, 36 Twain, Mark, 13,22, 127, 264

tury Philosophers (Becker), 76 117–118 Tylor, Edward B., 170,225, 264

Gobineua), 87 “On a Method of Investigating the De-

Appled to Laws of Marriage and

Tyndall, John, 264

Ulysses, 109 U.S. Congress, legislative process of, 56–

U.S. News and World Report, 67Universal history, 30–35, 151, 158–159,

application of philosophy of history to,

Voltaire’s contributions to, 32

Man’s History (Herder), 168-169

Time lag, in causation, 239–240 57

War and Peace, 50 167

219,264 31–32 comparative metehod of, 154–156 Greek Political Thought, 154–155on history as science, 146 A Study of History, 35, 106–107, 155–

University College, London, 2 University of Berlin, 6 University of California, San Diego, 45,

University of Manchester, 72,210 University of Pennsylvania, 45, 208-209University of Strassburg, 42, 149 University of Texas, 29 Urraca (daughter of Eleanor of

Aquitaine), 69-70, 71 Use of History, The (Rowse), 237-238

Valley of Mexico, 184 “Vanity of Human Wishes, The” (John-

son), 165 Veblen, Thorstein, 236,264 Verification, 228, 229 Veyne, Paul, 217,264 Vico, Giambattista, 3, 31, 264

156,186–189 72,196 Tradition, 50 Traits, evolutionary distance of, 248–252 Trevelyan, George M., 28, 197,264

English Social History, 41on facts in history, 83 on Gibbon, 167 on history as literature, 29-30on history as science, 146, 147 ‘If Napoleon Had Won the Battle of

on laws of history, 216 literary style of, 25 on narrative history, 15 racial determinism of, 88 on Scott’s Ivanhoe, 20

Waterloo,” 69

Trevor-Roper, H. R., 153–154,264 Trobriand Islands, 179 Troeltsch, Ernst, 6, 133,264

Principles of a New Science of the Na-ture of Nations (La scienza nuova...), 31, 101, 167–168, 203

Index 307

Vietnam War, 81 Villages (Butterfield), 2–3, 63, 171

Whig Interpretation of History, The

White, Andrew D., 6, 161,264 White, Leslie A., 69, 170–171, 178–179,

191,233,264

development of, 157, 183, 184 frissioning of, 254–255

Vinci, Leonardo da, 128, 137,201,259 Vinsauff, Geoffrey de, 18 Voltaire, Francois-Marie Arouet, 26–27, 233

“Energy and the Evolution of Culture,”

on Great Man theory, 118 The Science of Culture, 233–234,235

32, 75, 98, 117, 131, 264 The Age of Louis XIV, 37,38–39contributions to cultural history, 32,

contributions to universal history, 32 definition of history by, 76 Essay on the Manners and Customs of

The Philosophy of History, 37

White, Lynn T., 182, 264 White, Morton, G., 43, 133, 218,264 Wilde, Oscar, 30,60,264

Willcox, William B., 142,153,155–156,264

psychoanalytical studies of, 137, 138 Windelband, Wilhelm, 133,148-150,264Winsor, Justin, 264 Wish, Harvey, 265 Woolf, Virginia, 27 “Written History as an Act of Faith”

Wundt, Wilhelm, 133, 265

37-39

“The Decay of Lying,” 26

Nations, 37 Wilson, Woodrow, 105–106

Wagner, Richard, 87 Wallace, Alfred, 182 Wallis, John, 180 Walsh, W. H., 155,210,264 War (Beard), 78–79

influence on political development,

psychoanalytical interpretation of, 139 183–184,185,244–247 Wycliffe, John, 117

Xenophon, 220–221 Xénopol, Alexandru, 218,265

Yale University, 79, 165,208 Yang-shao culture, 189 Yangtze Valley, China, 188 Yellow River, China, 188, 189 Young Man Luther: A Study in Psycho-

War and Peace (Tolstoy), 50 Ward, Lester, 119–120,264 Watt, James, 115–116 Waverly novels, of Sir Walter Scott, 21 Webb, Walter Prescott, 29, 264 Weber, Max, 264

The Protestant Ethic, 198The Spirit of Capitalism, 198

Webster, Daniel, 196 Wei River, 189 139 Wellhausen, Julius, 126,264 Wells, H.G., 88-89

analysis and History (Erikson),

Zermak, Mayor, 67 Zilsel, Edgar, 214, 265 The Outline of History, 34,4142, 89,

209 ’The Genesis of the Concept of Physical Westermarck, Edward, 152, 264 What Is History? (Carr), 214

Law, ” 200,201,202 Zinn, Howard, 265

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