of temperature and salinity in the straits of malacca and ... lee abdullah.pdfsalinity in the...
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Patterns of pH, temperature and salinity in the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea with possible relation to riverine run‐offs in the
region
Anisah Lee AbdullahGeography Section, School of Humanities
Universiti Sains Malaysia
pH and Ocean Acidification
ongoing decrease in the pH and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
not a peripheral climate issue, it is the other CO2challenge.
riverine run‐offs
The seas in the region
Andaman Sea
Indian Ocean
Straits of Malacca South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Pacific Ocean
Types and location of major reefs
Oceanic reefs and atolls
Clear water fringing reefs
Turbid water reefs
Turbid water reefs
Clear water fringing reefs
Prime Marine Scientific Expedition (EPSP) 2009
ROSES Expedition 2004
pH (South China Sea to Straits of Malacca)
Fig. 11. Typical pre‐industrial (∼1850), present (1997) and projected (∼2050) (a) NTCO2 and (b) pH vertical profiles of seawater in the SCS.‐normalized total CO2 (NTCO2=TCO2*35/S)
Chen et al. 2006
Fig. 12. Typical pre‐industrial (∼1850), present (1997) and projected (∼2050) (a) Ωc and (b) Ωa vertical profiles of seawater in the SCS.
Chen et al. 2006
Aragonite (South China Sea to Straits of Malacca)
Seven thousand years of pH and atmospheric CO2
Biodiversity related studies
The Faunal Divide
Andaman Sea
Indian Ocean
Straits of Malacca
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean Fauna Pacific Fauna
The Coral TriangleRed lines connect areas with equal number of coral genus (from Veron, 1995)
The South China Sea
The biodiversity gradient in the South China Sea
Andaman Sea
Indian Ocean
Straits of Malacca
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Celebes Sea
Pacific Ocean
Water depth at TerumbuSiput
0.5 metre
1 metre
3 metre
10 metre
25 metre
100 metre
2096 metre
The smallest sea cucumber
Human habitation on shallow reefs and coastal towns of Semporna and Tawau
Threats to the coral reefs in the South China Sea
• Coastal development and land reclamation• Coral mining• Destructive fishing practices (trawling, use of cyanide and fish bombing)• Overfishing (especially in coastal waters)• Freshwater run‐off and sedimentation• Eutrophication• Heavy tourism pressure• Sewage and solid waste disposal• Harvesting for the aquarium trade• ‘Dirty’ aquaculture• Introduction of invasive alien species• Chronic oil pollution from maritime traffic
Human induced threats
Threats to the coral reefs in the South China Sea
• Ocean acidification• Rise in sea surface temperature• Sea level rise• Large seismic activity and tsunami waves• Increased frequency of large storms
Other threats
Sea surface temperature
29 March 2010 13 May 2010
31 May 2010 28 June 2010
TelukDatai
Jul 2010 Aug 2010 Sept 2010
Oct 2010Jan 2011
Sequential changes on a coral head following the bleaching event of 2010
Percentage of live coral cover affected by bleaching on the reef of TelukDatai
(July 2010‐Jan 2011)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Jul Aug Sept Oct Jan
2010 2011
NormalBleachingRecoveredDead
Months
Percen
tage cov
er (%
)
Legend:
End of coral bleaching event
Bleached
TelukDatai
0
20
40
60
80
100
1958
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Total Suspe
nded
Solid
(mg/ L)
010203040506070
Percen
tage
coral
cover (%)
00.20.40.60.81
1.21984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Sedimen
t rate
(g / cm
2 /d)
Human Population of ASEAN
Indonesia, 231,369,500
Philippines, 92,226,600
Vietnam, 85,789,573
Thailand, 64,232,760
Myanmar, 50,020,000
Malaysia, 28,306,700
Cambodia, 14,805,000
Lao, 6,320,000 Singapore, 4,987,600 Brunei,
400,000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Popu
latio
n (in
millions)
mid‐2010
mid‐2025
mid‐2050
Source: Population Reference Bureau, 2010
The current and projected population of the ASEAN nations (2010‐2050)
The disputed territories in the South China Sea
Total landing of fish from the Malaysian Seas (2006)
2007 22002008 21002020 2030 2040 2050 2070 2080 2085
World population surpasses 6.6 billion (U.S. Census Bureau)
Global oil production turning point -triggering global recession, food shortages & conflict between nations over dwindling oil supplies(R. Hirsch, Science Applications International Corporation)
Up to 30% of coral reef will likely be lost in Asian coastal waters(IPCC)
Up to 50% of agriculture yields could be reduced due to less rainfall(IPCC)
Arctic Sea could be ice-free in the summer(M. Holland, NCAR)
Biodiversity hotspots are more threatened, a quarter of the world’s plant & animal species could face extinction(J. Malcolm, Conservation Biology)
Electricity production for the world’s existing hydropower stations will decrease(IPCC)
Sea levels could rise at low-lying areas(IPCC)
Risk of dengue fever from climate change is estimated to increase to 3.5 billion people(IPCC)
Disappearance of Arctic ice cap;Ocean pH levels will very likely decrease - ability of shelled marine organisms to form shells or exoskeletons could be impaired(IPCC)
Shortening of Earth’s day due to the shift of the poles towards the Earth’s axis rotation - as a result of ocean expansion(F. Landerer, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology)
Timeline of Climate Change
Increase SST leads to increased of coral bleaching events
Input from riverine run‐offs in the region coupled with the effects of global warming and our increasing release of CO2 into the atmosphere will intensify further the current problems of climate change and its evil twin, the ocean acidification.
Ocean Acidification is real, its happening, its going to affect ocean food chain.
Many questions unanswered but above all “What can we do about it?”
We still lack knowledge but the scientists know enough to be concerned.
There is little doubt that we also have to be the solutions.
In disaster risk, need to consider coastal and marine ecosystem ‐ silent sufferer of the louder disasters .
“It is the individual drop of seawater that make up the ocean.”
Thank you
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