of the florida mosquito control associationwingbeats.floridamosquito.org/wingbeats/pdfs/vol24no1.pdf...

Wing Beats of the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Vol 24, No 1 Spring 2013

An Official Publication of the

THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION

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Wing Beats

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Wing Beats

Florida Mosquito Control Association • 11625 Landing Place • North Palm Beach, FL 33408

Wing Beats: An official publication of the American Mosquito Control Association, published quarterly by the Florida Mosquito Control Association. This magazine is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control. All rights reserved. Reproduction, in whole or part, for educational purposes is permitted, without permission, with proper citation. The FMCA and the AMCA have not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication, nor have they verified any of the statements made in any of the advertisements or articles. The FMCA and the AMCA do not warrant, expressly or implied, the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein. Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the FMCA or the AMCA.

Subscriptions: Wing Beats is sent free of charge to anyone within the continental United States. Subscriptions are available for the cost of first class postage to any foreign address at the following rates: Europe, UK and Australia US$20; Canada, US$6; South America US$10. Make checks and purchase orders payable to the Florida Mosquito Control Association.

Correspondence: Address all correspondence regarding Wing Beats to the Editor-in-Chief, Stephen Sickerman, 200 Derby Woods Drive, Lynn Haven, FL 32444-3318. Readers are invited to submit articles related to mosquito andbiting fly biology and control, or letters to the Managing Editor, Jack Petersen. There is no charge if your article or letter is printed, and authors will receive a PDF of their published article. Authors, photographers and artists are invited to submit high quality original artwork in electronic format for possible use in the magazine or on the cover; $100 will be paid for each cover photo. Businesses are invited to place advertisements through the Director of Advertising, Marin Brouillard.

Mosquito Control and the American Race to Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5by Gordon Patterson

Attractive Targeted Sugar Baits: Field Evaluations and Potential Use in Mosquito Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13by Rui-De Xue, Gunter C Müller, Whitney A Qualls,Michael L Smith, Jodi M Scott, Julie Lear and Stanton E Cope

West Nile virus activity in Chatham County, Georgia during 2011. . . . . . . . . . 23by Robert A Moulis, Henry B Lewandowski, Jr, Jennifer D Russell,Jeffrey L Heusel, Laura FAW Peaty, Daniel G Mead and Rosmarie Kelly

Factors Affecting Spinosad Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31by Morgan Su

From Where I Sit : Notes from the AMCA Technical Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . 36by Joe Conlon

About the Cover: The first rocket launch at Cape Canaveral, site of the future Kennedy Space Center, took place July 24, 1950, sending aloft Bumper 8 from Launch Pad 3, and establishing the Florida spaceport long before human space flight was the objective. What is often forgotten, is the significant contribution of mosquito control to the US Space program. See Gordon Patterson's article, Mosquito Control and the American Race to Space, on page 5 of this issue. NASA photo digitally colored by Jacob Sickerman. Plus a tip of the editorial hat to wordsmith Henry Rupp, for his timely and thoughtful pontification!

printed by Boyd Brothers, Inc, 425 E 15th St, Panama City, FL 32402 www.boyd-printing.com

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of the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Editor-in-Chief Stephen L Sickerman 850-814-2610 [email protected]

Managing Editor Jack Petersen 850-866-9895 [email protected]

Director of Advertising Marin Brouillard 239-436-1000 [email protected]

Circulation Editor Marin Brouillard 239-436-1000 [email protected]

Associate Editors Dave Dame, Gainesville, FL CDR Eric Hoffman, Jacksonville, FL Bruce Morgan, Daytona Beach, FL

Regional Editors Glenn Collett, Salt Lake City, UT Timothy D Deschamps, Northborough, MA William C Reinert, Northfield, NJ Thomas R Wilmot, Sanford, MI

Editorial Review Board Doug Carlson, Indian River, FL C Roxanne Connelly, Vero Beach, FL Scott Crans, New Brunswick, NJ Mustapha Debboun, Fort Sam Houston, TX David Lawson, Norwood, MA L Philip Lounibos, Vero Beach, FL Dennis Moore, Odessa, FL Steve Mulligan, Selma, CA

Florida Mosquito Control Association FMCA President Bob Betts, Cantonment, FL [email protected]

FMCA Executive Director Debra Smith 11625 Landing Place North Palm Beach, FL 33408 1-855-OUR-FMCA [email protected]

American Mosquito Control Association AMCA President C Roxanne Connelly, Vero Beach, FL [email protected]

AMCA Executive Director Sarah B Gazi 15000 Commerce Parkway, Suite C Mount Laurel, NJ 08054 856-439-9222 [email protected]

Change of Address: Please promptly notify the Wing Beats Circulation Editor, Marin Brouillard, [email protected], regarding change of address, address corrections or to discontinue your subscription.

James Alton Boyd | 1945-2013

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Spring 2013Wing Beats 5

The Friday morning headline on May 30, 1947, of the Los Angeles Times read: “Wild V-2 Rocket Blast Shakes El Paso Region.” Twenty-four hours ear l ie r a defect ive gyroscope sent a US test missile on an errant course that ended in an explosion in a cemetery one mile outside of Juarez, Mexico. This wild missile ride set in motion a series of events that would lead to the creation of what was ini-tially known as the United States Missi le Test Project and later as the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Flor ida. Few would have suspected that what was once known as Mosqu i to County would become the home of Amer ica ’s space program. Even fewer ind iv idua l s wou ld have ant icipated the t remen-dous contribution that mosquito control made to space initiative. “ I f i t hadn’t been for mosquito control,” Jack Rogers, Florida’s state entomologist, mused de-cades later, “ I don’t know how

the space program would have gotten off the ground” (personal communication 2000).

The Juarez miss i le f iasco pro-voked a flurry of communications between the White House and the Pentagon. President Truman directed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to find a location for the nascent missi le program that would not rain down fire on our neighbors. The Jo int s Ch iefs cons ide red the B ig I s l and i n Hawa i i ; t he

A leut ian I s lands in the Ber ing Straits; and, eventually selected Cape Canaveral on Merritt Island (B reva rd Count y) on Flo r ida ’s At lant ic coas t. Access to ra i l and sea transportation certainly contributed to the decision. The sparse population and the ease wi th which federa l author i t ies anticipated purchase of the land needed for the launch facilities proved decisive.

Histor ical ly, s ix- legged, blood-sucking pests played a central ro le in suppress ing grow th on what was to become Flor ida’s Space Coast. Longtime residents recal l t imes when mosquitoes were so fierce in Brevard County, “when people who had to work outs ide had to wear vei l s and heavy coats even in the summer to protect themselves against the pes ts and that swarms of these insects have been known to even ex t inguish lanterns of commercial f ishermen” (But ler

Mosquito Control and the American Race to Space by Gordon Patterson

Figure 1: Brevard County Mosquito Control aerial thermal application, 1964.

Spring 2013 Wing Beats6

1964). Accordingly, the county ’s popu la t i on g rew a t a s na i l ’ s pace during the first half of the twentieth century in large par t because of the prodigious broods of mosquitoes that regularly took f l i gh t f rom the count y ’s ten s of thousands of acres of sa l t marshes. Census data for 1930 show a popu la t ion of 13,283 for the county. In 1939, Cocoa Beach, which would later serve as a playground for astronauts, had only 49 residents. In 1940, Titusville, the county seat, showed a population of 2,220. Hoping to encourage grow th, count y of f icials launched a mosquito cont ro l p rog ram. The l im i ted funding available at the height of the Great Depression, however, doomed the control program (US Bureau of the Census 1942).

Wo r l d Wa r I I s e t i n m ot i o n a se r ie s o f event s tha t we re to t ransform Brevard County and the history of mosquito control. New military facilities opened. In Melbourne, the Indian River Naval Air Station began operations at the local airport. A dozen miles to the no r th bet ween what i s

now Satellite Beach and Cocoa Beach, the Navy commissioned t h e B a n a n a R i v e r N a v a l A i r Station. The Banana River Naval A i r Stat ion in i t ia l ly served as a training station for anti-submarine planes, the Free French navy, and significantly, the proving grounds fo r t h e U S D A’ s q u a s i - s e c r e t mosquito control research efforts.

In November 1942, entomologists work ing under Edward Knipl ing at the USDA Orlando laboratory on Pa ramore S t reet rece ived a cons ignment of a chemical called Gesarol. The first tests of Gesaro l, which soon became known as DDT, took place in the salt marshes adjacent to Cocoa B e a c h . I n 1943, O M Lo n coy a n d C h e t H u s m a n w o r k i n g at the Banana R iver Naval A i r S tat ion devised a breaker bar spray applicator that could be a t tached to a L-4 P ipe r Cub airplane for spraying DDT. Tests in Melbourne, Vero Beach, and other areas along the east central F l o r i da Coas t demons t ra ted the pest icide’s power as both a l a r v i c i d e a n d a d u l t i c i d e. Overnight, the “Fly ing Fl i t Gun”

became an essential element in the Amer ican Fo rces d r i ve across the Pacific. By 1945, mass circulation publications such as Popular Science Monthly heralded DDT’s contribution to the war effort.

“Avenger to rpedo bomber s ,e q u i p p e d w i t h n o z z l e s f o r spreading a spray of DDT and Diesel oil, have winged low over Pacific islands,” one writer glee-fu l ly declared (Whor ton 1974), “blotting out almost entire insect populations. As a result, in one is land recently wrested by the marines from the Japanese [sic], not a single case of insect-borne disease has been repor ted…Beginning less than a day after the captured a i rs t r ip was put into opera t ion, Marine p i lot s began systematically spraying every square yard of the island, thus giving the (Japanese) a few insect-free days before they were mopped up.”

The war ’s end brought tremen-dous changes. Demobil ization meant that mi l l ions of mi l i tar y personnel returned to civilian life. One of those men was a young

Figure 2: A Brevard County Mosquito Control helicopter pilot samples for saltmarsh mosquito larvae, 1960s.


Army Ai r Corps aviator named Jack Salmela. A native of Sebas-tian, Florida, Salmela realized that there were limited job opportuni-ties along the east central Florida Coast. Using the GI Bill, Salmela received certification as a flight instructor. In 1947, the director of Brevard County’s mosquito con-trol program hired Salmela to fly DDT spray missions in the coun-ty ’s Stearman airplane. In 1959, Salmela became Brevard Coun-ty’s mosquito control director.

Two years earlier Salmela began to wrestle with the problem that mosquitoes posed to the space program. “Beneath the giant sky rockets that soar above Cape Canaveral,” an Associated Press news story reported, “ the ground crews are plagued with a fester-ing morale problem that caused a drastic 54% turnover last year and shows only small signs of im-proving.” Major General Donald Yates, commander of the Mis-s i le Test project, declared “ the working conditions are the worst I have ever seen.”

Mosquitoes ranked high among the problems. “No one expects a missi le launch to be delayed because of mosquitoes,” Frank Wi lson and Jack Salmela later observed. “The idea that an Atlas can be stopped by these small insects is preposterous to most people. Yet at Cape Kennedy the eve r p resent potent ia l of hordes of salt-marsh mosquitoes is a constant threat to our space program” (Wi lson and Salmela 1964). Unfortunately, by the late 1950 s re s i s tance to DDT was widespread along the Atlantic Coast. Salmela’s spray missions proved less and less effective. By 1959 Salmela was convinced that source reduction was the on l y p ract ica l way to cont ro l the salt marsh mosquitoes that plagued the Missile Test Project a n d t h e c i t i ze n s o f B reva rd County. In his fi rst presentation

to t he F l o r i d a A n t i - M osq u i to Association after becoming the county’s mosquito control direc-tor, Salmela cal led for the use of impoundments as a means of achieving permanent source reduction.

In 1961, Florida’s Governor Farris Bryant, NASA’s Kur t Debus, and General Leighton Davis formed a Jo int Impact Commit tee to address the “ fester ing morale problem” at Cape Canaveral. T hey a s ked J a ck S a l me l a to head the Subcommittee on Mos-quito Control. Salmela and Ernie Phi len, from the State Board of Health, hammered out a multi-s tage plan for el iminat ing the mosquito menace. The Brevard Mosquito Control Distr ict would take charge of the project. NASA would supply insecticides and Salmela and his pilots would fly the missions. The centerpiece of Salmela’s plan lay in the creation of a necklace of mosquito im-poundments that would provide permanent relief.

The impoundments were a stun-ning success. Mosquito counts p l u m m e t e d . M o r a l e a t t h e space center improved and the ci t izens of B revard Count y ex-per ienced an unprecedented f re e d o m f ro m t h e m o s q u i to b l ight. Pe rhaps mos t remark-able of al l, Salmela made the impoundments a centerpiece in an env i ronmenta l in i t ia t ive to preserve wildl ife. In 1959, he declared: “S ince impounding seems to be one of the most successful means of mosquito control in Florida, I would l ike for everyone in the Association to g i ve some thought toward obtaining some of these areas for fish and wildlife refuges. The only reason some of our state is st i l l a marsh is because of the mosquitoes. As the mosquitoes are brought under control, this land will become more valuable and a lot of it will be developed. Now is the time to obtain some of this area and to preserve i t for wildlife.” In 1986, the US Fish a n d W i l d l i fe S e r v i ce n a m e d

Figure 3: Jack Salmela surveys a source reduction project, 1961.


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Open Position: EXECUTIVE DIRECTORCOLLIER MOSQUITO CONTROL DISTRICT

an Independent Special Taxing District

Responsibilities: The Executive Director is responsible to the Collier Mosquito Control District (CMCD) Board of Commissioners for managing day-to-day activities of the District and for keeping the Board apprised of any and all matters pertaining to an integrated pest management approach to mosquito control within the 401 square mile area of the District, as well as proposed legislation affecting the CMCD. Comprehensive responsibilities include short and long-range planning, overseeing budget ($10M) preparation, operation of eight (8) aircraft as well as ground-based equipment, and coordinating public education and research programs. Additionally, the Executive Director must execute the policies and goals of the Board, employ or authorize the hiring of employees of the CMCD (currently 27), publish annual financial reports, act as the District spokesperson on all official matters, and proactively establish effective and collaborative working relationships with other agencies and organizations while remaining sensitive to the economic and environmental concerns of the area.

Location: Naples, Florida

Posted Date: April 1, 2013

Required Credentials: The individual selected for this role must possess a Bachelor’s degree in the basic sciences or engineering and a minimum of five years work experience in mosquito control. A degree in Entomology and/or a PhD is preferred, but not required. Applicants must hold or obtain a valid Public Health Pest Control License, and obtain a valid Director’s Certification within six (6) months of employment.

Salary Range: $71,250 to $132,500 per annum, commen-surate with applicant’s experience and qualifications.

Interested Applicants: Interested parties should sub-mit a resume, salary history, and a cover letter which outlines reasons for interest in this opportunity and includes detail on the aforementioned requirements, to Collier Mosquito Control District, ATTN: Executive Director Search, 600 North Road, Naples, FL 34104-3464. You may also contact CMCD at 239-436-1000 for additional information regarding the position, or visit the CMCD web site at www.cmcd.org to learn more about the District.


May 27-31: The 3rd International Forum for Surveillance and Control of Mosquitoes and Mosquito-borne Diseases will be held in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, sponsored by the Asian Society of Vector Ecology and Mosquito Control, Entomological Society of China, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, and Jiangsu CDC. Contact Dr Tong-Yan Zhao at [email protected] and Dr Rui-De (Rudy) Xue at [email protected] or call 904-471-3107 for more information.

October 20-22: The Northwest Mosquito and Vector Control Association's Fall Meeting will be held at the Skamania Lodge, Stevenson WA, located in the beautiful Columbia River Gorge. For more information, contact NWMVCA Vice President Ed Burnett at [email protected].

November 17-20 : The Florida Mosquito Control Association is pleased to announce we will hold our 84th Annual Fall Meeting at the Westin Cape Coral Resort at Marina Village (www.MarinaVillageResort.com), located in Cape Coral, FL. We have negotiated a discounted room rate of $109.00+/night for our attendees and their families. FMCA has a very exciting program planned with influential speakers who will engage you in great educational and informative thought and conversation. Our State’s Commissioners and Directors will come together in a closed-door session to discuss pertinent mosquito control issues, and be there to support and recognize our FMCA award winners who have made a difference in Mosquito Control in 2013. If you have any other questions, contact FMCA Executive Director, Debra Smith, at 855-OUR-FMCA or e-mail [email protected].

2013 MEETING ANNOUNCEMEN T S

Gordon PattersonProfessor of [email protected]

Humanities DepartmentFlorida Institute of Technology

150 West University BlvdMelbourne, FL 32901

321-674-7382

Jack Salmela recipient of their highest civi l ian award, the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Award, for his work in preserving the envi-ronment. The citation read:

This award is the highest honor bestowed by the Secretary to private citizens and groups for direct contributions to the mission and goals of the Department. It was presented to Mr Salmela for his endless contributions to wi ld l i fe conser vat ion through e f fe c t i v e m o s q u i t o c o n t ro l techniques and his personal ded-ication to effective management of wildl ife resources (Connel ly and Carlson 2009).

The American space program owes Jack Salmela and mosquito control a debt of gratitude. John A Mulrennan, who served as chief of Bureau of Entomology for the Florida’s Divis ion of Health de-clared, “[Salmela’s] contribution has made it possible for the fed-eral government to operate the

greatest space program on the planet earth.” This was no small achievement for a former Army Ai r Corps pi lot who became a mosquito crusader and an envi-ronmental advocate.

REFERENCES CITED

US Bureau of the Census. 1942. S ix teenth census of the United States: 1940: Volume 1, Popula-tion. US Govt Printing Office.

But ler, Sue. 1964. B revard ’s Ef-forts in Mosquito Control Cited in Magazine. Daytona Beach Morn-ing Journal, April 24: 13.

Connel ly, CR and DB Car l son, Ed. 2009. Florida Coordinating Counci l on Mosqui to Cont ro l. Flo r ida Mosqu i to Cont ro l: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators, and environmental managers. Vero Beach, FL: Univ of Fla, Inst of Food and Agric Sci, Fla Med Entomol Lab. 259 p.

Whor ton, James. 1974. Before Silent Spring: Pesticides and Public Health in Pre-DDT Days. Princeton University Press. 302 p.

Wi ld V-2 Rocket Blast Shakes El Paso Region. 1947. Los Angeles Times. May 30: 1-1.

Wilson, Frank L and Jack Salmela. 1964. Mosquito Control at Cape Canaveral. Pest Control Magazine. (32)4: 1-4.


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For nearly half a century research-ers have known that the residues of sugar treated insecticides (ini-tially without an attractant) can help control adult mosquitoes (Lea 1965). Today a strong body of domest ic and internat ional field evaluations confirms the ef-ficacy of a proprietary Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) solution when combined with an active insecticide.

The eva luat ions i l l u s t ra te the strong potential for integration of sugar-baited insecticides into mosquito control programs by establishing that a specially for-mulated ATSB solution: at tracts and kills male and female adult mosquitoes; controls a wide va-r iety of mosquito species; and virtually collapses adult popula-tions within 2 to 3 weeks.

Moreover, the evaluations reveal that an ATSB solution is effective

in a variety of settings and can be easi ly applied as fol iar and other surface spray, using stan-dard ground equipment. Finally, research shows that the ATSB solution is highly effective when formulated with a 25b exempt active ingredient or an EPA-regu-lated active ingredient.

Here we’ll further explore the con-cept of ATSB, review some of the most recent data, and address its impact on operational mos-quito control.

THE ATSB CONCEPT

Male and female mosqui toes require regular feeding on plant sugars and ju ices for sur v iva l. This s imple fact is the basis for the concepts and techniques used to develop, test, and even-tual ly produce ATSB for control of mosquitoes and other biting arthropods. Common sources of

plant sugars and juices in nature include plant tissues, honeydew, f lo ra l necta r and ex t ra - f lo ra l nectar. The ATSB concept relies on oral administration of a stomach poison, delivered in a specialized ‘cocktail’ that mosquitoes find at-tractive. In other words, the idea is to employ a targeted applica-tion of ATSB to ‘at tract and ki l l ’, rather than rely on other methods which may apply pesticides over a wide area, possibly resulting in minimal contact with targeted insects as well as environmental contamination.

At t ract ive Targeted Sugar Bai t targets both male and female mosqui toes. ATSB can be ap-plied to non-flowering vegetation and non-fruit producing plants as well as natural and man-made porous and non-porous surfaces; places where adult mosquitoes feed, hide and rest. ATSB has also been used in bait stations.

Attractive Targeted Sugar Baits:Field Evaluations and Potential Use in Mosquito Control

by Rui-De Xue, Günter C Müller, Whitney A Qualls,Michael L Smith, Jodi M Scott, Julie Lear and Stanton E Cope

Figure 1: Boric acid sugar bait station with granular CO2 attractant applied in outdoor enclosure and field in Hastings, FL, 2003-2004. Figure 2: ATSB bait station.


FIELD EVALUATIONS

1% boric acid mixed with 10% sucrose k i l led 100% of caged mosquitoes in the laboratory (Xue and Barnard 2003) and, when sprayed on vegetation, provided effective control of adult mosqui-toes in outdoor enclosures (Xue et al 2006, 2011); see Figure 1. Müller and Schlein (2006, 2008) repor ted that ta rgeted sugar baits provided effective control of adult mosquitoes in vegetation and of cistern-dwelling mosqui-toes in Israel.

An ATSB consist ing of 1% boric acid and sugar materials pro-vided greater than 90% control of Culex quinquefasciatus mosqui-toes in a storm drain system in St Augustine, FL (Müller et al 2010); see Figures 2 & 3. Also, studies by Qualls et al (2012) using stained sugar baits without a toxin sup-port the concept of using ATSB as an effective tool for integrated mosquito management.

More recently, ATSB bait stations, us ing a nove l, a l l -natu ra l fo r-mulation, were tested against a natural population of Aedes al-bopictus breeding in used tires in 4 locations in St Augustine, FL; see Figure 4. Results, measured using human landing rate counts, dem-onstrated a significant reduction in the mosquito population for 3-4 weeks after treatments.

In outdoor cages, an ATSB (1% boric acid and 5% sugar solution) was sprayed on vegetation, using a 10-l iter, hand pump pressure sprayer; see Figure 5. The test pop-ulations were Ae albopictus, Ae taeniorhynchus, and Cx nigripal-pus, all of which were significantly reduced by the application (Xue et al 2006, 2011). The same ATSB formulation sprayed on vegetation and plants in a residential area of St Augustine significantly reduced the natural adult population and number of eggs of Ae albopictus (Naranjo et al 2013); see Figure 6.

Figure 4. ATSB stations placed around a used tire pile against adult Aedes albopictus in St Augustine, FL.

Figure 3: Boric acid sugar baits applied in a storm drain system, St Augustine, FL.

Another s tudy was conducted on the S t Johns Go l f Cou r se in St August ine. An ATSB, us ing the same al l -natura l fo rmula-t i o n re fe r re d to a b ove, wa s s p ra ye d o n ve g e ta t i o n a n d plants whi le a s imilar area was lef t untreated and served as a control; see Figure 7. CDC traps baited with dry ice were used to sample populations in both sites. Populat ions of Anopheles cru-cians in the treated area were significantly reduced when com-pared to the cont ro l s i te; see Figure 8.

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WHAT DOES THIS MEANFOR OPERATIONAL

MOSQUITO CONTROL?

This is a great question, and one that shou ld a lways be asked when p lann ing operat ions o r evaluating research results. In the past 10 years or so, there have been many studies and publica-tions regarding the use of ATSB for

control of mosquitoes and other biting insects. Only a few of those studies have been mentioned in this ar t icle. A careful and crit i -cal assessment of this l iterature can leave no doubt that ATSB, when formulated and appl ied correctly, can provide effective adult mosquito control. ATSB has attracted the attention

of industry, where a consortium of par tners i s work ing hard on field-testing, product refinement, product registration and eventual marketing of an ATSB for use in mosquito control (and perhaps to control other biting and/or sting-ing insects). The goal is that this product, the all-natural formula-tion referred to above, could be incorporated as an effective al-ternative tool into any integrated mosquito control program. Why? Because it k i l ls mosquitoes, wil l he lp combat i n sect ic ide re -s i s ta nce, a nd ca n be ea s i l y appl ied us ing equipment that most mosquito control agencies already possess. And, equally as important, ATSB could be an ef-fective method for controlling our dif ficult day-bit ing Aedes mos-quitoes while having a minimum impact on the environment.

REFERENCES CITED

Le a AO. 1965. S u g a r - b a i te d insecticide residues against mos-quitoes. Mosq News 25:65-66.

Müller GC, Schlein Y. 2006. Sugar questing mosquitoes in arid areas gather on scarce blossoms that can be used fo r cont ro l. Int J Parasitol 36:1077-1080.

Müller GC, Schlein Y. 2008. Effi-cacy of toxic sugar baits against adult cistern-dwelling Anopheles claviger. Tran R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102:480-484.

Müller GC, Junnila A, Qualls WA, Revay EE, Kline DL, Allan S, Schlein Y and Xue RD. 2010. Control of Culex quinquefasciatus in a storm drain system in Florida using at-tractive toxic sugar baits. Med Vet Entomol 24:346-351.

Naranjo DP, Qual l s WA, Mül ler GC, Samson DM, Roque D, Alimi T, Arhear t K, Beier JC, Xue RD. 2013. Evaluat ion of bor ic acid sugar bai ts agains t Aedes al-bopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in

Figure 6: Aedes albopictus adults caught by BG-Sentinel traps – and eggs collected by ovitraps – after spray of boric acid bait on vegetation in residential area, St Augustine, FL.

Figure 5: Spray of boric acid sugar baits on vegetation and plants against natural population of Aedes albopictus in residential area, St Augustine, FL.

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eggs collected by ovitraps aMer spray of boric acid sugar bait on vegeta2on in 

residen2al area, St. Augus2ne, FL 

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ATSB on vegeta2on on St. Johns Golf Course, St. Augus2ne, FL, 

early November, 2012 

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Rui-De XueDirector

[email protected]

Whitney A QuallsBiologist

[email protected]

Michael L SmithBiological Technician

[email protected]

Jodi M ScottEducation Specialist

[email protected]

Anastasia MosquitoControl District

500 Old Beach RoadSt Augustine, FL 32080

904-471-3107

Günter C MüllerVisiting Professor

[email protected] of Microbiology

and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Medical Research

Hebrew UniversityPO Box 12272

Jerusalem 91120, Israel

Julie LearMarketing Director

[email protected] Pest Solutions, LP

617-388-8112

Stanton E CopeManager of Technical Services

[email protected] International

904-828-9562

tropical environments. Parasitol Res 112:1593-1587.

Qual l s WA, Xue RD, Revay EE, Allan SA, Müller GC. 2012. Impli-cations for operational control of adult mosquito production in cis-terns and wells in St Augustine, FL using attractive sugar baits. Acta Tropica 124:158-161.

Xue RD, Barnard DR. 2003. Boric acid bait ki l ls adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). J Econ Ento-mol 96:1559-1562.

Xue RD, Kl ine DL, Al i A, Barnard DR. 2006. Appl ication of boric acid baits to p lant fo l iage for adu l t mosqu i to cont ro l . J Am Mosq Control Assoc 22:497-500.

Xue RD, Ali A, Kline DL, and Bar-nard DR. 2008. Field evaluation of boric acid- and fipronil-based bait stations against adult mos-q u i to e s . J A m M o s q Co n t ro l Assoc 24:415-418.

Xue RD, Mü l le r GC, K l i ne DL, and Barnard DR. 2011. Effect of

application rate and persistence of boric acid sugar baits applied to p lants fo r cont ro l of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 27:56-60.

Figure 8. Reduction of adult Anopheles crucians after spray of ATSB on vegetation on St Johns Golf Course, November 2012, St Augustine, FL.

Figure 7. ATSB Spray on vegetation against adult mosquitoes (major species Anopheles crucians) on St Johns Golf Course, November 2012, St Augustine, FL.

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Always read and follow all label directions and use precautions. Dibrom® Concentrate and Trumpet® EC are registered trademarks of AMVAC Chemical Corporation.

©2012 AMVAC Chemical Corporation.

Dibrom® ConCentratetrumpet® eC

protecting public health for more than 50 years.

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West N i le v i rus (WNV) was f i r s t detected in Chatham County, Georgia from dead birds during the 2002 mosquito season. In all, 23 wild birds, 9 mosquito pools, and a horse were found positive for the virus that year. In 2003 a total of 27 wild birds, 6 sentinel chickens, 67 mosquito pools, and a horse were found positive for WNV. Addit ional ly, nine human cases were diagnosed in 2003, in-cluding one fatality. WNV was also confi rmed in Chatham County dur ing 2004, 2006, and 2007. WNV was not detected in dead birds, mosquito pools, or humans between 2008 and 2010. Two sentinel chickens initially tested positive for the virus in 2009, but follow-up tests were negative. In 2011 WNV was recorded in 214 mosquito pools from 18 different sites, and 10 human cases were confirmed within our service area; see Table 1.

Prior to the arrival of WNV, Cha-tham County Mosquito Control (CCMC) conducted surveillance and control effor ts primari ly for nu i sance mosqu i toes (Aedes albopictus, Ae sol l ici tans and Ae taeniorhynchus) and vectors

of eastern equine encephalit is (EEE) (Cul iseta melanura and Coquilletidia perturbans). How-ever, during the 2002 season it became apparent that the pri-mary vector of WNV in our region was Culex quinquefasciatus, a species of mosqui to that was not targeted by our surveillance or control efforts. After the 2002 season, CCMC s taf f began a se r i e s o f p rog ram mod i f i ca -tions to augment our response to this newly emerging disease threat. Many of these program changes have previously been d o c u m e n t e d ( Le w a n d o w s k i and Moulis, 2008), although our approach i s cont inuous l y re -evaluated and refined as staff learn more about WNV and i ts ecology within our geographic region.

Most important to our WNV sur-ve i l lance p rog ram i s the use of gravid t raps throughout the county to better assess Cx quin-quefasciatus populations. Prior to the WNV th reat, t raps used by CCMC cons i s ted so le l y of CDC l ight traps. A substantial ly larger number of Cx quinque-fasciatus adults were available

for arboviral test ing at the Uni-versity of Georgia’s Southeastern Cooperat i ve W i ld l i fe D i sease Study by using gravid traps. We have found that th i s test ing i s one of the best tools available for the early detection of virus. We fur ther devised a system of th resho lds based on the raw numbers of Culex captured in traps, which allowed us to treat areas prior to or early in the am-p l i f icat ion s tages of the WNV epizootic cycle in advance of laboratory confirmation of virus.

Secondly, we moved away from ground ULV adulticide missions toward aer ia l appl icat ions, to provide “blanket ” coverage of re lat i ve ly la rge t racts of land in a ve r y sho r t t ime. We a l so b e g a n co nd u ct i n g m i s s i o n s closer to sunset, a l igning wi th the peak activity of the local Cx quinquefasciatus population as indicated by timed collections in surveil lance traps. Furthermore, we rep laced ma la th ion and permethrin-based products with naled adulticides, as suscepti-bi l i t y issues became apparent in our local Cx quinquefasciatus population. More recently (2011),

Table 1: Occurrence of West Nile virus in Chatham County, GA 2002-2011.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Mosquito Pools 9 67 38 0 0 36 0 0 0 214

Wild Birds 23 27 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

Sen


we moved awa y f ro m f i xed -wing applications to an entirely rotary-winged adulticiding pro-gram, which enabled greater maneuverability and shortened application time.

We in i t iated an earnest s torm drain larval treatment program that or ig inal ly included catch basins located throughout the metro Savannah area, where the oldest infrastructure existed. This was expanded to include storm drains in the Savannah suburbs and surrounding municipalit ies as WNV was detected outs ide this core area. Originally, storm drains were treated with a 150 day product. This was eventually changed to a 30 day product to allow retreatment of storm drains

on a monthly basis. From 2002 through early 2006 catch basins were treated with methoprene. In Ju ly of 2006 products con-taining Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) were used in catch basins, and we began alternating between Bs and methoprene products on a yearly basis. In August of 2011 when WNV pos i t ive pool num-bers became staggeringly high, both products were used in storm drains until the end of October.

A f t e r t h e 2 0 0 3 s e a s o n w e abandoned the use of sentinel chickens in our WNV surveillance p rog ram, as the tu rn -a round t ime bet ween conf i rmat ions from the laboratory on positive sent inels compared to that of pos i t i ve mosqu i to poo l s was

approximately 3 weeks longer. However, we continued to use sentinels in our eastern equine encephal i t i s (EEE) survei l lance p rog ram, as i t i s much more dif ficult to capture the primary vector (Cul iseta melanura ) of this virus in our area, and merely testing mosquitoes for EEE would not suffice.

CCMC recorded a total of 214 positive WNV mosquito samples during 2011. The first positive pool detected that year was collected on 20 June (week 26) which is 10 days earl ier than any previous positive detection; see Table 2. The last posit ive pool was from a sample collected on 27 Sep-tember (week 39). The number of WNV positive mosquito pools climbed quickly in 2011, peaking during week 30 (July 17-23) before gradually subsiding over the next several weeks; see Figure 1.

Positive pools were primarily re-corded from trap sites located within the metro Savannah area (88%), although some virus was detected in suburban areas of Savannah, Tybee Island, Garden City, and Pooler. In addition, one positive pool was recorded from a rural area located in Jasper

Table 2: Summary of West Nile virus data from Chatham County, GA 2001-2011.

Figure 1: WNV positive pools from Chatham County, GA in 2011.

0

20

40

60

80

25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47

Num

ber o

f + p

ools

Week Number

Figure 1. WNV + pools from Chatham County, Georgia in 2011

2001 09/25/01 12/06/01 137 8 129 0 N/A N/A

2002 08/20/02 12/19/02 659 0 659 9 09/05/02 11/12/02

2003 04/01/03 11/17/03 2141 30 2111 67 07/11/03 09/23/03

2004 03/13/04 12/22/04 4144 502 3642 39 06/30/04 09/22/04

2005 01/04/05 10/24/05 6262 1085 5177 0 N/A N/A

2006 06/19/06 12/28/06 2078 237 1841 0 N/A N/A

2007 07/09/07 11/14/07 2981 149 2832 36 07/12/07 09/26/07

2008 03/26/08 11/17/08 3042 278 2764 0 N/A N/A

2009 04/28/09 09/22/09 1010 38 972 0 N/A N/A

2010 03/20/10 09/30/10 2123 132 1991 0 N/A N/A

2011 02/22/11 11/14/11 3902 951 2951 214 06/20/11 09/27/11

Total N/A N/A 28479 3410 25069 365 N/A N/A

Date of 1st pool

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Date of last pool

collection

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Blood-fedpools

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pools

Total WNV positive

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f + p

ools

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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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Week Number

Figure 3. MIR by week at two metro Savannah locations, 2011

MIR-50th St

MIR-64th St

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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MIR

Week Number

Figure 3. MIR by week at two metro Savannah locations, 2011

MIR-50th St

MIR-64th St

County, South Carolina. With the except ion of two samples, a l l pos i t ive pools f rom 2011 were compr i sed o f Cu lex s pec ie s (x=97) or Cx quinquefasciatus (x=115) specimens; see Figure 2. One pool containing 7 Aedes albopictus and one pool con-taining a single blood-fed Aedes taeniorhynchus were a l so re -corded. All positive mosquitoes collected in 2011 were captured in gravid traps, with the exception of the single salt marsh mosquito which was caught in a CDC light trap baited with dry ice.

Of the 18 s i tes where pos i t ive mosquito pools were collected du r i ng t he 2011 sea son, t he number of pos i t i ve pool s ob-tained through the course of the season varied. However, the ma-jority of these sites (61%) recorded between one and five posit ive pool s du r ing the season. Two sites continued to produce posi-tive samples over several weeks and tal l ied season totals of 36 and 79 pos i t ive pools. Week ly Minimum Infection Rates (MIR) at these locat ions were fa i r l y high (4.78-38.81 and 9.09-60.61) throughout much of the summer; see Figure 3.

One site posted a MIR of 1000, and two other s i tes recorded

MIRs of 500. However, these in-flated numbers are an obvious ar t i fact of pool ing only blood-fed mosquitoes from these sites, wh ich included a s ing le ind i -v idual at the f i rs t s i te and two specimens at the other s i tes. One of these latter sites did pro-duce more realistic MIRs in later weeks of 3.98 and 4.33, when a l l Culex co l lected f rom that site were analyzed for virus. It is noteworthy that of the 214 posi-tive pools identified during 2011, eleven (5.1%) were composed of only a single blood-fed mos-quito. Also of interest is that two WNV positive samples (one con-taining nine Culex species and the other 25 Cx quinquefascia-tus) were simultaneously infected with Flanders virus.

In addition to some of the previ-ously mentioned modifications we m a d e to o u r p ro g ra m i n 2011, we learned that a weekly treatment of at-risk areas is prob-ably not sufficient to adequately reduce Cx qu inquefasc ia tu s numbers dur ing an ex t remely act ive WNV year. Of ten aer ia l spray treatments did not reflect reductions in trap collections for several days. This is most l ikely due to a combination of factors during any spray event. First, on any given evening, only portions of the adult Cx quinquefascia-tus population are active during the set t l ing process of the ULV mis t, whi le rest ing or dormant indiv iduals avoid the aerosol. Dur ing a major i t y of the mos-quito season all aquatic stages in the l ife cycle of Cx quinque-fasciatus (egg th rough pupa) are present, allowing recruitment i n t he p o pu l a t i o n to re ma i n fai r ly constant. Fur thermore, i f the underg round s to rm water system plays a major role in the l ife cycle of this species, as we assume, adult stages targeted by our adulticide work may only be susceptible to sprays during relatively shor t periods of t ime when ou t s i de th i s p ro tected environment.

I t i s also impor tant to mention that resistance issues involving our local populations of Culex quinquefasciatus came to l ight

Figure 2: Species make-up of WNV positive pools in 2011.

Figure 3: MIR by week at two metro Savannah locations in 2011.

Min

imum

Infe

ctio

n R

ates

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Week Number

706050403020100

0.47% Aedes taeniorhynchus

0.47% Aedes albopictus

53.74% Culex quinquefasciatus

45.33% Culex spp


Robert A MoulisEntomologist

[email protected]

Henry B Lewandowski, JrDirector

[email protected]

Jennifer D RussellEntomologist

[email protected]

Jeffrey L HeuselAssistant Director

[email protected]

Laura F A W PeatyEntomology Technician

[email protected]

Chatham CountyMosquito Control

65 Billy B Hair DriveSavannah, GA 31408

912-790-2565

Daniel G MeadAssociate [email protected]

Southeastern CooperativeWildlife Disease Study 589 DW Brooks Drive

College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia

Athens, GA 30602706-542-1741

Rosmarie KellyPublic Health [email protected] & Zoonotic

Diseases TeamAcute Disease

Epidemiology SectionGeorgia Department

of Public HealthAtlanta, GA 30303

404-657-2912

when a ser ies of susceptibi l i t y tests conducted by CDC indi -cated low susceptibility to many of the p roducts ava i lab le fo r mosquito control. No mortal i t y was recorded at the diagnostic dosage (43µg/bot t le) o f pe r-methr in af ter 30 minutes f rom specimens collected at four dif-ferent s ites in the county. Later tests indicated that res istance to resmethrin was 84% and 90% and to etofenprox was 94% and 88% at two of these sites, respec-t ive ly. Tes t ing of ch loropyr i fos and malathion on mosquitoes from these and one additional site showed lit tle mortality even after two hours at the diagnos-tic dosage. Naled was the only chemical found to be effective on our local Cx quinquefasciatus (95% mortality at 15 minutes).

There are a number of possibili-t ies that may explain the 2011 WNV resu rgence in ou r a rea. Fi rst, our region experienced a fai r ly wet 2010-11 winter, but a hot and dry spring and summer. The winter rains provided ample wa te r w i t h i n t he s to rm d ra i n system that af forded local Cx quinquefasciatus populat ions ideal rookery conditions for egg deposition and larval develop-ment at the beginn ing of the season. The lack of rain during la te sp r ing and summer p re -vented storm drain systems from being flushed, resulting in large numbers of adul t mosqui toes complet ing thei r larval s tages between our current catch basin t reatments . Fu r the rmore, the local bird population had likely become susceptible to the virus during the previous 3-year WNV hiatus, despite a decline in the number of dead or dying birds reported by the public unlike in previous years; see Table 1.

In conclusion, our experiences w i th WNV have led to va r ious changes i n ou r app roach to mosquito control in our region.

First, data collected through the last several years indicate that the primary vector of this virus in our region is Cx quinquefasciatus.The gravid t rap is the super ior device for col lect ing th is spe-cies when used with adequately aged hay infusion. Naled is the only pesticide to which the local population of Cx quinquefascia-tus is completely susceptible. It is also important to note that the testing and subsequent verifica-tion of virus in mosquito samples is paramount in the assessment of human risk in our area. Results from this work clearly revealed that the threat of WNV not only existed in 2011, but far exceeded any previous year on record. The total number of pos it ive pools detected from Chatham County i n 2011 was more than th ree times the amount seen in 2003 and f ive t imes the amounts in either 2004 or 2007. Overal l, a tota l of 7622 mosqu i to poo l s were submitted for testing in the entire state of Georgia, and 397 of these were found positive for WNV in 2011. This represents an increase of approximately four-fo ld over the tota l number of positive pools detected in 2010, and indicates that the 2011 re-su rgence was not necessar i l y a local ized problem. I t fur ther shows the impor tance of mos-quito testing over a wide region is needed to adequately assess human health risk from one year to the next.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank William G Brogdon and his staf f at the Centers for Dis-ease Control and Prevention for conducting pesticide suscepti-bility testing on local populations of Cx quinquefasciatus.

REFERENCE CITED

Lewa n d ows k i , H B , J r a n d R A Moul i s . 2008. Adaptat ions fo r WNV su r ve i l lance and cont ro l

in Chatham Count y. Tech Bu l l Florida Mosquito Control Assoc. 8:20-23.

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1 BY AIR2 BY WATER

Mobilize Against Mosquitoes! }}

}}

With the addition of FourStar® products to our mosquito control lineup, Central Life Sciences now o� ers a portfolio of products the industry has never seen before. By air, there’s Zenivex® adulticide formulations to provide quick knockdown of adult mosquitoes in ULV applications. By water, there’s Altosid® and FourStar® larvicides. Each product can be used in

standing water to stop larvae from developing into biting, disease carrying adults. Learn more about all three products and their di� erent formulations at CentralMosquitoControl.com or call 1.800.248.7763.

Always read and follow label directions. Altosid and Zenivex are registered trademarks of Wellmark International. FourStar is a registered trademark of B2E Microbials LLC. Central Life Sciences with design is a registered trademark of Central Garden & Pet Company. ©2013 Wellmark International.


1 BY AIR2 BY WATER

Mobilize Against Mosquitoes! }}

}}

With the addition of FourStar® products to our mosquito control lineup, Central Life Sciences now o� ers a portfolio of products the industry has never seen before. By air, there’s Zenivex® adulticide formulations to provide quick knockdown of adult mosquitoes in ULV applications. By water, there’s Altosid® and FourStar® larvicides. Each product can be used in

standing water to stop larvae from developing into biting, disease carrying adults. Learn more about all three products and their di� erent formulations at CentralMosquitoControl.com or call 1.800.248.7763.

Always read and follow label directions. Altosid and Zenivex are registered trademarks of Wellmark International. FourStar is a registered trademark of B2E Microbials LLC. Central Life Sciences with design is a registered trademark of Central Garden & Pet Company. ©2013 Wellmark International.

Factors Affecting Spinosad Effectiveness by Morgan Su

S p i n o s a d i s p ro d u c e d b y a bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mer tz and Yao, which was discovered in 1982 in the soil of an abandoned rum disti l lery on a Caribbean island. Though this microorganism has not been found aga in i n na tu re s i nce then, it has been subsequently descr ibed as a new species. This bacterium produces many pesticidal compounds, mostly s p i n o s y n A a n d D i n a n a p -p rox imate ra t i o o f 85%:15%, co l lect i ve l y ca l led sp inosad. Upon inges t ion p r imar i l y and cuticle absorption secondari ly, spinosad kills susceptible species by s imulating neurotransmit ter at synapse of the insect nervous system, causing over excitation and rapid movement, exhaus-tion and finally death. Spinosad i s now fo rmu la ted in to many products fo r cont ro l l ing pests in agriculture and green house industry. The effectiveness and env i ronmenta l benef i t s a s a biological pesticide have been we l l documented wor ldw ide. More recent ly, some formula-t ions have been developed to contro l pests of publ ic health importance, such as larvicides against mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes have the greatest public health importance among a l l insects, not on ly because of being nu isance and blood feeders, but a lso t ransmit t ing

diseases among humans and animals. Controlling larval mos-quitoes i s more cost-ef fect ive as they are l imited in aquat ic habitats. In order to enhance the effectiveness of spinosad used as mosquito larvicide, I decided to investigate the following most impor tant env i ronmenta l and biological factors that potentially impact the larvicidal results of sp inosad on mosqu i to la r vae under laboratory conditions; see Figure 1. The results are expected to be appl icable in mosqui to control practice.

Hypothetically, performance of sp inosad i s h igher in c leaner water, under warmer tempera-ture, when control l ing younger mosquito larvae, particularly at lower larval density.

MATERIALS

Materials in this study included: Southern house mosquito larvae, Culex quinquefasciatus; Natular G30 (2.5% Sp inosad) (Cla rke, C h i c a g o, I L ) ; ½ - g a l p l a s t i c s torage tubs and 4-oz p las t ic cups (Sma r t & F i na l ) ; sc reen loops made of ny lon w indow s c re e n ( H o m e D e p o t ) ; 2 - m l plastic dropper, 50-ml graduated cy l inder and 20-ml glass v ia ls (Sciencelab.com); digital heater (Homes, Temperature range: 55-85oF); analytical scale (Acculab, 0.001 g accu racy); we igh ing boat made of a luminum fo i l (Reynolds Wrap); rabbit pel lets (PetSmart); micro-pipette (100-1000 micro liters) and pipette tips (Sciencelab.com); and 26-gal plastic tub (Rubbermaid) (Lowes Home Improvement).

PREPARATIONS

Formula for polluted water: 250 g of rabbit pel lets to 5 gal lons of tap water contained in a 26-gallon plastic tub, and fermented for 2 weeks under outdoor condi-tions (December 2011).

Mosquito collection and culture: Mosquito eggs were col lected from an urban area of Riverside, CA, using polluted water as an egg laying medium. Eggs were hatched at 75°-85°F and larvae we re rea red to the p refe r red

Note from the Managing Editor: This article was writ ten by Morgan Su, a 7th grader at Riverside STEM Academy, Riverside, CA. Morgan won two awards for the work reported here: the Gold Award, Riverside Unified School District in the Junior Division, and the Silver Award in the Junior Division, RIMS Science and Engineering Fair. The article is writ ten in Morgan’s words with lit tle editing from Wing Beats editors. Please note that the lack of replication, lack of statistical analysis and the absence of literature citations would result in rejection of a manuscript from a more senior author. However, we commend Morgan’s accomplishments and encourage other students (and their teachers) to submit school projects to Wing Beats.

Figure 1: The author sets up the test and treatment containers.


instars for identification. Larvae of southern house mosquitoes were used in this study.

Pesticide dilutions: One percent Natular G30 (2.5% spinosad) was made by adding 0.2 g to 20 ml of tap water, which was shaken vigorously for 5 minutes until the pesticide coat was completely dislodged from the carrier (sand granules). This 1% suspension was then diluted 10 times by adding 2 ml to 18 ml of tap water, achiev-ing concentration of 0.1%. The fur ther 10 times of di lution was m a d e i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r to reach the concentrat ion of 0.01%, which was used in test.

TEST PROCEDURES

Experiment 1: Water Quality

Three “pollution” levels were used in th is test by adding 5 ml, 50 ml or 100 ml of pol luted water into a 4 oz p last ic cup, which was then replenished to the total vo lume of 100 ml to ach ieve pol lut ion levels of 5%, 50% or 100% respect ively; see Figure 2. Each pollution level was repli-cated 4 times; 12 cups were set up for treatment and untreated cont ro l . Fo r each cup, 25 o f 3 rd ins ta r la r vae reared prev i -ously were introduced. A diluted Natular G30 formula (0.01%) was added to each treatment cup in the amount of 1 ml. A l l test cups were placed at 80°F (main-tained by a digital heater in a bathroom). Results were read 24 h after the treatment by count-ing the surviving larvae. Mortality was calculated as [(100 - survi-vors)/100] x 100%.

Experiment 2: Temperature

Another exper iment was con-ducted to tes t the impact of water temperature (control led and measured as air tempera-ture) on larvicidal effectiveness. The f i r s t round tes t u sed 8 of

4-oz plastic cups, four of them treated, four of them untreated, each holding 100 ml of tap water and 25 of previously reared 3rd instar larvae. Each treatment cup received 1 ml of 0.01% Natular G30. Al l cups were provided a couple d rops of rabbi t pe l let suspension as larval food and were placed at 70°F. Results were read at 24 h after treatment in the same manner ment ioned above. Two more rounds of tests were conducted in the same way with exceptions of temperature settings: 75°F and 85°F.

Experiment 3: Larval Density

I conducted a third experiment

to see i f lar val dens i t y af fects larv icidal ef fect iveness. Three larval densities were tested: 25, 50 and 100 of 3rd instar larvae/cup/100 ml water. For each den-s i t y, 4 rep l icates were made. Treatment cups were t reated using the same amount of pesti-cide (1 ml of 0.01% Natular G30). Larval food was provided in the same manner as in earlier tests. All cups were place at 80°F and results were read at 24 h af ter treatment.

Experiment 4: Larval Stages

The last test was carried out to see which larval stage was more suscept ib le to the pest icide -

Figure 2: Treated (left) and untreated cups testing water quality impact.

Figure 3: Experiment 1 - Impact of water quality on larvicidal effectiveness. 


young larvae (1st - 2nd instars) or old larvae (3rd - 4th instars). For each age group, 4 cups each

holding 100 ml of tap water and 25 larvae were used as treatment and unt reated cont ro l . Treat-

ment cups were t reated us ing the same amount of pesticide (1 m l o f 0.01% Natu la r G30) . Larval food was provided in the same manner as in earlier tests. All cups were place at 80°F and results were read at 24 h af ter treatment.

RESULTS

Experiment 1: Water Quality

A f te r 24 h, the la r va l mor ta l -i t y was 16%, 66% and 98% at 10 0%, 50% and 5% po l l u ted water, respectively, which clearly ind icates that pol lut ion levels adversely impact effectiveness of spinosad against mosquito larvae. Overal l mor tal i t y in un-t reated cont ro l was as low as 0.6%; see Figure 3.

Experiment 2: Temperature

Results at 24 h af ter t reatment showed a pos i t ive cor re lat ion between ambient/water temper-ature and larvicidal effectiveness, larval mortality was 30% at 70°F, 69% at 75°F and 99% at 85°F, while it ranged 0-1% in untreated control; see Figure 4.

Experiment 3: Larval Density

Results showed that af ter 24 h of exposure, larval mortality was 94% for low densit y (25 larvae/cup), 82% for middle density (50 larvae/cup) and 67% for the high densit y (100 larvae/cup), whi le overall mortality in untreated con-trol ranged 0-2%; see Figure 5.

Experiment 4: Larval Stages

Results showed that during the 24 h of the experiment, the young larvae were affected much more than the old larvae. Larval mor-tal i t y was 99% for the younger larvae (2nd instars) and 54% for the older larvae (4th instars), while no mortality was noticed in un-treated control; see Figure 6.

 Figure 5: Experiment 3 - Impact of larval density on larvicidal effectiveness.

  Figure 4: Experiment 2 - Impact of temperature on larvicidal effectiveness.

  Figure 6: Experiment 4 - Impact of larval stage on larvicidal effectiveness.


Several environmental and bio-logical factors have been studied regarding to their impact on larvi-cidal activity of spinosad against mosquito larvae. Based on Exper-iment 1- Impact of water quality, spinosad showed less activity in more pol luted water, which i s r icher in bacteria and organic mat te r s . Bacte r i a ma y have broken down some sp inosad, o r g a n i c m a t t e r s m a y h a v e absorbed some active ingredi-ents. Altogether, less spinosad is available for larvae to ingest in more polluted water as com-pared with cleaner water. This is presumably related to low effec-tiveness of spinosad in polluted water. As a well known fact, mos-quito larvae ingest faster under warmer water temperatures as

compared w i th under coo le r water temperatures. Since inges-t ion is the most impor tant way for la r vae to intake sp inosad, mosquito larvae have ingested more sp inosad under warmer temperatures than under cooler temperatures. This should explain the d i f fe rent ef fect iveness of spinosad under three tempera-tures tested, ie, higher mortality at warmer temperatures. Larval dens it y also played impor tant role in spinosad effectiveness, wh ich was much lowe r when la r va l dens i t y was h igher. Be-cause a fixed amount of toxins was added to each cup, the av-erage amount of toxins available to each larva was lower when a high larval density existed. Finally, as an internal factor related to

Morgan [email protected]

Riverside STEM Academy4466 Mount Vernon Ave

Riverside, CA 92507

mosquito life cycle, young larvae ingest food more aggress ively than older larvae do. Old larvae a re a p p ro a ch i n g t h e p u p a l stage, a non-feeding stage. This fact i s bel ieved to be re lated to higher mor tal i t y at younger larvae than at older larvae.

I n conc lu s ion, the ef fect i ve -ness of spinosad to kill mosquito larvae is much higher in cleaner water, under warmer tempera-ture, at lower larval density and aga in s t younge r l a r vae. The resu l t s and conclus ion a re in agreement with my hypotheses. The f ind ings in th i s laborator y study are immediately applica-ble to mosquito control practice in the field. Field studies wil l be conducted in the near future to fur ther evaluate the impact of these factors studied to achieve better mosquito control.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank my parents for their gen-eral assistance and guidance, particularly their help in mosquito identification and handling. Test material Natular G30 used in this s tudy was prov ided by Clarke (Chicago, IL). I acknowledge tre-mendous encouragement and support from Mr Dale Moore, the former coordinator of Riverside Unif ied School Distr ict Science and Engineering Fai r, now the principal of Riverside STEM Acad-emy; see Figure 7.

Figure 7: The author receives the 2012 Gold Award and Sweepstakes Award from Mr Dale Moore, coordinator of the Riverside Unified School District Science and Engineering Fair.


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From Where I Sit: Notes from the AMCATechnical Advisor by Joe Conlon

At last! Some good news to report regarding regulatory issues! You may recall that a 2008 biological opinion (BiOp) issued by the NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) supported substantial re-strictions on application of three pesticides near streams contain-ing species of Paci f ic sa lmon l i s ted under the Endangered Species Act (Dow AgroSciences LLC v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 4th Circuit, No. 11-2337, 2/21/13). The th ree pest ic ides in question were chlorpyriphos, diazinon and malathion. A dis-trict court in Maryland originally upheld the provisions of the BiOp, but the pesticide producers - Dow AgroSciences, Cheminova and Makhteshim Agan of North Amer-ica appealed the decision in the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals, which has j u r i sd ict ion i n Ma r y land, V i rginia, Nor th Carol ina, South Carol ina and West Virginia. On February 21, 2013, a three-judge panel of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a unanimous landmark decision that vacated the implementation of the BiOp. The suit centered on allegations the Service violated the Adminis-trative Procedure Act (APA) by not cons ider ing publ ic comments on the draft BiOp and failed to comply with the ESA’s mandate to use the “best scientific and com-mercial data available.”

Use of a model that assumed salmon are continuously exposed for 96 hours without explaining how this assumption correlates with exposure conditions in the real world – NMFS “candidly rec-ognized” that the assumption was derived from a laboratory proto-col, but failed to explain how it “matches up with real-world con-ditions,” Niemeyer wrote.

NMFS’ reliance on water moni-toring data from a US Geological Sur vey conducted f rom 1992-20 06 tha t do not re f l ect t he ef fect of mit igat ion measures that were implemented during reregistration. The agency used th is survey to repor t h igh con-centrations of all three pesticides in relevant waterways, but disre-garded calls from stakeholders, including the s tates of Idaho, Cal i forn ia and Washington, to consider more recent data. Ac-cording to Niemeyer, the BiOp “never adequately explained why it relied on older data despite the existence of new data and the potential drawbacks of using the older data.”

Inclusion in recommendations for additional mitigation of uni-form buffer zones for all types of water, without regard to actual proximity to key salmon habitat or adequate cons iderat ion of the economic consequences.

Judge Pau l N iemeye r o f t he Richmond, VA-based 4th Circuit, in writing the court decision con-cluded. “We find it sufficient at this point to vacate the BiOp in its present form and require the Fisheries Service to address not only the flaws we identified but also any additional matters that may be raised on remand.” He further stated that, “The Fisheries Service’s November 2008 BiOp re l ied on a select ion of data, tests, and standards that did not always appear to be logical, ob-vious, or even rational.” Strong words, echoing a scathing review of the BiOp by the EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs.

The 4th Circuit Court determined that the BiOp was “arbitrary and capricious” because the NMFS B iOp fa i led to prov ide an ad-equate explanation concerning three critical choices underlying its findings and issuance of Rea-sonable and Prudent Measures (RPM):


The 4th Circuit panel agreed with the plaintif fs that NMFS did not “explain, as required by law, the economic feasibility of the one-size-fits-all buffers.”

While the mosquito control com-munity can point to the triumph of science in this ruling, we must acknowledge that central to the overthrow of the distr ict court ’s deci s ion i s the p r inc ip le that review of NMFS action must be based on a contemporaneous scient i f ic rat ionale as a bas i s of the B iOp, wi th post hoc ra-tionalizations not permit ted. So procedural flaws in NMFS deriva-t ion and issuance of the B iOp were its ultimate downfall. If the info rmat ion submit ted dur ing cour t p roceedings had been p rov ided up f ron t, t he dec i -s ion wou ld l i ke l y not been as cut–and–dried. Yet, this places the burden on the Serv ices to ensure that modeling ultimately directing implementation of reg-istration restrictions is predicated on existing sound science – not j u s t i f i ed a f te r the fact. Thu s ,

sound science must drive BiOp derivation – not provided by sup-plementary affidavit afterward. The 4th Ci rcu i t decis ion s tates that it was an error for the District Court to consider post-hoc infor-mation as a violation of the APA. In fact, the length of the B iOp (482 pages) was w r y l y noted by the 4th Ci rcu i t as suf f ic ient to have provided all necessary rat iona les – “ i t can hard ly be argued that the administrative reco rd was so lack i ng i n ex-p lanat ions as to neces s i ta te reliance on a litigation affidavit in conducting judicial review.”

Nevertheless, this landmark deci-sion, coupled with the upcoming National Research Council rec-ommendat ions regard ing the adequacy of scient i f ic meth-odo log ies u sed in p repa r i ng Biological Opinions, wil l drive a profound change toward a more robust Service explanation for key modeling assumptions used in BiOps. This is certainly welcome news, but may worsen problems in timely consult compliance with

provisions of Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The EPA is al ready wel l behind in consu l t s w i th the Se r v ices, prompting the “Mega-Suit ” by the plaintiffs in Center for Biologi-cal Diversity v. EPA in the District Court in California involving 382 pest icides and over 200 l is ted species.

Judge Niemeyer has remanded the case back to the Maryland district court, with instructions to further remand the BiOp to NOAA Fi sher ies to address the f laws identified in the opinion. How all of this wil l ult imately play out is anyone’s guess, but a demand that federal agencies and ser-vices adhere to duly mandated procedures and sound science is a victory for reason – let ’s hope that it doesn’t become a Pyrrhic one once the Services get their procedural act together.

Joseph M ConlonAMCA Technical Advisor

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Fleming Island, FL 32003904-215-3008

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