offshore aquaculture of marine finfish in the …
TRANSCRIPT
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OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE OF MARINE FINFISH IN THE CARIBBEAN
Daniel Benetti*, Refik Orhun, Brian O’Hanlon, Larry Brand, James Collins, Christopher Maxey, Andy Danylchuk, Dallas Alston, Alexis Cabarcas
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Cobia, Rachycentron canadum
Carangidae (jacks and pompanos)
Mutton Snapper, Lutjanus analisCobia (Rachycentron canadum)
Yellowfin Tuna, Thunnus albacares
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SPECIES CRITERIA
1) Native /endemic to the region (SE US,Gulf and the Caribbean)
2) High market demand and value
3) Technology developed/available fromegg to market (hatchery produced)
4) High Aquaculture performance:Growth Survival Feed conversion rate
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
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Comparative Growth During Early Developmental Stages45 DPH (Days Post Hatch) – 6 weeks
Cobia5.5 g; 11.5 cm (4.5 in)
Snapper0.2 g; 2.0 cm (1.0 in)
Which species would you rather select for commercial aquaculture?
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BROODSTOCK MANAGEMENTTechnological Advances:• Large (50-80 ton) independent, environmentally controlled recirculating systems• TEMPERATURE control is KEY for natural spawning• Improved nutrition [fish, squid, shrimp, pellets, blood worms (polychaetes)]• Improved handling [no handling or using clove oil (eugenol) @ 10-20 ppm]• Removal/addition of individuals (aggressive males/females, stress, sex ratio)• Use of artificial substrates mimic sea grass beds (Aquamats)• Parasite control (“cleaning station”, symbiosis, neon goby, Gobiosoma oceanops)
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When exposed to correct temperature cycle,cobia spawn naturally at ≥ 24 oC (optimum is 26 oC!?)
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HATCHERY TECHNOLOGY OF COBIA Rachycentron canadum
45 days old (4.5 in)20 days old
10 days old
Yolk-sac larvae - 1 day old
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HATCHERY TECHNOLOGYIntensive and Extensive Larval Rearing in Tanks and Ponds
Fist trials carried out at the University of Miami Experimental Hatchery inMay/June 2005 produced tens of thousands of healthy cobia fingerlings
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Shipping ChallengesLogistics
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Rock Sound, South Eleuthera, Bahamas
Fajardo, Puerto Rico
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Stocking Snapperfarm’s SubmergedCages off Culebra Island, Puerto Rico
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SeaStation 3000 - Ocean Spar, Net Systems (U.S.)
Culebra, Puerto RicoSnapperfarm, Inc.
Eleuthera, BahamasAquaSense Bahamas, Ltd.
H2O flow > 2 billion liters/day(>600 million gl/day)
Cage volume = 3000 m3
Average current velocity = 0.5 knotDepth = 25-30 m (90-100 ft)
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Cobia juveniles are transferred from the nursery cage into3,000 m3 SeaStation main cages in 2-4 weeks in
Puerto Rico and South Eleuthera, Bahamas
Stocking densities: 3,000 - 20,000 fingerlings @ 70-90% survival; harvest @ 12-8 lb (6-4 kg) eaSeaStation 3000 = 2700m3 volume = 15 - 70 Tons/cage = 5 - 25 kg/m3 or 12-50 lb/m3
Market Price of Fish (whole gutted) = $ 3.25 - $ 4.0/lb or $ 7.15 - $ 8.8/kg
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Snapperfarm and AquaSense cobia areproduced without the use of antibiotics, hormones, pigments, or pesticides.Grown offshore, far from pollution sources
Organic Cobia!?[Ethoxyquin, a synthetically-derived antioxidant(stabilizer) used to prevent oxidation, rancidity.]
GROWOUT
Extraordinary Rates of Growth and Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCR)
at Low Environmental Impact
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Recorded and fitted Van Bertalanffy growth of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) in Snapperfarm’s offshore cages off Culebra, Puerto Rico
from hatching to 14 months
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450Age (Days Post Hatch)
y = 7988 * (1-(exp(-0.0096(x-92)))^3)
r2 = 0.88
Onset of maturation> 95% mature
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COMPARATIVE GROWTH RATES OF COBIA CULTURED IN OFFSHORE CAGES UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND STOCKING DENSITIES
Cobia growth in weig
Eleuthera - y = 0.0246x2 - 1.0583x + 87 r2=0.81Culebra - y = 0.0264x2 + 6.3234x + 87 r2=0.69
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GROWTH RATES OF COBIA CULTURED IN OPEN OCEAN CAGES IN PUERTO RICO AND THE BAHAMAS
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Environmental and economic sustainability of operations?
Lower stocking densityHigher temperature
Higher stocking densityLower temperature
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COBIA PRODUCTION IN CAGES - SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
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Cage Volumes 3000 & 5400 m3
Flip Cages
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Environmental Assessment• Physical factors
– Bathymetry (depth profile)– Bottom type (preferred sandy)– Coastal topography– Wind velocity/direction/fetch– Currents and tides– Wave height (max/min/average)– Air and water temperature– Turbidity
• Biological factors– Fouling– Chlorophyll– Productivity– HABs– Assemblage– Benthic studies
• Chemical factors– Total suspended solids– Ammonia– Nitrite– Nitrate– Phosphate– Dissolved oxygen– Organic matter– Nitrogen
• Socio-economic factors– Acceptance of project– Local communities– Partnership Fishermen Association
• Educational factors– Elementary / High School / Technical
Level Curricula– Teachers’ Materials / Talks, etc.
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Dissolved nutrients in the water column
0.000
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Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Phosphate
mg/
L
Snapper Cobia Control
4.76 4.68 4.75
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Snapper Cobia Control
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Organic matter in the sediments at the cages and control site
Environmental AssessmentSummary of Results - Puerto Rico
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Environmental AssessmentSummary of Results - Bahamas
Average Water Column Chlorophyll aNovember 2003 - December 2004
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0.02
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0.08
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0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
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Average Benthic Chlorophyll-aNovember 2003 - December 2004
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Summary of Environmental Studies (Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Hawaii, New Hampshire)
• Environmental data from Puerto Rico and the Bahamas indicate that there are no significant changes in the water column and benthic ecosystems near the area.
• There were no significant differences in any of the water quality parameters measured in the area surrounding and beneath the cages.
• No samples had values in excess of allowable values under the NPDES permits
• Data are from small scale, demonstration projects
• Need to continue environmental monitoring studies as operations expand to determine whether/when a threshold level may occur
Benetti, Brand, Helsey, Langan, Alston, Cabarcas, Collins (in prep)
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Cage Location
HURRICANES
• In 2004, the cages were exposed to severe storms, including category 4 Hurricane Frances
• WINDS ranging from 70-100 miles/hr
prevailed in the area where one of the cages is deployed in South Eleuthera for almost 24 hours
• No damage to the cage or fish
mortality were observed
SHARK PREDATIONESCAPEMENTS
PROBLEMS:
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HARVESTING/PROCESSING/SHIPPING
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HIGH-QUALITY PRODUCT…
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… FOR A HIGH-END MARKET
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• Objective is to produce high-quality fish for high-end market seeking profits and lowering US seafood trade deficit ($ 8B)
• New technology has been developed from egg to marketNew species, increase production to market
• Results suggest that growing this species in exposed sites canproduce high yields of fish with low environmental impact
• Results suggest that, properly sited and managed, aquaculture of high-value fish can be conducted responsibly
• It will be difficult to compete with production from abroad (Asia, L.A.);environmental/technological prospects great; economic prospects not
SUMMARY
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• Anti-predator systems including predator nets, shark pods, electromagnetic fields and chemical/electrical repellants,improvements on existing cage design, new cage design
• Get funding (government and private) and permits to expand operationsto reach economic feasibility
• Continue environmental monitoring studies to ensure environmentalsustainability and determine threshold
• Expansion of offshore aquaculture will be driven by economic andenvironmental concerns combining the needs from the industry,government agencies, NGO’s, press and the public at large
• Move/develop the industry abroad with great losses (e.g. qualitycontrol, employment, social/economic losses, dependence foreignproduction; seafood trade déficit)
SUMMARY - THE FUTURE
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OFFSHORE AQUACULTURE
CONCEPTUAL OFFSHORE SUSTAINABLE AQUA FARMhttp://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/aquaculture - www.snapperfarm.com
OPEN OCEAN AQUAFARM - NOT JUST A CONCEPT ANYMORE…
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THANKS!
Aquaculture Research Council - ARC