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BAECO-101

Self Learning Material

Directorate of Distance Education

SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY

MEERUT-250005

UTTAR PRADESH

SIM Module Developed by :

Reviewed by :

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Copyright © Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.

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Published by : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002.Tel: 43532500, E-mail: [email protected]

DEM C—Typeset at: Printed at: Edition: 2020

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1- vFkZ'kkL=kdkvFkZ]ifjHkk"kk,oa{ks=k 1&17

1-1- mís';(Objectives) 1 1-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 1 1-3- vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;f"VxrvFkZ'kkL=k(,difjp;)(An Introduction: Economics and Microeconomics) 2 1-4- vFkZ'kkL=kdhfofHkUuifjHkk"kk,¡,oaizÑfr 3 1-5- vFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=k(Scope of Economics) 12 1-6- lkjka'k(Summary) 17 1-7- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 17

2- ek¡x,oe~iw£r 18&89

2-1- mís';(Objectives) 19 2-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 19 2-3- ek¡xdhèkkj.kk(Concept of Demand) 19 2-4- ek¡xrkfydkrFkkek¡xoØ(Demand Schedule and Demand Curve) 21 2-5- ek¡xosQfu/kZjdrRo;kek¡xiQyu(Determinants of Demand or Demand Function) 23 2-6- fofHkUufuèkkZjdrRooSQlsdk;ZdjrsgSa\(How do Different Determinants Work?) 24 2-7- ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSjek¡xesaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand) vFkok ek¡xoØijlapyuvkSjek¡xoØdkf[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the Demand Curve) 28 2-8- ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkko`f¼esavarj(Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand) 32 2-9- ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdehesavarj(Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand) 33 2-10- ek¡xdhyksp(Elasticity of Demand) 34 2-11- ek¡xdhdheryksp(Price Elasticity of Demand) 34 2-12- ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand) 35 2-13- ek¡xdhdherykspdhlkekU;fLFkfr;k¡(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand) 37 2-14- ek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;ksaE = 1, E>1rFkkE<1dksizdVdjusokyhek¡xoozsaQ (Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1) 37 2-15- ek¡xdhdherykspdheki(Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand) 38 2-16- ek¡xdhyksplslacafèkroqQNizes;(Some Theorems on Elasticity of Demand) 46 2-17- ek¡xdhdherykspdksizHkkfordjusokysrRo (Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand) 47 2-18- ek¡xdhvk;yksp(Income Elasticity of Demand) 49 2-19- ek¡xdhvk;ykspdheki(Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand) 49 2-20- ek¡xdhvk;ykspdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand) 50 2-21- ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp(Cross Elasticity of Demand) 52

2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

2-22- ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdheki(Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand) 52 2-23- ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhizÑfrrFkkJsf.k;k¡(Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand) 53 2-24- ek¡xdhdherykspdkegÙo(Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand) 56 2-25- iw£r,oalacaf/rfopkj(Supply and Related Concepts) 57 2-26- iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) 61 2-27- iw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZurFkkiw£resaifjorZu(Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply) 63 2-28- iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply) 66 2-29- iw£rdkvFkZ 77 2-30- iw£resaifjorZuiw£resao`f¼vkSjfxjkoV 80 2-31- iw£rdhyksp 83 2-32- lkjka'k(Summary) 88 2-33- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 88

3- ?kjsyw]iQeZ,oe~cktkjdhlajpuk 90&147

3-1- mís';(Objectives) 91 3-2- izLrkouk(Introduction) 91 3-3- rVLFkrkoØD;kgS\(What is an Indifference Curve?) 92 3-4- rVLFkrkvuqlwph(Indifference Schedule) 92 3-5- rVLFkkrkoØfp=kh;izLrqrhdj.k(Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve) 93 3-6- rVLFkkekufp=k(Indifference Map) 94 3-7- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj(Marginal Rate of Substitution) 95 3-8- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhD;ksagS\(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution Diminish?) 99 3-9- ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;edhrqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution) 99 3-10- rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhekU;rk,¡(Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis) 100 3-11- rVLFkrkoØksadhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Indifference Curves) 101 3-12- rVLFkrkoØksaosQvkdkjosQoqQNviokn(Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference Curves) 104 3-13- ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kk(Budget Line or Price Line) 106 3-14- ctVjs[kkdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Budget Line) 108 3-15- ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdkLFkkukarj.k(Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line) 108 3-16- miHkksDrklarqyu(Consumer’s Equilibrium) 111 3-17- miHkksDrklarqyudhnksvkèkkjHkwr'krs±(Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium) 111 3-18- miHkksDrklarqyuijoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkizHkko (Effect of Change in Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium) 113 3-19- dherizHkko(Price Effect) 113 3-20- vk;izHkko(Income Effect) 114 3-21- izfrLFkkiuizHkko(Substitution) 115 3-22- izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodhigpku;kdherizHkkodkizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;izHkkoesafoHkktu (Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect) 115 3-23- fgDldkn`f"Vdks.k(The Hicksian Approach) 115 3-24- fxÝiQudkfojksèkkHkkl(Giffen’s Paradox) 121

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3

3-25- fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresavk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkko (Income and Substitution Effects in Case of Giffen Goods) 121 3-26- vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoksaosQlaHkola;ksx(Possible Combinations of Income and Substitution Effects) 123 3-27- ,dkfèkdkjD;kgS\(What is Monopoly?) 123 3-28- ,dkfèkdkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Features of Monopoly) 124 3-29- ,dkfèkdkjesalarqyu(Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok ,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkkmRiknudkfuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly) 125 3-30- oqQyvk;rFkkoqQyykxroØn`f"Vdks.k(Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach) 126 3-31- lhekarvk;rFkklhekarykxrn`f"Vdks.k(Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach) 127 3-32- dherfoHksn;kHksnewyd,dkfèkdkj(Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly) 131 3-33- dherfoHksnosQizdkj(Types of Price Discrimination) 132 3-34- dherfoHksnhdj.kdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Price Discrimination) 132 3-35- dherfoHksndhvko';d'krs±(Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination) 133 3-36- dherfoHksndcykHknk;dgksrkgS\(When Price Discrimination is Profitable) 134 3-37- Hksnewyd,dkfèkdkjesadher,oe~mRiknudkfuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination under Discriminating Monopoly) 134 3-38- D;k,dkfèkdkjhdherlnSoiw.kZizfr;ksxhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive Price?) 137 3-39- viw.kZo,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition) 138 3-40- vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly) 143 3-41- lkjka'k(Summary) 146 3-42- vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 147

4- vFkZO;oLFkkdk?kjsywcktkj 148&164

4-1- JecktkjD;kgS\(What is labour market) 148 4-2- JecktkjdhifjHkk"kk(Definition of labour market) 148 4-3- Jecktkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡%(Characteristics of labour market) 149 4-4- JecktkjosQizdkj%(Types of labour market) 149 4-5- Jecktkjdhek¡xvkSjvkiw£r%(Demand and supply in labor) 150 4-6- O;qRiUuek¡x 151 4-7- fl¼kardhHkwfedk(Introduction to Ricardian Theory) 152 4-8- Hkwfe 152 4-9- lhekarjktLomRikn 156 4-10- lhekarlalkèkuykxr 156 4-11- fMekafMaxdoZdkfMjkbodjuk 157 4-12- fiNM+k>qdrkvkiw£rozQj 158 4-13- Jfedla?k 159 4-14- ,df'k{kkdkvk£FkdewY; 163 4-15- lkjka'k(Summary) 164 4-16- vH;kliz'u (Review Questions) 164

Semester-I

Micro Economics (BAECO101)Credits: Total-4 (Semester-I)

Marks: Total-100 Internal-30; End-Semester Examinations-70Duration (Hours per week): Total – 5 (Lecture/Tutorial – 5)

Course Objectives: After the completion of this course, the students will be able to:

● To acquire information about the basic principles of Micro Economics.● To develop critical thinking of Economic activities.● To understand the concept of Micro Economics. ● To make able to analyses real life situations.

Curriculum

Unit-I Meaning, Definition and scope of economics: - Why study economics; definitions of micro, econo mics by A smith, Alfred marshal and L. Robbins, P. Samuelsson, and their critical examination; scarcity and choice; Micro-Economics in relation to other branches of economics.

Unit-II Supply and Demand: - How market works with different meaning & definition of activities supply and demand individual demand and supply schedules and the derivation of market demand and supply shifts in demand and supply curve; the concept of elasticity and its application; consumer and producer’s surplus.

Unit-III House Holds, firms and market structure:- Meaning of Consumption; consumption decision; preferences and their representation with indifference curves; Budget and its constraints; income and substitution effects, behavior of profit memorizing firms and the production process case and output in long run monopoly and antitrust policy; Gov. policies towards competition, imperfect competitions.

Unit-IV Input Markets of Economy:- Labour and land market; concept of derived demand for goods & services, input productivity and marginal revenue product and input demand curves; competitive input market and public policy.

SuggestiveReadings

1. Join T.R. and Dr. V.K introductory Microeconomics, V.K. Globle Publication.2. Korl E. Case and Roy C.Fair, Principal of Economics. Pearson Education, Inc. 8th Edition, 2007.3. N. Gregory Mankiw, Economics; Principals and applications. engage learning, engage learning India Pvt. Ltd, with edition 2007.

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(Unit–1)

vFkZ'kkL=k dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk ,oa {ks=k(Meaning, Definition and Scope of Economics)

lajpuk1.1 mís';(Objectives)1.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)1.3 vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;f"VxrvFkZ'kkL=k(,difjp;) (An Introduction: Economics and Micro Economics)1.4 vFkZ'kkL=kdhfofHkUuifjHkk"kk,¡,oaizÑfr (Nature and Different Definitions of Economics)1.5 vFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Economics)1.6 lkjka'k(Summary)1.7 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)

1-1- mís'; (Objectives)

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1-2- izLrkouk (Introduction)

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1-3- vFkZ'kkL=k ,oa O;f"Vxr vFkZ'kkL=k (,d ifjp;) (An Introduction: Economics and Microeconomics)

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4- ^fodkl*osQfUnzrifjHkk"kk,¡

^èku* izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Wealth Definitions)

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mijksDrfopkjèkkjkosQvFkZ'kkL=kdkvè;;ufo"k;èkugS];gvBkjgoha'krkCnhlsizkjEHkgksdjmUuhloha'krkCnhosQvkjEHkrdpyrhjghA

èku lacaèkh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh vkykspuk,¡

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1- blifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjekuoxkS.kgkstkrkgSvkSjlEifÙkizFkegkstkrhgSAtcfdizFkeLFkkuekuodY;k.kdksfn;ktkukpkfg,AèkudksvR;fèkdegÙonsusosQdkj.kekuodY;k.kdhmis{kkgksusyxhA;wjksiosQm|ksxifr;ksausosQoyèkudksosaQnzekudjetnwjksa]fL=k;ksavkSjcPpksadksdeetnwjhnsdjmudk'kks"k.kvkjEHkdjfn;kAbldh

4 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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buvkykspukvksaosQdkj.k19oha'krkCnhosQvaresa^èku*lacaèkhifjHkk"kkdksR;kxfn;kx;kA

^dY;k.k* izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Welfare Approaches)

mUgksaus ^èku* dh vis{kk êkuo dY;k.k* dks vfèkd cy nsrs gq, vFkZ'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kkosQ Lo:i dks gh cny nsus okus MkDVj ek'kZy igys vFkZ'kkL=kh FksA fuLlUnsg] ^èku* vc HkhegÙoiw.kZle>ktkrkFkkfdUrqvcmldkLFkkuxkS.kgksx;kvkSjizFkeLFkkuekuo&dY;k.kdksfn;ktkusyxkFkkAMkW-ek'kZyusLi"Vr%dgkfd^èku*ekuoosQfy,gSufdêkuo*èkuosQfy,vFkkZr~]èkulkè;ughaoju~lkèkugSAvFkZ'kkL=kdkmís';rksêkuo&dY;k.k*esao`f¼djukgSAèkuxkS.kgS]izFkeLFkkurksekuoghgSAMkW-ek'kZyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶;g(vFkZ'kkL=k),dvksj^èku*dkvè;;udjrkgSvkSjnwljhvksjmllsHkhvfèkdegÙoiw.kZ;gêkuo*osQvè;;udk,dHkkxgSA¸vr,omUgksausekuo&dY;k.kdksè;kuesaj[krsgq,tksifjHkk"kknhgSµ

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MkW- ek'kZy dh ifjHkk"kk dk fo'ys"k.k

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MkW- ek'kZy osQ vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh dbZ fo[;kr vFkZ'kkL=kh gq, gSa ftUgksaus vFkZ'kkL=k dhdY;k.koknhifjHkk"kk,¡izLrqrdhgSaAizks-osQuuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶jktuSfrdvFkZ'kkL=kdkmís';mulkekU;dkj.kksadhO;k[;kdjukgSftuijekuodkHkkSfrddY;k.kfuHkZjjgrkgSA¸izks-ihxwosQdFkukuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kesavk£FkddY;k.k]lkekftddY;k.kosQmlHkkxlsgSftlsizR;{kr%;kvizR;{kr%eqnzk

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 5



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vHkh gky gh esavejhdhvFkZ'kkL=kh izks-vlhekdksi'ykl usvFkZ'kkL=kdhdY;k.k lacaèkhifjHkk"kkblizdkjizLrqrdhgS%¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfo"k;gStkslektesaO;fDr;ksa,oaoxks±osQHkkSfrddY;k.klslacafèkrgksrkgSA¸

dY;k.k lacaèkh ifjHkk"kkvksa dh vkykspuk,¡

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1- vFkZ'kkL=k osQ {ks=k dks lhfer djukµizks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkL=kdhdY;k.kdkjhifjHkk"kkvR;arlaoqQfprgSD;ksafdblesaosQoyHkkSfrdoLrqvksadkghlekos'kgSvkSjvHkkSfrdoLrqvksadhmis{kkdjnhxbZgSAvr%;gifjHkk"kkcgqrghvlUrks"ktudgSAHkkSfrd,oavHkkSfrdoLrqvksaosQchpdhlhekdksokLrfodthouesaLi"Vr%vafdrughafd;ktkldrkgSAHkkSfrd,oavHkkSfrdoLrq,¡ijLijblrjgtqM+hgqbZgSafdmudks,d&nwljslsi`Fko~QdjukvalEHkougharksdfBuvo';gSAgekjsnSfudthouesacgqr&lh,slhoLrq,¡gSatksgekjhvkxzgiw.kZvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjrhgSvkSjek=kkesalhferHkhgS]ysfdufdlhHkhvFkZesamUgsaHkkSfrdoLrq,¡ughadgktkldrkAblhizdkj]MkDVjksa]odhyksa]vè;kidksabR;kfndhlsok,¡HkhgSatksek=kkesalhfergksrhgSvkSjekuodY;k.kesao`f¼djrhgS]ysfdufiQjHkhmuesaHkkSfrdrkukedhdksbZphtughagksrh(vFkkZr~osvHkkSfrdgksrhgS)Avr%izks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksHkkSfrdrkosQpDdjeasughaiM+ukpkfg,]cfYdmulHkhinkFkks±dks(pkgsosHkkSfrdgksavFkokvHkkSfrd)tksek=kkesalhfergSavkSjekuoh;vko';drkvksadhlarqf"VdjrsgSa]vFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&lkexzhesalfEefyrdjukpkfg,A

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6 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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6- ifjHkk"kk fo'ys"k.kkRed u gks dj oxkZRed gSµvUrr%izks-jkWfcUluus^dY;k.koknh*ifjHkk"kkdhblvkèkkjijHkhvkykspukdhgSfd;gifjHkk"kkfo'ys"k.kkRedugksdjoxkZRedgSA^dY;k.koknh*vFkZ'kkL=kosQvuqlkjvFkZ'kkL=kdklacaèkekuoh;fØ;kvksaosQ,dfuf'proxZlsgS]ufdizR;sdfØ;kosQ,dfuf'prigywlsAblizdkj^dY;k.koknh*vFkZ'kkL=kh leLrekuoh; fØ;kvksadks nks oxks± esa foHkkftrdjrs gSaµ(1) vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡ vkSj (2) xSj&vk£Fkd fØ;k,¡A ysfdu ekuo&fØ;kvksa osQ bloxhZdj.kdksizks-jkWfcUlu^roZQghu*,oa^voSKkfud*dgdjvLohdkjdjrsgSaAmudkdgukgSfdvk£FkdfØ;kdkxSj&vk£FkdigywHkhgksldrkgSAvr%ekuo&fØ;kvksadkdksbZdBksjoxhZdj.kughafd;ktkldrkAekuo&fØ;kvksadk,slkoxhZdj.kdjusosQctk,vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksbuosQ,dfuf'prigywijè;kuosQfUnzrdjukpkfg,AogdkSulkigywgS\izks-jkWfcUluosQvuqlkj]vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksekuo&fØ;kvksaosQmligywijè;kunsukpkfg,tkslkèkuksadhnqyZHkrklsizHkkforgksrkgSA

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 7



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nqyZHkrk vFkok lhferrk izèkku ifjHkk"kk,¡

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 9



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10 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 11



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2- tgk¡jkWfcUldhifjHkk"kkLFkSfrdgSaoghalSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kk^le;*osQlekos'klsizkoSfxdcuxbZgSAblckrdhiqf"VifjHkk"kkdkxguvè;;udjuslsgkstkrhgSAlSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkesafuEuokD;ka'kksadkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgS%¶,dle;kofèkesafofHkUuoLrqvksadkmRiknu¸rFkk¶mudkorZeku,oaHkfo";esaforj.k¸A;sokD;ka'kle;&rÙo ls gh lacafèkr gSA buls ifjHkk"kk dk izkoSfxd Lo:i Li"V gks tkrk gSAlSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjfodkldhleL;kLor%ghvFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesalfEefyrgkstkrhgSAclblhdkj.klSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkjkWfcUldhifjHkk"kklsJs"BgSA

3- lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkosQoyizkoSfxdghughagS]cfYdbldk{ks=kHkhjkWfcUldhifjHkk"kkdhvis{kkvfèkdfoLr`rgSA;gifjHkk"kk,d,slhvFkZO;oLFkkijHkhykxwgksrhgSftlesaoLrq&fofue;iz.kkyhdkizpyugksrkgSA(Lej.kjgsblizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkesaeqnzkdkiw.kZvHkkogksrkgSA);gdguklghughagSfdpqukovFkokfdiQk;rdhleL;k osQoyekSfnzdvFkZO;oLFkk esa gh mRiUu gksrh gSA oLrq&fofue; iz.kkyh okyhvFkZO;oLFkkesaHkhnqyZHkrkdhleL;kmRiUugksrhgSAblesaHkhlkè;ksadhrqyukesalkèkulhfergksrsgSaAvr%lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkoLrq&fofue;iz.kkyhokyhvFkZO;oLFkkijHkhmlhrjgykxwgksrhgSftlrjgekSfnzdvFkZO;oLFkkijfØ;k'khygksrhgSA

4- lSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kkdheq[;ckr;ggSfdpqukodhleL;kdkmlosQizkoSfxd:iesamYys[kdjrhgSApqukodhleL;korZekulsghughacfYdHkfo";lsHkhlacafèkrgksrhgSAtSlkfdgetkursgSa]ekuoh;vko;drk,¡dHkhHkhfLFkjvFkokLFkSfrdughagksrhaAdkykUrjesamudkLo:icnyrkjgrkgSAosQoymudkLo:iughacnyrk]cfYdmudhla[;kesaHkhfujarjo`f¼gksrhjgrhgSAvkLoknksa]vfHk#fp;ksa,oaiSQ'kuksaesagksusokysifjorZuekuoh;vko';drkvksaosQLo:idksghcnynsrsgSaAekuoh;vko';drkvksaesao`f¼osQifj.kkeLo:imUgsalarq"Vdjusgsrqvko';dlkèkuksaesaHkhvkuqikfrdo`f¼djuhiM+rhgSA;fn,slkughafd;ktkrkrksvk£FkdlkèkufiNM+tk,axsAvr%vFkZ'kkL=kdkLo:ifuok;Zr%izkoSfxdgkstkrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfdlektdhcnyrh,oac<+rhgqbZvko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkslkèkuksa]vk;]mRiknu,oajkstxkjdho`f¼ijè;kuosaQfnzrdjukgksxkAvr%vFkZ'kkL=kvlhferlkè;ksaosQlanHkZesalhferlkèkuksaosQvkcaVurFkkvk;]mRiknujkstxkj,oavk£FkdfodklosQfuèkkZjddkvè;;ugSAokLoresa];ghvFkZ'kkL=kdhlghifjHkk"kkgSA

Jh-osQ-th-lsBosQvuqlkj]¶vFkZ'kkL=kmlekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSftldklacaèklkè;ksaosQlanHkZesaifjorZuksa,oafodkllsgksrkgSA¸

12 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fu"d"kZr%µlHkhifjHkk"kkvksaesalslSE;q,yludhifjHkk"kklclsvfèkdlarks"ktudgSA;gifjHkk"kkpqukodhleL;kdksmlosQizkoSfxd:ilsO;DrdjrhgSAvk;]mRiknu]jkstxkj,oavk£FkdfodklvkfndhleL;kvksadksvFkZ'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesalfEefyrdjosQ;gifjHkk"kkmlosQ{ks=kdksfoLr`rdjnsrhgSA;ghugha]lSE;q,yludhiznÙk;gifjHkk"kklkoZHkkSfedHkhgSA;glHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksa&vrhrdkyhu]orZeku,oaHkkohvFkZO;oLFkkvksaijleku:iesaykxwgksrhgSA;gifjHkk"kkoSpkfjderHksnksalsHkhijsgSD;ksafd;giawthoknh]fefJr]lektoknh,oalkE;oknhlHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksaijfØ;k'khygksrhgSaApw¡fdviusizkoSfxdLo:iesapqukodhleL;klHkhizdkjdhvFkZO;oLFkkvksaesamRiUugksrhgS]vr%blifjHkk"kkdklkoZHkkSfedegRogSAokLro]esalSE;q,yludh;gifjHkk"kklHkhifjHkk"kkvksaesalslokZfèkdLohdk;ZgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=kdHkhHkhlEiw.kZ,oavfUreughagksrkAdkykUrjesablesaifjorZugksrsjgrsgSaA;gk¡rdfdvFkZ'kkL=kdh^fodkl*ifjHkk"kkdkLFkkuHkhHkfo";esadksbZvU;ifjHkk"kkysldrhgSA

1-5- vFkZ'kkL=k osQ {ks=k (Scope of Economics)

vFkZ'kkL=kdkfo"k;&{ks=kHkhokn&fookndkghfo"k;gSAvFkZ'kkL=kosQfo"k;&{ks=kdhfoospukdjrsle;gesa;gcrkukgksxkfdvFkZ'kkL=kfoKkugSvFkokdyk\D;kvFkZ'kkL=kfoKkugSvFkokvkn'kZfoKku\D;kvk£Fkdfo"k;ksaosQckjsesavFkZ'kkL=khviukuSfrdn`f"Vdks.kizLrqrdjldrsgSa\;gvHkhHkhokn&fookndkfo"k;cukgqvkgSA

vFkZ'kkL=k&foKku osQ :i esa (Economics–As a Science)

vFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*gS;kugha&bldkfu.kZ;djuslsiwoZgesa;gHkyhHkkafrle>ysukpkfg,fd^foKku*lsvfHkizk;D;kgSAfoKkuekuo&Kkudk,dØec¼,oaO;ofLFkrHk.MkjgStksdkj.krFkkifj.kkeosQikjLifjdlacaèkdh[kkstdjrkgSALej.kjgsfdfoKkuosQoyrF;ksadklewgughagksrkAizks-iksbuosQ;josQ'kCnksaesa]¶ftlizdkjedkuiRFkjksalscurkgS]BhdmlhrjgfoKkurF;ksalsfu£ergksrkgS_ysfduftlizdkjiRFkjksaosQ<sjek=klsedkuughacutkrk]BhdmlhrjgosQoyrF;ksaosQlewglsfoKkudkfuekZ.kughagkstkrkA¸nwljs'kCnksaesafoKkudkfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,geasrF;ksadkØec¼:ilslaxzg]oxhZdj.krFkkfo'ys"k.kdjukpkfg,AfoKkudhmDrifjHkk"kkdksvFkZ'kkL=kijykxwdjrsgq,geblifj.kkeijigq¡prsgSafdvFkZ'kkL=kHkhekuo&Kkudhog'kk[kkgSftlesarF;ksadkØec¼:ilslaxzg]oxhZdj.k,oafo'ys"k.kfd;ktkrkgSAbln`f"Vdks.klsvFkZ'kkL=kiw.kZ:is.k,dfoKkugS%foKkudh,dvU;fo'ks"krk;ggSfdbldhfo"k;&lkexzhekiuh;gksuhpkfg,AoqQNoSKkfudrksekiuh;rkijcgqrtksjnsrsgSaAykWMZosQyfouus,dckjdgkFkkfd¶tcvkiviusfo"k;dksekidjla[;kRedvkadM+ksaesaO;DrdjrsgSarksfu'p;ghvkimlsle>rsgSa]ysfdutcvkifo"k;dksekiusvkSjla[;kRedvkadM+ksaeasO;DrdjusesavleFkZjgrsgSarksmlosQckjsesavkidhtkudkjhvi;kZIrvkSjvlarks"ktudghgksrhgSAvkb,]vcgens[ksafdvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&lkexzhdgk¡rdekiuh;gSAtSlkfdloZfofnrgS]vFkZ'kkL=khosQiklekSfnzdekin.MgSftldhlgk;rklsogO;fDrxr,oaO;kikfjdmís';ksadksekildrkgSAoqQNvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjgSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdksµ^foKku*dkizfrf"BrntkZ(Lrj)blfy,ughafn;ktkldrkD;ksafdvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesa,derdkvHkkojgrkgSAokLroesa]JherhckjcjkowVudkvFkZ'kkL=kosQfo#¼;gh,deq[;vkjksigSAmuosQdFkkukuqlkj]¶;fnfdlhLFkkuijN%vFkZ'kkL=kh,df=krgksrsgSA¸rksogk¡muosQlkrergksaxsAvFkkZr~,dvFkZ'kkL=kh,slkHkhgksxkftlosQ,dghfo"k;ijnksergkasxsAD;k,slhifjfLFkfresavFkZ'kkL=kdksfoKkudgukmfprgksxk\blesalUnsgughafdvkèkkjewydleL;kvksaijHkhvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesaerSD;dkvHkkogSAysfdublhdkj.kvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kukHkhmfprizrhrughagksrkA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 13



oqQNvFkZ'kkL=khvFkZ'kkL=kdksfoKkuosQizfrf"BrntsZlsblvkèkkjijoafprj[kukpkgrsgSafd;g'kkL=kjlk;u'kkL=k,oaHkkSfrd'kkL=kdhHkkafrHkkoh?kVukvksadhlgh&lghHkfo";ok.khughadjldrkA;glR;gSfdHkkSfrd,oaizkÑfrdfoKkuksadhHkkafrvFkZ'kkL=kHkkoh?kVukvkasdhlghHkfo";ok.khughadjldrkA;gHkhlR;gSfdvFkZ'kkL=k}kjkizLrqrHkfo";okf.k;k¡cgqèkkfeF;kfl¼gqbZgSaAysfdublosQfy,gevFkZ'kkL=kvFkokvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadksnks"khughaBgjkldrsvkSjughblvkèkkjijgevFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kldrsgSaAvFkZ'kkL=kHkkoh?kVukvksadhlghHkfo";ok.khdjusesablfy,vleFkZgSD;ksafdblesavla[;tfVyrÙoksadkvè;;udjukiM+rkgSAbuesalsoqQNrÙorks,slsgSaftuosQckjsesaHkfo";ok.khdhghughatkldrhAvFkZ'kkL=kekuolsHkhtqM+kgS]vkSjmldkO;ogkjLora=kgSblckjsesaHkfo";ok.khughagksldrhmnkgj.kkFkZykWMZdhUluslu~1930esaHkfo";ok.khdhFkhfdU;w;koZQLVkWd,DlpsatijdherksadhfxjkoV'kh?kzghlekIrgkstk,xhvkSjmlosQmijkUrvejhdkdkrsthlsvkS|ksfxdhdj.kgksxkAfdUrq;gHkfo";ok.khxyrfl¼gqbZAdhersafxjrhpyhx;hAvejhdklfgrlewpkfo'oegkueUnhosQxM~MsesatkfxjkAysfduiz'u;gmRiUugksrkgSfdD;kvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kusosQfy,mDrvk/kjmfprgS\;fn;gvk/kjmfprgSrksekSlefoKkudksHkh^foKku*ughekuktkldrkD;ksafdÍrqlaca/hHkfo";okf.k;k¡vDljxyrfl¼gksrhgSAD;kgeblhvk/kjijekSlefoKkudks^foKku*osQntsZlsoafprj[kldrsgS\dnkfiughaAokLrfodrkrks;ggSfdÍrq&Hkfo";okf.k;ksadhvis{kkvk£FkdHkfo";okf.k;k¡vf/dfo'oluh;gksrhgSAHkkohrwiQkuksadhvis{kkHkkohvk£FkdeUnhosQckjsesavf/dfo'oluh;Hkfo";ok.khdhtkldrhgSAvr%ekuo&Kkudhfdlh'kk[kkdks^foKku*osQntsZlsbldkj.koafprughaj[kukpkfg,fdmlesalgh&lghHkfo";ok.khdjusdhlkeF;Zdkgksuk^foKku*dhdksbZvko';dfo'ks"krkughagSAblosQfcukHkhekuo&KkudhdksbZHkh'kk[kk^foKku*dkntkZizkIrdjldrhgS;fnblesavU;fo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSA

gekjsfopkjesavFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*dgykusdkiw.kZvf/dkjhgSAtksyksxvFkZ'kkL=kosQoSKkfudLo:idkspqukSrhnsrsgSaosekuksew[kks±osQLoxZesafopj.kdjjgsgSaA

vFkZ'kkL=kµdyk osQ :i esa (Economics – As an Art)

^dyk*Hkh^foKku*dhHkkafrKkudkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼Hk.MkjgSAysfdu^dyk*esa,dfo'ks"krkgksrhgStks^foKku*esaughaikbZtkrhA^dyk*lnSofuf'prfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSvkSjfof'k"VgyizLrqrdjrhgSAtSlkfdizks-ts-,e-osaQtusdgkgS]¶dykogiz.kkyhgStksfdlhfuf'prmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,fu;elq>krhgSAdykdkmís';,slsfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjukgSAftUgsarqjUrO;kogkfjduhfrijykxwfd;ktkldsA^foKku*rksosQoy^lS¼kafrd*ghgksrkgStcfd^dyk*lnSo^O;kogkfjd*gksrhgSAizks-dkSlkosQ'kCnksaesa]¶foKkugesalS¼kafUrdKku]dhf'k{kknsrkgStcfddykgesaO;kogkfjdfØ;kvksadkizf'k{k.kiznkudjrhgSAla{ksiesa]foKkuosQoyO;k[;kghdjrkgStcfddyky{;ksadhizkfIrisQfy,fu;eksadkizfriknudjrhgSA¸blifjHkk"kkdks;fnvFkZ'kkL=kijykxwfd;ktk,rksgens[ksaxsfd;g^dyk*HkhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdhvusd'kk[kka,gStksvk£FkdleL;kvksadklek/kudjusesagesO;kogkfjdekxZn'kZuiznkudjrhgSAmiHkksxdkizfrLFkkiufu;egesa;gcrkrkgSfdviusO;;lsvf/drelUrqf"VoSQlsizkIrdjldrsgSaAvr%vFkZ'kkL=k^foKku*,oa^dyk*nksuksghgSAblsosQoy^foKku*vFkokosQoy^dyk*dgukmfprughagSAblesalUnsgughafdoqQNvFkZ'kkL=khblsosQoy^foKku*ghekursgSaSAmudkdgukgSafdmlsosQoyfoKkuekudjghgebldsoSKkfudLo:idkfuekZ.kdjldrsgSA^foKku*osQlkFk&lkFk;fngebls^dyk*HkhekuysrsgSrksfoKkuLo:iesack/k,¡vkldrhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kdkdykRed:iHkhvèkwjkgksldrkgSysfduizks-dkSlkosQ'kCnksaesa]¶foKkudksdykvkSjdykdksfoKkudhvko';drkiM+rhgSAnksuksa,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaA¸

14 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fu"d"kZ:iesadgktkldrkgSfdfoKkuvkSjdyk,dnwljsosQiwjdgSAfdlhckrdkØec¼KkurksfoKkugSvkSjO;kogkfjdleL;kvksadksgydjusosQfy,mlKkudkØec¼mi;ksxdykgSAvr%cqf¼eÙkkblhesagSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdks^foKku*rFkk^dyk*nksuksa,dlkFkekufy;ktk,Avk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksadkHkh;ghergSA

vFkZ'kkL=k µ fo'kq¼ ,oa O;kogkfjd (Economics – Pure And Practical)

oqQNvFkZ'kkL=khvFkZµfoKkudks foKku*rFkk dyk*,dlkFkuekudjblsnksoxks±esafoHkkftrdjrsgSaµ(1)fo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=kvkSj(2)O;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kAokLroesa]MkWek'kZyusghloZizFke;gHksnfd;kFkkAvktdyrksfo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=k,oaO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kdk;goxhZdj.kcgqrghyksdfiz;gkspqdkgSAgekjsfopkjesa;goxhZdj.kvFkZ'kkL=kosQfoKku,oadykosQiqjkusoxhZdj.klsvf/doSKkfudgSAbllsvFkZ'kkL=kdksle>usesavis{kko`Qrvf/dlqfo/kjgrhgSaknwljs]vU;foKkuksaesaHkhrks,slkghoxhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAizks-cbZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶fo'kq¼foKkurksmidj.kksadhO;oLFkkgSAO;kogkfjdfoKkumumidj.kksadhlgk;rklsleL;kvksadklek/kudjrkgSAnksuks,dnwljsosQiwjdgSaAfo'kq¼foKkudkLFkkuizFkevkSjO;ogkfjdfoKkudkLFkkunwljkgSAfo'kq¼foKkuosQfcukO;kogkfjdfoKkudkdkepyughaldrkA¸

fiNysoqQNo"kks±esavFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kosQfodkldhvksjvf/dè;kufn;kgSSAfczVsu,oavejhdkesaO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kijvusdiqLrosQaNihgSAO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kdh;gyksdfiz;rk'kk;nmljkWfcUlokndhizfrfØ;kgStksvFkZ'kkL=kdksosQoyfo'kq¼foKkughekurkgSA;qokih<+hosQvFkZ'kkL=khvcviukè;kuvf/dkf/dO;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kijghosQfUnzrdjjgsgSAblosQ&lkFkghosorZekulkekftdleL;kvksadklek/kudjusdkiz;klHkhdjjgsgSaAoLrqr%O;kogkfjdvFkZ'kkL=kvktfo'kq¼vFkZ'kkL=klsHkhvf/dykdfiz;cux;kgSAizks-tWtZfLVxyjosQvuqlkjlS¼kfUrdvFkZ'kkL=khoggksrkgStksviusoqQyO;kolkf;dle;dkvk/slsvf/dHkkxvk£FkdleL;kvksalslEcfU/rfl¼kUrksaosQfuekZ.kesayxkrkgSA

vFkZ'kkL=k ldkjkRed ,oa vkn'kZd foKku osQ :i esa

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 15



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16 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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1- ldkjkRed vFkZ'kkL=k vFkok vk£Fkd fl¼kUr vFkok vk£Fkd fo'ys"k.kµoLrq,¡oSQlhgSa\blfo"k;dkvè;;uldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSAblizdkj]ldkjkRedvFkZ'kkL=kesagev£Fkdfu;eksa,oafl¼kUrksdkvè;;udjrsgSA

2- uSfrd vFkZ'kkL=k vFkok vk£Fkd fl¼kar vFkok vk£Fkd mís';ksa dk vè;;uµoLrq,¡oSQlhgksuhpkfg,µblfo"k;dkvè;;uvkn'kZdvFkZ'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSA

3- O;kogkfjd vFkZ'kkL=kµblesagemufof/;ksa,oalk/uksadkvè;;udjrsgSaftuosQekè;elsvk£Fkdmís';ksadksO;ogkjesaifj.krfd;ktkrkgSA

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uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 17



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1-6- lkjka'k (Summary)

• vaxszthHkk"kkosQbdkWukWfeDl(Economics)'kCndhO;qRifRrySfVuEconomica;kxzhdOikonomia nks'kCnksµOikos vFkkZrx`grFkkNomas vFkkZrfu;eosQesylscukgSAblrjgbldkvFkZ^x`gizcU/*gSA

• ijaijkxr:ilsvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqdkvè;;unksO;kid'kk[kkvksaosQvarxZrfd;ktkrkjgkgS%O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=krFkklef"VvFkZ'kkL=kAO;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kosQvarxZrgecktkjesamiyC/fofHkUuoLrqvksarFkklsokvksaosQifjizs{;esafofHkUuvk£FkdvfHkdrkZvksaosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjosQ;gtkuusdkiz;k;djrsgSafdbucktkjksaesaO;fDr;ksadhvar%fozQ;k}kjkoLrqvksarFkklsokvksadhek=kk,WvkSjdhersafdlizdkjfu/kZfjrgksrhgSA

• izks-jkWfcUlosQvuqlkj¶vFkZ'kkL=kogfoKkugStksy{;ksarFkkmudslhfer,oaoSdfYidmi;ksxksaokyslk/uksaosQijLijlEcU/ksaosQ:iesaekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSA¸

1-7- vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)

1- vFkZ'kkL=kdhla{ksiesO;k[;kdhft,A

2- O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kdksifjHkkf"krdhft,A

3- vFkZ'kkL=kdhnqyZHkrkvFkoklhferrkiz/kuifjHkk"kk,¡nhft,A

4- D;kvFkZ'kkL=k,dfoKkugS\o.kZudjsaA

5- O;f"VvFkZ'kkL=kdhfo'ks"krkfy[ksaA

18 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k

bZdkbZ&2(Unit–2)

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)

lajpuk2.1 mís';(Objectives)2.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)2.3 ek¡xdhèkkj.kk(Concept of Demand)2.4 ek¡xrkfydkrFkkek¡xoØ(Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)2.5 ek¡xosQfuèkkZjdrRo;kek¡xiQyu(Determinants of Demand or Demand Function)2.6 fofHkUufu/kZjdrRooSQlsdk;ZdjrsgSa\(How do Different Determinants Work?)2.7 ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSjek¡xesaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand)

vFkok ek¡xoØijlapyuvkSjek¡xoØdkf[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the Demand Curve)2.8 ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkko`f¼esavarj(Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand)2.9 ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdehesavarj(Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand)2.10 ek¡xdhyksp(Elasticity of Demand)2.11 ek¡xdhdheryksp(Price Elasticity of Demand)2.12 ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.13 ek¡xdhdherykspdhlkekU;fLFkfr;k¡(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.14 ek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;ksa]E = 1, E > 1 rFkk E < 1dksizdVdjusokyhek¡xoozsaQ

(Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1)2.15 ek¡xdhdherykspdkeki(Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.16 ek¡xdhyksplslacafèkroqQNizes;(Some Theorems of Elasticity of Demand)2.17 ek¡xdhdherykspdksizHkkfordjusokysrRo(Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand)2.18 ek¡xdhvk;yksp(Income Elasticity of Demand)2.19 ek¡xdhvk;ykspdheki(Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand)2.20 ek¡xdhvk;ykspdhJsf.k;k¡(Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand)2.21 ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp(Cross Elasticity of Demand)2.22 ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkeki(Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand)

G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020\ Ist 04\09\2020

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 19

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)2.23 ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhizÑfrrFkkJsf.k;k¡

(Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand)2.24 ek¡xdhdherykspdkegÙo(Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand)2.25.iw£r,oalacaf/rfopkj(Supply and Related Concepts) 2.26. iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) 2.27. iw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZurFkkiw£resaifjorZu (Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply) 2.28. iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply) 2.29. iw£rdkvFkZ 2.30. iw£resaifjorZuiw£resao`f¼vkSjfxjkoV 2.31. iw£rdhyksp 2.32. lkjka'k(Summary) 2.33.vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)


blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ

• ek¡xdhèkkj.kktkuusgsrqA

• ek¡xdhdherykspdkvè;;udjusgsrqA

• ek¡xdhvk;ykspdkstkuusgsrqA

• ek¡xdhvkM+hyksple>usgsrqA

• iw£resaifjorZutkuusgsrq

• iw£rdhykspdkvè;;udjusgsrq


vFkZ'kkL=kesa^ek¡x*'kCndkiz;ksxfo'ks"kvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAlkekU;r;kbPNk]vko';drkrFkkek¡x'kCnksadkiz;ksx,dghvFkZesafd;ktkrkgS]ijarqvFkZ'kkL=kesaburhuksa'kCnksaosQvFkZfHkUugksrsgSaAbPNk,dvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkjgSA;fnvkidh,djaxhuVh-oh-ysusdhbPNkgSijarqvkiosQikli;kZIrèkuughagSrksbPNk;kpkgukvkfFkZdn`f"VlsosQoybPNk (Desire);kvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkj (Wishful Thinking)ghgS]ek¡x (Demand)ughavkSj;fni;kZIrèkugksrsgq,HkhvkiblsjaxhuVh-oh-ij[kpZdjukughapkgrsrks;gbPNkosQoyvko';drk (Want)ghdgyk,xh]ek¡xughaA

2-3- ek¡x dh èkkj.kk (Concept of Demand)

vFkZ'kkL=kesa^ek¡x*'kCndkiz;ksxfo'ks"kvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAlkekU;r;kbPNk]vko';drkrFkkek¡x'kCnksadkiz;ksx,dghvFkZesafd;ktkrkgS]ijarqvFkZ'kkL=kesaburhuksa'kCnksaosQvFkZfHkUugksrsgSaAbPNk,dvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkjgSA;fnvkidh,djaxhuVh-oh-ysusdhbPNkgSijarqvkiosQikli;kZIrèkuughagSrksbPNk;kpkgukvkfFkZdn`f"VlsosQoybPNk (Desire);kvfHkyk"kkiw.kZ fopkj (Wishful Thinking)ghgS]ek¡x (Demand)ughavkSj;fni;kZIrèkugksrsgq,HkhvkiblsjaxhuVh-oh-ij[kpZdjukughapkgrsrks;gbPNkosQoyvko';drk (Want)gh

20 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dgyk,xh]ek¡xughaA;gbPNkmlhfLFkfresaek¡xdk:ièkkj.kdjsxhftlfLFkfresa],dfuf'prle;vkSj,dfuf'prdherij]vkijaxhuVh-oh-[kjhnusosQfy,rS;kjgSaAblizdkjek¡xdkmYys[k,dfuf'prdherofuf'prle;osQlanHkZesafd;ktkukpkfg,Avr% ek¡x fdlh inkFkZ dh og ek=kk gS ftls ,d miHkksDrk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus osQ fy, osQoy bPNqd ;k ;ksX; gh ugha cfYd rS;kj Hkh gSA

,d Lora=k cktkj vFkZO;oLFkk esa fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dk dher osQ lanHkZ osQ fcuk dksbZ Lora=k vfLrÙo ugha gksrkA ,d oLrq dh ek¡x dk vuqeku lnSo mldh dher osQ lanHkZ esa yxk;k tkrk gSA

(Demand is defined as the quantity of a product which a consumer is not only desiring to purchase and able to purchase but is also ready to purchase at a given price and at a given point of time.)vU;'kCnksaesa];gdhervkSjek¡xosQchposQlacaèkdkscrykrkgSA;g bl ckr dk laosQr nsrk gS fd fofHkUu dherksa ij ,d oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk ek¡xh tk,xhA ;gk¡;gcryknsukvko';dgS fdvFkZ'kkL=kek¡x (Demand) vkSjek¡xh xbZ ek=kk (Quantity Demanded)dhèkkj.kkvksaosQchpvarjO;DrdjrsgSaAek¡x os ek=kk,¡ gSa tks oszQrk le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa fofHkUu ;k oSdfYid dherksa ij [kjhnus osQ bPNqd rFkk ;ksX; gksrs gSaA (Demand is the quantities that buyers are willing and able to buy at alternative prices during a given period of time.)blosQfoijhrek¡xh xbZ ek=kk og fo'ks"k ek=kk gS tks oszQrk ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus osQ bPNqd rFkk ;ksX; gksrs gSaA (The quantity demanded is a specific amount that buyers are willing and able to buy at one price.)mnkgj.kosQfy,],d#i;kizfrvkblØheijmiHkksDRkk}kjk4vkblØhedks[kjhnusdhbPNkrFkk;ksX;rkek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dkmnkgj.kgS]tcfdmiHkksDrk}kjk1#i;sij4vkblØhe]2#i,ij3vkblØhevkSj3#i,ij2vkblØhe[kjhnusdh;ksX;rkrFkkbPNkek¡x dkmnkgj.kgSA

ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dh èkkj.kk osQ ckjs esa nks egÙoiw.kZ voyksdu

(i) fo'ks"k dher osQ lacaèk esa ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk oszQrk dh okLrfod [kjhn ugha gksrhA ;g osQoy ,sfPNd (Intended)[kjhn gksrh gS ;k og ek=kk gksrh gS ftls miHkksDrk [kjhnus dk bPNqd gSA

(ii)ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk izokg èkkj.kk gS u fd LVkWd èkkj.kkA blls vfHkizk; ,d vyx&Fkyx [kjhn ls ugha gS] cfYd [kjhn osQ fujarj izokg ls gS tSls izfrfnu 2 vkblØhe] izfr lIrkg 100 larjs vkfnA izokg pjksa (tSls ek¡x) esa le; vkdkj gksrk gS tcfd LVkWd pjksa esa le; vkdkj ugha gksrkA

iQxZqlu osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x ,d oLrq dh ek=kkvksa dks crykrh gS tks miHkksDRkk] vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] le; dh ,d fuf'pr vofèk esa izR;sd laHko dher ij [kjhnus osQ ;ksX; rFkk bPNqd gksrs gSaA** (Demand refers to the quantities of a commmodity that the consumers are able and willing to buy at each possible price during a given period of time, other things being equal.) —Ferguson

ek¡x rFkk ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa varj

ek¡x ls vfHkizk; ,d miHkksDrk }kjk vius fnekx esa cukbZ xbZ ml ek¡x rkfydk ls gS] ftlls izdV gksrk gS fd og fdlh oLrq dh laHko dherksa ij fdruh ek=kk [kjhnuk pkgrk gSA blosQ foijhr ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk ls vfHkizk; fdlh oLrq dh ml fuf'pr ek=kk ls gS ftls miHkksDrk ,d fuf'pr dher ij [kjhnus dk bPNqd gSA

ch- vkj- f'kYyj osQfopkjesa]^^vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] fdlh nh gqbZ le; vofèk esa oSdfYid dherksa ij ,d oLrq dh fof'k"V ek=kk dks [kjhnus dh ;ksX;rk vkSj bPNk ek¡x gSA**

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 21


(Demand is the ability and willingness to buy specific quantity of a good at alternative prices in a given time period, ceteris paribus. —B. R. Schiller)

2-4- ek¡x rkfydk rFkk ek¡x oØ (Demand Schedule and Demand Curve)

eSdkSuy osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x rkfydk og rkfydk gS tks ,d oLrq dh fofHkUu dherksa dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj izR;sd dher ij ml oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dks crykrh gSA** (Demand schedule is a table that shows different price of a good and the quantity of that good demanded at each of these prices. —McConnell)

vU;'kCnksaesa]ek¡xrkfydkfdlhoLrqdhmufofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVdjrhgSftUgsa,dmiHkksDrkfdlhfuf'prle;esafofHkUulaHkodherksaij[kjhnusosQfy,bPNqdgksrkgSAblosQnksizdkjgSaµ(1)O;fDrxrek¡xrkfydkvkSj(2)cktkjek¡xrkfydkA

O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk (Individual Demand Schedule)

O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk og rkfydk gS ftlls ;g izdV gksrk gS fd fdlh fuf'pr le; esa ,d miHkksDrk fdlh oLrq dh fofHkUu laHko dherksa ij mldh fdruh ek=kkvksa dh ek¡x djsxkA (Individual demand schedule is defined as the table which shows quantities of a given com-modity which an individual will buy at all possible prices at a given time.)rkfydk1O;fDrxrek¡xrkfydkgSAblrkfydk}kjk,dle;esafofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkvkblØhedh[kjhnhtkusokyhfofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVfd;kx;kgSA

rkfydk 1- O;fDrxr ek¡x rkfydk (Individual Demand Schedule)

izfr bdkbZ dher (#i,) ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk (bdkb;k¡)

1234

4321

mijksDrrkfydklsirkpyrkgSfdtSls&tSlsvkblØhedhdherc<+rhtkrhgS]mldhek¡xdegksrhtkrhgSAtcvkblØhedhdher1#i;kizfrbdkbZgSrc4bdkb;ksadhek¡xdhtkrhgSrFkktcdher4#i,izfrbdkbZgkstkrhgSrcosQoy1bdkbZdhek¡xdhtkrhgSA

cktkj ek¡x rkfydk (Market Demand Schedule)

yhHkkiQLdhosQ'kCnksaeas]^^cktkj ek¡x rkfydk dh ifjHkk"kk fdlh oLrq dh mu ek=kkvksa osQ :i esa nh tkrh gS tks ml oLrq osQ lHkh miHkksDrk fdlh fuf'pr le; ij lHkh laHko dherksa ij [kjhnsaxsA** (Market demand schedule is defined as the quantities of a given commodity which all consumers will buy at all possible price at a given moment of time. —Leibhaf-sky)A izR;sdcktkjesafdlhoLrqtSlsphuhosQcgqrlsoszQrkgksrsgSaAftlrkfydk}kjkfofHkUudherksaijfdlhoLrqdhcktkjesalcoszQrkvksadhoqQyek¡xdksizdVfd;ktk,xk]mlscktkjek¡xrkfydkdgktk,xkAvU;'kCnksaesa];gfdlhfuf'prle;esafdlh,dfo'ks"koLrqdhfofHkUudherksaijlHkhmiHkksDrkvksadhoqQyek¡xdksn'kkZrhgSArkfydk2cktkjek¡xrkfydkgSA;grkfydkljyrkdhn`f"VlsblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdX-oLrqosQAvkSjBnksoszQrkgSaAmudhO;fDrxrek¡xdkstksM+djcktkjek¡xrkfydkdkfuekZ.kfd;kx;kgSA

22 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=krkfydk 2- cktkj ek¡x rkfydk (Market Demand Schedule)

X-oLrq dh dher (#-) A dh ek¡x B dh ek¡x cktkj ek¡x (bdkb;k¡)

1234

4321

5432

4+5=93+4=72+3=51+2=3

mijksDrrkfydklsKkrgksrkgS fdtcX-oLrqdhdher1#i;kizfrbdkbZgSrksAmiHkksDrkdhek¡x4bdkb;k¡vkSjBmiHkksDrkdhek¡x5bdkb;k¡gSaAvr%cktkjek¡x9bdkb;k¡gSaAtcdherc<+dj2#i,izfrbdkbZgkstkrhgSrkscktkjek¡x?kVdj7bdkb;k¡jgtkrhgSa]bR;kfnA

ek¡x rkfydk dks fp=k }kjk izdV djuk ek¡x oØ dgykrk gSA (The demand curve is a graphic presentation of a demand schedule.)

ysÝVfop osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x oØ oLrq dh mu vfèkdre ek=kkvksa dks izdV djrh gS ftUgsa miHkksDrk le; dh ,d vofèk esa fofHkUu dherksa ij [kjhnsaxsA** (The demand curve represents the maximum quantities per unit of time that consumers will take at various prices.) —Leftwitch

fyIlh osQvuqlkj]^^og oØ tks fd oLrq dh dher vkSj oLrq dh ek=kk] ftls miHkksDRkk [kjhnuk pkgrk gS] esa lacaèk fn[kkrk gS] ek¡x oØ dgykrk gSA** (The curve, which shows the relation between the price of a commodity and the amount of that commodity the consumer wishes to purchase, is called demand curve. —Lipsey) ek¡xrkfydkdhHkk¡frek¡xoØHkhnksizdkjdkgksldrkgSµ(1)O;fDrxrek¡xoØvkSj(2)cktkjek¡xoØA

1- O;fDrxr ek¡x oØ (Individual Demand Curve)µO;fDrxrek¡xoØogoØgStksfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdksizdVdjrkgSAfp=k2-1esaO;fDrxrek¡xoØdksLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAblesaOX-v{kijoLrqdhek¡xrFkkOY-v{kijdherizdVdhxbZgSADDek¡xoØgSAblek¡xoØDDdkizR;sdfcanqdherrFkkek¡xesalacaèkizdVdjrkgSAtcdher2#i,gSrksek¡x1bdkbZgSAtcdher1#i;kgSrksek¡x4bdkb;k¡gSaAblek¡xoØdk<ykumQijckb±vksjlsuhpsnkb±vksjdksgS]tks;gn'kkZrkgSfddhervfèkdgksusijek¡xdegksrhgS rFkkdherdegksusijek¡xvfèkdgksrhgSA

1

2

3

4

0O

Quantity

1 2 3 4X

D

D

Y

Pric

e (R

s)

Demand Curve

fp=k 2-1

cktkj ek¡x cktkj esa fdlh oLrq osQ lHkh ozsQrkvksa }kjk dh xbZ ek¡x dk tksM+ gSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 23


2- cktkj ek¡x oØ (Market Demand Curve)µcktkjek¡xoØfdlhoLrq fo'ks"kdhfofHkUudherksaijfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksa}kjkek¡xhxbZek=kkvksaosQtksM+dksizdVdjrkgSAblek¡xoØdksO;fDrxrek¡xoØksaosQleLrtksM+}kjk[khapktkrkgSA

fuEufyf[krfp=k2-2esaek¡xrkfydk2osQvkèkkjijcktkjek¡xoØdksizdVfd;kx;kgSA

cktkj ek¡x oØ O;fDrxr ek¡x oØksa dk leLrjh; tksM+ gSA

1

3

4

2

1 2 43

D1

D A's DemandCurve

X

Y

Pric

e (R

s)

0O O O

1

3

4

2

1 2 43Quantity

(ii)

D2

D B's DemandCurve

X

YP

rice

(Rs)

0

1

3

4

2

1 2 43

D1 + D2

DMarket DemandCurve

X

Y

Pric

e (R

s)0

5

AssumptionThere are only two buyers ofthe commodity in the market

Quantity(iii)

Quantity(i)

5

fp=k 2-2

fp=k2-2esaOX-v{kijek=kkrFkkOY-v{kijdherizdVdhxbZgSAblosQ fp=k2-2(i)esa‘A’miHkksDrkdhek¡xoØrFkkfp=k2-2(ii)essa‘B’ miHkksDrkdhek¡xoØrFkkfp=k2-2(iii)esacktkjdhek¡xoØizdVdhxbZgSAtcdher4#i,izfrbdkbZgSrc‘A’dhek¡x1bdkbZvkSj‘B’dhek¡x2bdkb;k¡gSaA;fncktkjesaosQoynksmiHkksDrkgSarccktkjek¡x1+2= 3bdkb;k¡gksaxhAO;fDrxrek¡xoØksaosQleLrj tksM+ (Horizontal Summation)}kjkcktkjek¡xoØizkIrgkstkrkgS]blfy,bldk<ykuHkh½.kkRed (Negative)gSA

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

fjDr LFkku Hkfj, (Fill in the blanks)—

1- ek¡xogrkfydkgStks,doLrqdhfofHkUu----------------------dksn'kkZrhgSvkSjizR;sddherijmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdkscrykrhgSA

2- lkekU;r;kfdlhHkhoLrqdhek¡xmldh----------------------}kjkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSA

3- miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqdhek¡xesalkekU;r;k----------------------lacaèkik;ktkrkgSA

2-5- ek¡x osQ fu/kZjd rRo ;k ek¡x iQyu (Determinants of Demand or Demand Function)

;gk¡geO;fDrxrek¡xiQyurFkkcktkjek¡xiQyuesavarjdjrsgSaAO;fDrxrek¡xiQyufdlhoLrqosQfy,ek¡x(fdlhO;fDrxroszQrk}kjk)rFkkmlosQfuèkkZjdrÙoksaosQchpdk;kZRed lacaèk (Functional Relationship)dkvè;;udjrkgSAcktkjek¡xiQyufdlhoLrqosQfy,cktkjek¡xrFkkblosQfofHkUufuèkkZjdksaosQchpdk;kZRedlacaèkdkvè;;udjrkgSA O;fDrxr ek¡x iQyu (Individual Demand Function)dksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkrkgSµ

24 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kè;ku jf[k;s

ek¡x osQ oqQN fu/kZjd rRo tSls (1) tula[;k dk vkdkj rFkk jpuk vkSj (2) vk; dk forj.k osQoy cktkj ek¡x dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA ;fn ,d miHkksDrk dh ekax osQ fuèkkZjd rRoksa osQ lacaèk esa iz'u iwNk tkrk gS] rks fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks buosQ rRoksa dk o.kZu ugha djuk pkfg,A bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd tc ,d miHkksDrk ,d fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd oLrq dh fdruh ek=kk [kjhnh tk;s rks og tula[;k osQ vkdkj rFkk vk; osQ forj.k dks è;ku esa ugha j[krkA

Qx = f (Px, Pr, Y, W, T, E)

(;gk¡QxoLrq-Xdhek¡xhxbZek=kk_= Px oLrq-Xdhdher_PrlacafèkroLrqdhdher_Y = miHkksDrkdhvk;_W = miHkksDrkdhlaifÙk_T = miHkksDrkdh#fp;k¡oilan_E = miHkksDrkdhvis{kk,oalaHkkouk,¡)

blosQfoijhrcktkj ek¡x iQyu (Market Demand Function)dksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA

Qx = f (Px, Pr, Y*, T, Z, W, E)

(;gk¡QxoLrq-Xdhek¡xhxbZek=kk_= Px oLrq-Xdhdher_PrlacafèkroLrqdhdher_Y* = vk;dkvkdkjrFkkbldkforj.k_T = miHkksDrkdh#fp;k¡oilan_Z = tula[;kdkvkdkjojpuk_W =miHkksDrkdhlaifÙk_E =miHkksDrkdhvis{kk,¡;klaHkkouk,¡)

uksVµfuèkkZjdY* rFkkZcktkjek¡xiQyuesafcYoqQyvyxgSaAfdlh,dO;fDrdhek¡x(O;fDrxrek¡xiQyuosQlanHkZesa)dkvFkZO;oLFkkesavk;osQforj.krFkktula[;kosQvkdkj,oajpuklsdksbZlacaèk;kljksdkjughagSAijarqcktkjek¡xosQlanHkZesa;sfuèkkZjdrÙogSaA

uksVµek¡xfdlhinkFkZdhogek=kkgSftls,dmiHkksDrkle;dh,dfu'prvofèkesa,dfuf'prdherij[kjhnusosQfy,osQoybPNqd;k;ksX;ghughacfYdrS;kjHkhgSA

2-6- fofHkUu fuèkkZjd rRo oSQls dk;Z djrs gSa\ (How do Different Determinants Work?)

1- oLrq dh dher (Price of Commodity)

lkekU;r;kfdlhHkhoLrqdhek¡xmldhdher}kjkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSA;fnvU;fuèkkZjdrRofLFkjjgsa;kvU; ckrsa leku jgsa (Ceteris Paribus)rcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvkuslsmldhek¡xesaHkhfoijhrifjorZuvkrkgSAlkèkkj.kr;koLrqdhdherc<+usijoLrqdhek¡x?kVrhgSrFkkblosQfoijhroLrqdhdher?kVusijoLrqdhek¡xc<+rhgSAdhervkSjek¡xosQbllacaèkdksek¡xdkfu;edgktkrkgSAfuEufyf[krfp=kesabldksfn[kk;kx;kgSA

Y D

D

XQ1QQ2

O

P2

P

P1

Inverse relationshipbetween price (Px) andquantity demanded (Qx)

is often referred to aslaw of demand.

Pric

e of

x

Quantity

fp=k 2-3

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 25


fp=k2-3esaoLrqdhdherosQOPls?kVdjOP2gksusijek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gksxbZgSvkSjdherdsc<+djOPlsOP1gksusijek¡xOQlsdegksdjOQ2gksxbZgS];grF;bllR;rkdkscrykrkgSfdoLrqdhdherrFkkbldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesafoijhrlacaèk(Inverse Relationship)gSA

2- lacafèkr oLrqvksa dh dhersa (Prices of Related Goods)

fdlhoLrqdhek¡xuosQoymloLrqdhviuhdhercfYdlacafèkroLrqvksadhdherksaijHkhfuHkZjdjrhgSAoLrqvksadksO;kid:ilsizfrLFkkiurFkkiwjdoLrqvksaesaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSA

(i) izfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ (Substitute Goods)µizfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSsa ftudk ,d nwljs osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tSls pk; vkSj dkWiQh vFkok isIlh dksyk vkSj dksdk dksykA dksdkdksykdhek¡xdklacaèkisIlhdksykdhdherlsgSA;fnisIlhdksykdhdherc<+tkrhgSrksyksxdksdkdksykdhek¡xvfèkddjsaxsvkSj;fnisIlhdksykdhdherdegkstkrhgSrksdksdkdksykdhek¡xdegkstk,xhAvU;'kCnksaesa]izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ,d oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk dk nwljh vFkkZr~ izfrLFkkiu oLrq dh dher ls izR;{k lacaèk gSA ;fn,doLrqtSlsdksdkdksykdhdherc<+rhgSrksmldhizfrLFkkiuoLrq]isIlhdksykdhek¡xc<+tk,xhAblosQfoijhr;fndksdkdksykdhdher?kVtkrhgSrcblosQizfrLFkkiuisIlhdksykdhek¡xHkhdegkstk,xhAfp=k2-4}kjklacaèkdksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ

Y

P1

P

OQ Q1

X

DDemand for sub-

stitutes

Pric

e of

Pep

si

Demand for Coke

fp=k 2-4

fp=k2-4lsizdVgksrkgSfdisIlhdhdherOPlsc<+djOP1gksusijdksdkdksykdhek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1 gksxbZgSA

(ii)iwjd oLrq,¡ (Complementary Goods)µiwjd oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudk iz;ksx ,d lkFk fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ftudh mi;ksfxrk ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj djrh gS tSls dkj vkSj isVªksy rFkk isu vkSj L;kghA iwjd oLrqvksa dh dher rFkk ek¡x esa foijhr ;k ½.kkRed lacaèk (Inverse or Negative Relationship)gksrk gSA ,d iwjd oLrq tSls isu dh dher c<+us ls L;kgh dh ek¡x (isu dh ek¡x osQ lkFk) esa deh gks tkrh gSA blosQ foijhr isu dh dher de gksus ij L;kgh dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gks tkrh gSA vU;'kCnksaesa];fnnksoLrq,¡,dnwljsdhiwjdgSavkSj;fn,ddhdherc<+rhgS]vU;iwjdoLrqdhek¡xdegkstk,xhAblosQfoijhr;fn,ddhdheresadehvkrhgSrksnwljhiwjdoLrqdhek¡xc<+tk,xhAfp=k2-5}kjkbldksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA

26 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k

Demand for ink

pric

e of

Pen

s

P1

Y

P

OQ1 Q

D

B

A

X

D

Demand for complementary goods

fp=k 2-5

fp=k2-5lsizdVgksrkgSfdisuksadhdherOPlsc<+djOP1gksusijL;kghdhek¡xOQlsdegksdjOQ1gksxbZgSA

vr% izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ek¡x oØ dk <yku èkukRed (Positively Sloped)gksrk gS tcfd iwjd oLrqvksa osQ ekeys esa ek¡x oØ dk <yku ½.kkRed (Negatively Sloped)gksrk gSA

3- miHkksDrk dh vk; (Income of the Consumer)

miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqdhek¡xesalkekU;r;kizR;{klacaèkik;ktkrkgSAvFkkZr~vk;esao`f¼gksusijoLrqvksadhek¡xesao`f¼gkstkrhgSrFkkvk;osQdegksusijoLrqvksadhek¡xdegkstkrhgSAvFkZ'kkL=kesa,slhoLrqvksadkslkekU; oLrq,¡ (Normal Goods)dgktkrkgSAlkekU; oLrq og oLrq gS ftldh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; osQ c<+us osQ lkFk c<+rh gSA oqQNoLrq,¡,slhHkhgSaftUgsafuEudksfVdhoLrq,¡dgktkrkgSAfuEudksfV dh oLrq (Inferior Goods)og oLrq gS ftldh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij ?kV tkrh gSA vr%,doLrqdhek¡xrFkkmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQchposQlacaèkdhO;k[;kfuEufyf[krrhuoxks±osQlanHkZesadhtkrhgSµ

(i)lkekU;oLrq,¡](ii)fuEudksfVdhoLrq,¡](iii)vko';doLrq,¡rFkklLrhoLrq,¡A

Normal Goods

Inco

me

D

D

XQ1Q

O

Y

Y1

Quantity

Y

fp=k 2-6

(i) lkekU; oLrq,¡ (Normal Goods)µlkekU; oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij c<+rh gS vkSj vk; osQ ?kVus ij ?kVrh gSA blizdkjmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizR;{k;kèkukRedlacaèkgS]blsfp=k2-6}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSAfp=k2-6lsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQOYlsc<+djOY1gksusijoLrqdhek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gksusdhizo`fÙkn'kkZrhgSAek¡xoØDDdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡mQijdhvksjgStksvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkosQizR;{k;kèkukRedlacaèkdkscrkrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 27


(ii)fuEudksfV dh oLrq,¡ (Inferior Goods)µ fuEudksfV ;k ?kfV;k oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh ek¡x miHkksDrk dh vk; c<+us ij ?kV tkrh gS vkSj vk; de gksus ij c<+ tkrh gSA blizdkjmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkfuEudksfVdhoLrqdhek¡xesafoijhrlacaèkgksrkgSAfp=k2-7blfLFkfrdksizdVdjrkgSA

DY

Y1

Y

OD

Q1 QX

Quantity

Inferior GoodsIn

com

e

fp=k 2-7

fp=k2-7lsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQOY lsOY1c<+usijXoLrq(tks?kfV;koLrqgS)dhek¡xhxbZek=kkOQls?kVdjOQ1gksxbZgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdmiHkksDrkvk;esao`f¼gksusls?kfV;koLrqvksaosQLFkkuijcf<+;koLrqvksadkvfèkdiz;ksxdjusyxrkgSAvr%?kfV;koLrqvksaosQfy,vk;ek¡xoØDD½.kkRed<kyokykgksrkgSA

(iii) vko';d oLrq,¡ rFkk lLrh oLrq,¡ (Necessaries of Life and Inexpensive Goods)µmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkvko';dolLrhoLrqvksaosQchposQlacaèkdkvè;;uHkhvko';dgSAvko';drFkklLrhoLrqvksatSlsued]ekfpl]nkyssa]vkywvkfndhek¡xijmiHkksDrkdhvk;esa,dlhekosQckngksusokyho`f¼dkdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkvFkkZr~ek¡xfLFkjjgrhgSAvkjaHkesatcvk;cgqrdegksrhgSrksvk;osQc<+usijek¡xc<+tkrhgSijarq,dlhekosQi'pkr~vk;osQc<+usdkek¡xijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkAblfLFkfrdksfp=k2-8}kjkO;Drfd;kx;kgSA

DY

Y1

Y

O

D

Q Q1X

Quantity

Necessaries

Inco

me

Y2

E

fp=k 2-8

fp=k2-8;gn'kkZrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;tcOYlsc<+djOY1gksrhgS]rcek¡xOQlsc<+djOQ1gkstkrhgSAvFkkZr~ek¡xesaosQoyFkksM+h&lhek=kkesagho`f¼(Moderate Stretch)gksrhgSAblosQi'pkr~ek¡xfLFkjgkstkrhgSAvk;osQOY2;kmllsvfèkdgkstkusijHkhek¡xesadksbZifjorZuughagqvkgSAY- v{kka'kosQlekukarjek¡xoØdkHkkxED (Vertical Stretch)ek¡xosQfLFkjjgusdksO;DrdjjgkgSA

28 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 4- #fp rFkk izkFkfedrk,¡ (Taste and Preferences)µfdlhHkhoLrq;klsokdhek¡xO;fDrdh#fp;ksarFkkizkFkfedrkvksaijfuHkZjdjrhgSAbu'kCnksadkiz;ksxdkiQhfoLr`rvFkks±esafd;ktkrkgSAbuosQvarxZriSSQ'ku]vknr]jhfr&fjoktvkfndks'kkfeyfd;ktkrkgSAmiHkksDrkvksadh#fp;ksa,oaizkFkfedrkvksaijfoKkiu]iSQ'kuesaifjorZu]ekSle]u,vkfo"dkjksavkfndkizHkkoiM+rkgSAvU;ckrsalekujgusij]miHkksDRkkvksadhftuoLrqvksaosQfy,#fpoizkFkfedrkc<+tkrhgSmudhek¡xc<+tkrhgSAblosQfoijhrmiHkksDrkdhizkFkfedrkvksa,oa#fp;ksaesaizfrowQyifjorZugksusijoLrqdhek¡xdegkstkrhgSA

#fp rFkk izkFkfedrk 'kCn (1) O;fDrxr ilanxh rFkk ukilanxh (2) iSQ'ku (3) ekSle ;k tyok;q dks O;Dr djrs gSaA

5- laHkkouk,¡ (Expectations)µoLrqdhdherksa] oLrqdhmiyCèkrkvkSj Hkkohvk;vkfnesaHkfo";esagksusokysifjorZuksalslacafèkrmiHkksDrkdhlaHkkouk;saek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙogSaA;fnmiHkksDRkkdks;glaHkkoukgSfdHkfo";esadherc<+tk,xhrksogorZekuesaoLrqvfèkdek=kkesa[kjhnsxk]pkgsmldhdhervfèkdghD;ksaugksAblhizdkj;fnmiHkksDrkdks;gvk'kkgSfdHkfo";esaoLrqdhdher?kVtk,xhrksogorZekuesaoLrqdhek¡xde;kLFkfxrdjnsxkAHkfo";esavk;osQc<+usvFkok?kVusdhlaHkkoukdkHkhorZekuek¡xijizHkkoiM+rkgSAvk;esao`f¼dhlaHkkoukvkSjoLrqdhek¡xesalkèkkj.kr;klhèkklacaèkgksrkgSAHkfo";esavk;osQc<+usdhlaHkkouklsek¡xesao`f¼gksrhgSvkSjHkfo";esavk;osQdegkstkusdkMjek¡xdksdedjnsrkgSA

6- tula[;k dk vkdkj rFkk jpuk (Size and Composition of Population)µcktkjek¡xtula[;kosQvkdkjrFkkjpukesaifjorZugksuslsHkhizHkkforgksrhgSAtula[;kesao`f¼gksuslslHkhizdkjdhoLrqvksadhek¡xc<+tkrhgSvkSjtula[;kesadehbudhek¡xdksHkhdedjnsrhgSAtula[;kdhjpukHkhek¡xdksizHkkfordjrhgSAtula[;kdhjpuklsvfHkizk;gSfdtula[;kesacPps]uo;qod]iq#"k]fL=k;k¡vkfnfdrusgSaA;fntula[;kdhjpukesaifjorZuvkrkgStSlsfL=k;ksaadhla[;kiq#"kksadhrqyukesac<+tk,rcmuoLrqvksadhek¡xc<+tk,xhftUgsafL=k;k¡[kjhnrhgSaA

7- vk; dk forj.k (Distribution of Income)µlektesagksusokysvk;osQforj.kdkHkhcktkjek¡xijizHkkoiM+rkgSA;fnvk;dkforj.kvlekugSrksèkuhO;fDr;ksaosQiz;ksxesavkusokyhfoykflrkdhoLrqvksatSlsjaxhuVh-oh-Lopkfyrok¯'kxe'khu]ohfM;ksoSQejkvkfndhek¡xvfèkdgkstk,xhAnwljhvksj;fnvk;dkforj.klekugSrksfoykflrkdhoLrqvksadhek¡xdegksxhvkSjvko';drkrFkkvkjkenk;doLrqvksadhek¡xvfèkdgksxhA

D;k vki tkurs gSa

lkekU;oLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡xmiHkksDrkdhvk;osQc<+usosQlkFkc<+rhgSA

2-7- ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu vkSj ek¡x esa ifjorZu (Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand) vFkok ek¡x oØ ij lapyu vkSj ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko (Movement Along Demand Curve and Shift of the De-

mand Curve)

vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkj] ^^ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu** rFkk ^^ek¡x esa ifjorZu** lacaèkh

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èkkj.kkvksa esa varj gksrk gSA ^^ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu** oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk ek¡x ij iM+us okys izHkko dks crykrk gS tcfd ek¡x osQ vU; fuèkkZjd rÙo tSls vk;] #fp;k¡ vkSj laacafèkr oLrqvksa dh dhersa fLFkj jgrh gSaA pw¡fd,dfuf'prdherijek¡xhxbZek=kkdksek¡xoØosQ,dfcanq}kjkn'kkZ;ktkrkgS]vr%ek¡xhxbZek=kkessaifjorZu,d gh ek¡x oØ osQ fofHkUu fcanqvkas (Movement along a Demand Curve);k ek¡x oØ ij lapyu }kjkiznf'kZrfd;ktkrkgSAblosQfoijhr^^ek¡x esa ifjorZu** oLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kughagksrk_;gvk;]#fp;ksa]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhervkfnesaifjorZuosQdkj.koLrqosQfy,miHkksDrkdhek¡xijiM+usokysizHkkodksO;DrdjrkgSAtcfdoLrqdhdherfLFkjjgrhgSAek¡x esa ifjorZu laiw.kZek¡xoØosQckb±vksjvFkoknkb±vksjf[kldko vFkokLFkkukarj.k (Shift)dksiznf'kZrdjrkgSAek¡xesaifjorZuosQnksuksaizdkjksaesavarjdkcgqrvfèkdegÙogSA,dghek¡xoØijlapyu;kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZucktkjdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kmiHkksDrk}kjkek¡xhxbZek=kkesafd;sx;sleUo;dksizdVdjrkgSAblosQfoijhrek¡xoØdkf[kldkockgjhrÙoksa(tSlsvk;]#fp;k¡]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhersavkfn)esagksusokysifjorZuksalslacafèkrmiHkksDrkosQleUo;rFkklarqyudhervkSjek=kkeasagksusokysifjorZudksizdVdjrkgSA

1- ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu ;k ek¡x oØ ij lapyu

(Change in Quantity Demanded or Movement Along the Demand Curve)

vU;ckrsalekujgusij]tc ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa] osQoy dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k] ifjorZu gksrk gS rcek¡xesagksusokysifjorZudks,dghek¡xoØosQfofHkUufcanqvksa}kjkizdVfd;ktkrkgSAdherosQdegksuslsek¡xesagksusokyho`f¼dksek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)vkSjdherosQc<+uslsek¡xesagksusokyhdehdksek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)dgktkrkgSAla{ksiesa],dghek¡xoØijlapyuoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQiQyLo:ilaHkogksrkgSA(Movements along a demand curve are in response to price changes for that good.)bulapyuksaesa;gekufy;ktkrkgSfdek¡xosQdherosQvfrfjDrvU;fuèkkZjdrÙovifjorZuh;gSaA,dnhxbZek¡xoØijlapyuoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZudksn'kkZrkgSAla{ksiesa

osQoy dher esa ifjorZu

ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu

ek¡x oØ ij lapyu

ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZunksizdkjosQgksldrsgSaA

1- ek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)µvU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] tc fdlh oLrq dh dher esa deh gksus osQ iQyLo:i mldh ek¡x vfèkd gks tkrh gS rks bls ek¡x dk foLrkj dgk tkrk gSA (Extension of demand refers to a rise in quantity demanded as a result of fall in price)AtSlkfdrkfydk3esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdtclscksadhdher5#i;sizfrfdyksgSrkslscksadhek¡x1fdyksgS]tcdherdegksdj1#i;kizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksek¡xdkfoLrkjgksdjubZek¡x5fdykslscgkstkrhgSA

30 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=krkfydk 3- ek¡x dk foLrkj (Extension of Demand)

dher (#-) ek¡x dh ek=kk (fdyks) o.kZu

5

1

1

5

dheresadeh

↓ek¡xesafoLrkj

0

Pric

e (R

s)

12

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 X

B

Extension of DemandA

Y

Quantity

fp=k 2-9

ek¡xosQfoLrkjdksfp=k2-9}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSA

blfp=kesaABlscksadhek¡xoØgSAlscksadhdher5#i;sizfrfdyksgSrksek¡x1fdyksgSAmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqijgSAtclscksadhdherdegksdj1#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksmldhek¡xdkfoLrkjgksdjubZek¡x5fdyksgkstkrhgSvkSjmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘B’fcanqijigq¡ptkrkgSAvr%ek¡xoØosQmQ¡psfcanq(A)lsfupysfcanq(B)dhvksjljdukek¡xosQfoLrkjdksizdVdjrkgSA

2- ek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)µvU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] tc fdlh oLrq dh dher esa o`f¼ gksus osQ iQyLo:i mldh ek¡x de gks tkrh gS rks bls ek¡x dk laoqQpu dgk tkrk gSA (Contraction of demand refers to fall in quantity demanded as a result of rise in price)tSlkfdrkfydk4esafn[kk;kgSfdtclscksadhdher1#i;kizfrfdyksgSrkslscksadhek¡x5fdyksgSA;fnlscksadhdherc<+dj5#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrksek¡xdklaoqQpugksdjubZek¡x1fdyksgkstkrhgSA

rkfydk 4- ek¡x dk laoqQpu (Contraction of Demand)

dher (#-) ek¡x dh ek=kk (fdyks) o.kZu

1

5

5

1

dheresao`f¼

↓ek¡xesalaoqQpu

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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 31


0

Pric

e (R

s)

12

3

4

5

1 2 3 4 5 X

B

Contraction of DemandA

Y

Quantity

fp=k 2-10

ek¡xosQlaoqQpudksfp=k2-10}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaABlscksadkek¡xoØgSAtclscksadhdher1#i;kizfrfdyksgSrksek¡x5fdykslscgSAmiHkksDrkek¡xoØosQ‘B’¯cnqijgSAblosQfoijhrtclscksadhdherc<+dj5#i;sizfrfdyksgkstkrhgSrkslscksadhek¡xdklaoqQpugksdjubZek¡x1fdyksgkstkrhgSvkSjmiHkksDrk‘A’fcanqijigq¡ptkrkgSAvr%ek¡xoØdkfupysfcanq(B)lsmQ¡ps¯cnq(A)dhvksjljdukek¡xosQlaoqQpudksizdVdjrkgSA

2- ek¡x esa ifjorZu ;k ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko

(Change in Demand or Shift in Demand Curve)

dherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQfdlhHkhfuèkkZjdrÙoeasifjorZulaiw.kZek¡xoØdksnkb±;kckb±vksjf[kldknsrkgSAek¡xesao`f¼dksnkb±vksjf[kldko}kjkvkSjek¡xesadehdksckb±vksjf[kldko}kjkfn[kk;ktkrkgSAvFkZ'kkL=khblsek¡x esa ifjorZu dgrsgSaAek¡xesaifjorZu]vk;]#fp;ksa;klacafèkroLrqvksadhdheresaifjorZuvkfnosQdkj.kgksrsgSaAla{ksiesaaek¡xoØdknkb±vksjf[kldkoek¡xesao`f¼vkSjckb±vksjf[kldkoek¡xesadehizdVdjrkgSA

vk;] #fp;ksa ;k osQoy dherksa esa ifjorZu

ek¡x esa ifjorZu

ek¡x oØ dk f[kldko

fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x osQ foLrkj rFkk laoqQpu dh O;k[;k mldh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ lanHkZ esa dh tkrh gSA ek¡x esa o`f¼ rFkk deh dh O;k[;k ek¡x dh dher osQ vfrfjDr fuèkkZfjr djus okys vU;rÙoksaosQlanHkZesadhtkrhgSA

ek¡x esa deh (Decrease in Demand)vFkok ek¡x oØ dk ckb± vksj f[kldko (Left-ward Shift in Demand Curve)osQeq[;dkj.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1-vk;esadeh

2-izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdheresadeh

3-iwjdoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼

4-#fp;ksa]ilanksavkSjizkFkfedrkvksaesaizfrowQyifjorZu

5-Hkfo";esadher?kVusdhlaHkkouk

6-tula[;k(oszQrkvksa)esadeh

32 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k blhHkk¡frek¡x esa o`f¼ (Increase in Demand)vFkokek¡x oØ osQ nkb± vksj f[kldko (Rightward Shift in Demand Curve)osQeq[;dkj.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ

1-vk;esao`f¼

2-izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdheresao`f¼

3-iwjdoLrqvksadhdheresadeh

4-#fp;ksa]ilanksavkSjizkFkfedrkvksaesavuqowQyifjorZu

5-Hkfo";esadher?kVusdhlaHkkouk

6-tula[;k(oszQrkvksa)esao`f¼


cgqfodYih; iz'u(Multiple Choice Questions)µ

4- lkekU;oLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡x----------------------dhvk;osQc<+usosQlkFkc<+rhgSA

(v)miHkksDrk (c)O;fDr

(l)izfrLFkkiu (n)vkeO;fDr

5- fuEudksfVdhoLrqogoLrqgSftldhek¡xmiHkksDrkdhvk;c<+usij----------------------tkrhgSA

(v)degks (c)?kV

(l)vfèkdgks (n)c<+

6- dherosQc<+uslsek¡xesagksusokyhdehdksek¡xdkdgktkrkgSµ

(v)laoqQpu (c)oØ

(l)lapyu (n) forj.k

7- oLrqek¡xesao`f¼rcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherfLFkjjgusijog[kjhnhtkrhgSµ

(v)vfèkdek=kkesa (c)deek=kkesa

(l)larqfyrek=kkesa (n) fcyoqQyughaA

2-8- ek¡x esa foLrkj rFkk o`f¼ esa varj (Distinction between Extension and Increase in Demand)

ek¡x esa foLrkj lsvfHkizk;gS]vU;ckrsalekujgusij],doLrqdhdheresafxjkoVosQdkj.kek¡xdkc<+ukAbldks,dghek¡xoØosQmQ¡psfcanqlsfupysfcanqijlapyu;kgjdr (Movement) }kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAnwljhvksjek¡x esa o`f¼ lsvfHkizk;gSdherosQfLFkjjgusijek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksa(tSls#fp;ksa]miHkksDRkkdhvk;]izfrLFkkiuoLrqdhdher)esaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdkc<+ukAblslaiw.kZek¡xoØosQmQijdhvksjf[kldko;kljdus}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA

ek¡x esa foLrkj rFkk o`f¼ esa varj

fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esaa foLrkj rc gksrk gS tc oLrq dh dher de gksus ij mldh vfèkd ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA oLrq dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ rc gksrh gS tc oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij mldh vfèkd ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA

fp=k2-11ek¡xesafoLrkjrFkkek¡xesao`f¼osQvarjdksLi"VdjjgkgSADDizkjafHkdek¡xoØgSAfp=k2-11lsKkrgksrkgSfdDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqlsek¡xesanksfofHkUuo`f¼laHko

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gSA,d ;ggSfd,dghek¡xoØDDosQ‘A’fcanqlslapyudjosQ‘B’fcanqijek¡xdhek=kkdkOQlsc<+djOQ1gksukAek¡xhxbZek=kkesa;go`f¼dherosQOPls?kVdjOP1gksusosQdkj.kgqbZgSAblsek¡x esa foLrkj dgktkrkgSAnwljk ;ggSfdlaiw.kZek¡xoØDDdkljddjD1 D1gkstkukAizkjafHkddherOPijmiHkksDrkOQek=kk[kjhnrkFkkftlsDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgS]ijarqdherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksaesaifjorZugkstkusosQiQyLo:imiHkksDrkOQ1ek=kk[kjhnrkgSftlsD1 D1ek¡xoØosQ‘C’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAblifjorZudksek¡x esa o`f¼ dgktkrkgSA

Y

P

P1

OQ Q1

DD1

X

C

D1D

Extension inDemand

Increase inDemand

Pric

e (R

s)

Quantity

fp=k 2-11

2-9- ek¡x esa laoqQpu rFkk deh esa varj (Distinction between Contraction and Decrease in Demand)

ek¡x esa laoqQpu ls vfHkizk; gS] vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij] ,d oLrq dh dher c<+us osQ dkj.k ek¡x dk de gks tkukA bldks ,d gh ek¡x oØ osQ fupys fcanq ls mQ¡ps fcanq ij lapyu }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj] ek¡x esa deh lsvfHkizk;gSdherosQvfrfjDrek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrÙoksaesaifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdkdegkstkukAblslaiww.kZek¡xoØosQuhps;kihNsdhvksjf[kldko}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA

ek¡x esa laoqQpu rFkk ek¡x esa deh esa varj

fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esa laoqQpu rc gksrk gS tc oLrq dh dher vfèkd gksus ij mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA oLrq dh ek¡x esa deh rc gksrh gS tc dher fLFkj jgus ij mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA

fp=k2-12ek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkek¡xesadehosQvarjdksLi"VdjjgkgSADDizkjafHkdek¡xoØgSADDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanqlsek¡xesanksfofHkUudehlaHkogSA,d ;ggSfd,dghek¡xoØDDosQ‘A’fcanqlslapyudjossQ‘B’fcanqijek¡xdhek=kkdkOQlsdegksdjOQ1gkstkukAek¡xhxbZek=kkdkdegksukdherosQOPlsc<+djO P1gksusosQdkj.klaHkogqvkgSAbls ek¡x esa laoqQpu dgktkrkgSAnwljk ;ggSlaiw.kZek¡xoØDDdkljddjD1 D1gkstkukAizkjafHkddherOPijmiHkksDrkoLrqdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkFkk]ftlsDDek¡xoØosQ‘A’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAijaarqvcogbldherijOQ1ek=kk[kjhnrkgSAftlsD1 D1oØosQ‘C’fcanq}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAek¡xoØesa;gf[kldko(DDlsD1 D1)dheresaifjorZuosQdkj.kughacfYdek¡xosQvU;fuèkkZjdrRoksaosQdkj.klaHkogqvkgSAek¡xesa;gifjorZuek¡x esa deh dgykrkgSA

34 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k

B

Y

P

P1

OQQ1

DD1 X

C

D1D

Contraction inDemand

Pric

e (R

s)

Quantity

A

fp=k 2-12

2-10- ek¡x dh yksp (Elasticity of Demand)

fdlhoLrqdhek¡x]fo'ks"k:ils]mldhdher]miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklacafèkroLrqdhdherijfuHkZjdjrhgSAvr%^ek¡xdhyksp*ls;gKkrgkssrkgSfdfdlhoLrqdhdhervFkokmiHkksDrkdhvk;vFkoklacafèkroLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkesafdrukifjorZugqvkgSAMwyh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^,d oLrq dh dher] miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk lacafèkr oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus ls ml oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ eki dks ek¡x dh yksp dgk tk,xkA** (The elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to change in its price, price of other goods and changes in consumer’s income, —Dooley)vr%ek¡xdhykspeq[;:ilsrhuizdkjdhgkstkrhgSµ1- ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)]2- ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)]vkSj3- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)A

ek¡x dh yksp dk vFkZ

ek¡x dh yksp] ek¡x osQ fdlh la[;kRed fuèkkZjd esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu rFkk blosQ iQyLo:i ek¡x dh ek=kk esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu dk vuqikr gSA

2-11- ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)

;fnvU;ckrsalekujgsa,doLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesagksusokysifjorZuosQekidksek¡x dh dherykspdgktkrkgSA;g dher esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu rFkk ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ vuqikr osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA (It is equal to the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to a percentage change in the price.);gblckrdksekirhgSfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesafdrukifjorZugksrkgSAek¡xdhykspmlvuqikrdksizdVdjrhgSftlijdherc<+usijek¡xesalaoqQpurFkkdher?kVusijek¡xesafoLrkjgksrkgSAek¡xhxbZek=kkvkSjdheresafoijhrlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAblhfy,ek¡xdhykspdks½.kkRed(–)fpÉ}kjkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAfyIlh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^pw¡fd ek¡x oØ dk <yku ½.kkRed gksrk gS] blfy, dher vkSj ek=kk esa lnk foijhr fn'kkvksa esa ifjorZu gksxkA ,d ifjorZu èkukRed rFkk nwljk ½.kkRed gksxk tks ek¡x dh yksp osQ eki dks ½.kkRed cuk nsxkA** (Because of the negative slope of the demand curve, the price and the quantity will always change in opposite directions. One change will be positive and the other

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 35


negative, making the measured elasticity of demand negative. – Lipsey)AijarqizFkkosQvuqlkj½.kkRedfpÉdksNksM+fn;ktkrkgSvkSjek¡xdhdherykspdksla[;kesaO;Drdjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvkblØhedhdheresa10izfr'krdehbldhek¡xhxbZek=kkesa15izfr'kro`f¼ykrhgS]rcek¡xdhykspfuEufyf[krgksxhµ

Ed = (–)15%

(–)10%= 1.5

½.kkRed fpÉ dksblfy,NksM+fn;ktkrkgSrkfddksbZlafnXèkrk (Ambiguity)iSnkugksA;gdgukHkzkafriw.kZgksldrkgSfd(–)4dkykspxq.kkad(Elasticity Co-efficient)&2lsvfèkdgksxk]bllaHkkforHkzkafrlscpktkldrkgSA;fngeosQoy;gdgsa]fd4dkxq.kkad2osQxq.kkaddhrqyukesavfèkdykspdksO;DrdjrkgSAvr%ek¡xdhdheryksposQewY;lsigys?kVkus(–)osQfpÉdklkekU;r;kiz;ksxughafd;ktkrkA

Ed = (–)ek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZu(Percentage Change in Quantity Demanded)

dheresaizfr'krifjorZu(Percentage Change in Price)

ekuyksdheresa10izfr'krdehgksusosQiQyLo:iek¡xesa20izfr'krdkfoLrkjgksrkgSArcek¡xdhykspgksxhµ

Ed = (–)20%

(–)10%= 2

bldkvFkZ;ggSfdoLrqdhdheresagksusokys1izfr'krifjorZuosQdkj.kek¡xdhek=kkesa2izfr'krifjorZugksrkgSA

ek'kZy osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^ek¡x dh yksp dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh tk ldrh gSS fd ;g ek¡x dh ek=kk esa izfr'kr ifjorZu dks dher osQ izfr'kr ifjorZu ls Hkkx nsus ij izkIr gksrh gSA** (Elasticity of demand may be defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in the price. —Marshall) cks¯YMx osQ vuqlkj] ^ek¡x dh dher yksp dher eas gksus okys ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ek¡x esa gksus okys ifjorZu dh izfrfØ;k dks ekirh gSA** (Price elasticity of demand measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in its price.

—Boulding)

VkLd ek¡xdhyksposQckjsesaviusfopkjO;Drdhft,A

2-12- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh nks vafre lhek,¡ (Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhdherykspdhnksvafrelhek,¡'kwU;rFkkvuUr(Two Extreme Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand Zero and Infinity)µek¡xdhewY;lkis{krkdhnksvafrelhek,¡(1)'kwU; (Zero) rFkk(2)vuar (Infinity)A

1- ek¡x dh 'kwU; dher yksp (Zero Price Elasticity of Demand)ek¡xdhyksp'kwU; rcgksrhgStcdheresadksbZHkhifjorZugksusijoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesadksbZifjorZuughagksrkAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdheresapkgsfdrukHkhifjorZuD;ksau

36 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gksmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkessadksbZfoLrkj;klaoqQpuughaagksrkAblfLFkfrdksiw.kZr;kcsykspnkjek¡x(Perfectly Inelastic Demand)dgktkrkgSA

Zero Price Elasticity of Demand (E = 0)

fp=k2-13esa,d[kM+hgqbZljyjs[kk(Vertical Straight Line)izdVdhxbZgSAmllsLi"VgksrkgSfddheresafdrukHkhifjorZuD;ksaugksoLrqdhek¡xOD osQcjkcjfLFkjjgsxhAblizdkjosQek¡xoØdksiw.kZr;kcsykspnkjek¡xoØ(Perfectly Inelastic Demand Curve)dgktkrkgSAblek¡xoØ}kjkek¡xdkdksbZfoLrkj;klaoqQpuizdVughagksrkA

Y

O DX

E = 0

Perfectly InelasticDemand Curve

D

Pric

e (R

s.)

Quantity

fp=k 2-13

2- ek¡x dh vuUr dher yksp (Infinity Price Elasticity of Demand)ek¡xdhykspvuUrrcgksrhgStcdheresacgqrFkksM+klkifjorZugksusijHkhfdlhoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesavuUrifjorZugksrkgSAek¡xdhykspvuUrrcgksrhgStcfdlhoLrqdhizpfyrdherij,diQeZosQmRiknudhfdruhHkhek=kkdhek¡xdhtkrhgSijarq;fniQeZdheresaFkksM+h&lho`f¼djnsrhgSrksiQeZosQmRiknudhfcYoqQyHkhek¡xughadhtkrhA

Infinite Price Elasticity of Demand (E = ∞)

Perfectly Elastic Demand Curve

Y

P DE = ∞

XQuantity

O

Pric

e (R

s.)

fp=k 2-14

fp=k2-14esa,d iM+h gqbZ ljy js[kk (Horizontal Straight Line)izdVdhxbZgSAbllsLi"VgksrkgSfdOP dherijoLrqdhfdruhHkhek=kk[kjhnhtkldrhgSijarqOP lsFkksM+hHkhdherc<+kusijoLrqdhdksbZHkhek=kkugha[kjhnhtk,xhAnwljs'kCnksaesa;gdgktkldrkgSfdoLrq dh vuUr ek¡x ls 'kwU; ek¡x gksus ij vuUr ifjorZu gqvk gSA (There is infinite change from infinite demand to zero demand.)AblizdkjosQek¡xoØdksiw.kZr;k ykspnkj ek¡x oØ (Perfectly elastic demand curve)dgktkrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 37

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)2-13- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh lkekU; fLFkfr;k¡

(Normal Situations of Price Elasticity of Demand)

lkekU;r%ek¡xdhdherykspdhfuEufyf[krrhufLFkfr;k¡gksldrhgSaµ

1- ek¡x dh yksp = 1 (blsbdkbZek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)

2- ek¡x dh yksp > 1 (blsbdkbZlsvfèkdek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)ek¡xdhbldherykspdksbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjHkhdgktkrkgSA

3- ek¡x dh yksp < 1 (blsbdkbZlsdeek¡xdhykspdgktkrkgSA)blsdeykspnkjek¡xHkhdgktkrkgSAek¡xdhykspdhmijksDrlHkhfLFkfr;ksadksfuEufyf[krfp=kksa}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA

2-14- ek¡x dh yksp dh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa E = 1, E>1 rFkk E<1 dks izdV djus okyh ek¡x oozsaQ (Demand Curves Showing E = 1, E>1 and E<1)

vkxsfp=k2-15]2-16rFkk2-17}kjkek¡xdhykspdhfofHkUufLFkfr;k¡izdVgksjghgSaµ

1- bdkbZ ykspnkj ek¡x E = 1 (Unitary Elastic Demand)µbdkbZykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcdherosQc<+us;kdegksusijoLrqijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;fLFkjjgrkgSAoqQyO;;PQA;gk¡P dher_Q = ek¡xAfp=k2-15esaDD ek¡xoØbdkbZykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsLi"VgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherdegksdjOP2 gksxbZgksrksoqqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gksxkA

{ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1 = {ks=kiQyOQ2 NP2

bldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusijHkhoqQyO;;fLFkjjgrkgSAblfy,ek¡xdhykspbdkbZosQcjkcjgSvFkkZr~E = 1 (Unitary)A

DY

P1

P2

0

Pric

e (R

s.)

Q1 Q2X

D

NE = 1

M

Quantity

DY

P1

P2

0

Pric

e (R

s.)

Q1 Q2X

D

E > 1

M

N

Quantity

fp=k 2-15 fp=k 2-16

2- bdkbZ ls vfèkd ykspnkj ek¡x E > 1 (Greater than Unitary Elastic Demand)µbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSrFkkdherosQc<+usijoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSAfp=k2-16esaDD ek¡xoØbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherdegksdjOP2 gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gkstk,xkAvr%

38 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k {ks=kiQyOQ2NP2 > {ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1

bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;c<+x;kgSAvr,oek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd(E > 1) ;kvfèkdykspnkjgSA

3- bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj ek¡x E < 1 (Lesser than Unitary Elastic Demand E < 1) % bdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xrcgksrhgStcoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;HkhdegkstkrkgSrFkkdherosQc<+usijoqQyO;;Hkhc<+tkrkgSAfp=k2-17esaDDek¡xoØbdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjghgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdtcdherOP1 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ1 MP1 gksxkAblosQfoijhrtcdherOP2 gSrksoqQyO;;OQ2 NP2 gkstk,xkAvr%

{ks=kiQyOQ2NP2 < {ks=kiQyOQ1 MP1

bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdoLrqdhdherdegksusijmlijfd;ktkusokykoqQyO;;Hkhdegksx;kgSAvr,oek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsde(E < 1) ;kdeykspnkjgksxhA

D

Y

P1

P2

0

Pric

e (R

s.)

Q1 Q2XD

E < 1

M

N

Quantity

fp=k 2-17

2-15- ek¡x dh dher yksp dh eki (Measurement of Price Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhyksposQekils;gKkrgksrkgSfdlhoLrqdhek¡x(i)bdkbZ;k(ii)bdkbZlsvfèkd;k(iii)bdkbZlsdeykspnkjgSSAek¡xdhyksposQekiusdhdbZfofèk;k¡gSaµ

1- oqQy O;; fofèk (Total Outlay or Total Expenditure Method)

2- vkuqikfrd ;k izfr'kr fofèk (Proportionate or Percentage Method)

3- fcanq yksp fofèk (Point Elasticity Method) xzkfiQd fofèk

4- pki yksp fofèk (Arc Elasticity Method) Graphic Method

5- vk; fofèk (Revenue Method)

1- oqQy O;; fofèk (Total Outlay or Total Expenditure Method)

ek¡xdhykspekiusdhoqQy O;; fofèk dkizfriknuMk- ek'kZy usfd;kFkkAblfofèkosQvuqlkj]ek¡xdhykspdksekiusosQfy,;gekywedjukpkfg,fdfdlh oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus ls ml ij fd, tkus okys oqQy O;; esa fdruk ifjorZu fdl fn'kk esa gksrk gSµ

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 39


(i)tcfdlhoLrqdhdherosQde;kvfèkdgksuslsmlijfd,tkusokysoqQyO;;esadksbZifjorZuughagksrkrksek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ osQcjkcj(Ed = 1)gksxhA

(ii) tcfdlhoLrqdhdherdegksuslsoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSvkSjdherosQc<+uslsoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSvFkkZr~oqQyO;;]dheresagksusokysifjorZulsfoijhrfn'kkesa]pyrkgSrcek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ls vfèkd (Ed > 1)gksxhA

(iii) tcfdlhoLrqdhdherdegksuslsoqQyO;;degkstkrkgSrFkkdherc<+uslsoqQyO;;c<+tkrkgSvFkkZr~oqQyO;;mlfn'kkesapyrkgSftlesadheresaifjorZugksrkgS]rcmloLrqdhek¡x dh yksp bdkbZ ls de (Ed < 1)gksxhA

ek¡xdhykspdksekiusdhoqQyO;;fofèkdksrkfydk1}kjkHkhLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ

rkfydk 1- oqQy O;; fofèk

oLrq dh dher(#-)

[kjhnh xbZ ek=kk(fd- xzk-)

oqQy O;;(#-)

oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu ek¡x dh yksp

2

4

1

4

2

8

8

8

8

oqQyO;;esaifjorZuughagksrkA bdkbZyksp

2 4 8 tcdherc<+rhgSrksoqQyO;;degksrkgSA

bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp;kykspnkj

4 1 4 tcdherdegksrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+rkgSA

1 10 10

2 3 6 tcdherc<+rhgSrksoqQyO;;Hkhc<+rkgSA

bdkbZlsdeyksp;kcsykspnkj

4 2 8 tcdherdegksrhgSrksoqQyO;;HkhdegksrkgSA

1 4 4

rkfydk1-lsfuEufyf[krdhtkudkjhizkIrgksrhgSµ

(i) bdkbZ ykspnkj ek¡x (Unitary Elastic Demand)rkfydk1osQHkkx,dlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoLrqijoqQyO;;8#i,gSAblosQfoijhr;fndherc<+dj4#i;sgkstkrhgS;kdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgS]rksHkhoqQyO;;8#i,ghjgrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa esa] dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk oqQy O;; ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA

(ii) bdkbZ ls vfèkd ykspnkj (Greater than Unitary Elasticity)rkfydk1osQnwljsHkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoqQyO;;8#i,fd;ktkrkgSA;fnoLrqdhdherc<+dj4#i,gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;8#i,lsdegksdj4#i,gkstkrkgSvkSjtcdherdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+dj10#i,gkstkrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa eas] dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu foijhr fn'kk (Opposite Direction) esa gksrk gSA

40 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (iii) bdkbZ ls de ykspnkj (Less than Unitary Elasticity)rkfydk1osQrhljsHkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdtcoLrqdhdher2#i,gSrksoqQyO;;6#i,gSAtcdherc<+dj4#i,gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;c<+dj8#i,gkstkrkgSAtcdherdegksdj1#i;kgkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;degksdj4#i,gkstkrkgSAvU; 'kCnksa esa] dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i oqQy O;; esa ifjorZu leku fn'kk (Same Direction) esagksrkgSA

fp=k2-18}kjkek¡xdhykspdksekiusdhoqQyO;;fofèkdksLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijoqQyO;;vkSjOY-v{kijdherdksizdVfd;kx;kgSAST js[kk oqQy O;; js[kk(Total Expenditure Curve) gSAST js[kkosQchpdkBC HkkxbdkbZykspdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherOM gS]rksoqQyO;;MC gSAtcdherc<+djON gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;NB (= MC) vFkkZr~igysftrukghjgrkgSAST js[kkdkTB HkkxbdkbZlsvfèkdykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherON lsc<+djOR gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;BN lsdegksdjRA gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~blesafoijhrfn'kkesaifjorZugksrkgSAST js[kkdkSC HkkxbdkbZlsdeykspnkjek¡xdksizdVdjjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcdherOM lsdegksdjOP gkstkrhgSrksoqQyO;;MC lsdegksdjPD gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~lekufn'kkesacnyrkgSA

NR

MPO Total Expenditure

SD C

Ed = 1

BEd > 1AT

Y

XEd < 1

Pric

e (R

s.)

fp=k 2-18

2- izfr'kr ;k vkuqikfrd fofèk (Percentage or Proportionate Method)

ek¡xdhdherykspdksekiusdhnwljhfofèkizfr'krvFkokvkuqikfrdfofèkdgykrhgSAbl fofèk osQ vuqlkj] ek¡x dh dher yksp dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu dks dher esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls Hkkx dj fn;k tkrk gSA bldklw=k(Formula) fuEufyf[krgSµ

Ed = X − oLrqdhekx¡ h xbZ ek=kkesaifz r'krifjorZu

oLrqdhdhereasizfr'krifjoruZ

Ed = 100×

ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasifjoruZ

izkjfa Hkdekx¡dhereasifjorZu

ikz jfa Hkdekx¡

1(Q Q) Q100 100Q Q− ∆× ×

1

Q Q( ) ( )(P P) P100 100P P

− = − ∆× ×

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 41

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) Ed =

Q P Q P( ) ( )Q P Q P

∆ ∆ ∆− ÷ = − ×∆

Ed = P Q( )Q P

∆− ×∆

(;gk¡Q = oLrqdhek¡xhxbZizkjafHkdek=kk_Q1 = ifjofrZrek¡xhxbZek=kk_P = oLrqdhizkjafHkddher_P1 = ifjofrZrdher_∆Q = Q1 – Q(ek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu)]∆P = P1 – P = dheresaifjorZu_∆ = MsYVk(;gfpÉifjorZudksizdVdjrkgSA)

X-oLrqdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZudksX–oLrqesa100xq.kkifjorZuosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krfd;ktkrkgSvFkkZr~100∆X dksX }kjkHkkxdjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnek=kk10lsc<+dj15gkstkrhgSrcgedgsaxsfd∆X = 15 –10 = 5 rFkkX esaizfr'kr

o`f¼ = X

X∆

× 100 = 5

10 × 100 =

50010

= 50%, blh Hkk¡fr dher esa izfr'kr

ifjorZudksP

P∆

× 100 osQ:iesaizdVfd;ktkrkgSA

mnkgj.k (Illustration) 1.

,doLrqdhdheresa10% dehosQdkj.kek¡xdhek=kkesagksusokysizfr'krifjorZudkvuqekuyxkb,A;gekuyhft,oLrqdhek¡xdhdheryksp(–) 2-5gSA

gy (Solution) :

ekuyhft,ek¡xesaizfr'krifjorZuX gksrkgSA

ek¡xdhyksp = ( )− ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasifz r'krifjoruZ

dhereasifz r'krifjoruZ

2.5 = X( )

10%−

X = 2.5 × 10% = 25%

mÙkjµek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZu25% gksxkA

3- fcanq yksp fofèk (Point Elasticity Method)

ek¡xoØosQfdlhfcanqijek¡xdhyksp¯cnqykspdgykrhgSA

ysÝVfop osQvuqlkj]^^ek¡x oØ osQ fdlh fcanq ij dher osQ lw{e ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i tks yksp ekih tkrh gS mls fcanq yksp dgrs gSaA** (Elasticity computed at a single point on the curve for infinitely small change in price is point elasticity.–Leftwitch)A

ljyek¡xoØijdheryksp]oØosQ<ykurFkkmlfcanq]ftlijekifd;ktkrkgS]ijfuHkZjdjrhgSAvr%,dek¡xoØosQfofHkUufcanqvksaijdherykspfHkUugksxhAblfy,ek¡xoØosQizR;sdfcanqijek¡xdhykspvyxlsekihtkrhgSA

ljy ek¡x oØ (Linear Demand Curve)µfp=k2-19esaMN ek¡xoØ,dljyjs[kkgSA

blek¡xoØosQ‘A’ fcanqijek¡xdhykspANAM

osQcjkcjgksxhtksfdfuEufyf[krfofèk

}kjkKkrdhtkldrhgStSlkfdgetkursgSafd

è;ku jf[k,

izfr'kr fofèk dk iz;ksx ml fLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlesas dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu rFkk mlosQ iQyLo:i ek¡x esa gksus okyk ifjorZu cgqr gh de gksrk gSA

42 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Ed = (–)

PQ

× QP

∆∆

fp=k2-19lsKkrgksrkgSfdP = OP (= AQ); Q = OQ (= AP);∆P = PP1 (= AB); ∆Q = QQ1 (= BC);

Ed = AQAP

× BCAB

...(i)

pw¡fd∆ABC rFkk∆AQN le:if=kHkqt(Similar triangles) gSablfy,budhHkqtkvksa(Sides)

dkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkµvFkkZr~BCAB

= QNAQ

BCAB

osQLFkkuijlehdj.k(i) esaQNAQ

fy[kuslsgesaizkIrgksrkgS

Ed = AQ QN QN QNAP AQ AP OQ

× = = (AP = OQ)

pw¡fd∆AQN rFkk∆MPA le:if=kHkqtgSa]blfy,budhHkqtkvksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkµ

Ed = QN QN AN (Lower Segment)OQ AP AM (Upper Segment)

= = = fupykHkkx

mQijdkHkkx

ljy js[kk osQ fofHkUu fcanqvksa ij dher yksp fp=k2-19lsKkrgkstkrhgSA

P

P1

OQ Q1

XN

C

A

B

∆Q

Y

Pric

e (R

s.)

M

∆P

Quantity

fp=k 2-19

(i) fcanq Pek¡xjs[kkMN osQeè;esafLFkrgSblfy,PN (uhpsdkHkkx)rFkkPM (mQijdkHkkx)cjkcjgksaxsAvr%

Ed =PNPM

= 1(Unity)vFkkZr~P¯cnqijek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksxhA

4- pki yksp fofèk(Arc Elasticity Method)

pkiykspdherifjorZudhvkSlrvuqfØ;k (Responsiveness) dk,dekigStks,dek¡xoØijnksfcanqvksaosQchposQHkkxdksiznf'kZrdjrkgSA,d ek¡x oØ ij nks fcanqvksa osQ chp osQ Hkkx dks pki dgk tkrk gSA (An Arc is the portion between two points on a demand curve)Afp=k2-20esaDD ek¡xoØijA vkSjC fcanqvksaosQchpdkHkkxpkigSAtceè;fcanq;kvkSlrdherrFkkek=kkosQiz;ksxdjuslstksykspizkIrgksrhgSmlspki dher yksp dgktkrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 43

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)D

Y

P

P1

OQ Q1

X

DC

ARC

Pric

e (R

s.)

Quantity

A

Arc Elasticity

fp=k 2-20

okVlu osQ vuqlkj] ^^pki dher yksp ek¡x oØ pki osQ eè; fcanq dh dher yksp gSA** (Arc elasticity is the elasticity at the mid point of an arc of a demand curve. –Wastson.) iQxwZlu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^pki dher yksp ,d ek¡x oØ ij nks fcanqvksa osQ chp vkSlr yksp dh ,d eki gSA** (Arc elasticity is a measure of the average elasticity between two points on the demand. —Ferguson)A

lw=k (Formula)

dheryksposQlw=kosQvuqlkjµ

Ed = P QQ P

∆×∆

;gLi"VgSfd∆Q = Q1 – Q [kjhnhxbZek=kkesaifjorZuvkSj∆P = P1 – P dheresaifjorZuijarqP vkSjQ osQewY;D;kgSa\pw¡fdpkiAC osQfofHkUufcanqvksaijP rFkkQ osQfofHkUuewY;gksrsgSablfy;sbuosQfdlh,dfuf'prewY;dkiz;ksxdjukvko';dughagSAijaijkosQvuqlkjP vkSjQ osQnksewY;ksaosQvkSlrdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrkfd

Q = 1(Q Q)2+

rFkkP = 1(P P)1+

A

vr%ek¡xdhpkidherykspfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsvk¡dhtkrhgSµ

Ed = (Changein Quantity)

1 (Sumof Quantities)2

ek=kkeasifjoruZ

ek=kkvkasdktkMs + +

(Changein Price)1 (Sumof Prices)2

dheresaifjoruZ

dherksadktksM+

Ed = 1

1 1 1

1 (P P)Q P Q 2( ) ( )1 1 1 P(Q Q) (P P) (Q Q)2 2 2

+∆ ∆ ∆− ÷ = − ×∆+ + +

;k

Ed = 1

1 1 1

1 1 11

1 (P P)Q Q Q Q P P2( ) ( )1 P P Q Q P P(Q Q)2

+− − +− × = − ×− + −+

(;gk¡Q = izkjafHkdek¡x_Q1 = ubZek¡x_P = izkjafHkddher_P1 = ubZdherA)

44 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k pkiykspfofèkosQvuqlkj;fn,doLrqdhdheresalekuvuqikresao`f¼;kdehgksrhgSvkSjifj.kkeLo:ioLrqdhek¡xesaHkhmlhvuqikresalaoqQpu;kfoLrkjgksrkgSrcek¡xdhyksp,dlekujgsxhAijarq;fnizfr'krfofèkdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrcmijksDrvoLFkkvksaessaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksxhA

igysesa;gbdkbZlsvfèkd(6);kykspnkjgksxhvkSjnwljsesa;gbdkbZlsde34

;kcsykspnkjgksxhAvr% pki yksp fofèk] izfr'kr yksp fofèk dh rqyuk esa] vfèkd okLrfod rFkk fuHkZj fofèk gSA

ek¡xdhpkiyksprFkkfcanqyksposQchpvarjHkhgSApki yksp] ek¡x oØ osQ ,d fo'ks"k Hkkx ij yksp dk vkSlr ewY; gS] tcfd fcanq yksp] ek¡x oØ osQ ,d fo'ks"k fcanq ij yksp dk ewY; gSA ckeksy osQ'kCnksaesa]^^ek¡x dh ¯cnq yksp ek¡x oØ osQ izR;sd fcanq ls lacafèkr èkkj.kk gS] ijarq ,sls fdlh Hkh fcanq ij dher (∆P = 0) esa vFkok ek=kk esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha (∆Q = 0) gksrkA vr% ge facanq yksp dks pki dh lhek eku ysrs gSa D;ksafd tSls&tSls pki dks NksVs ls NksVk fd;k tkrk gS og fcanq cu tkrk gSA** (Point elastictiy of demand is the corresponding concept, for each point on the demand curve. But at any such point there is no change in price (∆P = 0) or in quantity (∆Q = 0). We, therefore, take point elasticity to be the limit of the arc elasticity figure as the arc is made smaller and smaller. —Baumol

5- vk; fofèk (Revenue Method)

ek¡xdhykspKkrdjusdhik¡pohafofèkvk;fofèkgSA,diQeZdksmlosQmRiknudhfcØhlstksfcØhewY;izkIrgksrkgS]mlsiQeZdhvk;(Revenue) dgktkrkgSAekuyhft,10ehVjdiM+kcspdj,diQeZdks50#i,izkIrgksrsgSaAbu50#i;ksadksiQeZdhoqQy vk; (Total Revenue) dgktk,xkA;fnoqQyvk;dksmRiknudhcsphxbZbdkb;ksadhek=kklsHkkxns fn;ktk,rkstksHktuiQyvk,xkmlsvkSlr vk; (Average Revenue) vFkokizfrbdkbZdherdgktk,xkAmijksDriQeZdhvkSlrvk;

5010

=5#i,izfrehVjgksxhAvr%vkSlrvk;vkSjdherlekukFkZd'kCngSaAfdlh

oLrqdh,dvfèkdbdkbZcspuslsoqQyvk;esatksvarjvkrkgSmlslhekar vk; (Marginal Revenues)dgrsgSaA;fn11ehVjdiM+kcspdjiQeZdks54#i,izkIrgksrsgSarksbldkvFkZgSfd11osaehVjdiM+sdhlhekarvk;54#i,–50#i,= 4#i,gksxhA,diQeZdhvkSlrvk;oØdksek¡xoØHkhdgktkrkgSAvkSSlrvk;rFkklhekarvk;osQ}kjkek¡xdhykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=k}kjkekiktkldrkgSµ(;gk¡

Ed = A

A M−ek¡xdhdheryksp_A = vkSlrvk;_M = lhekarvk;)

ek¡xdhyksposQbllw=kdksfp=k2-21dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOY-v{kijvk;rFkkOX-v{kijoLrqdhek=kkizdVdhxbZgSAABvkSlrvk;(AR) ;kek¡xoozQgSvkSjANlhekarvk;oozQ(MR) gSAek¡xoozQ(vkSlrvk;)osQ‘P’fcanqijek¡xdhykspfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsKkrdhtkldrhgSµ

Ed = PBPA

=uhps dkHkkx

mQijdkHkkx

∆PMBrFkk∆AEPle:igSa]blfy,budhHkqtkvksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksxkA

Ed = PB PMPA AE

= ... (1)

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 45


∆AETrFkk∆TPLle:if=kHkqt(Congruent Triangles)gSa]blfy,PL = AEA

PTE

O

A

Y

Rev

enue

LMR

M N XAR

B

Quantity

fp=k 2-21

lehdj.k(1)esaAE osQLFkkuijPLfy[kusls

Ed = PMPL

D;ksafd PL = PM – LM

blfy, Ed = PM

PM LM−

;gk¡ PM = AR vkSjLM = MR

vr% Ed = PM AR A

PM LM AR MR A M=

− − −;k

= vklS rvk;

vklS rvk;&lhekra vk;

;fnmQijdklw=kiz;ksxdjuslsEddkewY;,dgksrkgS]rksek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksxhA;fn;g,dlsvfèkdgSrksek¡xdhdherykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkjgksxhvkSj;fn;g,dlsdegSrksek¡xdhdherykspbdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkjgksxhA


fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa ls lgh@xyr Nk¡fV,

(State whether the following statements are True/False)—

8- O;fDrxrek¡xoØogoØgStksfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaij,dmiHkksDrk}kjkmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkdksizdVdjrkgSA

9- cktkjek¡xoØO;fDrxrek¡xoØksadkleLrjh;tksM+gSA

10- vU;ckrsalekujgusijtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresadehgksusosQiQyLo:imldhek¡xdegkstkrhgS]rksblsek¡xdkfoLrkjdgktkrkgSA

11- vU;ckrsalekujgusij]tcfdlhoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusosQiQyLo:imldhek¡xvfèkdgkstkrhgS]rksblsek¡xdklaoqQpudgktkrkgSA

12- ,doLrqdhdher]miHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklacafèkroLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsmloLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesagksusokysifjorZudhekidksek¡xdhykspdgktk,xkA

46 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k2-16- ek¡x dh yksp ls lacafèkr oqQN izes; (Some Theorems on Elasticity of Demand)

izes; (Theorem) 1-

,d ljy ek¡x oozQ ij mQij ls uhps dh vksj ek¡x dh yksp dk ewY; 'kwU; ls ysdj vuUr rd gksrk gSA (The Elasticity of Demand on a straight line demand curve varies downward from zero to infinity.)

ek¡xdhykspdkewY;ml¯cnqij'kwU;gksrkgSftlijek¡xoozQOX-v{kdksNwrhgSvkSjmlfcanqijvuUrgksrkgSftlijoozQOY-v{kdksNwrhgSAvr%dhervfèkdgksusij],dljyek¡xoØij]ek¡xdhykspHkhvfèkdgksrhgSAblrF;dksfp=k2-22}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSA

R

T

Quantity

N B X

E=0

SM

O

K

A

Y

Pric

e (R

s.)

E=∞

fp=k 2-22

ek¡xdhdherykspdksfuEuizdkjlsekiktkrkgSµ

Ed = X -

X -oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesaizfr'krifjoruZ

oLrqdhdhereasizfr'krifjoruZ

= P Q( )Q P

∆− ×∆

mijksDrlehdj.kfuEufyf[kr<axlsHkhfy[kktkldrkgS

Ed = P 1Q

× ek¡xoozQdk<yku

D;ksafd,dljyek¡xoozQdk<ykuPQ

∆∆

osQcjkcjgksrkgSAgetkursgSafd,dljyek¡x

oozQdk<ykumlosQlHkhfcanqvksaij,dlekujgrkgSblfy,<ykudkfoykse(Reciprocal)

1

ek¡xoozQdk<ykuHkh,dlekujgsxkAek¡xoozQABosQfofHkUufcanqvksadhek¡xdhyksp

dhrqyukPQ

dhrqyuk}kjkdhtkldrhgSA

(i) fcanqA ij;gvuqikr¾OP

Zero¾∞ (vuUr)A

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 47

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) (ii) fcanqB ij;gvuqikr¾

ZeroOB

¾'kwU;(Zero)A

(iii) tSls&tSlsgeAfcanqlsuhpsdhvksjBfcanqrdxfr'khygksrsgSagesaKkrgksrkgSfdPQ

dkvuqikrvuUr(Infinity)ls'kwU;(Zero)rdfxjrktkrkgSAfp=klsLi"V

gksrkgSfdfcanqR ij;gvuqikrOKOT

osQcjkcjgSvkSjfcanqSij;gvuqikrOMON

osQcjkcjgSAOMON

dhrqyukesaOKOT

dkewY;fuf'pr:ilsvfèkdOK OMOT ON

>

gSAvr%;gfl¼gkstkrkgSfdtSls&tSlsge,dljyek¡xoozQijuhpsdhvksjxfr'khygksrsgSaoLrqdhdher?kVrhtkrhgSvkSjmllslacafèkrek¡xdhykspdkewY;degksrktkrkgSA

2-17- ek¡x dh dher yksp dks izHkkfor djus okys rRo (Factors Determining the Price Elasticity of Demand)

okLrfodthouesagens[krsgSafdoqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZgksrhgS]oqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkj(Elastic) gksrhgSrFkkoqQNoLrqvksadhek¡xdhykspbdkbZlsdevFkokcsykspnkj (Inelastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdek¡xdhykspdbZrÙoksa}kjkizHkkforgksrhgSAek¡xdhykspdksfuèkkZfjrdjusokyseq[;rÙofuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- oLrq dh izÑfr (Nature of the Commodity)µvFkZ'kkL=kesaoLrqvksadkoxhZdj.keq[;:ilsrhuJsf.k;ksaesafd;ktkrkgS]osgSa(i) vko';drk dh oLrq,¡ (Necessaries), (ii)vkjkenk;d oLrq,¡ (Comforts) vkSj (iii) foykflrk dh oLrq,¡ (Luxuries)AlkekU;r;k;gns[kkx;kgSfdvfuok;ZoLrq,¡tSlsued]feV~Vhdkrsy]ekfplvkfndhek¡xbdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkj (Inelastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dmiHkksDrkbuoLrqvksadh,dfuf'prek=kk[kjhnrkgS]pkgsbudhdheressao`f¼gksvFkokdehAblfy,budhdherksaesagksusokysifjorZudkbudhek¡xijfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhrfoykflrkdhoLrqvksatSls,;jdaMh'kuj]dherhiQuhZpjvkfndhek¡xbdkbZlsvfèkdvFkokykspnkj (Elastic) gksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdbudhdheresagksusokykifjorZubudhek¡xdksdkiQhizHkkfordjrkgSAvkjkenk;doLrqvksatSlsVªkaftLVj]owQyj]ia[kkvkfndhdherykspbdkbZosQcjkcj;kbdkbZosQlehigksrhgSA

2- LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk(Availability of Substitutes)µftuoLrqvksaosQftrusvfèkdLFkkukiUumiyCèkgksaxs]mudhek¡xdhykspHkhmruhghvfèkdgksxhAftuoLrqvksaosQLFkkukiUutSlspk;dkLFkkukiUudkWiQh]isudkLFkkukiUuckWyisu]feYd'ksddkLFkkukiUuyLlh]lSafMyksadkLFkkukiUupIiyvkfn];smfprdherijmiyCèkgksrsgSa]blfy,budhek¡xykspnkjgksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd;fnfdlhoLrqdhdhermlosQLFkkukiUudhrqyukesadegkstkrhgSrksyksxmloLrqdhvfèkdek=kk[kjhnsaxsAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndkWiQh]pk;dhrqyukesa]lLrhgkstkrhgSrksdkWiQhdhek¡xesadkiQho`f¼gksxh]rFkkpk;dhek¡xesadkiQhdehgkstk,xhAftuoLrqvksaosQLFkkukiUuughagSatSlsflxjsV]'kjkcvkfnbudhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSA

3- fofHkUu mi;ksxksa okyh oLrq,¡ (Goods with Different Uses)µ,d oLrq osQ ftrus vfèkd mi;ksx gksrs gSa mruh gh mldh ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gSA osoLrq,¡ftudks

48 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fofHkUumi;ksxksaesabLrsekyfd;ktkrkgS]budhek¡x ykspnkjgksrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]fctyhosQfofHkUumi;ksxgSaAbldkiz;ksxcYc]ghVj]izslxeZdjusvkfndbZdk;ks±esafd;ktkrkgSA

;fnfctyhdhdherc<+tk,xhrksbldkiz;ksxegÙoiw.kZdk;ks±tSlsjks'kuhosQfy,cYctykusesaghfd;ktk,xkAblizdkjdheresagksusokyho`f¼dhrqyukesafctyhdhek¡xesavfèkddehgksxhA

4- ek¡x dk LFkxu(Postponement of Demand)µftu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dks Hkfo"; osQ fy, LFkfxr fd;k tk ldrk gS mudh ek¡x ykspnkj (Elastic) gksrh gSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnedkucukusdhek¡xdksHkfo";osQfy,LFkfxrfd;ktkldrkgSrksedkudhlkexzhtSlsb±V]jsr]lhesaV]pwukvkfndhek¡xykspnkjgksxhAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadhek¡xdksHkfo";osQfy,LFkfxrughafd;ktkldrk]tSlsHkw[kyxusijHkkstuvkSjI;klyxusijis;inkFkZ]rksbudhek¡xcsykspnkj (Inelastic)gksrhgSA

5- miHkksDrk dh vk; (Income of the Consumer)µftu yksxksa dh vk; cgqr vfèkd ;k cgqr de gksrh gS] mudh ek¡x lkekU;r;k csykspnkj gksrh gSA bldkdkj.k;ggSfddherosQ?kVus;kc<+usdk]buyksxksa}kjkdhtkusokyhek¡xijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhreè;oxZosQyksxksadhek¡xykspnkj gksrhgSAbuyksxksa}kjkek¡xhtkusokyhoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼gksusijmudhek¡xesavis{kkÑrdehgkstkrhgSA

6- miHkksDrk dh vknr (Habit of the Consumer)µmu oLrqvksa dh ek¡x csykspnkj gksrh gS ftuosQ fy, yksxksa dh vknr cu tkrh gS tSls flxjsV] dkWiQh vkfnA bldkdkj.k;ggSfdbuoLrqvksadhdheresao`f¼gksusijHkhmiHkksDrkvksadhek¡xesadehughavkrhA

7- fdlh oLrq ij [kpZ dh tkus okyh vk; dk vuqikr (Proportion of Income Spent on a Commodity)µvk; dk ftruk vfèkd vuqikr fdlh oLrq ij [kpZ fd;k tkrk gS mruh gh ml oLrq osQ fy, ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksxhAftuoLrqvksaijmiHkksDrkviuhvk;dkcgqrdevuqikr[kpZdjrkgStSlsv[kckj]VwFkisLV]cwVikfy'kvkfn]budhek¡xcsykspnkj (Inelastics)gksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdhersac<+usijbudhek¡xesadehughagksrhAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksaijmiHkksDrkviuhvk;dkdkiQhvfèkdHkkx[kpZdjrkgStSlsdiM+s]cf<+;kHkkstu]MStVZowQyj]iQyvkfn]budhek¡xykspnkj gksrh gSA budhdherc<+us ij budhek¡xdegkstkrh gS D;ksafdmiHkksDrk budhLFkkukiUuoLrq,¡[kkstusyxrkgSA

8- dher Lrj (Price Level)µcgqr vfèkd dher vkSj cgqr de dher okyh oLrqvksa dh ek¡x csykspnkj gksrh gSAvfèkddherokyhoLrq,¡tSlsghjs]tokgjkr]dherhxyhpsvkfndhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdherksaesaifjorZubudhek¡xesacgqrFkksM+kifjorZuykrkgSAblhizdkjftuoLrqvksadhdhercgqrdegksrhgStSlsekfpl]iksLVdkMZ]lLrhlfCt;k¡vkfn]budhek¡xHkhcsykspnkj gksrhgSAbudhdherksaesaifjorZugksusdkbudhek¡xijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughaiM+rkAblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadhdher eè;e Js.kh(Medium Priced goods)dhgksrhgS]vFkkZr~tksurkscgqrlLrhvkSjughcgqreg¡xhgksrhgS]mudhek¡xykspnkj (Elastic) gksrhgSAbuoLrqvksadhdherdegksusijbudhek¡xesavis{kkÑrvfèkdo`f¼gksrhgSA

izfrLFkkiUu oLrqvksa dh miyCèkrk rFkk oLrq dh dher Lrj ek¡x dh yksp osQ nks lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ fuèkkZjd gSaA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 49


9- le; (Time)µvYidky dh rqyuk esa nh?kZdky esa ek¡x vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gSAle;dhvofèkftruhyachgksrhgSmrukghmiHkksDrkdksubZdherosQlkFkleUo;(Adjust)djusdkle;feytkrkgS]blfy,ek¡xvfèkd ykspnkj gkstk,xhA;fnleUo;osQfy,cgqrdele;feyrkgSrcek¡xcsykspnkjgksxhAvr%vYidkyesafdlhoLrqdhek¡xcsykspnkjvkSjnh?kZdkyesaykspnkjgksrhgSA

10- iwjd oLrq,¡ (Complementary Goods)µos oLrq,¡ ftudh la;qDr ;k iwjd ek¡x gksrh gS] mudh ek¡x lkis{kr;k csykspnkj gksrh gStSlsdkjvkSjisVªksy]isuvkSjL;kgh]oSQejkvkSjfiQYeAisVªksydhdherc<+usijHkhisVªksydhek¡xesadehughagksxh];fndkjksadhek¡xesadehughagksrhgSA

2-18- ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)

vU;ckrsavFkkZr~oLrqfo'ks"kdhdher]lacafèkroLrqvksadhdhersarFkkmiHkksDrkdh#fpvkfnosQfLFkjjgusij,d miHkksDrk dh vk; esa fuf'pr izfr'kr ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh ek¡x esa tks izfr'kr ifjorZu vkrk gS mlosQ vuqikr dks ek¡x dh vk; yksp dgk tkrk gSA

okVluosQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^ek¡x dh vk; yksp ls vfHkizk; vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu osQ vuqikr ls gSA** (Income elasticity of demand means the ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to percentage change in income. —Watson)fjpMZ th- fyIlhosQ vuqlkj]^^vk; osQ ifjorZu osQ dkj.k ek¡x dh vuqfØ;k'khyrk dks ek¡x dh vk; yksp dgrs gSaA** (The responsiveness of demand to change in income is termed as income elasticity of demand. —Richard G. Lipsey)

2-19- ek¡x dh vk; yksp dh eki (Measurement of Income Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhvk;ykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgSµ

Ey = ekx¡ hxbZek=kkeasvkuiq kfrd;kifz r'krifjoruZ

vk;esavkuiq kfrd;kifz r'krifjoruZ

= Proportionateor Percentagechangein QuantityDemanded

Proportionateor Percentagechangein Income

Ey =

QQ Y Y QQ

Y Y Q Q YY

∆∆ ∆= × = ×∆ ∆ ∆

Ey = Y QQ Y

∆×∆

(;gk¡Ey = ek¡xdhvk;ykspQ = izkjafHkdek¡x_Y = izkjafHkdvk;_∆Q = ek¡xdhek=kkesaifjorZu_∆Y = vk;esaifjorZuA)

mnkgj.k (Illustration)tcvkidhekfldvk;(Y)300#i;sgSrksvki10vkblØhe(Q)[kjhnrsgSa];fnvkidh

ekfldvk;c<+dj(Y1) 600#i;sgkstk,rksvkidhek¡xc<+dj30vkblØhegkstkrhgSAvkblØhedhek¡xdhvk;ykspKkrdjsaA

50 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gy (Solution)

ek¡xdhvk;ykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgSµ

Ey = Y QQ Y

∆×∆

(;gk¡Y = 300#-_Y1 = 600#-_∆Y = Y1 – Y = 600#-– 300#=300#-_Q = vkblØhedh10bdkb;k¡_Q1 = vkblØhedh30bdkb;k¡%∆Q = Q1 – Q = 30bdkb;k¡– 10bdkb;k¡= vkblØhedh20bdkb;k¡A)

Ey = 300 2010 300

× = 2 (bdkbZlsvf/d)

2-20- ek¡x dh vk; yksp dh Jsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Income Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhvk;yksprhuizdkjdhgksrhgSµ

1- ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp(Positive Income elasticity of Demand)µfdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa èkukRed gksrh gS tc miHkksDrk dh vk; osQ c<+us ls oLrq dh ek¡x c<+ tkrh gS vkSj vk; osQ ?kVus ls ek¡x de gks tkrh gSAek¡xdhvk;yksp lkekU; inkFkks± (Normal Goods) osQfy,èkukRedgksrhgSAbldhO;k[;kfp=k2-23dhlgk;rklsdhtkldrhgSAfp=k2-23esaOX-v{kijoLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijmiHkksDrkdhvk;dksizdVfd;kx;kgSAoozQDYDYek¡xdhèkukRedvk;ykspdksizdVdjrkgSAbloozQdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡mQijdhvksjmBjgkgS]tks;glaosQrnsrkgSfdvk;osQc<+usijek¡xc<+rhgSvkSjvk;osQdegksusijek¡xdegksrhgSA

DY

XQ1Q

Quantity

DYO

B

A

Y

Positive Income Elasticity

Inco

me

fp=k 2-23

ek¡xdhèkukRedvk;yksprhuizdkjdhgksldrhgSµ

lkekU; oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp èkukRed gksrh gS tcfd ?kfV;k oLrqvksa dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ½.kkRed gksrh gSA

(i) ek¡x dh bdkbZ vk; yksp (Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand): ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa bdkbZ gksrh gS tc vk; esa ftrus izfr'kr ifjorZu gks ek¡x dh ek=kk esa Hkh mrus gh izfr'kr ifjorZu gksA ekuyks;fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tkrhgSrFkkek¡xHkh100izfr'krc<+tk,rks

Ey = 100%100%

= 1 bdkbZ (Unitary)

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 51


(ii)ek¡x dh bdkbZ ls de vk; yksp vFkok vk; csykspnkj ek¡x (Less than Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand or Income Inelastic Demand)%ek¡xdhèkukRed vk; yksp bdkbZ ls de ml voLFkk esa gksrh gS tc ek¡x esa gksus okyk izfr'kr ifjorZu vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls de gSA ;fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tk,ijarqek¡xesaosQoy50izfr'krgho`f¼gksrhgSrks

Ey = 50%

100% =

12

bdkbZlsde (Less than Unitary)

(iii) ek¡x dh bdkbZ ls vfèkd vk; yksp ;k vk; ykspnkj ek¡x(More than Unitary Income Elasticity of Demand or Income Elastic Demand)%ek¡x dh èkukRed vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa bdkbZ ls vfèkd gksrh gS tc ek¡x esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu vk; esa gksus okys izfr'kr ifjorZu ls vfèkd gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvk;100izfr'krc<+tk,rFkkek¡x200izfr'krc<+tk,rks

Ey = 200%100%

= 2 bdkbZlsvfèkd (Greater than Unitary)

2- ek¡x dh ½.kkRed vk; yksp (Negative Income Elasticity of Demand)µek¡x dh vk; yksp ml voLFkk esa ½.kkRed gksrh gS tc miHkksDrk dh vk; esa o`f¼ gksus ls fdlh oLrq dh ek¡x esa deh gksrh gS rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; esa deh gksus ls oLrq dh ek¡x esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA ek¡xdh½.kkRedvk;ykspfuEudksfV dh oLrqvksa (Inferior Goods) dhgksrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]?kfV;kvukt]eksVkdiM+kvkfndhek¡xdhvk;yksp½.kkRedgksrhgSAfp=k2-24esaDYDY ek¡xoozQ½.kkRedvk;ykspdksizdVdjjgkgSAbldk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksjgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdtcvk;10#i,gSrksoLrqdhek¡x4bdkb;ksadhgSvkSjtcvk;c<+dj20#i,gkstkrhgSrksoLrqdhek¡xdegksdj2bdkb;k¡gkstkrhgSA

20

15

10

5

01 2 3 4

Quantity

X

DY

Inco

me

DY Negative IncomeElasticity

Y

fp=k 2-24

3- ek¡x dh 'kwU; vk; yksp (Zero Income Elasticity of Demand)µfdlh oLrq dh ek¡x dh vk; yksp ml le; 'kwU; gksrh gS tc ml oLrq osQ ozsQrk dh vk; esa ifjorZu vkus ij ml oLrq dh ek¡x esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA blsfp=k2-25}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAfp=kesaDYDY oozQ'kwU;vk;ykspdksizdVdjjgkgSA;goozQOY-v{kosQlekukUrjgS]bllsizdVgksrkgSfd;fnvk;10#i,lsc<+dj20#i;sgkstkrhgSrksHkhoLrqdhek¡x4bdkb;k¡ghjgrhgSAvfuok;Zvko';drkvksatSls]feV~Vhdkrsy]uedvkfndhek¡xdhvk;yksp'kwU;gksrhgSaA

52 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Y

20

15

10

5

01 2 3 4

Quantity

XDY

Inco

me

DY

5

Zero Income Elasticity

B

fp=k 2-25

2-21- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)

fdUghankslacafèkroLrqvksa(Related Goods) dhek¡xdhek=kkvkSjdheressagksusokysifjorZuesaijLijlacaèkgksrkgSA,doLrqdhdheresaifjorZunwljhoLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkesaifjorZudkdkj.kculdrkgS]tSlsµpk;dhdheresaifjorZugksusijdkWiQhdhek¡xesaifjorZuvktkrkgSA,doLrqdhek¡xdhek=kkvkSjnwljhoLrqdhdherosQifjorZudkikjLifjdlacaèkek¡xdhvkM+hyksp}kjkekiktkldrkgSAek¡x dh vkM+h yksp X-oLrq dh dher esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i mlls lacafèkr Y-oLrq dh ek¡x esa gkssus okys vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ vuqikr dk eki gSA

iQxwZluosQ'kCnksaesa] ^ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp lacafèkr oLrq-Y dh dher esa gksus okys vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ dkj.k X-oLrq dh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa gksus okyk vkuqikfrd ifjorZu gSA** (The cross elasticity of demand is the proportional change in the quantity demanded of goods-X divided by the proportional change in the price of the related goods-Y. —Ferguson)AyhHkkiQLdh osQ vuqlkj] ^ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp Y-oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i X-oLrq dh [kjhnh tkus okyh ek=kk dh vuqfØ;k'khyrk dk eki gSA** (The Cross elasticity of demand is a measure of the responsiveness of purchases of goods-X to change in the price of goods-Y. —Leibhafasky)

2-22- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp dh eki (Measurement of Cross Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=k}kjkekiktkrkgSµ

Ec =

X(Pr oportionateor PercentageChangein theQuantityDemandedof Goods X)

Y(Pr oportionateor PercentageChan

−−

−

oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkeasvkuqikfrd;kifz r'krifjorZu

oLrqdhdheresavkuqikfrd;kizfr'krifjorZu

gein thePrice of Goods X)−

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 53


=

X(Changein QuantityDemandedof X) 100

Y(OriginalQuantityDemandedof X)

Y(Change in Pr ice of Y)Y

−

×−

−

−

oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkeasifjorZu

oLrqdhizkjafHkdek=kk

oLrqdhdheresaifjoruZ

oLrqdhikz jfa Hk

(Orignal Pr ice of Y)ddher

=

x

yx x

y x y

y

QPQ Q

P Q PP

∆∆= =∆ ∆

Ec = y x

x y

P QQ P

∆×∆

(;gk¡Ec = ek¡xdhvkM+hyksp_Py = Y-oLrqdhizkjafHkddher_∆Py = Y-oLrqdhdheresaifjorZu_Qx = XoLrqdhizkjafHkdek=kk_∆Qx = X-oLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu)

2-23- ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp dh izÑfr rFkk Jsf.k;k¡ (Nature and Degrees of Cross Elasticity of Demand)

(i) èkukRed (Positive):LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa (Substitutes) osQ fy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspèkukRedgksrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]tcoLrq,¡,d&nwljsdhLFkkiUugksrhgSarks,slhfLFkfresa,doLrqdhdheresaizfr'kro`f¼gksusijnwljhoLrqdhek¡xesaHkho`f¼gksxhAmnkgj.kosQfy,]dkWiQhdhdherc<+usijpk;dhek¡xc<+tk,xhD;ksafd;s,dnwljsdhfudVLFkkukiUugSaA

mnkgj.k (Illustration)

ekuyhft,dkWiQhdhdhertc50iSlsizfrI;kykgSrkspk;dhek¡x50I;kysgSA;fndkWiQhdhdherc<+dj70iSlsizfrI;kykgkstkrhgSrkspk;dhek¡xc<+dj100I;kysgkstkrhgSAvr%pk;dhek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkvuqekufuEufyf[krlw=kosQvkèkkjijyxk;ktkldrkgSµ

Ec = y x

x y

P QQ P

∆×∆

Qx = 50I;kys_ Qx1 = 100I;kys_∆Qx = 100I;kys – 50I;kys = 50I;kys

Py = 50iSls_ Py1 = 70iSlss_∆Py = 70iSlss – 50iSls = 20iSls

Ec = c50 50 5 2.5(E 1)50 20 2

× = = >

vr%pk;osQfy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspbdkbZlsvfèkd;kykspnkjgSALFkkukiUuoLrqvksa]tSlspk;vkSjdkWiQhosQfy,ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfp=k2-26}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijpk;dhek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijdkWiQhdhdherizdVdhxbZgSAtcdkWiQhdhdherOB gSrkspk;dhek¡xOQdigSAtcdkWiQh

54 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dhdherc<+djOAgkstkrhgSrkspk;dhek¡xHkhc<+djOQ1gkstk,xhADCDCoozQdkWiQhdhfofHkUudherksaijpk;dhek¡xhxbZfofHkUuek=kkvksadksizdVdjjgkgSA;goozQuhpsck,¡lsmQijnkb±vksjmBjgkgSAbllsfl¼gksrkgSfddkWiQhdhdherc<+usijpk;dhek¡xc<+sxhvkSjdkWiQhdhdherdegksusijpk;dhek¡xdegksxhA

Positive Cross Elasticity

A

B

ODC

DC

E1

Q1Q

Quantity of Tea

X

Pric

e of

cof

fee

(Rs.

)

E

Y

fp=k 2-26

(ii) ½.kkRed (Negative)% iwjd oLrqvksa (Complementary Goods) osQ fy, ek¡xdhvkM+h yksp ½.kkRed gksrh gSaA tks oLrq,¡ ,d nwljs dh iwjd (Complementary) ;k ftudh ek¡x la;qDr ek¡x (Joint demand) gksrh gS] buesa ls fdlh ,d oLrqdhdher esa vkuqikfrd o`f¼ gksus ij nwljh oLrq dh ek¡x esa vkuqikfrddeh gkstkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ek¡xdhvkM+h yksp½.kkRed gksrh gSAvr,o bl fLFkfresa ek¡xdhvkM+hykspdhla[;kls igys ?kVkus dk fpUg (Sign of Minus “–”) yxkrsgSaA

mnkgj.k (Illustration)

McyjksVhvkSjeD[ku,dnwljsdhiwjdoLrq,¡gSaAtcMcyjksVhdhdher80iSlsgSrkseD[kudhek¡x10fd-xzk-gSA;fnMcyjksVhdhdherc<+dj1#-20iSlsgkstkrhgSrkseD[kudhek¡xdegksdj5fd-xzk-gkstkrhgSAeD[kudhvkM+hek¡xdhykspKkrdhft,A

eD[kudhek¡xdhvkM+hykspdkvuqekufuEufyf[krizdkjlsyxk;ktkldrkgSµ

Ec = y x

x y

P QQ P

∆×∆

Py = 80 iSls_Py1 = 120 iSls_

∆Py = 120iSls&80iSls¾40iSls

Qx = 10 fd-xzke_Qx1 = 5fd-xzke_

∆Qx = 5fd-xzke&10fd-xzke= &5fd-xzke

Ec = 80 –510 40

× = – 1

(;gk¡xdkiz;ksxeD[kuosQfy,vkSjydkiz;ksxMcyjksVhosQfy,fd;kx;kgSA)

½.kkRedek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksfuEufyf[krfp=k2-27}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=kesaOX-v{kijeD[kudhek=kkvkSjOY-v{kijMcyjksVhdhdherizdVdhxbZgSADCDCjs[kkek¡xdhvkM+hykspdksizdVdjjghgSAbljs[kk dk <yku ck,¡ ls nk,¡

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 55


uhps dh vksj gS tks;gfl¼djrkgSfdMcyjksVhdhdherc<+usijeD[kudhek¡xdegkstk,xhAfcanqE rFkkE1lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcMcyjksVhdhdherOP gSrkseD[kudhek¡xOQ gSrFkktcMcyjksVhdhdherc<+djOP1gkstkrhgSrkseD[kudhek¡xdegksdjOQ1gkstkrhgSA

(iii) ek¡x dh 'kwU; vkM+h yksp (Zero Cross Elasticity of Demand): ek¡xdhvkM+hykspmlfLFkfresa'kwU;gksrhgStcnksoLrqvksaesaijLijdksbZlacaèkugksAmnkgj.kosQfy,]xsgw¡dhdherc<+usdkfdrkcksadhek¡xijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+sxkAvr%budhek¡xdhvkM+hyksp'kwU;gksxhA

Y

P1

P

OQ1 Q

Quantity of Butter

XDC

E

E1Negative Cross Elasticity

DC

Pric

e of

Bre

ad

fp=k 2-27

rkfydk 2-2

ek¡x dh fofHkUu yksp & ,d n`f"V (Elasticities at a Glance)

izdkj (Kind)la[;kRed eki (Numerical Measure)

fooj.k (Description)

(A) ek¡x dh dher yksp (Price Elasticity of Demand)

(1) iw.kZr;kcsykspnkj 'kwU;(Ed = 0) dherifjorZulsek¡xdhek=kkesadksbZHkhifjorZuughagksrk

(2) csykspnkj ;k bdkbZlsde

'kwU;lsvfèkdijarqbdkbZlsde(0 < Ed < 1)

ek¡xdhek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZulsde

(3) bdkbZyksp ,dEd = 1 ek¡xdhek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZuosQleku

(4) ykspnkj ;k bdkbZ lsvfèkd

,d ls vfèkd ijarqvuUr(Infinity)lsde(1 < Ed < ∞)

ek¡xdhek=kk esa gksus okykvkuqikfrdifjorZudheresavkuqikfrdifjorZulsvfèkd

(5) iw.kZr;kykspnkj vuUr (Infinity) (Ed = ∞)

,d fuf'pr dher ij dksbZ Hkh ek=kk[kjhnhtk,xhijarqm¡QphdherijoqQNHkhughaA

56 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k(B) ek¡x dh vk; yksp (Income Elasticity of Demand)

(1) lkekU;inkFkZ(Normal Good)

èkukRed(Positive) vk; esa o`f¼ gksus ij ek¡x dh ek=kk esao`f¼gksrhgSA

(a) bdkbZ ,d(Ey = 1) ek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZuvk;osQizfr'krifjorZuosQlekuA

(b) bdkbZlsde;kcsykspnkj

,dlsde(Ey < 1) vk;esaizfr'krifjorZudhrqyukesaek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZudeA

(c) bdkbZ ls vfèkd ;kykspnkj

,dlsvfèkd(Ey > 1) vk;esaizfr'krifjorZudhrqyukesaek¡xdhek=kkesaizfr'krifjorZuvfèkdA

(2) fuEudksfVoLrq(Inferior Good)

½.kkRed(Negataive) vk;esao`f¼gksuslsek¡xhxbZek=kkdegksrhgSA

(C) ek¡x dh vkM+h yksp (Cross Elasticity of Demand)

(1) LFkkukiUu(Substitutes)

èkukRed(Positive) LFkkukiUuoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksuslslacafèkroLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesa o`f¼gksrhgSA

(2) iwjdoLrq(Complementary)

½.kkRed(Negative) iwjdoLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksuslslacafèkroLrqdhek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvkrhgSA

2-24- ek¡x dh dher yksp dk egÙo (Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand)

ek¡xdhdherykspdklS¼kafrdrFkkO;kogkfjdegÙofuEufyf[krgSµ

1- ,dkfèkdkj osQ varxZr dher fuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price Under Monopoly)µ,d,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherfuèkkZfjrdjrsle;ek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[krkgSA;fn

(i)ek¡xykspnkj gSrks,dkfèkdkjhmloLrqdhdherdej[ksxkAdherdegksuslsoLrqdhfcØhvfèkdgksxhvkSjmllsizkIrgksusokyhoqQy vk; vfèkdgksxhA

(ii);fnek¡xcsykspnkj gSrks,dkfèkdkjhmloLrqdhdhervfèkdj[ksxkAdherosQvfèkdgksuslsmloLrqdhfcØhrksdegksxhijarqmllsizkIrgksusokyhoqQy vk; (Total Revenue)esao`f¼gksxhA

2- dher foHksn (Price Discrimination)µ,dkfèkdkjhtcfdlhoLrqdksfofHkUuoszQrkvksadks fofHkUudherksaijcsprkgS]rks bl fLFkfrdksdher foHksndgktkrkgSA,d,dkfèkdkjhdherfoHksndhuhfrdksmlle;viukldrkgStcfdlhoLrqdhek¡xdhykspfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vFkokfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksaosQfy,fHkUu&fHkUugksrhgSAogmumiHkksDrkvksalsoLrqdhdhervfèkdysxkftudhmloLrqosQfy;sek¡xcsykspnkj gSvkSjmuyksxksalsmloLrqdhdherdeysxkftudhmloLrqosQfy,ek¡xykspnkj gSAmnkgj.kosQfy,],dx`gLFkhosQfy,fctyhdhek¡xcsykspnkjgS]blfy,fctyhoaQifu;k¡?kjsywmi;ksxosQfy,fctyhdhdhervfèkdysrhgSaAblosQfoijhr,dm|ksxosQfy,fctyhdhek¡xykspnkjgS];fnfctyhdhdhervfèkdgksrhgSrks,dm|ksxviuhe'khuksadkspykusosQfy,fctyhosQLFkkuijrsy]Mhty;kdks;ysdkiz;ksxdjldrkgSAblfy,fctyhoaQiuh@cksMZ}kjkm|ksxksadksnhtkus

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 57


okyhfctyhdhdherdeyhtkrhgSA

3- la;qDr iwfrZ okyh oLrq dk dher fuèkkZj.k (Price Determination of Joint Supply)µla;qDriwfrZokyhoLrq,¡osoLrq,¡gSaftudkmRiknu,dlkFkgksrkgStSlsµ#bZrFkkfcukSyk]rsyrFkk[kyvkfnAbuoLrqvksadhdherfuf'prdjusesaek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[kktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fn#bZdhek¡xcsykspnkjgSvkSjmldhrqyukesafcukSysdhek¡xykspnkjgSrks#bZdhdhervfèkdj[khtk,xhvkSjfcukSysdhdherdej[khtk,xhA

4- dj uhfr (Taxation Policy)µu,djyxkrsle;foÙkea=khdksek¡xdhykspdksè;kuesaj[kukiM+rkgSA(i)ftuoLrqvksadhek¡xykspnkj gSmuijvfèkddjyxkuslsdjksalsgksusokyhvk;c<+usosQLFkkuijdegksxhAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvfèkddjyxkuslsmudhdheresao`f¼gksxh]dheresao`f¼gksuslsmudhek¡xdegkstk,xhA(ii)ftuoLrqvksadhek¡xcsykspnkj gS]muijfoÙkea=khvfèkddjyxkldrkgS]vfèkddjyxkuslsmudhdherrksc<+sxhijarqek¡xesafo'ks"kdehughagksxhAvr%djvk;vfèkdek=kkesaizkIrgkslosQxhA

5- djksa osQ Hkkj dk forj.k (Distribution of Burden of Taxation)µek¡xdhdheryksp}kjk;gHkhfuèkkZfjrfd;ktkldrkgSfdvizR;{kdjksatSlsfcØhdj]mRiknudjvkfndkmRikndksarFkkmiHkksDRkkvksaijfdruk&fdrukHkkjiM+sxkA;fnfdlhoLrqdhek¡xcsykspnkj gSrksvizR;{kdjksadkvfèkdHkkjvis{kkÑrmiHkksDrkvksaijiM+sxkAbudjksaosQiQyLo:ioLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksxhijarqek¡xesacgqrFkksM+hdehgksxhAblosQfoijhr;fnoLrqdhek¡xykspnkj gSrksmiHkksDrkvksadksvizR;{kdjksadkHkkjvis{kkÑrdemBkukiM+sxkA

6- varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj (International Trade)µvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjosQ {ks=kesa Hkhek¡xdhykspdhèkkj.kkdkcgqrvfèkdegÙogSA,dns'kviusfu;kZrksasdhdheresao`f¼djosQrcghykHkizkIrdjsxktcvk;krdjusokysns'kksaesabufu;kZfrroLrqvksadhek¡xcsykspnkj gSA;fnvk;krdjusokysns'kesabudhek¡xykspnkj gSrcfu;kZrdrkZns'kbufu;kZfrroLrqvksadhdherdensxkvkSjviusoqQyfu;kZrksadksc<+k,xkvkSjblrjglsykHkizkIrdjsxkAblhizdkj,dns'kmuoLrqvkasdksdedherijvk;krdjsxkftudhek¡xmlosQfy,ykspnkj gSA

7- fuèkZurk dk fojksèkkHkkl (Paradox of Poverty)µftudklacaèkÑf"klsgSosHkyhHkk¡frtkursgSafddbZÑf"kinkFkks±dhvPNhiQlygksusosQckotwnHkheqnzkosQ:iesamulsizkIrgksusokyhvk;cgqrdegksrhgSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfdfdlhoLrqmRiknuesao`f¼gksuslsmllsizkIrvk;c<+usosQLFkkuijigyslsdegqbZgSAblvLokHkkfodvoLFkkdksfuèkZurk dk fojksèkkHkkl dgktkrkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvfèkdka'kÑf"kinkFkks±dhek¡xcsykspnkjgksrhgSAtcbuoLrqvksadhiwfrZc<+usijbudhdheresadehgkstkrhgSrcbudhek¡xesafo'ks"ko`f¼ughagksusikrhAblosQiQyLo:ibudhfcØhlsizkIrvk;degkstkrhgSA

2-25- iw£r ,oa lacaf/r fopkj (Supply and Related Concepts)

iw£r ls rkRi;Z fdlh dhey ,oa le; fo'ks"k esa foØ; osQ fy, miyCèk oLrqvksa dh ek=kk gSAoLrqdhdheroLrqdhiw£rdksizHkkfordjrhgSAlkekU;r;k]vfèkddherijoLrqvksadkvfèkdfoØ;fd;ktkrkgS]vFkkZr~dheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkiw£resao`f¼gkstkrhgSAblhizdkjdheresadehgksusijiw£resaHkhdehgkstkrhgSAle;≤ijdheresaifjorZugksuslsoLrqvksadhiw£rHkh?kVrh&c<+rhjgrhgSA

58 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of Supply)

eqjkn vukrksy osQvuqlkj]¶iw£r ls rkRi;Z nh xbZ dher ij fn, x, le; ,oa ck”kkj fo'ks"k esa foØ; osQ fy, is'k dh xbZ Lorq dh ek=kk gSA¸ (“Supply refers to the quantity of a commod-ity offered for sale at a given price in a given market at a given time.”)

Fkkse;osQ'kCnksaesa]¶oLrq dh iw£r fofHkUu dherksa ij fn, x, le; ,oa fn, x, ck”kkj esa foØ; osQ fy, is'k dh xbZ ek=kk gSA¸ (“The supply of goods is the quantity offered for sale in a given market at a given time at various prices”)

LVkWd ,oa iw£r esa varj (Difference between Stock and Supply)

iw£rdkfopkjLVkWdlsfHkUugSAiw£rlsrkRi;ZfoØ;osQfy,is'kdhxbZoLrqdhek=kklsgS]tcfdLVkWdck”kkjesamiyCèkoLrqvksadhfoØ;osQfy,is'kdhxbZoLrqvksaijvfèkdrkgSA

iw£rdksLVkWddk,dHkkxekuktkldrkgS]tksfdck”kkjesafdlhle;esafoØ;osQfy,gksrkgSAoLrqvksadk,dcM+kHkkxHkfo";esac<+hgqbZdherksaijfoØ;djusosQfy,jksdfy;ktkrkgS]vFkokck”kkjlsokileaxkfy;ktkrkgS]buoLrqvksadksLVkWddgktkrkgSALVkWdlnSoiw£rlsvfèkdgksrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iw£rLVkWddk,dHkkxgSA

iw£r ,oa iw£r dh xbZ ek=kk esa varj (Difference between Supply and Quantity Supplied)

,dO;fDrxriQeZ}kjkfdlhfo'ks"kle;esafdlhfo'ks"koLrqdhck”kkjesaiw£rdksO;fDrxriw£rdgktkrkgSA

ck”kkj iw£r (Market Supply)

leLriQeks±}kjkmRikfnroLrqfo'ks"kdhfdlhfo'ks"kle;ijck”kkjesaizLrqrdhxbZek=kkdksck”kkjiw£rdgktkrkgSA

O;fDrxr iw£r rkfydk (Individual Supply Schedule)

fdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhfoØ;osQfy,izLrqrdhxbZek=kk,oamldhfofHkUudherksaosQchplacaèkdkrkfydk}kjkizn'kZudksO;fDrxriw£rrkfydkdgktkrkgSA

rkfydk 2-3- O;fDrxr iw£r

dher (#i;s) ek=kk (bdkb;k¡)

5 100

10 200

15 300

20 400

ck”kkj iw£r rkfydk (Market Supply Schedule)

ck”kkjesaleLriQek±s}kjkfdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhfdlhfo'ks"kdherijfoØ;oSQfy,izLrqrdhxbZek=kkosQchplacaèkdkrkfydk}kjkizn'kZudksck”kkjiw£rrkfydkdgktkrkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 59

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply)rkfydk 2-4- ck”kkj iw£r

dher (#i;s) iQeZ A iQeZ B cktkj (A + B)

5 100 200 300

10 200 400 600

15 300 600 900

20 400 800 1200

iw£r oØ (Supply Curve)

iw£rrkfydkdkfp=k}kjkizn'kZuiw£roØdgykrkgSAbldksO;fDrxriw£roØ,oack”kkjiw£roØesaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSA

S

Y

SO

X

dher

ek=kk

fp=k 2-28 O;fDrxriw£r

(a) O;fDrxr iw£r oØ (Individual Supply Curve)µO;fDrxriw£rrkfydkosQfp=k}kjkizn'kZudksO;fDrxriw£roØdgktkrkgSA

(b) ck”kkj iw£r oØ (Market Supply Curve)µck”kkjiw£rrkfydkosQfp=k}kjkizn'kZudksck”kkjiw£roØdgktkrkgSA

S

Y

SO X

dher

ek=kk

S

Y

SO X

dher

ek=kk

S

Y

SO X

dher

ek=kk

+ =

iQeZ A iQeZ B cktkj (A + B)+ + +

fp=k 2-29 ck”kkjiw£r

iw£r iQyu (Supply Function)

fdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhiw£r,oablosQfofHkUurÙoksaosQfØ;kRedlacaèkdksiw£riQyudgktkrkgSA

Sx = f (Px, Pr, Pf, T, G, E, N, C, Tp, A)

60 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k ;gk¡% Sx = x oLrqdhiw£r

f = lacaèk

Px = oLrqdhdher

Pr = lacafèkroLrqvksadhdher

Pf = mRiknuosQlkèkuksadhdher

T = rduhdhesaifjorZu

G = iQeZdkmís';

E = dheresaifjorZudkvuqeku

N = izkÑfrddkjd

C = ifjogurFkklapkjosQlkèku

Tp = djuhfr

A = mRikndksaosQchplafèk

,d oLrq dh iw£r dks izHkkfor djus okys rÙo@iw£r esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k@iw£r osQ fuèkkZjd rÙo

iw£r osQ fuèkkZjd rÙo (Determinants of Supply)

(i) oLrq dh dher (The price of the commodity) (Px)µoLrqiw£rmldhdherijcgqrvfèkdfuHkZjgksrhgSAoLrqdhdher,oamldhiw£resaizR;{k,oaèkukRedlacaèkgksrkgSA

(ii) LFkkukiUu oLrqvksa dh dher (The price of the substitutes) (Pr)µfdlhoLrqfo'ks"kdhiw£rvU;oLrqvksadhdherlsvizR;{k:ilslaacafèkrgksrhgS]tSlspkoydhdheresao`f¼gksuslsxsgw¡dhiw£rfxjtkrhgSA;g,drF;osQdkj.kgSfdpkoydhdheresao`f¼fuekZrkvksadkspkoyosQvfèkdmRiknuosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjrhgSAblfy,xsgw¡dkmRiknudegksxk,oamldhiw£r?kVtk,xhA

(iii) mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa dh dher (The price of factors of production) (Pf)µmRiknuosQlkèkukasdhdheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkmRiknudhykxresaHkho`f¼gksxh]ftlosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£rc<+tk,xhA

(iv) rduhd esa ifjorZu (Change in techonology) (Tf)µ;fnrduhdhesaifjorZuvFkokubZ[kkstksadhykxresadehgqbZ,oamRiknuesao`f¼rksbllsiw£rosQLrjesaHkho`f¼gksxhA

(v) iQeZ dk mís'; (Goal of the firm) (G)µlkekU;r;k]iQeZdkmís';ykHkdksvfèkdredjukgSAblosqvfrfjDrvfèkdrefoØ;]vfèkdremRiknvFkokvfèkdrejks”kxkjHkhiQeZosQmís';ekustkrsgSaA;smís';,oabuesaifjorZuoLrqdhiw£rdksizHkkfordjrkgSAdHkh&dHkhfuekZrkykHkugksusijHkhosQoylektesaviuhb””krosQfy,oLrqdhiw£rtkjhj[krkgSA

(vi) dher esa ifjorZu dk vuqeku (Expected change in price) (E)µ;fnfuekZrkvksadksHkfo";esadheresao`f¼dhvk'kkgksrhgS]rksogck”kkjlsoLrqvksadksgVkysrsgSa]ifj.kkeLo:iiw£r?kVtkrhgSA

;fnHkfo";esaoLrqdhdheresao`f¼dhvk'kkgksrksiw£rviusvkic<+tkrhgSA

(vii) izkÑfrd dkjd (Natural factors) (N)µoLrqvksadhiw£rmRikfnroLrqvkasdkHkkxgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 61


bldkrkRi;ZgSfdoLrqvksaosQmRiknuvfèkdgksusdkifj.kkevfèkdiw£rgksrkgS,oaoLrqvksadkmRiknudegksusijdeiw£rgksxhAÑf"kmRiknufofHkUuizkÑfrddkjdksaijfuHkZjgksrkgSAtSlsµcjlkr]mRikndrk]ekSlevkfnAmRiknulw[kk]vdky]vfèkdo"kkZ]ck<+,oarwiQkuvkfnosQdkj.kHkhizHkkforgksrkgSA

(viii) ifjogu ,oa lapkj osQ lkèku (Means of transportation and communication) (C)µ;fnifjogu,oalapkjosQlkèkufodflrgksarksoLrqvksadhi;kZIriw£rgksrhgSA;fnifjogu,oalapkjosQlkèkuvfodflrgksarks?kjsywck”kkjesaoLrqvksadhnqyZHkrkgksxhA

(ix) dj uhfr (Taxation Policy) (Tp)µ;fnmRiknuijvfèkddjyxsxkrksoLrqdkmRiknuvizksRlkfgrgksxkAblhizdkjdjdhNwVfuekZrkvksadksvfèkdmRiknuosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjrhgSA

(x) fuekZrkvksa osQ chp lafèk (Agreement among producers) (A)µdHkh&dHkhleLriQes±lekuoLrqdkmRiknudjosQ,oala?kcukrhgS]ftllsoLrqdhfujarjiw£rgks]blfy,ogvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjldrsgSaA

2-26- iw£r dk fu;e (Law of Supply)

vFkZ (Meaning)

lkèkkj.kr;kfdlhlsok;koLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusijmldhiw£resaHkhgksrhgSrFkdheresadehgksusijbldhiw£resaHkhdehgksrhgSAiw£rdkfu;eHkhek¡xosQfu;edhHkk¡fr,dxq.kkReddFkugSAvarjosQoybrukgSfdiw£rosQfu;eesaiw£rvkSjdher,dghfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSa]tcfdek¡xosQfu;eesaek¡xvkSjdherfoijhrfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSaA;gvko';dughafdiw£rdkifjorZuvkuqikfrdgksA

oLrqdkewY;vfèkdgksusijykHkdhek=kkc<+tkrhgSAblfy,oLrqosQorZekumRikndmldhiw£rc<+krsgSarkfdvfèkdykHkdeklosaQAoLrqdkmRiknuu;smRikndksa}kjkHkhfd;ktkrkgSAblizdkjiw£rc<+tkrhgSA

,dck”kkjesa,dfuf'prle;esaoLrqdhfofHkUudherksaijfdhoLrqdhfofHkUuek=kk,¡foozsQrkcspusdksrS;kjgksaxsA;fngeoLrqdhfofHkUudherksarFkkoLrqdhfofHkUuiw£r;ksadksrkfydk}kjkizn£'krdjsarksmlsiw£rrkfydk;kvuqlwphdgrsgSaAoLrqdhdhervkSjoLrqdhiw£resaizR;{klacaèkgksrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]bunksuksapj&ewY;ksa(Variables)osQchplg&lacaèkxq.kkadKkrdjsarksèkukRedgksxkA

fuEufyf[krekU;rkvksaosQvkèkkjijfdlhlsok;koLrqdhdheresao`f¼gksusijmldhiw£resaHkho`f¼gksrhgSrFkkdheresadehgksusijmldhiw£resaHkhdehgksrhgSAiw£rdkfu;eHkhek¡xosQfu;edhHkk¡fr,dxq.kkReddFkugSAvarjosqoybrukgSfdiw£rosQfu;eesdhervkSjiw£r,dghfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSa]tcfdek¡xosQfu;eesadhervkSjek¡xfoijhrfn'kkesaifjo£rrgksrsgSaA;gvko';dughadhiw£rdkifjorZuvkuqikfrdgksA

iw£r fu;e dh ekU;rk,¡µ

(i) ozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkdhvk;esaifjorZuugksukA

(ii) ozsQrkdh#fp;kiSQ'kuovknrksaesaifjorZuugksukA

(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksadhdhersalekujgukA

(iv) rduhdhKkuesaifjorZuugksukA

(v) dherrFkkiw£rosQlacaèkksaesavR;arlw{eifjorZuekuukvkfnA

62 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r rkfydk }kjk fu;e dh izLrqfr

,d iw£r rkfydk og dFku gS tksfd fdlh fo'ks"k ck”kkj esa fo'ks"k le; ij fdlh oLrq fo'ks"k dh oqQy ek=kk ,oa bldh fofHkUu dhersa izLrqr djrk gSA

iw£rdkfu;eiw£rrkfydkdhlgk;rklsvPNhrjgle>ktkldrkgSAfuEufyf[kroSd-fYidiw£rrkfydkiw£rosQfu;edksn'kkZjghgS]tksfd‘x’oLrqdhdher,oamldhiw£rosQchplacaèkgSaAfo|k£Fk;ksadks;gijke'kZfn;ktkrkgSfdtcogiw£rosQfu;edksle>k,¡rks^vU;ckrsalekujgusij*dkmi;ksxvo';djsaA

rkfydk 2-5- ‘X’ oLrq dh dher ,oa mldh iw£r dk lacaèk n'kkZ jgh gSA

X oLrq dh dher X oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)

5 500

6 600

7 700

8 800

9 900

10 1000

iw£r osQ fu;e dh oØ }kjk izLrqfr

iw£rrkfydkdhfp=k}kjkizLrqfriw£roØgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iw£roØrkfydkdhfp=ke;izLrqfrgSAbldksfuEufyf[krfp=k}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSA;g,dÅijhdvksjfn'kkokykoØgStksfdck,¡lsnk,¡gksrkgSA

blizdkjiw£roØ,oaiw£rrkfydknksuksaiw£rosQfu;edksn'kkZrsgSaAnwljs'kCnksaesa];sdher,oaiw£resaèkukRedlacaèkn'kkZrsgSaadheresao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkiw£rdhxbZek=kkesao`f¼gksrhgSA

iw£r osQ fu;e osQ viokn (Exceptions of the Law of Supply)

iw£rdkfu;efuEufLFkfr;ksaesaykxwughagksxkA

(i) fu;eÑf"k oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr esa ykxwugha gksxk] ftldhiw£rizkÑfrddkjdksalsizHkkforgksA

(ii) 'kh/zk u"V gksus okyh oLrqvksa dhfLFkfresafu;eykxwughagksxkAbuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresafoozsQrkdedherijHkhiw£rosQfy,rS;kjgksxkA

(iii) lkekftd egkurk okyhoLrqvksadhfLFkfresaHkhfu;eykxwughagksxkAbuoLrqvksadhiw£rlhfergksrhgS,oamudhdheresao`f¼gksusijHkhmudhiw£rlhferghjgsxhA

S

Y

S

OX

dher

iw£r

fp=k 2-30 iw£roØdhfLFkfrn'kkZjgkgSA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 63


2-27- iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu rFkk iw£r esa ifjorZu (Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply)

iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oozQ ij lapyu(dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k)

iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oozQ ij lapyu(dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k)

iw£r dk foLrkj(Åij dh vksj)

iw£r dk laoqQpu(uhps dh vksj)

iw£r esa o`f¼(ckb± vksj)

iw£r esa deh(nkb± vksj)

iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu rFkk iw£r esa ifjorZu(Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply)

iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oØ dk [email protected]

;fnewY;esao`f¼;kdehosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£rdhek=kkesifjorZugksrkgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdklapj.k@lapyudgrsgSaAblvoLFkkesaewY;osQvykokiw£rdksizHkkfordjusokyslHkhrÙofLFkfrekustkrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£roØdklapj.k(Movement)mlhiw£roØijÅij;kuhpsdhvksjgksrkgSAblvoLFkkesaiw£rdhnkslaHkkouk,¡gksrhgSµ

(a) iw£r dk foLrkj (Extension of Supply)µ;fnewY;esao`f¼osQifj.kkeLo:ioLrqdhiw£resao`f¼gksrhgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdkfoLrkjdgrsgSaAewY;osQvykoklHkhiw£rdksizHkkfordjusokysrÙofLFkjgksrsgSaAgemlhiw£roØijÅijdhvksjlapj.kdjrsgSaAblfLFkfrdksvxzfyf[krrkfydkesaizn£'krfd;kx;kgSA

(b) iw£r dk laoqQpu (Contraction os Supply)µ;fnewY;esadehosQdkj.koLrqdhiw£resadehgksrhgSrksblfLFkfrdksiw£rdklaoqQpudgrsgSaAewY;osQvykokvU;iw£rdksizHkkofrdjusokyslkèkufLFkjgksrsgSaAblfLFkfresagemlhiw£roØijÅijlsuhpsdhvksjlapj.kdjrsgSaA

iw£roØijlapj.kdksfuEufyf[krrkfydklsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-6- iw£r oØ osQ lapj.k (Movement) dh rkfydk

oLrq dk ewY; oLrq dh iw£r lapj.k (Movement)

A 10 100 iw£rdkfoLrkjA lsB

B 12 150

C 8 80 iw£rdklaoqQpuA lsB

js[kkfp=k }kjk izn'kZuµ

S

Y

S

O X

dher

iw£r

B

A

C

P1

P

P2

Q2

Q1

Q

iw£r dk foLrkj ls BA

A Ciw£r dk laoqQpu ls

fp=k 2-31 iw£roØijlapj.k(Movement alongside Supply Curve)

64 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k iw£r esa ifjorZu vFkok iw£r oØ dk f[[email protected]

;fn oLrq dh iw£r esa mlosQ ewY; osQ vfrfjDr vU; dkj.kksa ls ifjorZu gks rks blosQifj.kkeLo:iiw£resaifjorZudksiw£rdho`f¼;kdehdgrsgSaAiw£resao`f¼;kdehdkizn'kzu,dvU;iw£roØcukdjdjrsgSaA;ghdkj.kgSfdblsiw£rdkLFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaA;gLFkkukarj.kekSfydiw£roØosQnkfguhvksj(uhps);kckb±vksjÅijgksldrkgSAiw£rosQ LFkkukarj.kosQfuEufyf[krnks:igksldrsgSaµ

(a) iw£r esa o`f¼ (Increase in Supply)µ;fnewY;osQvykokvU;dkjdksaesaifjorZuosQdkj.kiw£resao`f¼gksrhgSrksblsiw£rdho`f¼dgrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£roØekSfydoØosQnkfguhvksjvFkkZr~uhpsdhvksjgksrkgSAekSfydiw£roØosQLFkkuijnwljkiw£roØcutkrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfdblsiw£roØdkLFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaArkfydkvkSjjs[kkfp=kesaAlsBdhfLFkfrblsizn£'krdjrhgSA

iw£r eas o`f¼ osQ dkj.kµ

(i) mRikndksaosQmís';esaifjorZu

(ii) LFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQewY;easdeh

(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksaosQewY;esadeh

(iv) rduhdhesalqèkkjA

(b) iw£r esa deh (Decrease in Supply)µ;fnewY;osQvykokvU;dkjdksaosQizHkkoLo:imlhewY;ijoLrqdhdeiw£rdhtk,rksmlsiw£rdhdehdgrsgSaAblvoLFkkesaiw£roØekSfydiw£roØosQckb±vksj;kÅijdhvksjgksrkgSAu;soØdkfuekZ.kiw£roØdkLFkkukarj.kgksrkgSAfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=kesaAlsCrddhfLFkfrek¡xdhdehdksizn£'krdjrhgSA

iw£r eas deh osQ dkj.kµ

(i) mRikndksaosQmís';esaifjorZu

(ii) LFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQewY;easo`f¼

(iii) mRiknuosQlkèkuksaosQewY;esao`f¼

(iv) rduhdhosQLrjesafxjkoVA

iw£roØosQLFkkukarj.kdksfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-7- iw£r esas o`f¼@deh dh rkfydk

oLrq dk ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;ksa esa) ifjorZu

A 10 100 iw£resao`f¼A lsB

B 10 125

C 10 80 iw£resadehA lsC

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 65


js[kkfp=k }kjk izn'kZuµ

C BA

P

S

S1

S2

S2

S

S1

Q1

Q2

QX

O

iw£r

Y

dher

iw£r dh o`f¼ ls ( ls )= SS S S A B1 1

ewY;—OP

iw£r ls—OQ OQ1

iw£r esa deh ls ( ls )= SS S S A C2 2

ewY;—OP

iw£r ls—OQ OQ2

fp=k 2-32 iw£roØdkLFkkukarj.k(Shift)

blfo'ys"k.kls;gLi"VgSfdµ

iw£roØijlapj.k(Movement)dhvoLFkkesagemlhiw£roØijlapj.kdjrsgSaA;glapj.kewY;esaifjorZuosQifj.kkeLo:igksrkgSA

iw£roØosQLFkkukarj.k (Shifting)dhvoLFkkesaekSfydoØosQvfrfjDrvU;oØdhLFkkiukgksrhgSA;gLFkkukarj.kewY;osQvfrfjDriw£rizHkkfordjusokysvU;dkjdksaosQizHkkoLo:igksrkgSA

iw£r esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØ dk LFkkukarj.k ,oa iw£r dh ek=kk esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØ dk lapyu esa varj

varj osQ vkèkkj

(Points of Difference)

iw£r esa ifjorZu

(Change in Supply)

iw£r dh xbZ ek=kk esa ifjorZu

(Change in the quentity Suppled)

1- vFkZ (Meaning) fdlhoLrqdhdherdksNksM+djvU;

dkjdksaesaifjorZugksusosQdkj.koLrq

dh iw£r esa gksus okyh o`f¼ ;k deh

dks iw£r esa ifjorZu ;k iw£r oØdk

LFkkukarj.kdgrsgSaA

vU;ckrsalekujgusijfdlhoLrqdh

dheresa ifjorZu gksus osQdkj.k ml

oLrqdhiw£resao`f¼;kdehdksiw£r

dhxbZek=kkesaifjorZu;kiw£roØdk

lapyudgrsgSaA

2- oØ (Curve) Y

X

BA

P

Q2

Q1

QO

S2 S

1

S

S1

S2

S

dher

iw£r esa d

eh

iw£r esa o`f¼

ek=kk

Y

X

P

Q2

Q1

QO

P2

S

P1

S

dher

ek=kk

3- iw£r oØ dh fLFkfr

(Situation of

Supply Curve)

bl fLFkfr eas iw£r oØ Lo;a nkb± ;k

ckb±vksjLFkkukarj.kdjrkgSAnkb±vksj

LFkkukarj.k iw£r esa o`f¼ izn£'krdjrk

gS]tcfdckb±vksjLFkkiukarj.kiw£resa

dehizn£'krdjrkgSA

blfLFkfresaiw£roØdklapyuÅij

dh vksj rFkk uhps dh vksj gksrk gSA

ÅijdhvksjLFkkukarj.kiw£rdkfoLrkj

gS]tcfduhpsdhsvksjLFkkukarj.kiw£r

dklaoqQpugSA

66 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k2-28- iw£r dh yksp (Elasticity of Supply)

vFkZ (Meaning)

iw£rdkfu;e,dxq.kkReddFkugS]la[;kRedugha]D;ksafdblesa;girkughayxrkfdoLrqdhdheresaifjorZulsolrqdhiw£resafdrukifjorZugksxk\iw£rdhykspbunksuksapj&ewY;ksaosQlkisf{kdifjorZudkekidjrhgSAblsfuEulw=k}kjkfy[kktkldrkgSµ

iw£rdhyksp(Es) = oLrqdhiw£resaizfr'krifjorZu

oLrqdhdheresaizfr'krifjorZu

;k = oLrqdhiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu

oLrqdhdheresavkuqifrdifjorZu

;k = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

blizdkjdheresaifjorZulsiw£resagksusokysifjorZudksiw£rdhykspdgrsgSaA

ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Definitions)

lSE;wylu osQ'kCnksaesa]¶iw£rdhykspoLrqdhiw£resamldhdherosQlkFkifjorZudhrhozrkgSA¸(Elasticity of supply is the degree of the responsiveness of supply of a commod-ity to a change in its price)

izksú fcykl osQvuqlkj]¶iw£rdhykspoLrqdhiw£rdhxbZek=kkvksaesaizfr'krifjorZudksdheresaizfr'krifjorZudkHkkxiQygSA¸(Elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantities supplied divided by percentage change in price.)

xq.kkad(Coefficient)osQewY;ijfuHkZjgksdj]geiw£rdhyksplslacafèkrik¡pizdkjdhifjfLFkfr;k¡lkspldrsgSaAbudksiw£rdhykspdhrhozrkHkhdgktkrkgSA;gfuEufyf[krgS%

iw£r dh yksp osQ izdkj (Types of elasticity of supply)

(i) iw.kZ csyksp iw£r (Perfectly Inelastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksuslsoLrqdhiw£resadksbZifjorZuughagksrkrksmln'kkesaoLrqdhiw£rdhyksp'kwU;gksrhgSAEs = 0

vlkèkkj.kiqLrosaQ]fVdVsa]flDosQ,oavU;oLrq,¡bldkmnkgj.kgSaAfuEufyf[krrkfydkofp=klsblsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-8- iw.kZr;k csyksp iw£r dh fLFkfr

izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)

5]000 100

10]000 100

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 67


Y

XO

S

S

E = 0s

iw£r

iw.kZr% csykspnkjiw£r

dher

fp=k 2-33

(ii) bdkbZ ykspnkj iw£r (Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£resamlhvuqikresaifjorZugksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhyksp,dgksrkgSA

blfLFkfresaewY;vkSjiw£resaifjorZu,dghvuqikresagksrkgSAmnkgj.kLo:iewY;esa50»dkifjorZugksAblsvxzfyf[krrkfydkvkSjjs[kkfp=k}kjkizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-9- bdkbZ osQ cjkcj yksp dk izn'kZu

izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)

40 400

60 600

Y

XO

S

bdkbZ ykspnkj= 1E

s

iw£r

dher

fp=k 2-34

(iii) iw.kZ ykspnkj iw£r (Perfectly Elastic Supply)µblvoLFkkesafdlhfo'ks"kewY;ijfoozsQrkvuarek=kkesaoLrqdhiw£rdjldrkgSijarqewY;esadehgksusijoLrqdhdksbZHkhiw£rdjusdksrS;kjughagSA

;gosQoydkYifudfopkjgSAO;kogkfjdthouesablizdkjdhfLFkfrughaikbZtkrhgSAfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsblsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-10- iw.kZr;k ykspnkj iw£r dks izn£'kr djrh gqbZ rkfydk

izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;s) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡)

7 10

7 15

68 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lkFkfn,js[kkfp=kls;gekywegksrkgSAfdewY;osQfLFkfrjgusosQcknHkhiw£rvfèkdek=kkesac<+xbZgSA

tcfdlhoLrqdhdheresadksbZifjorZuugks;kcgqrlw{eifjorZugksvkSjoLrqdhiw£rc<+djvuar;k?kVdj'kwU;gkstk,rksoLrqdhiw£rdksiw.kZr%ykspnkjdgrsgSaAbln'kkesaEs = ∞

XO iw£r

dher

Y

SS

iw.kZr% ykspnkj iw£rE =

s�

fp=k 2-35

(iv) lkis{kr% ykspnkj ;k bdkbZ ls vfèkr iw£r (Relatively Elastic or More than Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£resavfèkdvuqikresaifjorZugksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgksrhgSAblslkis{kr%ykspnkjiw£rdgrsgSaAblfLFkfresaiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsvfèkd(Es > 1)gksrhgSA

blvoLFkkesaewY;esagksusokysifjorZudhrqyukesaiw£resaifjorZudkizfr'krvfèkdgksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,ewY;esa20»dho`f¼gksusijiw£resa50»dho`f¼gkSmlsfuEufyf[krrkfydk,oajs[kkfp=klsLi"Vfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-11- lkis{kr% ykspnkj iw£r dk izn'kZu

izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;ksa esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)

20 100

24 150

XO

S

S

iw£r

dher

Y vfèkd ykspnkj iw£rE > 1

s

fp=k 2-36

(v) lkis{kr% csyksp iw£r (Relatively Inelastic or less than Unit Elastic Supply)µtcfdlhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZugksusosQlkis{kmldhiw£reafdevuqikresaifjorZu

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 69


gksrksoLrqdhiw£rdhykspbdkbZlsdegksrhgSAblslkis{kr%csykspiw£rdgrsgSaA

blfLFkfresaewY;esagksusokysifjorZuosQvuqikresaiw£resaifjorZudegksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,;fnewY;esa50»dho`f¼gksijarqiw£resaosQoy20»dho`f¼gksAblfLFkfrdksfuEufyf[krrkfydkojs[kkf=k=klsizn£'krfd;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 2-12- bdkbZ ls de yksp dh fLFkfr dk izn'kZu

izfr bdkbZ ewY; (#i;ksa esa) oLrq dh iw£r (bdkb;k¡ esa)

50 100

75 120

Y

XO

S

S

de ykspnkjE < 1

s

dher

iw£r

fp=k 2-37

Øe la[;k yksp xq.kkad (Coefficient) yksp osQ izdkj iw£r dk dher osQ lkFk lacaèk

1- Es = 0 iw.kZr%csykspnkj iw£resaifjorZuughagksrkA

2- Es < 1 csykspnkj vFkok bdkbZ

ykspnkjlsde

dherosQifjorZudhrqyukesaiw£r

esalekuifjorZuA

3- Es = 1 bdkbZykspnkj dherosQizfr'krifjorZuosQlkFk

iw£resalekuifjorZuA

4- Es > 1 bdkbZykspnkjlsvfèkd iw£resadherosQifjorZulsvfèkd

izfr'kresaifjorZuA

5- Es = ∞ iw.kZr%ykspnkj iw£resavlhfero`f¼vFkokdehA

iw£r dh yksp dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (Factors Affecting Elasticity of Supply)

iw£rdhykspfuEufyf[krdkjdksa}kjkizHkkforgksrhgSA

1- oLrqdhizÑfr

2- mRiknuykxr

3- le;rÙo

4- Hkfo";esadheresalaHkkforifjorZu

5- mRiknudhrduhdh

6- tksf[keLohdkjdjuk

iw£r dh yksp dks izHkkfor

djus okys dkjd

70 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 1- oLrq dh izÑfr (Nature of Commodity)µ'kh?kzu"VgksusokyhoLrqvksadhiw£rcsykspgksrhgSvkSjfVdkÅoLrqvksadhiw£rykspnkjgksrhgSA

2- mRiknu ykxr (Cost of Production)µ;fnfdlhoLrqdhvfrfjDrbdkbZdkmRiknudjuslslhekarykxrc<+srksoLrqdhiw£rcsykspgksxhvkSj;fnlhekarykxr?kVsrksiw£rykspnkjgksxhA

3- le; rÙo (Cost of Production)µle; vofèk ftruh ftruh vfèkd gksxh] iw£rykspnkjgksxhvkSjle;vofèkftruhdkgksxh]iw£rcsykspgksxhA

4- Hkfo"; esa dher esa laHkkfor ifjorZu (Expected change in future price)µ;fnfuekZrkHkfo";esadheresao`f¼dhvk'kkdjrkgSrksoLrqdhiw£rcsykspgksxhAogorZekuesaoLrqdhiw£r?kVknsxk]ftllsogHkfo";esamloLrqdksÅ¡phdherijfoØ;djlosQA;fnfuekZrkdksoLrqdhdherdegksusdhvk'kkgksrhgS]rksogvfèkdlsvfèkdfoØ;djsxk,oaiw£rykspnkjgksxhA

5- mRiknu dh rduhdh (Technique of production)µftuoLrqvksadkmRiknuljyrduhdh}kjkgksrkgSmudhiw£rykspnkjgksrhgSblosQfoijhrftuoLrqvksadkmRiknumy>hgqbZdfBurduhdhlsgksrkgSmudhiw£rcsykspgksrhgSA

6- tksf[ke Lohdkj djuk (Risk taking)µ;fnm|ehvfèkdtksf[keysusdksrS;kjgSrksiw£rykspnkjgksxhAblosQfoijhrdetksf[kegksusijiw£rcsykspgksxhA

iw£r dh yksp dk ekiu

tcgedheresaifjorZuosQdkj.koLrqdhiw£rdhxbZek=kkesavkuqikfrdifjorZudkekidjrsgSa]rksblsiw£rdhykspdgktkrkgSA

iw£r yksp ekius dh fofèk;k¡

A. izfr'krfofèk B. js[kkxf.krfofèk

izfr'kr fofèk (Percentage Method)

ekiu dh fofèkµiw£rdhykspdksfuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsekiktkldrkgS%

iw£rdhyksp(Es) = oLrqdhiw£resaizfr'krifjorZu

oLrqdhdheresaizfr'krifjorZu vFkok

Es = oLrqdhiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu

oLrqdhdheresavkuqifrdifjorZu vFkok

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

;gk¡] P =dher

Q =iw£rdhek=kk

∆P =oLrqdhdheresaifjorZu

∆Q =oLrqdhiw£rdhek=kkesaifjorZu

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 71


js[kkxf.kr; i¼fr (Geometric Method)

iw£rykspdkekijs[kkxf.krh;lw=kksa}kjkHkhfd;ktkldrkgSAblx.kukdksfuEufyf[krfp=k(A),(B)vkSj(C)}kjkle>k;kx;kgSA

Y Y Y

(A) (B) (C)A A A

PO

PO

PO

dher

dher

dher

O O O XXXB C C CB

–Y

–X

iw£r iw£r iw£r

fp=k 2-38 fp=k 2-39 fp=k 2-40

mijksDrfp=krhuljyjs[kk(straight line)okysiw£roØizn£'krdjrsgSaA

fp=k (A)µiw£roØdksx-v{kdhvksjc<+k;kx;kgSA;gx-v{kdksblosQudkjkRed{ks=kfcanqBijdkVrkgSA

;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZlsvfèkdgS]D;ksafdBC > OC

fp=k (B)µiw£roØx-v{kdksblosQèkukRed(Positive){ks=kesaBfcanqijdkVrkgSA

;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZlsdegS]D;ksafdBC < OC

fp=k (C)µiw£roØx-v{kdksmlosQmn~xe(origin) OfcanqijdkVrkgSAiw£roØdhljyjs[kk(straight line)mn~xelsxqtjrhgSA

;gk¡iw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZosQckjkcjgksxh]D;ksafdBC = OCAblls;gKkrgksrkgSfddksbZHkhiw£roØpkgsmldkvkdkjoqQNHkhgks;fnmn~xe(origin)lsgskdjxqtjrkgSArksiw£rdhewY;ykspbdkbZosQcjkcjgksxhA

lHkhrhuksafp=kksaesaP0ekSfydewY;gS]OCiw£rdhxbZek=kkgSvkSjiw£roØij‘A’fcanqLFkkfirgSA

iw£r dh yksp dk ekiu (Measurement of Elasticity of Supply)

iw£rdhyksposQekiudksfuEufyf[krmnkgj.kksalsvkSjvPNhrjgle>ktkldrkgSA

mnkgj.k 1-

dher (#i;s) Px iw£r (bdkb;k¡) Sx

8 20

6 16

gyµ ;gk¡ ∆Q = 4, ∆P = 2

Q = 20, P = 8

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

72 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Es =

42

× 820

= 45

= 0.8(csykspnkjiw£r)

(bdkbZlsdeyksp)

mnkgj.k 2-

dher (#i;s) Px iw£r (bdkb;k¡) Sx

10 20

8 15

gyµ ;gk¡ ∆Q = 5, ∆P = 2

Q = 20, P = 10

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 52

× 1020

= 54

= 1.25(ykspnkjiw£r)

(bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp)

iw£rykspdksfuEufyf[krrjhosQlsHkhekiktkldrkgS%

Es = iw£resaizfr'krifjorZu

dheresaizfr'krifjorZu

blizdkj];fndher20»?kVrhgS,oaiw£r25»?kVrhgSrksyksp2520

= 1.25gksxhA

mnkgj.k 3- ;fn,doLrqdhck”kkjdhdher4#i;sgS],dfoozsQrkbldh600bdkb;k¡foØ;djrkgSAtcdherc<+dj5#i;sgkstkrhgSrksogoLrqdh750bdkb;k¡foØ;djrkgSAfoozsQrkdhiw£rdhykspD;kgS\

gyµiw£r rkfydk

dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkb;k¡)

4 600

5 750

;gk¡ ∆Q = 750 – 600 = 150, ∆P = 5 – 4 = 1

Q = 600, P = 4

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 1501

× 4

600 = 1(bdkbZyksp)

mnkgj.k 4-fuEufyf[krfLFkfr;ksaesaiw£rdhykspdhx.kukdhft,%

(a) dher iw£r

50 100

75 150

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 73


(b) dher iw£r

4 2

4 4

(c) dher iw£r

15 100

20 200

(d) dher iw£r

1]000 2

2]000 3

(e) dher iw£r

4 40

6 40

gyµ

(a) ∆Q = 50, ∆P = 25, P = 50, Q = 100

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 5025

× 50100

= 25002500

= 1 (bdkbZyksp)

(b) ∆Q = 2, P = 4, ∆P = 0, Q = 2

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 20

× 42

= ∞ (iw.kZr;kykspnkj)

(c) ∆Q = 100, P = 15, ∆P = 5, Q = 100

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 1005

× 15100

= 3 (bdkbZlsvfèkdyksp)

(d) ∆Q = 1, P = 1000, Q = 2, ∆P = 1,000

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

Es = 1

1,000 ×

1,0002

= 12

= 10.5 (bdkbZlsdeykspnkj)

(a) ∆Q = 0, P = 4, ∆P = 2, Q = 40

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

= 02

× 440

= 0 (iw.kZr%csykspiw£r)

74 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k mnkgj.k 5-,doLrqdhiw£r12#i;sizfrbdkbZij1]200bdkb;k¡FkhA;fnoLrqdhiw£rc<+dj1]600bdkbZgkstk,rks]iw£ryksp2gksusdhfLFkfresaoLrqdhubZdherD;kgksxh\

gyµ

dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkb;k¡)

12 1]200

\ 1]600

Es = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

= 2

2 = 400∆P

× 12

1200

2 = 4

∆P 2∆P = 4

∆P = 42

= 2

ubZdher= 12 + 2 = 14 #i;s

oSdfYid :i ls

iw£resavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZu400

1,200 =

13

;fniw£rdhyksp2gSrksiw£resavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZudheresaifjorZudknksxqukgksxkAnwljs'kCnksaesadheresavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZuiw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu

dkvkèkkgksxktSlkfdiw£resavkuqikfrdifjroZu13gS]dhereasvkuqikfrdifjorZu

13

× 12

= 16

= 2 gksxkAblfy,dheresaifjorZu= 12 × 16

= 2vcubZdher12 + 2 = 14#i;sA

mnkgj.k 6-,doLrqdhiw£r12#i;sizfrbdkbZij800bdkb;k¡gSaA;fndherc<+dj14izfrbdkbZgkstk,,oaiw£rdhyksp1-2gksrksoLrqdhubZiw£rD;kgksxh\

gyµiw£rdhykspEs = ∆ Q∆ P

× PQ

= 1.2

dher (#i;s) iw£r (bdkbZ)

12 800

14 \

1.2 = ∆ Q

2 ×

12800

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 75

ek¡x ,oe~ iw£r(Demand and Supply) 1.2 =

3∆ P400

1.2 × 400 = 3∆Q

480 = 3∆Q

∆Q = 4803

= 160

oLrqdhubZiw£r= 800 + 160 = 960bdkb;k¡

oSdfYid :i ls (Alternatively)

dheresavkuqikfrd(Proportionate)ifjorZu= 212

= 16D;ksafdiw£rdhyksp1-2gS]iw£r

esavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZudheresavkuqikfrd(proportionate)ifjorZuls1-2ckj

vfèkdgksxkAdheresavkuqikfrdifjorZu16gS]blfy,iw£resavkuqikfrdifjorZu

16

× 1.2 = 02ckjgksxkA

blizdkjubZiw£r = 800 + (800 × 0.2)

= 800 + 160 = 960 (bdkb;k¡)

iw£r dh yksp dk egÙo (Importance of Elasticity of Supply)

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ikB esa mi;ksx dh xbZ egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh (Important terms used in Lesson)

iw£r(Supply) iw£rdklaoqQpu(Contraction of Supply)

HkaMkj(Stock) iw£resao`f¼(Increase in Supply)

oS;fDrdiw£r(Individual Supply) iw£resadeh(Decrease in Supply)

ck”kkjiw£r(Market Supply) iw£roØdklapyu(Movement of

Supply Curve)

iw£rdkfu;e(Law of Supply) iw£resavarj.k(Shift in Supply)

iw£rdkfoLrkj(Extension of Supply) iw£rdhyksp(Elasticity of Supply)

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mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers : Self Assessment)

1-dherksa 2-dher 3-izR;{k 4-(v) 5-(c) 6-(v) 7-(v) 8-lgh 9-lgh 10-xyr 11-xyr 12-lghA

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k

bZdkbZ&3(Unit–3)

?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk(House Holds, Firms and Market Structure)

#ijs[kk3.1 mís';(Objectives)3.2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 3.3 rVLFkrkoØD;kgS\(What is an Indifference Curve?)3.4 rVLFkrkvuqlwph(Indifference Schedule)3.5 rVLFkkrkoØfp=kh;izLrqrhdj.k(Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve) 3.6 rVLFkkekufp=k(Indifference Map)3.7 lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj(Marginal Rate of Substitution) 3-8 lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhD;ksagS\(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution

Diminish?)3.9 ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;edhrqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing

Marginal Rate of Substitution)3.10 rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhekU;rk,¡(Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis)3.11 rVLFkrkoØksadhfo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Indifference Curves) 3.12 rVLFkrkoØksa osQvkdkjosQoqQNviokn (Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference

Curves) 3.13 ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kk (Budget Line or Price Line)3.14 ctVjs[kkdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Properties of Budget Line)3.15 ctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdkLFkkukarj.k(Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line)3.16 miHkksDrklarqyu(Consumer’s Equilibrium) 3.17 miHkksDrklarqyudhnksvkèkkjHkwr'krs±(Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium) 3.18 miHkksDrklarqyuijoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkizHkko(Effect of Change in

Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium) 3.19 dherizHkko(Price Effect) 3.20 vk;izHkko(Income Effect) 3.21 izfrLFkkiuizHkko(Substitution) 3.22 izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodhigpku;kdherizHkkodkizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;

izHkkoesafoHkktu(Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect)

3.23 fgDldkn`f"Vdks.k(The Hicksian Approach) 3.24 fxÝiQudkfojksèkkHkkl(Giffen’s Paradox) 3.25 fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhfLFkfresavk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkko(Income and Substitution Effects

in Case of Giffen Goods)

G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020\ Ist 04\09\2020

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?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk 3.26 vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkkoksa osQ laHko la;ksx (Possible Combinations of Income and

Substitution Effects) 3.27 ,dkfèkdkjD;kgS\(What is Monopoly?) 3.28 ,dkfèkdkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡(Features of Monopoly) 3.29 ,dkfèkdkjesalarqyu(Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkkmRiknu

dkfuèkkZj.k(Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly) 3.30 oqQyvk;rFkkoqQyykxroØn`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach) 3.31 lhekarvk;rFkklhekarykxrn`f"Vdks.k(Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach) 3.32 dherfoHksn;kHksnewyd,dkfèkdkj(Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly)3.33 dherfoHksnosQizdkj(Types of Price Discrimination) 3.34 dherfoHksnhdj.kdhJsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Price Discrimination) 3.35 dherfoHksndhvko';d'krs±(Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination)3.36 dherfoHksndcykHknk;dgksrkgS\(When Price Discrimination is Profitable)3.37 Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj esa dher&mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination

under Discriminating Monopoly)3.38 D;k,dkfèkdkjhdherlnSoiw.kZizfr;ksxhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive Price?)3.39 viw.kZo,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition) 3.40 vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly)3.41 lkjka'k(Summary) 3.42 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)


blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxsµ

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• ek¡xfl¼kartkuusgsrqA


mi;ksfxrkfo'ys"k.kblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdoLrqdhmi;ksfxrkdkx.kukokpd eki (Cardinal Measurement)laHkogSvFkkZr~mi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksatSls1]2]3]4vkfnosQ:iesaizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAijarq;g,dO;kogkfjdO;k[;kughaagSA,slkdksbZHkhekinaMughaagSftllsgefdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxlsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdksO;DrdjlosaQAijarqmiHkksDrkfofHkUuoLrqvksavFkok,dghoLrqdhfofHkUubdkb;ksalsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdhrqyukdjldrkgSA;gmi;ksfxrkdkØeokpdekidgykrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnvki,ddipk;vkSj,ddidkWiQhdkmiHkksxdjrsgSarksvkibrukdgldrsgSafdnksuksaesalsfdlis;lsvkidkssvfèkdmi;kssfxrkizkIrgqbZgSAijarqvkimlmi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksa]tSls50bdkb;ksavFkok40bdkb;ksa]esaO;DrughaadjldrsAØeokpd'kCndkvFkZgS^izFke*]^f}rh;*]^r`rh;*]vkfnØensukrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kmi;ksfxrkosQØeokpdekiijvkèkkfjrgSA

viw.kZ o ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk (Imperfect and Monopolistic Competition)vYikfèkdkj(Oiligopoly)

92 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdkizfriknulclsigysvaxzstvFkZ'kkL=kh,stoFkZ (Edgeworth)uslu~1881esaviuhiqLrd‘Mathematical Psychics’esafd;kFkkAblèkkj.kkdkfodklbVyhosQvFkZ'kkL=khisfjVks (Pareto)uslu~1906esa]fczfV'kvFkZ'kkL=khMCyw- bZ- tkWulu (W. E. Johnson)uslu~1913esavkSj:lhvFkZ'kkL=khLyVLdh (Slutsky)uslu~1915esafd;kFkkAblfo'ys"k.kdksek¡xfl¼kardkegÙoiw.kZmidj.kcukusdkJs;lu~1934osQcknfgDl rFkk ,syu (Hicks and Allen)dkstkrkgSAbUgksausvius,dys[k^ewY; fl¼kar ij iqufoZpkj* (A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value)esablsoSKkfud:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSAfgDl usviuhiqLrd^ewY; rFkk iw¡th* (Value and Capital)esabldhfoLr`rfoospukdhgSA

3-3- rVLFkrk oØ D;k gS\ (What is an Indifference Curve?)

rVLFkrkoØogoØgStksnksoLrqvksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksizdVdjrkgSftulsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd,drVLFkrkoØijftrus¯cnqgksrsgSaosnksoLrqvksaosQmula;ksxksadksizdVdjrsgSaftulsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSApw¡fdizR;sd¯cnq}kjkizdVfd,x,la;ksxlslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgS]blfy,miHkksDrkmuosQpqukoosQlacaèkesarVLFk (Indifferent) gkstkrkgSvFkkZr~,drVLFkrkoØijfn,x,lHkhla;ksxksadkslekuegÙonsrkgSA

,p- ,y- osfj;u osQvuqlkj]^^,d rVLFkrk oØ nks oLrqvksa osQ lHkh la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftuls O;fDr dks larqf"V dk leku Lrj izkIr gksrk gSA blfy, oØ ij ¯cnqvksa }kjk O;Dr lHkh la;ksxksa osQ lacaèk esa ,d O;fDr rVLFk gksrk gSA** (An indifference curve represents all combinations of two commodities that provide the same level of satisfaction to a person. That person is therefore indifferent among the combinations represented by the points on the curve.)

—H. L. Varian

rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gS varj dk vHkko

oLrq X rFkk oLrq Y osQ nks fofHkUu la;ksx X1Y1 rFkk X2Y2 gSa ftuls miHkksDrk dks leku larqf"V izkIr gks

jgh gSA miHkksDrk bu nksuksa la;ksxksa osQ fo"k; esa rVLFk gksxk vFkkZr~ larqf"V osQ Lrj osQ lanHkZ esa mlosQ fy,

la;ksx X1Y1 rFkk X2Y2 osQ chp esa dksbZ varj ughaa gksxkA

rVLFkrk oØ og oØ gS tks nks oLrqvksa X rFkk Y osQ mu fofHkUu la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftuls mls leku larqf"V izkIr gksrh gSA

dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]^^,d rVLFkrk oØ ¯cnqvksa dk og iFk gS] tks oLrqvksa osQ mu fo'ks"k la;ksxksa dks izdV djrk gS tks miHkksDRkk dks leku larqf"V iznku djrs gSa] vr,o buosQ izfr miHkksDRkk rVLFk gksrk gSA** (An indifference curve is the locus of points ..... particular combination of goods .......... which yield the same utility to the consumer, so that he is indifferent as to the particular combinations he consumes.’’) —Koutsoyiannis

3-4- rVLFkrk vuqlwph (Indifference Schedule)

,drVLFkrkrkfydklsvfHkizk;mlrkfydklsgStksnksoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksadksn'kkZrhgSftllsmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSAblfy,miHkksDrkbuesalsizR;sdla;ksxdkslekuegÙonsrkgSvFkkZr~buosQizÑfrogrVLFkgksrkgSAes;lZ osQ'kCnksaesa]^^rVLFkrk rkfydk oLrqvksa osQ ,sls fofHkUu la;ksxkas dh rkfydk gksrh gS tks fdlh O;fDr dks leku :i ls larqf"V iznku djsaxsA** (An indifference schedule may be defined as a schedule of various combinations of goods that will be equally satisfactory to the individual concerned.) – Meyers

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?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk

fuEufyf[krrkfydklscksarFkklarjksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksn'kkZrhgSftuls,dmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksrhgSA

rkfydk 3-1- rVLFkrk vuqlwph (Indifference Schedule)

lsscksa rFkk larjksa osQ la;ksx lsc larjs

A 1 10

B 2 7

C 3 5

D 4 4

mijksDrrkfydk;gn'kkZrhgSfdlscksarFkklarjksaosQpkjksala;ksxksaA, B, C, DlsmiHkksDrklekularqf"VizkIrdjsxkAla;ksx‘A’esa1lsc+10larjsgSa_la;ksx‘B’esa2lsc+7larjsgSa_la;ksx‘C’esa3lsc+5larjsgSavkSjla;ksx‘D’esa4lsc+4larjsgSaAmiHkksDrkvfèkdlscysusosQfy,larjksadhoqQNek=kkdkR;kxblizdkjlsdjjgkgSfdizR;sdla;ksxlsfeyusokyhlarqf"VosQLrjesadksbZifjorZuugksA

3-5- rVLFkkrk oØ fp=kh; izLrqrhdj.k (Graphical Presentation of Indifference Curve)

rVLFkrkoØrVLFkrkrkfydkdkizLrqrhdj.kdjrkgSArkfydk1ijvkèkkfjrrVLFkrkoØdksfp=k3-1}kjkizdVfd;kx;kgSAblfp=kesaOX-v{kijlscksadhla[;krFkkOY-v{kijlarjksadhla[;kizdVdhxbZgSAICoØrVLFkrkoØgSAblosQfofHkUu¯cnqA, B, CrFkkDlscksarFkklarjksaosQ,slsla;ksxksadksizdVdjjgsgSaftulsfdmiHkksDrkdkslekularqf"VizkIrgksjghgSAblfy,bloØdksleku mi;ksfxrk oØ (Iso-Utility Curve)HkhdgktkrkgSA

Y

10987654321

O 1 2 3 4 5X

IC

A(1, 10)

B(2, 7)

C(3, 5)D(4, 4)

IC

IndifferenceCurve

Ora

nges

Apples

fp=k 3-1


fjDr LFkku Hkfj, (Fill in the blanks)µ

1- rVLFkrkdkvFkZgSfd,dghoØij,d¯cnqlsnwljsdhvksj----------------------gksukA

2- vukfèkekudkvFkZgSfdfupyh----------------------oozQosQm¡QphrVLFkrkoØijf[kldukA

3- m¡QphrVLFkrkoozQ----------------------osQm¡QpsLrjdksizdVdjrhgSA

94 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-6- rVLFkk ekufp=k (Indifference Map)

,drVLFkrkoØnksoLrqvksaosQmufofHkUula;ksxksadksizdVdjrkgSftulsmiHkksDrkdks,dfuf'prLrjdhlarqf"VizkIrgksrhgSA;fnfofHkUuoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksalsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VdksmQ¡ps;kuhpsLrjijfn[kkukgSrksgesavyx&vyxrVLFkrkoØksadkiz;ksxdjukiM+sxkA;fnburVLFkrkoØksa;kbuosQlewgdks,dfp=kosQ:iesaizdVfd;ktk,rksmlsrVLFkrkekufp=kdgktkrkgSAvr% rVLFkrk ekufp=k og xzkiQ gS tks rVLFk oØksaosQ ,d lewg dks iznf'kZr djrk gS ftlesa izR;sd oØ larqf"V osQ ,d fuf'pr Lrj dks crykrk gSA (Indifference map is that graph which represents a group of indifference curves each of which expresses a given level of satisfaction)]fp=k3-2esarVLFkrkekufp=kdksizdVfd;kx;kgSfp=kesaOX-v{kij

,d rVLFkrk oØ nwljh rVLFkrk oØ osQ nk;ha vksj rFkk mQij gS] larqf"V osQ mQ¡ps Lrj dks izdV djrh

gSA rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gS ,d gh oØ ij ,d ¯cnq ls nwljs ¯cnq dh vksj xfr'khy gksuk ijarq vukfèkeku

(Preference) dk vFkZ gS ,d fupyh rVLFkrk oØ osQ mQ¡ph rVLFkrk oØ ij f[kldukA bldk dkj.k ;g gS

fd mQ¡ph rVLFkrk oØ vk; osQ mQ¡ps Lrj dks izdV djrh gSA

lscksadhla[;krFkkOY-v{kijlarjksadhla[;kizdVdhxbZgSAI1, I2, I3,rFkkI4fofHkUurVLFkrkoØgSaAizR;sdrVLFkrkoØlarqf"VosQfofHkUuLrjksadksizdVdjjgkgSAtSls&tSlsrVLFkrkoØnkb±vksjf[kldrstkrsgSaoSls&oSlslarqf"VdkLrjc<+rktkrkgSAblfp=kesaI4ijizdVla;ksxlclsvfèkdlarqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSaAI3 oØosQla;ksxI4oØosQla;ksxksadhrqyukesalarqf"VosQdeLrjdksizdVdjjgsgSaAI1oØosQla;ksxlclsdelarqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]fp=k3-2esaI2osQ¯cnq‘D’ijmiHkksDrk4lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSA;fnogmiHkksDrk4lscksa+5larjksadkmiHkksxdjsrksLokHkkfod:ilsmldklarqf"VdkLrjigyslsvfèkdgksxkvkSjblizdkjogI3osQ¯cnq‘F’ijf[kldtk,xkAblhizdkj;fnogmiHkksDrk6lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjsrksmldhlarqf"V cnq‘D’lsvfèkdgksxh]vkSjblizdkjogI3osQG cnqijf[kldtk,xkAblfy,gedgldrsgSafd¯cnq‘F’rFkk‘G’tksfdrVLFkrkoØI3ijgS¯cnq‘D’dhvis{kkÑrtksfdI2ijgSvfèkdlarqf"VosQLrjdksn'kkZrsgSaA;fnmiHkksDrk8lscksa+4larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSmldhlarqf"V¯cnq‘G’lsvfèkdgksxhvkSjogI4osQ¯cnq’E’ijf[kldtk,xkAvr%larqf"VosQn`f"Vdks.klsI4 >I 3 > I2 > I4AvU;'kCnksaesa]dksbZHkhrVLFkrkoØtksnwljhlsnkb±vksjgksxkmlsmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØdgktk,xkvkSjogvfèkdlarqf"ViznkudjsxkAmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrfdlhHkhla;ksxdksuhphrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrla;ksxlsvfèkdilanfd;ktk,xkA

Y

l4

l1l2

l3l4

l1l2

l3

F

DG E

XO

10987654321

Ora

nges

Apples

IndifferenceMap

1 8765432

fp=k 3-2

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 95

?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk3-7- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj (Marginal Rate of Substitution)

rVLFkrkoØosQvè;;ulsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrktc,doLrq-Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjrkgSrksmldhlarqf"Vesao`f¼gksrhgSA;fnmiHkksDrkviuslarqf"VosQLrjdkslekuj[kukpkgrkgSvFkkZr~ogmlhrVLFkrkoØijjgukpkgrkgSrksmiHkksDrkdksY-oLrqdhoqQNbdkb;ksadkR;kxdjukiM+sxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscdhvfrfjDrek=kklsizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VosQcnysesamlslarjsdhmruhek=kkdkR;kxdjukiMs+xkftldhlarqf"VlsclsizkIrvfrfjDrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]

lscksa ls izkIr larqf"V (Satisfaction gained of Apples)=larjksa osQ R;kx ls izkIr larqf"V (Satisfaction lost from Oranges)

;fnmiHkksDrklscdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,larjsdhrhubdkb;ksadkR;kxdjrkgSvFkkZr~og,dlscosQfy,3larjksadkizfrLFkkiudjrkgSrks;gdgktk,xkfd,dlsclsizkIrlarqf"V3larjksalsizkIrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgSAvr%lscosQfy,larjksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj1%3gSAblizdkj;gdgktkldrkgSfdlscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunjlarjksadhogla[;kgSftldklscksadh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,blizdkjR;kxdjukiM+rkgSfdmiHkksDrkdksizkIrgksusokyhlarqf"VlekujgrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (MRS)og nj gS ftl ij miHkksDrk] larqf"V osQ vius Lrj esa ifjorZu fd, fcuk] ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu dj ldrk gSA ;g rVLFkrk oØksa osQ <yku dks izdV djrh gSA (Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is the rate at which the consumer can substitute one good for another without changing the level of satisfaction. It indicates the slope of indifference curves.)

fcykl osQvuqlkj] ^^oLrq&X dh oLrq&Y osQ fy, lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (MRSxy) oLrq&Ydh ek=kk gS tks miHkksDrk oLrq&X dh ,d vfèkd bdkbZ izkIr djus osQ fy,] R;kx djus dks rS;kj gksrk gS ftlls mldk larqf"V Lrj igys ftruk cuk jgsA** (The marginal rate of substitution of X for Y (MRSxy) is defined as the amount of Y, the consumer is just willing to give up to get one more unit of X and maintain the same level of satisfaction. —Bilas

MRSxy = ( )Gain of XLoss of Y

XY– D

D=

(;gk¡ MRSxy) Y osQ fy, X dh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj_ ∆Y = oLrq&Y esa ifjorZr]∆X = oLrq&XesaifjorZu)

vU;'kCnksaesa];fnmiHkksDrklarqf"VosQlekuLrjdkscuk,j[kukpkgrkgSrkslhekarizfrLFkkiunjoLrq&YrFkkoLrq-Xdhek=kkdkogvuqikrgSftlsoLrq-X dh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,vo';R;kxukiM+sxkA;gvuqikrlkekU;r%½.kkRedgksrkgSD;ksafdoLrq-Xdho`f¼osQlkFktqM+koLrq-Y esaifjorZu½.kkRedgksrkgSA

(i) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh fLFkj nj (Constant Marginal Rate of Substitution)

lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrcfLFkjgksrhgStcoLrq-Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,]oLrq-YdhosQoy,dbdkbZdkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSrkfdlarqf"VdklekuLrjcukjgsAvU;'kCnksaeasa]izfrLFkkiudhnjlekujgrhgSAiw.kZ izfrLFkkiu oLrqvksa dh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj leku gksrh gSA

lhekar izfrLFkku dh nj rVLFkk oØ osQ <yku dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA fLFkj lhekar izfrLFkkiu dk vFkZ gS <yku dk fLFkj gksuk ;k lhekar nj rVLFkrk oØ dk ,d ljy js[kk gksukA ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj dk vFkZ gS ?kVrk gqvk <yku ;k rVLFkrk oØ dk mUurksnj (Conves) gksuk vFkkZr~ ewy fcanq dh vksj mUurksnj gksukA

96 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kfLFkj lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj osQoy ,d lS¼kafrd laHkkouk gS

tc oLrq-X dk oLrq-Y osQ fy, c<+rh gqbZ nj ij izfrLFkkiu fd;k tkrk gS rks miHkksDrk osQ ikl

oLrq Y dh ek=kk de gksrh tkrh gS rFkk oLrq X dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gSA tc miHkksDrk osQ ikl

oLrq X dh ek=kk c<+rh tkrh gS rks mldh izR;sd vfrfjDr bdkbZ ls igyh bdkbZ dh rqyuk esa

de larqf"V izkIr gksrh gSA blosQ foijhr oLrq Y dh bdkb;ksa esa deh gksrs tkus osQ iQyLo:i

mldh izR;sd vfrfjDr bdkbZ osQ R;kx osQ iQyLo:i igyh bdkbZ dh rqyuk esa larqf"V dh

vfèkd gkfu gksrh gSA tc oLrq Y dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ dk R;kx djus osQ iQyLo:i larqf"V

esa gksus okyh gkfu oLrq X dh ,d vfrfjDr bdkbZ izkIr djus osQ iQyLo:i larqf"V esa gksus

okyh o`f¼ ls vfèkd gksrh gS rks oLrq X rFkk oLrq Y esa fLFkj nj fofue; oSQls gks ldrk gSA

fuEufyf[krrkfydk2rFkkfp=k3-3}kjkO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA

rkfydk 3-2- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh fLFkj nj(Constant Marginal Rate of Substitution)

la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj

A 1 10

B 2 9 1%1

C 3 8 1%1

D 4 7 1%1

rkfydk2lsizdVgksrkgS fdlscksadhizR;sdvfrfjDrbdkbZizkIrdjusosQ fy,miHkksDrkdks,dlarjsdkR;kxdjukiM+sxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlekuvFkkZr~1%1ghjgsxhA

fp=k3-3esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdmiHkksDrktc¯cnqAls¯cnqBijf[kldrkgS],dvfrfjDrlscizkIrdjusosQfy,og,dlarjsdkR;kxdjrkgSAblfLFkfresalarjksaosQfy,miHkksDrkdhlsckasdhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj1%1gSAblhizdkjtcogBlsC;kClsDijf[kldrkgSvFkkZr~,d¯cnqlsnwljs¯cnqijljdrkgSrkslhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlekuvFkkZr~1%1jgsxhA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhfxjrhgqbZlhèkh js[kk (Straight Line)gksxhtSlkfdfp=k3-3esafn[kk;kx;kgSA

Y

Ora

nges

10

9

8

7

O

A

B

C

D

IC

1 432X

Apples

[1:1]

CONSTANTMRSXY

fp=k 3-3

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 97


(ii) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh c<+rh nj(Increasing Marginal Rate of Substitution)

lhekarizfrLFkkiudhc<+rhnjlsvfHkizk;gSfdmiHkksDrkosQikltcfdlhoLrqdkLVkWdc<+tkrkgSrkslarqf"VosQlekuLrjdksdk;ej[kusosQfy,ogmloLrqdknwljhoLrqosQfy,c<+rhgqbZnjijizfrLFkkiudjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,oLrq -Xdh,dvfèkdbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,oLrq-Ydh2bdkb;ksadkR;kxfd;ktkrkgSvkSjoLrq-Xdh,dvkSjbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,oLrq-Ydh3bdkb;ksadkR;kxfd;ktkrkgSA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØdk<ykuewy¯cnqdhvksjurksnj (Concave)gksrkgStSlkfdfp=k3-4esafn[kyk;kx;kgSA

lhekarizfrLFkkiudhc<+rhnjdhO;k[;kfuEufyf[krrkfydk3rFkkfp=k3-4}kjkdhtkldrhgSµ

rkfydk 3-3- lhekar izfrLFkku dh c<+rh nj(Increasing Marginal Rate of Substitution)

la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj

A 1 10

B 2 9 1%1

C 3 7 2%1

D 4 4 3%1

rkfydk3lsizdVgksrkgSfdlscdhnwljhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,miHkksDrkdks1larjsdkR;kxdjukiM+rkgS]lscdhrhljhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,2larjksadkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSvkSjlscdhpkSFkhbdkbZizkIrdjusosQfy,3larjksadkR;kxdjukiM+rkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lsckasosQfy,larjksadhizfrLFkkiudhnjc<+jghgSA

fp=k 3-4esa ;g izdV fd;k x;k gS fdmiHkksDrktc 2lsc [kjhnrk gS] rks og 9larjs[kjhnsxkAvU;'kCnksaesaa],dvfrfjDrlscizkIrdjusosQ fy,og,dlarjsdkR;kxdjsxkAtcog3lsc[kjhnrkgSrcog7larjs[kjhnsxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]og,dvfrfjDrlsc[kjhnusosQfy,2larjksadkR;kxdjsxkAblhizdkjtc4lsc[kjhnrkgS] rc og larjs Hkh 4 gh [kjhnsxk vFkkZr~ ,dvfèkd lsc izkIrdjus osQ fy, og3larjksadkR;kxdjsxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjc<+jghgSA,slh fLFkfr esa rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj urksnj(Concave to the Point of Origin)gksrh gSA

Y

A

B

C

DIC

X4321

10987654

O

Apples

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-4

98 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (iii) lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh ?kVrh nj (Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)

lhekarizfrLFkkiudh?kVrhnjlsvfHkizk;gSfdmiHkksDrkosQikltcfdlhoLrqdkLVkWdc<+rkgSrksviuslarqf"VosQLrjdkslekucuk,j[kusosQfy,ogbloLrqdknwljhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiu?kVrhgqbZnjijdjsxkA,slhfLFkfresarVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnj (Convex to the Origin)gksrhgSArVLFkrkoØdh;g,dvkèkkjHkwrekU;rkgS]blsfp=k3-5esan'kkZ;kx;kgSA;g,dlkekU;fo'ks"krkHkhgSvkSjbldhO;k[;k,dfu;eosQ:iesauhpsdhxbZgSA

blfu;edksrkfydk4vkSjfp=k3-5}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSµ

rkfydk 3-4- ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkku nj(Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)

la;ksx lsc larjs lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj

A 1 10 µ

B 2 7 3%1

C 3 5 2%1

D 4 4 1%1

rkfydk4lsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrknwljslscosQfy,3larjs]rhljslscosQfy,2larjsrFkkpkSFkslscosQfy,1larjsdkizfrLFkkiudjsxkvFkkZr~tSls&tSlslsckssadhvfèkdla[;kysrktk,xk]larjksadhlscksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunjdegksrhtk,xhA

fp=k3-5lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘A’ls¯cnq‘B’dhvksjtkrkgSrksoglscdh,dvfrfjDrbdkbZosQfy,3larjksadkR;kxdjrkgSAblfLFkfresamiHkksDrkdhlscosQfy,larjksadhizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)3%1gksxhAblizdkjtcogBlsCdhvksjtkrkgSrkslscdh,dvfrfjDrbdkbZosQcnysesa2larjksadkR;kxdjusosQfy,rS;kjgS]vFkkZr~mldhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj2%1gSAblmnkgj.klsLi"VgSfdmiHkksDrktSls&tSlslscksaosQmi;ksxdksc<+krktkrkgSrksmldhizR;sdvfrfjDrbdkbZosQfy,ogØe'k%delarjksadkR;kxdjrkgSvFkkZr~izfrLFkkiunj3%1]2%1]1%1gkstkrhgSApw¡fd ;g vo';aHkkoh gksrk gS] blfy, bls ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj dk fu;e dgk tkrk gSA

Y

A

B

CD

IC

X1 2 3 4

10987654321O

Apples

Ora

nges

DiminishingMRSxy [3:1, 2:1, 1:1]

fp=k 3-5

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 99

?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk3-8- lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj ?kVrh D;ksa gS\

(Why does the Marginal Rate of Substitution Diminish?)

?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiunjdkfu;e]okLroesa]?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;edkgh,dfoLr`r:igSA?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQvuqlkj,dmiHkksDrktcfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxdhek=kkdksc<+krktkrkgSrksmloLrqlsizkIrgksusokyhlhekarmi;ksfxrk?kVrhtkrhgSvkSjblosQfoijhrtcogfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxdhek=kkdks?kVkrkgS]rksmloLrqlsfeyusokyhlhekarmi;ksfxrkc<+rhtkrhgSAfp=k3-5lsKkrgksrkgSmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘A’ij1lscvkSj10larjksadkmiHkksxdjrkgSA¯cnq‘B’ijmiHkksDrk7larjsvkSj2lsckasdkmiHkksxdjrkgSvFkkZr~mlus1lscosQfy,3larjkasdkR;kxfd;kA?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQvuqlkjlscksadhc<+rhgqbZla[;kdhlhekarmi;ksfxrk?kVjghgSvkSjlarjksadh?kVrhgqbZla[;kdhlhekarmi;ksfxrkc<+jghgSAblosQiQyLo:imiHkksDrklscdhizR;sdvxyhbdkbZosQcnysesalarjksadhØe'k%deek=kkdkR;kxdjusosQfy,rS;kjgksxkAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)?kVjghgSAblfu;eosQykxwgksusosQosghdkj.kgSatks?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;eosQgSavFkkZr~(i)fo'ks"kvko';drkdhlarqf"V](ii)oLrq,¡iw.kZLFkkukiUugksrhgSarFkk(iii)oLrqvksaosQoSdfYidmi;ksxgksrsgSaA;gfu;e(i) iw.kZ LFkkukiUu (Perfect Substitutes)rFkk(ii)iw.kZ iwjd oLrqvksa (Perfect Complementary Goods)osQ lacaèk esa ykxw ughaa gksrk gSA

3-9- ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dk fu;e rFkk ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj dk fu;e dh rqyuk (Comparison of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility and the Law of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)

?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;erFkk?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;emiHkksDrkosQO;ogkjdh,degÙoiw.kZizo`fÙkdksizdVdjrsgSaAbufu;eksaosQvuqlkj,dmiHkksDrkosQikltSls&tSlsfdlhoLrqdkLVkWd;kek=kkc<+rhtkrhgS]mldhvfrfjDrbdkb;ksadkegÙodegksrktkrkgSAvr%?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;e?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQ fu;eosQghvuq:igSAijarqfgDlosQvuqlkj]?kVrhlhekarizzfrLFkkiudhnjdkfu;emiHkksDrkosQO;ogkjdhblizo`fÙkdh?kVrhlhekarmi;kssfxrkosQfu;edhrqyukesadeekU;rkvksaosQvkèkkjijO;k[;kdjrkgSAblfy, ;g fu;e fuEufyf[kr dkj.kksa ls ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk osQ fu;e dh rqyuk esa vfèkd okLrfod gSA

1- mi;ksfxrk osQ x.kukokpd eki dh vko';drk ughaa gS (No Need of Measuring Utility in Cardinal Numbers)µ?kVrh lhekar mi;ksfxrk dk fu;e mi;ksfxrk osQx.kukokpdekidhvokLrfodekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSA blosQ foijhr ?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eesami;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kesaekiusdhvko';drkghughaagSAblfy,;gfu;evfèkdokLrfodgSA

2- Lora=k oLrqvksa dh ekU;rk ls eqDr (Free from the Assumption of Independent Commodities)µ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdkfu;eblvokLrfodekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfd,doLrqlsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkosQoymloLrqdhmiyCèkek=kkijfuHkZjdjrhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]pk;lsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkijlacafèkroLrqdkWiQhlsizkIrgksusokyhmi;ksfxrkdkdksbZizHkkoughaaiM+rkA?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eesa;gèkkj.kkekuusdhvko';drkghughaagSA;gfu;elacafèkroLrqvkasaosQ,d&nwljsdhmi;ksfxrkijiM+usokysizHkkodksè;kuesaj[krkgSA

100 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh

uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- eqnzk dh fLFkj lhekar mi;ksfxrkdh ekU;rk ls Lora=k (Free from the Assumption of Constant Marginal Utility of Money)µ?kVrhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQfu;edhrhljhvokLrfodekU;rkeqnzkdhlhekarmi;ksfxrkdksfLFkjekuukgSA?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eosQfy,blvokLrfodekU;rkdhdksbZvko';drkughaagSA

ijarqdkSrlqfo;kuh (Koutsoyiannis)dk;gekuukgSfdlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjlhekarmi;ksfxrkdhèkkj.kk(MRS)esafufgrgSD;ksafd;gfl¼fd;ktkldrkgSfdmi;ksfxrkiQyuesavarfuZfgrlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjoLrqvksadhlhekarmi;ksfxrkosQvuqikrosQcjkcjgSA

MRSxy = MUMU

Y

X or MRSyx = MUMU

X

Y


cgqfodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)

4- lhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrVLFkrkoØosQ----------------------dksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSA

(v) vFkZ (c)<yku (l)larqf"V (n)mís';

5- fLFkjlhekarizfrLFkkiudkvFkZgS<ykudk----------------------gksukA

(v) vfLFkj (c) fLFkj (l)oØ (n)lhèkk

6- ?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudkvFkZgSrVLFkrkoØdk----------------------gksukµ

(v) mUurksnj(Convex)(c)oØ (l) fLFkj (n)vfLFkj

7- iw.kZizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj----------------------gksrhgSµ

(v) vleku (c)oØ (l) fLFkj (n)lekuA

3-10- rVLFkrk oØ fo'ys"k.k dh ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions of Indifference Curve Analysis)

rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kfuEufyf[krekU;rkvksaijvkèkkfjrgSµ

1- foosdiw.kZ miHkksDrk (Rational Consumer)µ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd miHkksDrkdkO;ogkjfoosdiw.kZgksxkAge;gekuysrsgSafdmiHkksxfu.kZ;ksalslacafèkrfLFkfr;ksaosQckjsesamiHkksDrkdksiw.kZlwpukizkIrgSAcktkjesamiyCèklHkhoLrqvksarFkklsokvksaosQckjsesa]mudhdherrFkkviuhekSfnzdvk;osQckjsesamiHkksDrkdkstkudkjhizkIrgSAbllwpukosQvkèkkjijmiHkksDrk;gfu.kZ;ysldrkgSfddkSu&lkla;ksxcsgrjgSvFkokdkSu&lkla;kssxlekularqf"ViznkudjrkgSAizR;sd miHkksDrk viuh lhfer vk; ls vfèkdre larqf"V izkIr djus dk iz;kl djsxkA

2- Øeokpd mi;ksfxrk (Ordinal Utility)µrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kØeokpdmi;ksfxrkdhekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSAblsØeokpdmi;ksfxrkblfy,dgktkrkgSD;ksafdblsØeokpdla[;kvksaosQ:iesaO;Drfd;ktkrkgSAØeokpdla[;k,¡osla[;k,¡gSatksÜk`a[kykvksa esa Js.kh dks (Ranks in Series)O;DrdjrhgSatSlsizFke] f}rh; vkSjr`rh;A blosQvuqlkjmiHkksDrkoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksaosQfy,viuhizkFkfedrkvksa (Preferences)dksJsf.k;ksa (Ranks)dks O;DrdjldrsgSaAmUgsa fdlhoLrqdhmi;ksfxrkdksx.kukokpdla[;kvksaesaO;Drdjusdhvko';drkughaagSA,dmiHkksDrkfofHkUuoLrqvksalsfeyusokyhmi;ksfxrkdhrqyukdjosQmi;ksfxrkdks^vfèkd*;k^de*osQ:iesaO;DrdjrkgSufdmldks2]4]6]8vkfnla[;kvksaosQ:iesaA

uksV

Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 101


3- ?kVrh lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj (Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution)µckseksy (Baumol)osQvuqlkj]^^rVLFkrk oØ fo'ys"k.k dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd lhekar izfrLFkkiu nj ?kVrh tkrh gSA** bldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd,dmiHkksDrkosQikltSls&tSlsfdlhoLrqdhek=kkc<+rhgSogmloLrqdkvU;oLrqlsizfrLFkkiu?kVrhnjijdjrkgSA

4- iw.kZ larqf"V ughaa (Non-Satiety)µmiHkksDrkiw.kZlarqf"V osQ Lrj (Level of Satiety)ijughaaigq¡prkAmiHkksDrk,doLrqdhvfèkdek=kkdksdeek=kkdhrqyukesavfèkdilandjrkgSAtSlsnksjlxqYyksaosQLFkkuijik¡pjlxqYysA;fnmiHkksDrkdksfdlhoLrqdhdeek=kkdhrqyukesavfèkdek=kkdksilandjukgS]rcmlosQiklmloLrqdhbruhek=kkgksuhpkfg,fdvkSjvfèkdysuslsmlsdksbZHkhlarqf"VizkIrugksA

5- pquko esa lkeatL; (Consistency in Selection)µmiHkksDrkosQ O;ogkjesalkeatL;ik;ktkrkgSAbldvFkZgqvkfdmiHkksDrk;fnfdlh,dle;esaoLrqvksaosQAla;ksxdksoLrqvksaosQBla;ksxlsvfèkdilandjrkgSrksogfdlhnwljsle;esaHkhoLrqvksaosQAla;ksxdhrqyukesaoLrqvksaosQBla;ksxdhvfèkdilanughaadjsxkA

;fn A > B, rc B A

(blsi<+ktk,xk;fnA, Blsvfèkd(>)gSrksB, A vfèkd( ) ughaagksldrkA

6- ldeZdrk (Transitivity)µbl fo'ys"k.k dh ;g Hkh ekU;rk gS fd rVLFkrk vkSjizkFkfedrkosQlacaèkesaldeZdrkikbZtkrhgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfd;fnmiHkksDrk‘A’la;ksxls‘B’la;ksxdksvfèkdilandjrkgSrFkk‘B’la;ksxdks‘C’la;ksxlsvfèkdilandjrkgSrksog‘A’la;ksxdks‘C’la;ksxdhrqyukesavo';ghvfèkdilandjsxkAblizdkj;fnmiHkksDrk‘A’rFkk‘B’osQchprVLFkgSrFkk‘B’vkSj‘C’osQchprVLFkgSrksog‘A’vkSj‘C’osQchpHkhrVLFkgksxkA

3-11- rVLFkrk oØksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Indifference Curves)

rVLFkrkoØdheq[;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- rVLFkrk oØ dk <yku lkekU;r;k ck,¡ ls nk,¡ uhps dh vksj gksrk gS (An indifference Curve Generally Slopes Downwards from Left to the Right)µ,drVLFkrkoØdk<ykuck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksjvFkkZr~½.kkRed(Negative)gksrkgSArVLFkrkoØdh;gfo'ks"krkblekU;rkijvkèkkfjrgSfdmiHkksDrk;fn,doLrqdhvfèkdek=kkdkmi;ksxdjrkgSrksognwljhoLrqdhdeek=kkdkmi;ksxdjsxk]rHkhoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksalsfeyusokyhlarqf"VlekugksxhA

Y

D A

MB

IC

OR S

X

Apples

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-6


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fp=k3-6esaICoØck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksj<ykuokysrVLFkrkoØdksizdVdjjgkgSAtSlkfdoØIC}kjkizdVgksjgkgSArcmiHkksDrkdksArFkkBla;ksxksalslekularqf"VizkIrgksldrhgSD;ksafdAla;ksxesaBla;ksxdhrqyukesalarjksadhla[;kvfèkdgSrksBla;ksxesalscksadhla[;kdegSAvr%rVLFkrk oØ dk <yku IC js[kk dh Hkk¡fr ½.kkRed gksrk gS vFkkZr~ ck,¡ ls nk,¡ uhps dh vksj >qdk gqvk] ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksrk gSA

2- ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj (Convex to the Point of Origin)µrVLFkrk oØlkekU;r;kewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnj(uhpsdhvksj>qdkgqvk)gksrkgSAoØmUurksnjgksuslsvfHkizk;ewy¯cnqdhvksjblosQvanjdks>qosQgksus(Bowing inward)lsgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]rVLFkrkoØdk<ykupiVk (Flatter)gksrktkrkgStSls&tSlsmloØijvkxsdhvksjljdrstkrsgSaArVLFkrkoØdk<ykulhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj dgykrkgSD;ksafd;gmlnjdksizdVdjrkgSftlijmiHkksDrklarqf"VosQlekuLrjdksdk;ej[kusosQfy,,doLrq(tSlslsc)dknwljhoLrq(tSlslarjk)osQfy,izfrLFkkiudjrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]rVLFkrkoØdh;gfo'ks"krk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQfu;eijvkèkkfjrgSA

rVLFkrkoØdhmUurksnjrk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQdkj.kgksrhgSA

fp=k3-7esarVLFkrkoØewy¯cnq‘O’dhvksjmUurksnj (Convex)gSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdlscksadhlarjksaosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhtkjghgSAbldkvFkZgSfdmiHkksDrklsckasadhtSls&tSlsvfèkdek=kkysrktk,xk]oglarjksadhdeek=kkdkR;kxdjukpkgsxkAmiHkksDrkigysvfrfjDrlscosQfy,3larjksa(AB)dkR;kxdjsxk]nwljslscosQfy,2larjksa(CD)dkrFkkrhljslscosQfy,1larjs(EF)dkR;kxdjukpkgsxkAokLrfodthouesablhizdkjdhghfLFkfrgksrhgSAblhfy,rVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjgksrhgSA

Y

10 A

7 C

IC

O1 2

X

Apples

Ora

nges

EG

3 4

54

BD

F

fp=k 3-7

3- nks rVLFkrk oØ ,d nwljs dks u rks Nwrs vkSj u gh dkVrs gSa (Indifference Curves Never Touch or Intersect Each Other)µizR;sdrVLFkrkoØlarqf"VosQfofHkUuLrjdksizdVdjrkgS]blfy,;s,dnwljsdksurksNwrsvkSjughdkVrsgSaAfp=k3-8esanksrVLFkrkoØIC1rFkkIC2,dnwljsdks¯cnq‘A’ijdkVrsgq,fn[kk,x,gSa]ijarqokLroesa,slklaHkoughaagSArVLFkrkoØIC1ij¯cnq‘A’rFkk¯cnq‘C’lekularqf"Vokysla;ksxkasdksizdVdjjgsgSavFkkZr~‘A’la;ksx ls izkIr larqf"V = ‘C’la;ksx ls izkIr larqf"VA

uksV



X

Y

5

4

3

2

1

O1 2 3 4 5

A

B

C IC2

IC1

Apples

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-8

blhizdkjrVLFkrkoØIC2ij¯cnq‘A’rFkk¯cnq‘B’lekularqf"VdksizdVdjjgsgSavFkkZr~‘A’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"V=Bla;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"VAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfd‘B’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"V‘C’la;ksxlsizkIrlarqf"VosQcjkcjgS]ijarq ;g laHko ughaa gS D;ksafdla;ksx‘B’esala;ksx‘C’dhrqyukesalarjksadhek=kkvfèkdgScs'kdlscksadhek=kklekugSA

4- mQ¡pk rVLFkrk oØ larqf"V osQ mPp (vfèkd) Lrj dks izdV djrk gS (Higher Indifference Curve Indicates Higher Satisfaction)µrVLFkrkoØksadh;gfo'ks"krkgSfd,drVLFkrkekufp=kesamQ¡pkrVLFkrkoØviuslsuhpsrVLFkrkoØdhvis{kkvfèkdlarqf"VizdVdjrkgSAblfo'ks"krkdksfp=k3-9dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=kesaIC2 mQ¡pkrFkkIC1uhpkrVLFkrkoØgSAIC2rVLFkrkoØdkB ¯cnq]IC1rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqAdhvis{kklsckasdhvfèkdek=kkrFkklarjksadhlekuek=kkizdVdjjgkgSAvr,oIC2 rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqBlsIC1 rVLFkrkoØosQ¯cnqAdhvis{kkvfèkdlarqf"VizkIrgksxhAbllsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdrVLFkrkoØftrukmQ¡pkgksxkmruhghvfèkdlarqf"VizdVdjsxkA

5

4

3

2

1

O

Ora

nges

Y

A B

IC2IC1

X1 2 3 4 5

Apples

fp=k 3-9

5- rVLFkrk oØ lkekU;r;k u rks OX-v{k dks vkSj u gh OY-v{k dks Nwrk gS (Indifference Curve should Generally not Touch X-axis or Y-axis)µ;g ekufy;ktk;sfdmiHkksDrkoLrqvksaosQla;ksx[kjhnrkgSArksrVLFkrkoØurksOX-v{kvkSjughOY-v{kdksNwrkgSA;fnrVLFkrkoØfdlhHkhv{kdksNwrkgSrksbldkvFkZ;ggksxkfdmiHkksDrkosQoy,dghoLrqizkIrdjukpkgrkgSAmldhnwljhoLrq


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k osQfy,ek¡x'kwU;gSA,slkosQoymlle;gksldrkgStcnksoLrqvksaesals,doLrqeqnzkgSA;fnOY-v{kijeqnzkdhek=kkizdVdhxbZgSrksrVLFkrkoØOY-v{kdksLi'kZdjldrkgSAtSlkfdfp=k3-10esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdICrVLFkrkoØOY-v{kdks¯cnqMijNwjgkgSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfdmiHkksDrkeqnzkdhOMek=kkviusiklj[kukpkgrkgSvkSjoglscksadhdksbZHkhek=kk[kjhnukughaapkgrkAblosQfoijhr¯cnqNlsKkrgksrkgSfdmiHkksDrkeqnzkdhOPek=kkrFkklscksadhOQek=kkosQla;ksxdksilandjrkgSAblla;ksxlsmiHkksDrkdksmruhghlarqf"VizkIrgksxhftruhmlsosQoyeqnzkdksviusiklj[kuslsvFkkZr~OMla;ksxlsizkIrgksrhgSA

Apples

Y

X

N

IC

M

P

OQ

Mon

ey

fp=k 3-10

6- rVLFkrk oØksa dk ,d&nwljs osQ lekukarj gksuk vko';d ughaa (Indifference Curve Need not be Parallel to Each Other)µtSlkfdfp=k3-11esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdrVLFkrkoØ,dnwljsosQlekukarjgksHkhldrsgSavFkokughaaHkhgksldrsA;gblckrijfuHkZjdjrkgSfdrVLFkrkoØekufp=kijcukbZxbZnksrVLFkrkoØksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunjD;kgSA;fnnksoØksaosQfofHkUu¯cnqvksadhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj,dfLFkjvuqikresagh?kVrhgSrks;soØlekukarjgksaxsvU;Fkk;slekukarjughaagkasxsA

Y

XOQ

Apples

IC3IC2

IC1

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-11

3-12- rVLFkrk oØksa osQ vkdkj osQ oqQN viokn (Some Exceptional Shapes of Indifference Curves)

fuEufyf[krfp=krVLFkrkoØksaosQoqQNvioknksadksizdVdjrsgSaµ

1- viokn 1% lhèkh js[kk rVLFkrk oØ&iw.kZ izfrLFkkiu oLrq,¡ (Exception 1: Straight Line Indifference Curve-Perfect Substitutes)µ;fn oLrqX rFkk oLrqY iw.kZ

uksV



izzfrLFkkiu gSarksmudhlhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRS)1%1gksxhAnks oLrq,¡ LFkkukiUu rc gksrh gSa tc miHkksDrk ,d oLrq dk nwljh oLrq osQ fy, leku nj ij izfrLFkkiu djsxkA iw.kZizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksaosQfy,rVLFkrkooszaQtSlkfp=k3-12esafn[kk;kx;kgS]ljyjs[kk,¡gksrhgSaAbuoØksaosQIyku}kjknksoLrqvksadhizfrLFkkiunjLi"VgkstkrhgSA

Y

O X

IC2IC1

Y-C

omm

odity

X-Commodity

X & Y are Perfect Substitutes:IC for Perfect Substitutes

is Straight Line

fp=k 3-12

2- viokn 2% L izdkj dh (ledks.kh;) rVLFkrk oØ&iw.kZ iwjd oLrq,¡ (Exception 2: L Shaped (Right Angled) Indifference Curve : Perfect Complements)µiw.kZiwjdoLrqvksadhrVLFkrkoØtSlkfdfp=k3-13esafn[kk;kx;kgSAL-izdkj dh (ledks.kh;)gksrhgSaAiw.kZ iwjd oLrq,¡ os gSa ftudk ,d fuf'pr vuqikr esa ,d lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kossQfy,]nk,¡iSjdktwrkrFkkck,¡iSjdktwrkiw.kZizfrLFkkiugSD;ksafdbuesals,dosQfcuknwljsdkdksbZmi;ksxughaagSAtcmiHkksDrkosQiklbudh,dU;wurela[;kgSrks,slhdksbZnjughaagSftlij,dtwrsdknwljsosQfy,izfrLFkkiufd;ktkldrkgSA

Y

O X

IC2IC1

Perfect Complements L-Shaped IC Curve

Rig

ht S

hoe

Left Shoe

fp=k 3-13

3- viokn 3% iM+h gqbZ ljy js[kk rVLFkrk oØ oLrq ftlls 'kwU; larqf"V izkIr gksrh gS (Horizontal Indifference Curve - A Good that Gives Zero Satisfaction)µtcfdlhoLrqls'kwU;larqf"VizkIrgksrhgSrksmiHkksDrkmloLrqdh,dbdkbZHkhizkIrdjusosQfy,nwljhoLrqdhU;wureek=kkdkHkhR;kxughaadjukpkgsxkAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]èkwezikuughaadjusokys O;fDrosQ fy, flxjsVdhrVLFkrkoØ]tSlk fdfp=k3-14esafn[kk;kx;kgS]iM+hgqbZljyjs[kkgksxhAmloLrqdhrVLFkrkoØftlls'kwU;larqf"VizkIrgksrhgSOX(ftlij'kwU;larqf"VokyhoLrqdksfn[kk;kx;kgS)osQlekukarjgksxhA


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k Y

O XCigarette

Oth

er G

oods

IC1

IC2

Cigarette gives zero satisfaction, so the IC is horizontal

fp=k 3-14

4- viokn 4% Uvkdkj dk rVLFkrk oØ % ½.kkRed mi;ksfxrk okyh oLrq (Exceptional 4: U Shaped Indifference Curve A Good that Gives Negative Utility)µ;fnfdlhoLrqosQmiHkksxls,dlhekosQi'pkr½.kkRedmi;ksfxrkizkIrgksrhgSrksmldhrVLFkrkoØ]mnkgj.kosQfy,]tSlkfdfp=k3-15esafn[kk;kx;kgS‘U’vkdkjdhgksxhAmnkgj.kosQfy,]¯cnqQijmiHkksDRkkdksftrukHkkstupkfg,ogfeytkrkgSA¯cnqQosQi'pkrrVLFkrkoØdk<ykuèkukRed(Positive)gkstkrkgSAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdvfrfjDrHkkstudkmiHkksxdjuslsmiHkksDrkdks½.kkRedmi;ksfxrkizkIrgksxhAblfy,ogmloLrqosQmi;ksxlscpusosQfy,nwljhoLrqdhoqQNek=kkdkR;kxdjusosQfy,bPNqdgksxkAblfy,fdlhoLrqdk,dlhekrdmiHkksxdjusosQi'pkrmlosQizfr,dmiHkksxlsizkIrmi;ksfxrk½.kkRedgkstkrhgSrksrVLFkrkoØdk<ykuèkukRedgkstkrkgSA

All

Oth

er G

oods

Good

X

IC1IC2

O Q

Y

fp=k 3-15

3-13- ctV js[kk ;k dher js[kk (Budget Line or Price Line)

rVLFkrkoØLo;amiHkksDRkkosQO;ogkjdhlkekU;r;kHkfo";ok.khughaadjldrkD;ksafd;gnksegÙoiw.kZlwpukvksadksNksM+nsrkgS]osgSamiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkkoLrqvksadhdherasAdhervkSjvk;dhlwpuk,drVLFkrkfp=kesa,dvU;js[kk}kjkiznkudhtkrhgS]bljs[kkdksctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdgktkrkgSA

rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.k}kjkmiHkksDrklarqyudh fLFkfrdkKkuizkIrdjusosQ fy,ctV

uksV



js[kkdkvè;;uvko';dgSA bl js[kkdksdher js[kk (Price Line)]miHkksx laHkkfor js[kk (Consumption Possibility Curve)vFkok izkIr gksus okys la;ksxksa dh js[kk (Line of Attainable Combinations)HkhdgktkrkgSA

fgCMu osQvuqlkj]^^ctV js[kk og js[kk gS tks nks oLrqvksa osQ fofHkUu la;ksxksa dks izdV djrh gS ftUgsa miHkksDrk ,d nh gqbZ ekSfnzd vk; rFkk nks oLrqvksa dh nh gqbZ dher ij [kjhn ldrk gSA** (The budget line is that line which shows all the different combinations of the two commodities that a consumer can purchase given his money income and the price of two commodities. —Hibbdon)

O;k[;k (Explanation)

ekuyhft,miHkksDrkdhvk;`4-00gS]oglscksarFkklarjksaijviuhlkjhvk;[kpZdjukpkgrkgSAlarjsdhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkrFkklscdhdher` 1-00izfrlscgSAviuhfuf'prvk;rFkklscksaa,oalarjksadhfuf'prdherlsmiHkksDrkbunksuksaoLrqvksaosQtksfofHkUula;ksx[kjhnldrkgSmUgsarkfydk5vkSjfp=k3-16}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSA

rkfydk 3-5- oSdfYidmiHkksx laHkkouk,¡

(Alternative Consumption Possibilities)

la;ksx vk; (#i;s) lsc dher = (` 1-00)

larjs dher = (50 iSls)

A 4-00 0 + 8

B 4-00 1 + 6

C 4-00 2 + 4

D 4-00 3 + 2

E 4-00 4 + 0

rkfydk5lsKkrgksrkgSfd;fnmiHkksDrkosQoylarjs[kjhnukpkgrkgSrksogviuh` 4dhfuf'prvk;lsvfèkdlsvfèkd8larjs[kjhnldrkgSAblosQfoijhr;fnmiHkksDrkosQoylscgh[kjhnukpkgrkgSrksogviuhfuf'prvk;lsvfèkdlsvfèkd4lsc[kjhnldrkgSAlscksarFkklarjksadhbulhekvksaosQchpcuusokysdbZla;ksxtSls6larjs+1lsc]4larjs+2lsc]2larjs+3lscHkh[kjhnldrkgSA

X

Y

A

B

C

D

E

1 2 3 4

8

6

4

2

0

Apples

Budget Line

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-16


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k fp=k3-16esanksoLrqvksaosQfofHkUula;ksxksadksAEjs[kk}kjkn'kkZ;kx;kgSAbljs[kkdksctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkdgktkrkgSApw¡fdgeekudjpyrsgSafdmiHkksDrkviuhlkjhvk;bunksuksaoLrqvksaosQmiHkksxij[kpZdjrkgS]blfy,AEctVjs[kk;kdherjs[kkmiHkksDrkdhlhekjs[kk(Limit Line)gSActVjs[kkdk<ykumlosQ}kjkizdVdhxbZnksuksaoLrqvksalscksarFkklarjksadhdherksadkvuqikrgS_vFkkZr~

ctV js[kk dk <yku (Slope of Budget Line)= PP

o

a _(;gk¡Pa = lscksadhdherrFkkPo= larjksadhdher)

fyIlh osQvuqlkj]^^ctV js[kk dk <yku nks dherksa osQ vuqikr dk ½.kkRed gksrk gSA (ml oLrq dh dher dks ftls iM+s ;k OX-v{k }kjk izdV fd;k x;k gS] va'k (Numerator)osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA)** (The slope of the budget line is the negative of the ratio of two prices with the price of the goods that is placed on the horizontal OX-axis appearing in the numerator. —Lipsey)

3-14- ctV js[kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Properties of Budget Line)

;fnnksuksaoLrqvksadhdhersafuf'pr;kfLFkjgSarcctVjs[kkesafuEufyf[krfo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSaµa

1- ;g,dlhèkh;kljyjs[kkgksxhA

2- bldk<yku½.kkRedgksxkA

3- bldk<ykunksoLrqvksavFkkZr~larjksavkSjlscksadhdherksaosQvuqikrosQ½.kkRedfoijhr

(Negative Inverse)osQcjkcj= (–) PP

o

a gksxkA

4- ;fnnksctVjs[kk,¡oLrqdhlekudhersaijarqvk;osQfofHkUuLrjksadksiznf'kZrdjrhgSa]rcnksuksajs[kk,¡lekukarj(Parallel)gksaxhA

3-15- ctV js[kk ;k dher js[kk dk LFkkukarj.k (Shifting of the Budget Line or Price Line)

ctVjs[kkdhfLFkfrrFkk<ykunksrÙoksaijfuHkZjdjrhgSµ(1)miHkksDrkdhvk;vkSj(2)munksoLrqvksasdhdherksaftUgsamiHkksDrk[kjhnukpkgrkgSActVjs[kkesafuEuizdkjosQifjorZugksldrsgSaµ

1- vk; esa ifjorZu (Change in Income)µ;fnnksuksaoLrqvksadhdherksaesaifjorZuughaagksrkrcvk; c<+us ls ctV js[kk mQij dh vksj ljd tk,xh vkSj vk; osQ de gksus ls ctV js[kk uhps dh vksj ljd tk,xhA vU;'kCnksaesa]tcnksuksaoLrqvksadhdhersafLFkjjgrhgSaijarqmiHkksDrkdhvk;esaifjorZuvktkrkgSrcctVjs[kkdhfLFkfresaifjorZuvktkrkgSijarq<ykuesadksbZifjorZuughaavkrkAfp=k3-17lsKkrgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;` 4-00FkhrksogABjs[kk}kjkizdVfd,x,lscksavkSjlarjksa osQla;ksx[kjhnldrkFkkA;fnmiHkksDrkdhvk;c<+dj` 5gkstkrhgSrFkklscksavkSjlarjksadhdhersavifjofrZrjgrhgSarksmiHkksDrklscvkSjlarjsnksuksaghoLrq,¡igyslsvfèkd[kjhnlosQxkAvcog4lscksaosQLFkkuijvfèkdlsvfèkd5lscvkSj8larjksaosQLFkkuijvfèkdlsvfèkd10larjs[kjhnlosQxkAvk; c<+us ls ctV js[kk mQij nkb± vksj ljd dj CD gks tk,xhA blh izdkj vk; osQ de gksus ij ctV js[kk uhps ckb± vksj ljd dj EFgks tk,xh] ijarq budk <yku leku

uksV



jgsxkA fyIlh osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^^,d x`gLokeh dh vk; esa ifjorZu gksus ls ctV js[kk esa lekukarj f[kldko gksxk] vk; c<+us ij ctV js[kk ckgj dh vksj vkSj vk; de gksus ij ;g vanj dh vksj ljosQxhA** (A change in household’s income shifts the budget line parallel to itself, outwards when income rises and inwards when income falls.–Lipsey)

Y

C

A

E

X

10

8

6

4

2

O

Ora

nges

Apples

3 4 521F B D

Rise in Income : from AB to CDFall in income : from AB to EF

fp=k 3-17

2- lHkh dherksa esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu (A Proportionate Change in All Prices)µtcekSfnzdvk;osQfLFkjjgusij]lHkhdherksaesa,dghvuqikresaifjorZugksrkgSrcctVjs[kkesalekukarjf[kldkogksrkgSAdhersac<+usij;gewy¯cnqdhvksjvkSjdhersa?kVusij;gewy¯cnqlsnwjdhvksjljdrhgSAvr,o dherksa esa vkuqikfrd ifjorZu osQ iQyLo:i ctV js[kk dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk,xk ijarq ctV js[kk osQ <yku esa ifjorZu ughaa vk,xkA dherksaosQ?kVusij;gmQijdhvksjrFkkdherksaosQc<+usij;guhps;kihNsdhvksjljosQxhAbldkoghizHkkoiM+sxktksokLrfodvk;esaifjorZudkizHkkoiM+rkgSAfp=k3-18lsizdVgksrkgSfdtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;` 4vkSjlscksadhdher1#i;kizfrlscrFkklarjksadhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkFkh]rcctVjs[kkABFkhAtclscksarFkklarjksadhdherksaesa50izfr'krdehvktkrhgSvkSjvk;fLFkjjgrhgS]rcctVjs[kkmQijdhvksjljddjCDgkstk,xhAblosQfoijhrtcnksuksaoLrqvksadhdherksaesalekuvuqikresao`f¼gksrhgSrcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjEFgkstk,xhA

Y

C

A

E

F B D XO

16

12

8

6

4

Ora

nges

Apples

Rise in Prices : from AB to EF Fall in Prices : from AB to CD

2 4 8

fp=k 3-18


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- osQoy ,d oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu (Change in the Price of One Commodity only)µtc miHkksDrkdhvk; rFkk ,d oLrq dhdher fLFkj jgrh gS ijarq nwljhoLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSrc ctV js[kk osQ <yku esa Hkh ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA bldkizHkko;ggksxk fddherjs[kkdk,dfljkviusigysLFkkuijghcukjgsxk]ijarqftloLrqdhdheresaifjorZuvk;kgSmloLrqdhvksjokykfljk;fndherc<+rhgSrksviusizkjafHkdLFkkulsihNsvFkkZr~ewy ¯cnqdhvksjljdtk,xkA ijarq ;fndherdegksrh gS rksvius izkjafHkd LFkkulsvkxsvFkkZr~X-v{kijvkxsdhvksjljdtk,xkAfp=k3-19lsLi"VgkstkrkgSfd;fnlscksadhdherdegkstk,ijarqmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklarjksadhdherlekujgs]rcctVjs[kkviusiwoZLFkkuABlsgVdjACgkstk,xhAblubZfLFkfresamiHkksDrkvfèkdlsc[kjhnusosQ;ksX;gkstk,xkA;fnlscksadhdherc<+dj` 2izfrlscgkstkrhgS]rcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjADgkstk,xh]vcmiHkksDrkdelsc[kjhnik,xkA

Y

A

OD B C

X

Apples

Ora

nges

Fall in Price of Apples : from AB to ACRise in Price of Apples : from AB to AD

fp=k 3-19

Fall in Price of Oranges : from AB to ACRise in Price of Oranges : from AB to AD

Y

C

O X

Ora

nges

B

D

A

Apples

fp=k 3-20

vcekuyhft,fdlscksadhdherfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlarjksadhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSA;gekufy;ktkrkgSfdmiHkksDrkdhvk;4-00#i;sfLFkjjgrhgS]tSlkfdfp=k3-20esafn[kk;kx;kgSfdizkjafHkdctVjs[kkABgSAlarjksadhdherksaesafxjkoVvkuslsctVjs[kkljddjACgkstk,xh]tks;gO;DrdjsxhfdmiHkksDrkviuhlekuvk;osQLrjlsvcvfèkdlarjs[kjhnldrkgSAblosQfoijhr;fnlarjksadh

uksV



dheresao`f¼gksrhgSrcctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjADgkstk,xhtks;glaosQrnsxhfdmiHkksDrkviuhfLFkjvk;lsvclarjksadhdela[;k[kjhnldrkgSAla{ksiesa]vU; ckrsa leku jgus ij nks oLrqvksa esa ls ,d oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i ctV js[kk osQ <yku eas ifjorZu gksrk gSA

3-16- miHkksDrk larqyu (Consumer’s Equilibrium)

izR;sdmiHkksDrkvius,dfuf'prO;;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjukpkgrkgSA,dmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdhlgk;rkls;gKkrdjldrkgSfdfofHkUuoLrqvksaosQla;ksxksaijmlsviuhlhfervk;fdlizdkjO;;djuhpkfg,ftllsfdogvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjlosQAtcmiHkksDrkviuhlhfervk;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjjgkgksrkgSrksblvoLFkkdksmiHkksDrklarqyudhvoLFkkdgktkrkgSAvr%miHkksDrk larqyu ls vfHkizk; ,slh fLFkfr ls gS ftlesa miHkksDrk ,d fuf'pr vk; rFkk fuf'pr dherksa ij oLrqvksa rFkk lsokvksa dk ,d ,slk la;ksx [kjhnrk gS ftlls mls vfèkdre larqf"V izkIr gks jgh gks vkSj og mlesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu djus dk bPNqd u gksA

dkSrlqo;kuh osQ'kCnksaesa]^^miHkksDrk ml le; larqyu esa gksrk gS tc og viuh fuf'pr vk; rFkk cktkj dherksa ij viuh larqf"V dks vfèkdre djrk gSA** (The consumer is in equilibrium when he maximises his satisfaction given his income and the market prices.

—Koutsoyiannis)

3-17- miHkksDrk larqyu dh nks vkèkkjHkwr 'krs± (Two Basic Conditions of Consumer’s Equilibrium)

miHkksDrklarqyuogk¡ik;ktkrkgStgk¡ctVjs[kkvkSjmUurksnjrVLFkrkoØosQchpLi'kZ(Tangency)ik;ktkrkgSA

dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]^^miHkksDrk larqyu dh eq[; 'krs± nks gSa**µ

(i) dher js[kk rVLFkrk oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk (Tangent)gksuh pkfg, vFkkZr~ XosQ fy, Ydh lhekar izfrLFkkiu dh nj mudh dherksa osQ vuqikrksa osQ cjkcj gks

MRSxy = PP

y

x A

(ii) rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksuh pkfg,A

(i) ctV js[kk vFkok dher js[kk rVLFkrk oØ dh Li'kZ js[kk gksuh pkfg, (Budget Line or Price Line should be Tangent to Indifference Curve)µfp=k3-21esaABctV;kdherjs[kkgSAIC1, IC2rFkkIC3rVLFkrkoØgSaA,dmiHkksDrkABdherjs[kkijO;DrlsckssavkSjlarjksaosQA, B, C, DrFkkEfdlhHkhla;ksxdks[kjhnldrkgSAogIC3ijdksbZHkhla;ksxughaaysldrkD;kssafdogdherjs[kkABlsnwjgSAogmUghala;ksxksadks[kjhnldrkgStksuosQoydherjs[kkABijfLFkrgSacfYdmllslacafèkrlclsmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØijgSaA;gk¡;goØIC2gSAA, B, C, DrFkkE la;ksxksaesalsmiHkksDrkDla;ksx (4 larjs +2 lsc) ij larqyu dh fLFkfr esagksxkD;ksafdbl¯cnqijdherjs[kk(AB) lclsmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØIC2dhLi'kZjs[kkgSAblesadksbZ'kdughaafdmiHkksDrk‘C’;k‘E’la;ksxksadksHkh[kjhnldrkgSAijarq;smlsvfèkdrelarqf"ViznkuughaadjsaxsD;ksafd;sfupyhrVLFkrkoØIC1 ijfLFkrgSaAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfddherjs[kkrFkkrVLFkrkoØdkLi'kZ js[kk ¯cnq (Point of Tangency)miHkksDrklarqyu¯cnqgSAokVlu osQ'kCnksaesa]^^tc miHkksDrk larqyu


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dh voLFkk esa gksrk gS rks mldh lcls mQ¡ph izkIr gksus ;ksX; rVLFkrk oØ] ctV js[kk dh] Li'kZ js[kk gksrh gSA** (When consumer is in equilibrium, his highest attainable indifference curve is tangent to budget line.–Watson)Alarqyu¯cnq‘D’ijdherjs[kkrFkkrVLFkrkoØdk<yku,dnwljsosQcjkcjgSArVLFkrkoØdk<ykuXoLrqdhYoLrqosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj(MRSxy)gSrFkkdherjs[kkdk<ykuX-oLrqdhdherPxrFkkY-oLrqdhdherPydkvuqikrgSA

Y

A

CD

8

4

O

2

6

21 3 4X

EB

IC1

IC2

IC3

Apples

Consumer’s Equilibrium

fp=k 3-21

larqyudhfLFkfresaµ

Slope of Indifference Curve = Slope of Budget or Price Line or MRSxy = PP

y

x

la{ksiesa]miHkksDrklarqyudhigyh'krZ;ggSfddherjs[kkrVLFkrkoØdhLi'kZjs[kkgksuhpkfg,vFkkZr~X-oLrqosQfy,Y-oLrqdhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrFkkXvkSjYoLrqvksadhdherksadkvuqikrcjkcjgksukpkfg,A

(ii) rVLFkrk oØ ewy ¯cnq dh vksj mUurksnj gksuh pkfg, (Indifference Curve must be Convex to the Origin)µlarqyudhnwljh'krZ;ggSfdlarqyu¯cnqijrVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjgksuhpkfg,AbldkvFkZ;ggSfdX-oLrqdhY-oLrqosQfy,lhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhgqbZgksuhpkfg,A;fnlarqyu¯cnqijrVLFkrkoØmUurksnj (Convex)ugksdjurksnj (Concave)gSrks;glarqyudhLFkkbZfLFkfrughaagksxhAblrF;dksfgDl usfp=k3-22}kjkLi"Vfd;kgSA

Y

XRB

O

E

A IC2

IC1

Point of Tangency

Apples

Ora

nges

fp=k 3-22

uksV



fp=k3-22esaABdherjs[kkgSAIC1rVLFkrkoØgSA¯cnq‘E’ijdherjss[kkABrVLFkrkoØIC1dhLi'khZ;js[kkgSAvr,o¯cnq‘E’ijlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjrFkkoLrqvksadhdherksadkvuqikrcjkcjgSijarq¯cnq‘E’,dLFkkbZlarqyu¯cnqughaagSAbl¯cnqijlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnj?kVrhgqbZughaacfYdc<+rhgqbZgSAvFkkZr~¯cnqEijrVLFkrkoØewy¯cnqOdhvksjurksnj (Concave)gSvkSjblfy,larqyudhnwljh'krZdk;gmYya?kugSAbldkvFkZ;ggqvkfd¯cnqElsck,¡;knk,¡gVusijmiHkksDrkmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØijigq¡ptk,xkAvr,o¯cnqEijlarqyuLFkkbZughaagksxkALi'khZ;¯cnqEfn,gq,oØijvfèkdrelarqf"VdksO;DrughaadjrkAvlyesaLi'khZ;¯cnqE fupyh rVLFkrk oØ ij U;wurelarqf"Vdk ¯cnq gksxk]tcfd lcls m¡Qpk rVLFkrk oØ ctV js[kk osQ fljs okys ¯cnqvkssa esa ls ,d ¯cnq ij ij gksxk (tSlkfdfp=kesaR¯cnqlsizdVgksrkgS)ActVjs[kkABijckb±;knkb±vksjljddjmQ¡psrVLFkrkoØksadksrcrdizkIrfd;ktkldrkgStcrdfdmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØ IC2osQ ¯cnqRijughaa igq¡ptkrkA;g ¯cnq fdukjs okys larqyu (Corner Equilibrium)dhfLFkfrdkscrykrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa];fnrVLFkrkoØurksnjgSrclarqyudhvoLFkk,dfdukjsvFkoknwljsfdukjsijgksxh]tks;gizdVdjsxhfdosQoy,dghoLrqdkmiHkksxgksxkAfdukjsokyslarqyuosQ¯cnqRijmiHkksDrkosQoylscgh[kjhnrkgS]larjsughaaAvr%miHkksDrkfLFkjlarqyurcghizkIrdjsxkAtcrVLFkrkoØuosQoyctVjs[kkdksLi'kZdjjgkgkscfYdewy¯cnqdhvksjmUurksnjHkhgksA

3-18- miHkksDrk larqyu ij oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk izHkko (Effect of Change in Commodity Price on Consumer’s Equlibrium)

fdlhoLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZudkmldhek¡xhxbZek=kkijiM+usokykizHkkodher&izHkko (Price Effect)dgykrkgSA bls izk;%nks Hkkxkssa esa ck¡VktkrkgSA (i)vk;izHkko](ii)izfrLFkkiuizHkko

dher izHkko =vk; izHkko vkSj izfrLFkkiu izHkko

3-19- dher izHkko (Price Effect)

dher izHkko oLrqvksas osQ miHkksx esa gksus okys ml ifjorZu dks izdV djrk gS tks nks oLrqvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh dher esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k laHko gksrk gS tcfd nwljh oLrq dh dher rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; fLFkj jgrh gSA (The Price effect may be defined as the change in the consumption of the goods, when the price of either of the two goods changes while the price of the other goods and the income of the consumer remains constant.)

fjpMZ th- fyIlh osQ'kCnksaesa] ^dher izHkko ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd miHkksDrk dh ekSfnzd vk; rFkk ,d oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij nwljh oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ dkj.k nksuksa oLrqvksa osQ miHkksx esa ifjorZu gksus dk miHkksDrk osQ larqyu vFkok larqf"V ij fdruk izHkko iM+rk gSA** (The Price effect shows how much satisfaction of the consumer varies due to change in the consumption of two goods as the price of one changes, the price of the other and money income remains constant. —Richard G. Lipsey)

ekuyhft,miHkksDrkdhvk;`4-00fLFkjjgrhgSvkSjlarjksadhdher50iSlsizfrlarjkHkhfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlscksadhdheresaifjorZuvkrkgSAlscksadhdheresaifjorZulsmiHkksDrkosQlarqyuijiM+usokysizHkkodksdher izHkkodgktkrkgSAdherizHkkodhO;k[;kfp=k3-23dhlgk;rkls


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k dhtkldrhgSAekuyhft,IC izkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgSrFkkABizkjafHkddherjs[kkgSvkSjmiHkksDrk¯cnq‘E’ijlarqyuesagSAtcmiHkksDrkdhvk;rFkklarjksadhdherfLFkjjgrhgSijarqlscksadhdher` 1-00izfrlsclsdegksdj50iSlsizfrlscgkstkrhgS]rcubZdherjs[kkADcutkrhgS];gADdherjs[kkmQ¡phrVLFkrkoØIC1dks¯cnqGijLi'kZdjrhgS]¯cnqGu;klaarqyu¯cnqgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]lscksaosQfy,ek¡xONlsc<+djOTgkstk,xhvFkkZr~lscksadhek¡xesaNTdho`f¼gkstk;sxh]ftlsdher esa deh osQ dkj.k ^dher izHkko* (Price Effect a Fall in Price)dgktk,xkAnwljhvksj;fnlsckasdhdherc<+dj` 2-00izfrlscgkstkrhgS]vU;ckrsalekujgsa]rcdherjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjACgkstk,xhA;grVLFkrkoØIC2dksu,laarqyufacanqFijLi'kZdjsxhAbllsizdVgksrkgSfdlscksadhek¡xONls?kVdjOMgkstk,xhvFkkZr~lscksadhek¡xesaMNdhdehgksxhtksdher esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k dher izHkko (Price Effect of a Rise in Price)dksiznf'kZrdjrhgSA

X

Y

A

S

R

P

OM C N T B D

IC1E

F

PCC

G

ICIC2

Apples

Ora

nges

Price Effect

fp=k 3-23

fofHkUularqyu¯cnqvksaE, F, GdksfeyknsuslstksoØizkIrgksrkgSmlsdher miHkksx oØ (Price Consumption Curve-PCC)dgktkrkgSAoLrq-Xdh dher miHkksx oØ miHkksDrk osQ mu fofHkUu laarqyu ¯cnqvksa dks iznf'kZr djrh gS tc osQoy oLrq-Xdh dher esa ifjorZu vkrk gS tcfd oLrq-Ydh dher rFkk miHkksDrk dh vk; nksuksa fLFkj jgrs gSaA (The Price effect consumption curve for commodity-X represent the points of the consumer’s equilibrium when only the price of ‘X’ is varied, the price of ‘Y’ and income of the consumer remaining constant.)vU; 'kCnksa esa] dher miHkksx oØ (PCC)og oØ gS ftlls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd miHkksDrk dh vk; rFkk fdlh ,d oLrq dh dher fLFkj jgus ij] osQoy nwljh oLrq dh dher esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk miHkksDrk osQ larqyu ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA dhermiHkksxoØ(PCC)osQfofHkUu<ykugksldrsgSaAlkekU;r;kbldk<ykuèkukRed (Positive)gksrkgSAijarqfxÝiQuinkFkks±lslacafèkrPCCdk<ykuihNsdkseqM+kgqvk(Backward Sloping)gksrkgSAijarqè;kunsusokyh;gckrHkhgSfd;gvko';dughagSfdfuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksasosQfy,bldk<ykuihNsdhvksj(Backward)vo';ghgksAdhermiHkksxoØ(PCC) dhfoLrkjlfgrO;k[;kvkxsdhxbZgSA

3-20- vk; izHkko (Income Effect)

vk; izHkko ls vfHkizk; fdlh oLrq dh ek¡xh tkus okyh ek=kk esa gksus okys ml ifjorZu ls gS tks oLrq dh dher esa ifjorZu gksus osQ dkj.k miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; esa ifjorZu gksus osQ iQyLo:i mRiUu gksrk gSA dher izHkko esa ls vk; izHkko dk vyx ls vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, gesa ;g eku ysuk pkfg, fd oLrqvksa dh rqyukRed dher vFkkZr~ YoLrq dh dher dh rqyuk esa XoLrq dh dher) esa ifjorZu ughaa gksrkA vU; 'kCnksa esa rqyukRed dher fLFkj jgrh gSA

uksV



;gekU;rk]fdXoLrqrFkkYoLrqdhrqyukReddhersafLFkjjgrhgSa]rHkhfl¼gksrhgStcnksdherjs[kk,¡,dnwljsosQlekarj[khaphtkrhgSaD;ksafdlekarjljyjs[kkvksadk<ykucjkcjgksrkgSrFkkdherjs[kkdk<ykuoLrqXrFkkYoLrqdhrqyukReddherizdVdjrkgSA

3-21- izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution)

izfrLFkkiuizHkkolsvfHkizk;fdlhoLrqdhek¡xhtkusokyhek=kkesagksusokysmlifjorZulsgStc,doLrqdhdheresagksusokysifjorZuosQdkj.kognwljhoLrqdhrqyukesalLrh;keg¡xhgkstkrhgSAizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.klLrhoLrqvksadkges'kkeg¡xhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiufd;ktkrkgSAdherizHkkoesalsizfrLFkkiuizHkkodksvyxdjusosQfy,;s eku fy;k tkuk pkfg, fd miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; fLFkj jgrh gSA ;fn ,slk ughaa fd;k x;k rks dher ifjorZu osQ dkj.k vk; izHkko dks izfrLFkkiu izHkko ls vyx djuk laHko ughaa gksxkA

3-22- izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dh igpku ;k dher izHkko dk izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj vk; izHkko esa foHkktu (Identification of Substitution Effect and Income Effect of Splitting Price Effect into Substitution Effect and Income Effect)

dherizHkkolsizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoesafoHkkftrgksuslslacafèkrfuEufyf[krnksn`f"Vdks.kgSaA

(a) fgDl dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Hicksian Approach)] vkSj (b) LVyLdh dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Slutsky’s Approach)

3-23- fgDl dk n`f"Vdks.k (The Hicksian Approach)

1- lkekU; oLrqvksa osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko

(Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect for Normal Goods)

lkekU;oLrq,¡osoLrq,¡gSaftudkizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedijarqvk;izHkkoèkukRed (Positive)gksrkgSAokLroesa]izfrLFkkiu izHkko lnSo ½.kkRed gksrk gSA bldkvFkZgSfdfdlhoLrqdhek¡sxhxbZek=kkesao`f¼gksrhgStcoglkisf{kd:iesalLrhgkstkrhgSvkSjek¡xesadehgkstkrhgStcoglkisf{kd:iesaeg¡xhgkstkrhgSAèkukRed vk; izHkko dkvFkZgSfdoLrqdhdherosQfxjuslsokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksrhgSftllsek¡xhxbZek=kkc<+rhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]vk;izHkkookLrfodvk;rFkkek¡xhxbZek=kkesalnkizR;{klacaèkdksizdVdjrkgSijarqdhervkSjek¡xhxbZek=kkosQchp½.kkRedlacaèkdklaosQrnsrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]èkukRed vk; izHkko mlh fn'kk esa lapkfyr gksrk gS ftl fn'kk esa ½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko lapkfyr gksrk gSA (Positive income effect moves in the same direction as the negative substitution effect.)bldkvfHkizk;;ggSfddherifjorZuosQdkj.kizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkonksuksalkekU;oLrqosQvfèkdmiHkksxdksO;DrdjrsgSatcmloLrqdhdheresafxjkoVvkrhgSApw¡fddherizHkko]vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkla;ksxgSblfy,yksxlkekU;oLrqdhek¡xvfèkddjrsgSatcmloLrqdhdher?kVrhgSAla{ksiesa]izfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkonksuksaghdhervkSjek¡xhxbZek=kkosQchpfoijhrlacaèkdksO;DrdjrsgSaAblfy,lkekU;oLrqvksaosQfy,ek¡xoØdk<ykulnkck,¡lsnk,¡uhpsdhvksj(Downwards Slope)gksrkgSA


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (a)dher o`f¼ dh fLFkfr esa lkekU; oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu vkSj vk; izHkkoksa dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution and Income Effects for a Normal Goods in Case of Price Rise)µlkekU;oLrqvksadhdhero`f¼dhfLFkfresaizfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodhfp=k3-24osQ}kjkO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA

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Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = ST

ST NQ P MIncomeEffect

Price Effect

ApplesSubstitution Effect

fp=k 3-24

fp=k3-24;gO;DrdjrkgSfdLMizkjafHkd dher js[kk gSA miHkksDrk rVLFkrk oØ ICosQ¯cnqBlarqyuesagSAoglsckasadhOQbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAtclsckasdhdheresao`f¼gksrhgSrksdherjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddj(Shifting Inwards)LNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1 osQ¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfrdksizkIrdjrkgSAbl¯cnqijoglscksadhOSbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSA¯cnqBlsAijlapyu(Movement)lsdherizHkkodklaosQrfeyrkgS

vFkokek¡xhxbZek=kkdkOQlsdegksdjOSgkstkukdherizHkkodkscrykrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]dherizHkko= OQ – OS = SQAlscksadhdheresao`f¼miHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esadehdkscrykrhgStksrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjuhphrVLFkrkoØIC1gkstkuslsKkrgksrhgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;bruhc<+knhtk;sfdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØICijcukjgsvFkkZr~mldhokLrfodvk;fLFkjjgs]rcubZdherjs[kkRPgksxhA;grVLFkrkoØICdks¯cnqCijLi'kZdjjghgSA;gdherjs[kkLNosQlekukarjgSvFkkZr~tkslscksadhdhero`f¼osQcknLN}kjkizdVfd;stkusokysu,dhervuqikrosQvuq:igSA

1- izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution Effect)µizkjafHkd larqyu ¯cnq B ls C ijlapyu}kjkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoizdVgksrkgS]nksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØijfLFkrgSaAizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQiQyLo:ilsckasdhek¡xhxbZek=kkOQlsdegksdjOTgkstk;sxhAvU;'kCnksaesa

izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OQ – OT = TQ

2- vk; izHkko (Income Effect)µ¯cnqC ls¯cnqAijlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksrkgSAvU;'kCnkasesa];gSTgksxkA

∴ dher izHkko = SQizfrLFkkiu izHkko=TQ;vk; izHkko = ST

vr% SQ (dher izHkko) = TQ(izfrLFkkiu izHkko)+ST(vk; izHkko)

uksV



(b) dher esa deh dh fLFkfr esa lkekU; oLrq osQ izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect in Case of a Normal Goods for a Price Fall)µdherosQ fxjusosQiQyLo:ioLrqosQizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodhO;k[;kfuEuizdkjdhtkldrhgSA

ts- vkj- fgDl (J. R. Hicks) }kjk izLrqr izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko osQvyx&vyxgksusdhO;k[;kfp=k3-25}kjkdhtkldrhgSA

ekuyhft,ABizkjafHkdctVjs[kkrFkkICizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgSAmiHkksDrk¯cnqEijlarqyuesagSAtclscksadhdher?kVrhgS]rFkklarjksadhdhervkSjmiHkksDrkdhvk;fLFkjjgrhgSrcubZctVjs[kkABlsljddjACgkstkrhgSAubZctVjs[kkrVLFkrkoØIC1dks¯cnqE1ijLi'kZdjrhgStksfdmiHkksDrkdku;klarqyu¯cnqgSAlarqyu¯cnqElsu,larqyu¯cnqE1ijlapyulscksadhdheresaifjorZuosQizHkkodksO;DrdjrkgSAlscksaosQmiHkksxosQ:iesadherizHkkoOT rFkk OMosQvarjMTosQcjkcjgSAlscksadhdherosQ?kVusdkvFkZmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksukgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;bllhekrd?kVknhtk,fdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØijghcukjgsvFkokmldhokLrfodvk;igysftruhghcuhjgs]rcubZctVjs[kkPHgksxhvkSju;klarqyu¯cnqE2gksxkA

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M N B T H C X

Apples

Price Effect = MTSubstitution Effect = MNIncome Effect = NT

Substitution EffectIncome Effect

Price Effect

fp=k 3-25

1- izfrLFkkiu izHkkoµizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqE lsE2ijlapyu}kjkO;DrgksrkgSD;ksafdnksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØ(IC)ijfLFkrgSaA

2- vk; izHkko NT(¯cnqE1ls¯cnqE2rd)}kjkizdVgksjgkgSA¯cnqE2 }kjkizdVfd;sx;sla;ksxdks[kjhnusdkeq[;dkj.k;ggSfdcs'kdmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;fLFkjgSfiQjHkhogeg¡xslarjkssaosQfy,lLrslscksadkizfrLFkkiudjrkgSAlarqyu¯cnqE lsu,larqyu¯cnqE2 ijlapyu (Movement)larjksadhdherdhrqyukesalscksadhdheresagksusokyhdehosQizHkkodksizdVdjrkgSAlscksadhek¡xijMN osQcjkcjizHkkoiM+rkgSAftlsizfrLFkkiu izHkko dgktkrkgSA

vU;'kCnksaesa]lscksadhdheresadehosQdkj.kmiHkksDrklsckssadhvfèkdbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgS]blsdher izHkko dgktkrkgSA fp=kesamiHkksDrklscksadhMT vfèkdbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAbuesalsMN vfèkdbdkb;k¡izfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.kvkSjNT


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k vfèkdbdkb;k¡vk;izHkkoosQdkj.k[kjhnrkgSAbldkvFkZgSfdlscksadhek¡xosQlanHkZesa%

vk; izHkko ,d rVLFkrk oØ ls nwljh rVLFkrk oØ ij f[kldko osQ }kjk izdV gksrk gSA blosQ

}kjk lkis{k dherksa osQ fLFkj jgus ij vk; esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk izHkko izdV gksrk gSA

dher izHkko = MT; izfrLFkkiu izHkko = MT; vk; izHkko = NT

vr%MT (dher izHkko)= MN (izfrLFkkiu izHkko)= NT (vk; izHkko)

la{ksiesa]½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.kek¡xesaifjorZudheresaifjorZuosQfoijhrgqvkgSA;fndherfxjrhgSrksizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.koLrqdhek¡xc<+rhgSAnwljhvksj];fndherc<+rhgS]rksizfrLFkkiuizHkkoosQdkj.koLrqosQfy,ek¡x?kVrhgSA

2- fuEudksfV oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj vk; izHkko dk vyxko

(Separation of Substitution Effect and Income Effect for an Inferior Goods)

,dfuEudksfVoLrq]ogoLrqgSftldkvk;izHkko½.kkRedvkSjizfrLFkkiuizHkkoHkh½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfHkizk;;ggSfd,doLrqdhdheresafxjkoVokLrfodvk;esao`f¼ykrhgS]ftlosQiQyLo:iek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvktkrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdvk;osQc<+usijmiHkksDrkfuEudksfVdhoLrqdhdeek=kkdhek¡xdjrkgSAvr,o½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsizdVgksrkgSfddherosQ?kVusosQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkesadehvktkrhgSAblosQfoijhr½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkvFkZ gS fddheresa fxjkoVek¡xhxbZek=kkesa o`f¼ykrhgSA½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko vkSj ½.kkRed vk; izHkko foijhr fn'kkvksa esa dke djrs gSaA vr,o~] ½.kkRed izfrLFkkiu izHkko osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gS tcfd ½.kkRed vk; izHkko osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa deh vkrh gSA vfèkdrjfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksadk½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko]½.kkRedvk;izHkkodhrqyukesavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresa½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkovfèkdizcy (Dominant)gksxkvkSjvk;izHkkodksfuf"Ø;(Neutral)djnsxkAblizdkjdhfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksadhlkekU;oLrqvksadhrjgek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa dher osQ fxjus osQ dkj.k of¼ gksrh gS vkSj dher esa of¼ osQ dkj.k ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa deh gksrh gSA

(a)dher o`f¼ osQ dkj.k ,d fuEu dksfV dh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu rFkk vk; izHkko dk vyxko (Separation of Substitution and Income Effects for an Inferior Goods in Case of Price Rise)µdhero`f¼osQdkj.kfdlhfuEudksfVdhoLrqosQfy,izfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoksaosQvyxkodhO;k[;kfuEuizdkjlsdhtkldrhgSA

fp=k3-26esaLM izkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØICosQ¯cnqBijlarqyuesagSAogfuEudksfVoLrq-XdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkgSAtcoLrq-Xdhdheresao`f¼gksrhgS]ctVjs[kkihNsdhvksjljddjLNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1ij¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfresagksxkAbl¯cnqijogoLrq-XdhOSbdkb;k¡[kjhnrkgSAlarqyu¯cnqBlsArdlapyu;kek¡xhxbZek=kkesaOQlsOSrddhdehdherizHkkodksizdVdjrhgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]dherizHkko= OQ – OS = SQAoLrq-Xdhdheresao`f¼miHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esadehyk,xhtSlkfdrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjIC1gksuslsizdVgksjgkgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;dksbrukc<+kfn;ktk,fdogizkjafHkdoØICijghcukjgsvFkkZr~okLrfodvk;igysftruhghcuhjgsrksblvoLFkkesaubZctVjs[kkRPgksxhA;grVLFkrk

uksV



oØICdksC¯cnqijLi'kZdjjghgSvkSjLNjs[kkosQlekukarjgSAu;klarqyu¯cnqCgksxkAblls;girkpyrkgSfdµ

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Commodity X

Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = (–) TS

R

fp=k 3-26

(i)izfrLFkkiu izHkko ¾ izkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqBosQCijlapyuizfrLFkkiuizHkkodksizdVdjrkgSAnksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØICijgSaAdheresao`f¼osQdkj.kek¡xhxbZek=kkosQOQls?kVdjOTgksusdksizfrLFkkiuizHkko}kjkizdVfd;ktkjgkgSAvU;'kCnksaesaµ

izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OQ – OT = TQA

(ii)vk; izHkko ¾ ¯cnqCls¯cnqAijlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksjgkgSAfuEudksfVdhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesavk;izHkko½.kkRedgStks(– ST)}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAijarq½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfèkdgSAblfy,dherc<+usijek¡x?kVrhgSvkSjek¡xdkfu;efuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaHkhykxwgksrkgSA

dher izHkko = SQ;izfrLFkkiu izHkko = TQ;vk;izHkko= (–) TS

rcSQ(dher izHkko) = TQ(izfrLFkkiu izHkko) + (–) TS(vk; izHkko)= SQ

(b)dher esa deh osQ dkj.k ,d fuEudksfV okyh oLrq osQ fy, izfrLFkkiu izHkko rFkk vk; izHkko (Substitution Effect and Income Effect for an Inferior Good in Case of Price Fall)µdheresadehgksusosQdkj.k,dfuEudksfVokyhoLrqosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiurFkkvk;izHkkoksaosQvyxkodhfuEuizdkjlsO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA

è;ku nhft,

izfrLFkkiu izHkko lnSo vis{kkÑr eg¡xh oLrq osQ LFkku ij vis{kkÑr lLrh oLrq osQ vfèkd miHkksx dks izdV

djrk gSA blls dksbZ iQoZQ ughaa iM+rk fd lacafèkr oLrq lkekU; oLrq gS ;k ?kfV;k oLrq gSA blfy, izfrLFkkiu

izHkko osQ igys (+) ;k (–)dk fpÉ ughaa yxk;k tkrkA

fp=k3-27esaLMizkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØICosQ cnqBijlarqyuesagSAogfuEudksfVoLrq-XdhOQek=kk[kjhnrkgSAtcoLrq-Xdhdher?kVrhgS]ctVjs[kkljddjLNgkstkrhgSAmiHkksDrkrVLFkrkoØIC1osQ¯cnqAiju,larqyudhfLFkfresagSAdherizHkkolarqyu¯cnqBlsArdosQlapyuvFkokOQ


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k lsOSrdek¡xhxbZek=kkesao`f¼}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAvU;'kCnksaessadher izHkko = OS – OQ = QSA

oLrq-XdhdherdegksusijmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gksxhtSlhfdrVLFkrkoØICosQljddjIC1}kjkizdVgksjgkgSA;fnmiHkksDrkdhekSfnzdvk;dksbrukdedjfn;ktk,fdogizkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØICijghcukjgsvFkkZr~mldhokLrfodvk;igysftruhghjgs]rksblvoLFkkesaubZctVjs[kkRPrFkku;klarqyu¯cnqCgksxktgk¡ubZctVjs[kkRPiqjkuhrVLFkrkoØICdksC¯cnqijLi'kZdjjghgSARPjs[kkLNjs[kkosQlekukarjgSD;ksafd;goLrq-XdhdherdegksusosQi'pkr~u,dhervuqikrdksvuq:idjjgkgSA

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Commodity X

Com

mod

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Price Effect = SQSubstitution Effect = TQIncome Effect = (–) TS

fp=k 3-27

1- izfrLFkkiu izHkkoµizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqBls¯cnqCijlapyu}kjkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoizdVgksjgkgS]nksuksa¯cnqmlhrVLFkrkoØICijfLFkrgSaAdherfxjusosQdkj.kizfrLFkkiuizHkkoek¡xhxbZek=kkosQOQlsc<+djOTgkstkus}kjkizdVgksjgkgSAvU;'kCnkssaesa]izfrLFkkiu izHkko = OT – OQ = QTA

2- vk; izHkkoµ¯cnqClsAdhvksjlapyu}kjkvk;izHkkoizdVgksjgkgSAfuEudksfVoLrqosQlacaèkeasvk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgS]tks(–ST)}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSAijarq½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkko½.kkRedvk;izHkkolsvfèkdgSAvr%dheresadehosQdkj.k]ek¡xc<+rhgSvkSjek¡xdkfu;efuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaHkhykxwgksrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa

dher izHkko = OS – OQ = QSA

izfrLFkkiu izHkko = QT;

vk; izHkko = (–ST)

vr%QSdher izHkko = QT(izfrLFkkiuizHkko)+ (–ST)vk;izHkko= QT – ST



(State whether the following statements are True/False)µ

8- izR;sdmiHkksDrkviuhlhfervk;lsvfèkdrelarqf"VizkIrdjusdkiz;kldjrkgSA

9- rVLFkrkoØdk<ykulkekU;r;knk,¡lsck,¡uhpsdhvksjgksrkgSA

10- rVLFkrkoØfo'ys"k.kdh;gekU;rkgSfdlhekarizfrLFkkiunj?kVrhgSA

uksV



11- rVLFkrkoØdhmUurksnjrk?kVrhlhekarizfrLFkkiudhnjosQdkj.kgksrhgSA

12- izfrLFkkiuizHkkolnSoèkukRedgksrkgSA

3-24- fxÝiQu dk fojksèkkHkkl (Giffen’s Paradox)

19oha'krkCnhosQizkjafHkdo"kks±esafczVsuesafuEuetnwjhvftZrdjusokysetnwjksa}kjkxsg¡wdhdhervkSjcszMdhek¡xhxbZek=kkosQO;ogkjijvkèkkfjrlj izQkafll fxÝiQu (Sir Francis Giffen)usek¡xosQfu;eosQlacaèkesa,degÙoiw.kZviokn (Exception)dh[kkstdhftlsfxÝiQu dk fojksèkkHkkl (Giffen’s Paradox)dkukefn;kx;kA;g fojksèkkHkkl crykrk gSfd fuEudksfV okyh oLrq tks fuèkZu yksxksa dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ [kk| en (Food Item)gS vkSj ftl ij os viuh vk; dk ,d cM+k izfr'kr O;; djrs gSaA (tSls baXySaM esa 19oha 'krkCnh esa cszM vkSj orZeku fnuksa esa jktLFkku osQ e#LFky {ks=k essa cktjk) ml ij (i)dher ifjorZu dk vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gS vkSj (♠)½.kkRed vk; izHkko izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS blfy, buosQ lacaèk esa ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA ,slhoLrqvksadksfxÝiQu oLrq,¡ (Giffen Goods)dgktkrkgSAvU;'kCnksa esa] fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftudh dher de gksus ls ek¡x de gksrh gS rFkk dher c<+us ij ek¡x c<+rh gSA vr,ofxÝiQu inkFkZ fuEudksfV dk og fo'ks"k inkFkZ gS ftl ij ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrk vFkkZr~ dher de gksus ij mldh ek¡x de gksrh gS rFkk dher c<+us ij ek¡x c<+rh gSA

fxÝiQu osQ fojksèkkHkkl ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ek¡x dk fu;e fdl ifjfLFkfr esa ykxw ughaa gksrkA fxÝiQu inkFkks± dh

ek¡x oØ dk <yku uhps ls mQij dh vksj gksrk gSA blls izdV gksrk gS fd oLrq dh de dher ij mldh

ek=kk dh vfèkd ek¡x dh tkrh gS rFkk vR;fèkd dher ij de ek¡x dh tkrh gSA

3-25- fxÝiQu oLrqvksa dh fLFkfr esa vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Income and Substitution Effects in Case of Giffen Goods)

lHkhoLrqvksaµlekU;]fuEudksfVrFkkfxÝiQuosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkolnk½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodkvFkZgSfdtcoLrq-XlLrhgkstkrhgSrcoLrq-YosQLFkkuijoLrq-Xvo';ghvfèkd[kjhnhtk,xhvFkkZr~oLrq-YosQfy,oLrq-XdkizfrLFkkiufd;ktk,xkA

fuEudksfVdhoLrqvksaosQfy,vk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgSA½.kkRedvk;izHkkodkvFkZgSfdoLrqdhdherfxjusosQdkj.kmiHkksDrkdhokLrfodvk;esao`f¼gkstkrhgSblfy;sogoLrqdhdeek¡xdjrkgSA

;|fiokLrfodvk;esagksusokyho`f¼miHkksDrkdksmPpdksfVdhizfrLFkkiuoLrqvksadkvfèkdmiHkksxdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjrhgSAfuEudksfVokyhoLrqvksaosQfy,vk;izHkko½.kkRedgksrkgSijarq;gvko';dughaagSfdogizfrLFkkiuizHkkolsvfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgks]blhfy,'kq¼ izHkko(Net Effect)vFkokdherizHkko(izfrLFkkiuizHkko&vk;izHkko)izfrLFkkiuizHkko}kjkvfèkdizHkkforgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavk;izHkkoosQ½.kkRedgksusijHkhek¡xdkfu;eykxwgksrkgSAijarqfxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQlacaèkesa_

(a) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gS vkSj

(b) izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa ½.kkRed vk; izHkko vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA blfy, 'kq¼ izHkko (Net Effect) vFkkZr~ dher izHkko (izfrLFkkiu izHkko&vk; izHkko) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko }kjk izHkkfor gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd oLrq dh dher vkSj bldh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk osQ chp èkukRed lacaèk LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa] fxÝiQu inkFkks± ij ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kfxÝiQu inkFkks± osQ lacaèk esa Hkh izfrLFkkiu izHkko ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd vis{kkÑr lLrh oLrq Hkh vfèkd

ek=kk esa [kjhnh tkrh gS] ijarq bl fLFkfr esa ;g bruk vfèkd ½.kkRed gksrk gS fd og izfrLFkkiu izHkko dks

fuf"Ø; dj nsrk gSA blfy, oLrq dh dher de gksus ij Hkh mldh de ek=kk [kjhnh tkrh gSA

'kq¼izHkkoijtc½.kkRedvk;izHkko(½.kkRedizHkko èkukRedizfrLFkkiuizHkkodhrqyukesavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgS)vfèkdizHkqRookyk(Dominating)gksrkgSrcek¡xdkfu;evizHkkohgkstkrkgSSAfxÝiQuoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkoosQvyxkodksfuEuizdkjlsO;Drfd;ktkldrkgSµ

fp=k3-28fxÝiQuoLrqvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkorFkkvk;izHkkodksizdVdjrkgSA

Y

A

Q3T

OK L R B T C

X

Q1

Q2

IC1

Commodity X

Com

mod

ity Y

Price Effect = KLSubstitution Effect = LRIncome Effect = – RK

IC2

fp=k 3-28

fp=k3-28esaABizkjafHkdctVjs[kkgSvkSjIC1izkjafHkdrVLFkrkoØgS]miHkksDrkdkizkjafHkdlarqyu¯cnqQ1gStgk¡ogfxÝiQuoLrq-XdhOLbdkb;ksaadhek¡xdjrkgSAtcoLrq-XdhdherfxjrhgSrksctVjs[kkvkxsnkb±vksjljddj‘AC’gkstkrhgS]Q3miHkksDrkdku;klarqyu¯cnqgSAgetkursgSafdQ1 ls Q3rdljdukizfrLFkkiuizHkkovkSjvk;izHkkodk'kq¼izHkkogSAACosQlekukarjTTjs[kk[khapdjtksrVLFkrkoØIC1dks(Q2 ¯cnqij)Li'kZdjrhgSgeizfrLFkkiuizHkkoKkrdjldrsgSatksLRosQcjkcjgSAoLrq-Xdhdherdegksusij;goLrq-YdhrqyukesalLrhgkstkrhgS]vr%oLrq-XosQmiHkksxesaLRek=kkosQcjkcjo`f¼gksrhgSAfp=klsKkrgksrkgSfdvk;izHkko½.kkRedgSvkSj;g(–RK)osQcjkcjgSA

Li"VgS](–RK)>(RL)Abldkvarj–KLgSA

'kq¼ izHkko vFkok dher izHkko = –KL

izfrLFkkiu izHkko = LR

vk; izHkko = (–) RK

fuEudksfV oLrqvksa rFkk fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ chp varj

1- fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ (Giffen Goods)µfxÝiQu oLrq,¡ os fuEudksfV okyh oLrq,¡ gSa ftu ij miHkksDrk dh vk; dk ,d cM+k izfr'kr O;; gksrk gSA buosQ lacaèk esa

(i) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA blfy, fxÝiQu oLrq,¡ oLrq -X dh dher osQ fxjus osQ dkj.k miHkksDrk dh okLrfod vk; esa tc o`f¼ gksrh gS] rks oLrq dh de ek=kk essa ek¡x dh tkrh gSA

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?kjsyw] iQeZ ,oe~ cktkj dh lajpuk (ii) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gSA

blfy, 'kq¼ izHkko ;k dher izHkko lnk èkukRed gksrk gS] bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd oLrq-X dh dher esa o`f¼ gksus ls mldh ek¡xh xbZ ek=kk esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA

(iii) fxÝiQu oLrqvkssa osQ lacaèk esa ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkA

2- fuEudksfV oLrq,¡ (Inferior Goods) fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ vfrfjDr ckdh fuEudksfV oLrq,¡ os oLrq,¡ gSa ftuosQ lacaèk esa

(i) vk; izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA

(ii) ½.kkRed vk; izHkko] izfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esa] de 'kfDr'kkyh gksrk gS blfy, dher izHkko ½.kkRed gksrk gSA

(iii) ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSA

½.kkRedvk;izHkkoosQizcygksusdkvFkZ;ggSfdoLrqq-Xdh?kVhgqbZdher

osQiQyLo:ioLrq-Xdhek¡xHkhOLlsdegksdj OKgkstkrhgSA;gghfxÝiQu

fojksèkkHkkl dkvFkZgSAla{ksiesa]fxÝiQuoLrqvksadhdherdegksusijtksizfrLFkkiu

izHkkogksrkgSogvfèkdmiHkksxdksizksRlkfgrdjrkgSijarqvk;izHkkouosQoyfoijhr

fn'kk(demiHkksx)esadk;ZdjrkgScfYdizfrLFkkiuizHkkodhrqyukesavfèkdizcy

HkhgksrkgS]blosQiQyLo:idher?kVusdkoqQyizHkkovFkkZr~dherizHkkoek¡xesa

dehdkdkj.kcutkrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaek¡xoØdk<ykuèkukRed (Positive)gksxkA

3-26- vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkkoksa osQ laHko la;ksx (Possible Combinations of Income and Substitution Effects)

vk;rFkkizfrLFkkiuizHkkoksaosQlaHkola;ksxksadklkjka'kuhpsfn;kx;kgSµ

rkfydk 6- lkekU;] fuEudksfV rFkk fxÝiQu oLrqvksa osQ lacaèk esa vk; rFkk izfrLFkkiu izHkko

(Income and Substitution Effects in case of Normal, Inferior and Giffen Goods)

oLrqvksa dh izÑfr (Nature of Goods)

vk; izHkko (Income Effect)

izfrLFkkiu izHkko (Substitution

Effect)

oqQy izHkko (Total Effect)

1-lkekU;oLrq,¡ èkukRed ½.kkRed ek¡xdkfu;eykxwgksrkgSA

2-fuEudksfV oLrq,¡tksfxÝiQuoLrq,¡ughaagSa

½.kkRed ½.kkRed ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw gksrk gSD;ksafd½.kkRedvk;izHkkodhrqyukesaizfrLFkkiuizHkkovfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA

3-fxÝiQuoLrq,¡ ½.kkRed ½.kkRed ek¡x dk fu;e ykxw ughaa gksrkD;ksafd ½.kkRed vk; izHkkoizfrLFkkiu izHkko dh rqyuk esavfèkd'kfDr'kkyhgksrkgSA

3-27- ,dkfèkdkj D;k gS\ (What is Monopoly?)

vaxzsthHkk"kkdkeksuksikWyh'kCnxzhd'kCnosQeksuksikWfy;u(Monopolion)'kCnlsfy;kx;k


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k gSAbldkvFkZgS fcØhdk,dek=kvfèkdkjAvr,o'kq¼,dkfèkdkjcktkj dh og fLFkfr gS ftlesa osQoy ,d iQeZ fdlh oLrq dh ,dek=k mRiknd gksrh gS rFkk ml oLrq dk dksbZ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrkApwafd,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqdkcktkjesa,dek=kfooszQrkgksrkgSblfy,mlosQurksdksbZizfr}a}hgksrsgSavkSjughizR;{kizfr;ksxhgksrsgSaA

'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkj D;k gS\

;g cktkj dk og izdkj gS ftlesa fdlh oLrq dk osQoy ,d gh fooszQrk gksrk gS ftldk oLrq dh dher

ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA

mnkgj.kosQ fy,vius?kj;kiSQDVªhosQ fy,fctyhvkiosQoyfo|qrcksMZlsizkIrdjldrsgSaAvkiosQoyHkkjrljdkjdhjsyksaesa;k=kkdjldrsgSaA;slHkh,dkfèkdkjosQmnkgj.kgSaA,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZnwljhiQeZm|ksxesaizos'kughadjldrhA,dkfèkdkjesaiQeZrFkkm|ksxesadksbZvarjughagksrkAiQeZghm|ksxgksrhgSD;ksafdcktkjesaoLrqdh;ggh,dek=kmRikndgksrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhdher fuèkkZjd (Price Maker)gksrkgSAogdherdkfuèkkZj.kdjrkgSAmlosQ}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherij;gfuHkZjgksrkgSfdogfdruhek=kkcsplosQxkA,dkfèkdkjhdhek¡xoØdk<ykuÅijlsuhpsdhvksjgksrkgSA

dkSrlqo;kuhosQvuqlkj]¶,dkfèkdkj og cktkj gS ftlesa fdlh oLrq dk osQoy ,d gh fooszQrk gksrk gSA og ftl oLrq dk mRiknu djrk gS mlosQ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrs rFkk vU; iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk gksrk gSA¸ (Monopoly is a market situation in which there is a single seller, there are no close substitutes for commodity it produces, there are barriers to entry. —Koutsoyiannis)

ckeksyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶,d 'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkjh dh ifjHkk"kk ml iQeZ osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS tks m|ksx Hkh gSA ;g fdlh fo'ks"k oLrq ftlosQ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrs dh ,dek=k fooszQrk gksrh gSA¸(A pure monopoly is defined as the firm that is also an industry. It is the only supplier of some particular commodity for which there exists no close substitute. —Baumol)

3-28- ,dkfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Monopoly)

,dkfèkdkjdheq[;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- ,d fooszQrk rFkk vfèkd oszQrk (One Seller and Large Number of Buyers)µ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrqdk,dghmRikndgksukpkfg,pkgsogvosQykgks;klk>snkjksadklewggks;kla;qDriwathoaQiuh;kjkT;gksAvr%,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghiQeZgksrhgSijarqoLrqosQoszQrkdkiQhla[;kesagksuspkfg,ftlosQiQyLo:ioLrqdhdherdksoszQrkizHkkforughadjlosaQijarqfooszQrkizHkkfordjrkgSA

2- ,dkfèkdkjh iQeZ m|ksx Hkh gS (Monopoly is also an Industry)µ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghiQeZgksrhgSAvr,oiQeZrFkkm|ksxdkvarjlekIrgkstkrkgSvFkkZr~,dkfèkdkjhiQeZrFkkm|ksxosQvè;;uesadksbZvarjughagksrkA

3- ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk (Restrictions on the Entry of the New Firms)µ,dkfèkdkjh{ks=kesaubZiQeks±osQcktkjesaizos'kdjusijizfrcaèkgksrkgSAbuizfrcaèkksaosQdbZ:igksrsgSatSlsisVsUVvfèkdkj]ljdkjhfu;e]iSekusdhcprsavkfnA

4- fudVre LFkkukiUu dk vHkko (No Close Substitutes)µ,dkfèkdkjhftloLrqdkmRiknudjjgkgSmloLrqosQfudVreLFkkukiUuughagksukpkfg,vU;Fkk,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherviuhbPNkuqlkjfuèkkZfjrughadjlosQxkAcks¯YMx (Boulding)

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osQvuqlkj]¶,d fo'kq¼ ,dkfèkdkjh iQeZ og gS tks ,slh oLrq dk mRiknu dj jgh gS ftldk nwljh iQeks± osQ mRiknu esa dksbZ izHkko'kkyh LFkkukiUu ugha gSA¸

5- dher fuèkkZjd (Price Maker)µ,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gksrk gS vFkkZr~ viusmRiknudhdherdkfuèkkZj.kogLo;adjrkgSA,slkblfy,D;ksafdogoLrqdk,dek=kfoozsQrkgksrkgS]ijarqoszQrkvksadhla[;kdkiQhvfèkdgksrhgSA,doszQrkdhek¡x]oqQyek¡xdkcgqrFkksM+klkHkkxgksrhgSAblfy,ozsQrkdherdksizHkkforughadjikrsmUgsa,dkfèkdkjh}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherdkHkqxrkudjukiM+rkgSAvU;'kCnksaesa]oLrqdhdheriw.kZ:ils,dkfèkdkjhosQfu;a=k.kesagksrhgSA;fn,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhiw£rdksc<+knsrkgSrksmldhdheresadehgksldrhgSAblosQfoijhr;fnogiw£rdksdedjnsrkgSrksdheresao`f¼gksldrhgSA

,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gS

gk¡] ,dkfèkdkjh dher fuèkkZjd gSA ,dkfèkdkjh dk oLrq dh dher ij iwjk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k

;g gS fd

µ ,dkfèkdkjh oLrq dk ,dek=k fooszQrk gksrk gS] tcfd blosQ cgqr ls ozsQrk gksrs gSaA

µ ,dkfèkdkjh osQ mRiknu dk dksbZ fudVre LFkkukiUu ugha gksrkA

µ cktkj esa ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij dbZ dkuwuh] izkÑfrd rFkk rduhdh izfrcaèk gksrs gSaA

6- dher foHksn (Price Discrimination)µ,d,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqdhfofHkUuoszQrkvksalsvFkokfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vyx&vyxdhersaysldrkgSAblizdkj,dkfèkdkjhdherfoHksndjldrkgSA

7- iw£r oØ dk vHkko (Absence of Supply Curve)µ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZiw£roØughagksrkA,dkfèkdkjhek¡x(lhekarvk;)rFkkykxr(lhekarykxr)nksuksadks,dlkFkè;kuesaj[kdjgh;gr;djrkgSfdfdrukmRiknudjukgSrFkkmldhD;kdherfuèkkZfjrdjuhgSAvr%,dkfèkdkjesadksbZiw£roØughagksrkA


fjDrLFkkuHkfj,(Fill in the blanks)µ

1- ,dkfèkdkjh----------------------fuèkkZjdgksrkgSA

2- vaxzsthHkk"kkdkeksuksikWyh'kCnxzhd'kCnosQ----------------------'kCnlsfy;kx;kgSA

3- ,dkfèkdkjhdhek¡xoØdk<ykumQijls----------------------dhvksjgksrkgSA

4- ,dkfèkdkjogcktkjgSftlesafdlhoLrqdkosQoy,dgh----------------------gksrkgSA

3-29- ,dkfèkdkj esa larqyu (Monopoly Equilibrium) vFkok ,dkfèkdkj esa dher rFkk mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Determination of Price and Output under Monopoly)

,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyudhvoLFkkesagksrkgStcogoLrqdhmlek=kkdkmRiknudjrkgS ftlijmldkoqQyykHkvfèkdregksrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhvoLFkkesadherrFkklarqyufuèkkZj.kdkfuEufyf[krnksn`f"Vdks.kksalsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSµ


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 1- oqQy vk; rFkk oqQy ykxr oØ n`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach)

2- lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr n`f"Vdks.k (Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach)

uksV~l ,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogfLFkfrgSftlesaosQoy,diQeZfdlhoLrqdh,dek=kmRiknd

gksrhgSAmloLrqdkdksbZfudVreLFkkukiUuughagksrkA

3-30- oqQy vk; rFkk oqQy ykxr oØ n`f"Vdks.k (Total Revenue and Total Cost Curve Approach)

,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhmlek=kkdkscspdjvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjldrkgSftlijoqQy vk;(Total Revenue)rFkkoqQy ykxr (Total Cost)dkvarjvfèkdregksrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhfofHkUudhersafuèkkZfjrdjosQvFkokoLrqdhiw£resaifjorZudjosQ;gekywedjusdhps"VkdjrkgSfdmRiknuosQfdlLrjijoqQyvk;(TR)rFkkoqQyykxr(TC)dkvarjvfèkdregSAvFkkZr~oqQyykHkvfèkdregSAmRiknu dh ml ek=kk ij ftlosQ mRiknu ls ,dkfèkdkjh dks vfèkdre ykHk izkIr gksaxs] ,dkfèkdkjh larqyu dh fLFkfr esa gksxkA blsfp=k3-29}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSA

Y

M

A

TC

NTR

B

C

E

D X

TPR

O

P

Cos

t/Rev

enue

QOutput

fp=k 3-29

fp=k3-29esaTC oqQyykxroØrFkkTR oqQyvk;oØgSATR oØewy¯cnqO ls'kq:gksjgkgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdtcdksbZmRiknuughagksxkrksoqQyvk;Hkh'kwU;gksxhAblosQfoijhroqQyykxroØ¯cnqP lsvkjaHkgksjghgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd;fniQeZmRiknucanHkhdjnsrksHkhmlscaèkhykxrsaOP [kpZdjuhiM+sxhATP oØoqQyykHkoØgSA;goØ¯cnqR lsvkjaHkgksjgkgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdvkjaHkesaiQeZdks½.kkRed ykHk (Negative Profits)izkIrgksjgsgSavFkkZr~gkfu gksjghgSD;ksafdoqQyykxr]oqQyvk;lsvfèkdgSAfp=k3-29lsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZtSls&tSlsmRiknuc<+kjghgSoqQyvk;c<+rhtkjghgSAijarqvkjaHkesaoqQyvk;oqQyykxrlsde(TR < TC)gSAblfy,TP oØosQRC HkkxlsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksgkfugksjghgSA¯cnqM ijTR = TC gSblfy,tSlkfdTP oØosQ¯cnqC lsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksurksgkfugksjghgSvkSjughykHkgksjgkgSA¯cnqM dksle&foPNsn fcanq(Break Even Point) dgktk;sxkAiQeZtcfcanqMlsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksoqQyvk;oqQyykxrlsc<+rh(TR > TC)

uksV



tk,xhATP oØHkh¯cnqC lsÅijdhvksjmBjghgSAbllsKkrgksrkgSfdiQeZdksykHkfeyjgsgSaAtcTP oØviusmPpre¯cnqE ijgksxhrksiQeZdksvfèkdre ykHk (Maximum Profits)izkIrgksaxsAmRiknudhOQ ek=kkftlijiQeZdksvfèkdreykHkfeyjgkgS]larqyumRiknudhek=kkdgyk,xhA

lkoèkkuhiwoZd è;ku nsa

fp=k 3-29 esa TC oØ OY v{k ls 'kq: gksrh gS] blfy, ;g vYidkyhu ykxr oØ gksuh pkfg,A nh?kZdkyhu

TC oØ ewy ¯cnq O ls vkjaHk gksrh gSA

;fniQeZlarqyuek=kkOQ lsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksTR vkSjTC js[kkvksadkvarjdegksrkpyktk,xkrFkk¯cnqN ij;sjs[kk,a,d&nwljsdksdkVsaxhvFkkZr~TR = TC gksxkAbldkvfHkizk;;ggqvkfdiQeZosQykHkdegksrstk,axsrFkk¯cnqN ijHkhiQeZdksudksbZykHkgksxkrFkkudksbZgkfugksxhAtSlkfdTP osQ¯cnqD lsKkrgksrkgSA;fniQeZbllsvfèkdmRiknudjsxhrksTR osQTC lsde(TR < TC)gksusosQiQyLo:iiQeZdksgkfugksusyxsxhAla{ksiesaiQeZ¯cnqE ijvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjsxhAiQeZosQvfèkdreykHkdksKkrdjusosQfy,TR rFkkTC js[kkijLi'khZ;js[kk,¡[khaphtkrhgSaAftu¯cnqij[khaphxbZLi'khZ; js[kk,¡ (Tangent Lines)lekukarjgSa]mudkiQklykvf/dregksxkAblfp=klsKkrgksrkgSfdArFkkBfcanqijLi'khZ; js[kk,¡ (Tangent)lekukarjgSa]vr%TR rFkkTC oØdkvfèkdrevarjAB lsizdVgksxkAblvoLFkkesa,dkfèkdkjhdksvfèkdreykHkizkIrgksaxstSlkfdTP oØosQ¯cnqE lsKkrgksjgkgSA,dkfèkdkjh}kjkdherrFkklarqyuizkIrdjusdhblfofèkdksTrial and Error MethodHkhdgktkrkgSD;ksafdblfofèk}kjk,dkfèkdkjhdksfofHkUudhersafuèkkZfjrdjosQ;gvuqekuyxkukiM+rkgSfddherosQdkSulsLrjijoglarqyudhfLFkfresagksxkvFkkZr~vfèkdreykHkizkIrdjsxkA


cgqfodYih; iz'u(Multiple Choice Questions)µ

5- ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaosQoy,dghgksrhgS

(v) iQeZ (c)eqnzk (l)ykxr (n)oLrq

6- ,dkfèkdkjh{ks=kksaesaubZiQeks±osQcktkjesaizos'kdjusijgksrkgSµ

(v) dj (c)izfrcaèk (l) fu"ksèk (n)vuqefr

7- ,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresadksbZ----------------------oØughagksrkA

(v) iw£rpØ (c)ykxroØ (l)oØ (n)iw£roØ

8- ,dkfèkdkjhosQmRiknudkdksbZughagksrkµ

(v) fudVreLFkkukiUu (c)LFkkukiUu

(l) ykxroØ (n)buesalsdksbZughaA

3-31- lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr n`f"Vdks.k (Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost Approach)

bln`f"Vdks.kosQvuqlkj,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyudhvoLFkkesagksxktcnks'krs±iwjhgksaxhA

(i) lhekar vk; (MR) =lhekarykxr(MC)rFkk

(ii) lhekar ykxr (MC) oØdhlhekarvk;(MR)oØdksuhpslsdkVukA


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k blfLFkfresa,dkfèkdkjhdksvfèkdreykHkizkIrgksaxsAblfo'ys"k.k}kjk,dkfèkdkjesadherrFkklarqyufuèkkZj.kdkvè;;ule;dhnksvofèk;ksaesafd;ktk,xkA

(1)vYidky(Short-Run)rFkk(2)nh?kZdky(Long-Run)A

viuh cqf¼ dk ijh{k.k dhft,(fp=k3-29nsf[k,A)

tc TR rFkk TC dk varj vfèkdre gksrk gS rks TR dk <yku = TC dk <ykuATR dk <yku MR rFkk TC dk <yku MC gksrk gSA blfy, tgk¡ TR rFkk TC dk varj vfèkdre gksrk gS ogk¡ gh MR = MC gksrk gSA

1- vYidkyhu larqyu (Short-Run Equilibrium)

vYidkyle;dhogvofèkgSftlesale;brukdegksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjhcaèkslkèkuksatSlse'khujh]IykaVvkfndkscnyughaldrkA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhek¡xc<+usijosQoy?kVrs&c<+rslkèkudhvfèkdek=kkdkiz;ksxdjosQrFkkcaèkslkèkuksatSlse'khuksadhiw.kZ{kerkdkiz;ksxdjosQoLrqdhiw£rdksc<+kldrkgSAblhHkkafrek¡x?kVusij,dkfèkdkjhiQeZdh?kVrs&c<+rslkèkudhek=kkdksdedjnsxkvkSjcaèkslkèkudkHkhxguiz;ksxdedjnsxkA,d,dkfèkdkjhmlle;larqyuesagksxktcogoLrqdhmlek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkftlij(1) lhekar ykxr rFkk lhekar vk; cjkcj (MC = MR)gksxhrFkk(2) lhekar ykxr oØ lhekar vk; oØ dks uhps ls dkVsxhA (MC Curve cuts MR Curve from below.)vYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhosQlarqyudhvoLFkkesarhufLFkfr;k¡gksldrhgSaA,dkfèkdkjhdks(1) vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)feyldrsgSaA(2) lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)izkIrgksldrsgSaAvkSj(3) U;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss)mBkuhiM+ldrhgSAbudko.kZugefuEufyf[krfp=kksadhlgk;rklsdjldrsgSaµ

(1) vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)µ;fn ,dkfèkdkjh }kjk larqyu dhvoLFkk esa fuèkkZfjr oLrqvksadhdher (AR) mudhvkSlrykxr (AC)lsvfèkd(AR > AC)gSrks,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsA,dkfèkdkjh]mRiknurksmllhekrddjsxkftlijlhekarykxrrFkklhekarvk;(MC = MR)cjkcjgksaxhAblslarqyumRiknudgktk,xkA;fnlarqyumRiknudhdhermldhvkSlrykxrlsvfèkdgksxhrks,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA

vlkekU; ykHk (Super Normal Profit) = AR > AC

larqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-30}kjkizdVfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-30lsizdVgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyudhvoLFkkesagksxkAD;ksafdbl¯cnqijlhekar vk; (MR)rFkklhekarykxr(MC),dnwljsosQcjkcj(MR = MC) gSaA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhOM bdkbZdkmRiknudjsxk]mRiknudhblek=kkijoLrqdhdherBM mldhvkSlrykxrAM lsBA vfèkd (BM – AM = BA) gSAvr%bl fLFkfresa,dkfèkdkjhdksABPC oqQyvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA

(2) lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)µ;fnvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhlarqyudhfLFkfr(MC = MR)esaoLrqdhdher(AR),vkSlrykxr(AC)osQcjkcj(AC = AR)gSrksiQeZdksosQoylkekU;ykHk(Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsA

uksV



Y

PC

OM

X

Output

MRAR

ACMCB

A

Super Normal Profit

Rev

enue

/Cos

t

E

fp=k 3-30

lkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits) = AR = AC

,dkfèkdkjhlarqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-31}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-31lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyuesagksxkD;ksafd¯cnqE ijMC = MR gSA,dkfèkdkjhdklarqyumRiknuOM bdkb;k¡gSaAmRiknudhblek=kkijvkSlr ykxr oØ (AC)vkSlr vk; oØ (AR)dks¯cnqA ijNwjgkgSAvr%¯cnqA ijoLrqdhdherOP (AR)rFkkvkSlrykxrAM (AC),dnwljsosQcjkcjgSaAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdkslarqyumRiknuijosQoylkekU; ykHk (Normal Profits)izkIrgksaxsD;ksafdlarqyuek=kkijvkSlrykxrrFkkdher(vkSlrvk;)cjkcj(AC = AR) gSaA

Y

P

OM

X

Output

MR

AR

AC

MC

A

Normal Profit

Rev

enue

/Cos

t

EMC = MR

fp=k 3-31

(3) U;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss)µvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhdksgkfumBkdjHkhmRiknudjukiM+ldrkgS];fnvYidkyesaeanhosQdkj.koLrqdhek¡xdegkstk,vkSjiQyLo:idherdegkstk,rks,dkfèkdkjhbldedherijHkhmRiknudjrkjgsxkA;fnblijmlsvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxr(AVC)feyjghgksA;fn,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxrlsHkhdedherfuèkkZfjrdjuhiM+sxhrksogoLrqdkmRiknucandjnsxkAvr%,dkfèkdkjh vYidky esa larqyu dh voLFkk esa U;wure gkfu vFkkZr~ vkSlr caèkh ykxr dh gkfu Hkh mBk ldrk gSA larqyudhblfLFkfresadher(AR)oLrqdhvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxr(AVC)osQcjkcjgksrhgSAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlr caèkh ykxrksa (Fixed Costs)dhgkfumBkuhiM+rhgSA;ggkfurks,dkfèkdkjhdksrcHkhmBkuhiM+sxhtcogvYidkyesadkecandjnsrkgSAvr,o


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=kU;wure gkfu (Minimum Loss) = AC – AVC = AFC

larqyudhblfLFkfrdksfp=k3-32}kjkLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-32lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyudhvoLFkkesagSAD;ksafd¯cnqE ijMC = MRA¯cnqE lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhOM ek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkAlarqyuek=kkOM dhdherOP (AM) fuèkkZfjrgksxhAbldherijvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxroØ(AVC Curve), AR oØdksA ¯cnqijNwjghgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggSfdiQeZdksizpfyrdherlsosQoyvkSlr?kVrhc<+rhykxrizkIrgksxhAiQeZdkscaèkhykxrksavFkkZr~AN izfrbdkbZdhgkfumBkuhiM+sxhAiQeZdksoqQyNAPP1 dhgkfugksxhAtSlkfdNk;knkj{ks=k}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSA;giQeZdhU;wuregkfugksxhA;fn,dkfèkdkjhdksOP lsdedherfuèkkZfjrdjuhiM+sxhrksogoLrqdkmRiknucandjnsxkA

Y

P

OM

X

Output

MRAR

A

Rev

enue

/Cos

t

E

MR=MC

MC

SACAVC

Loss

P1N

fp=k 3-32

nh?kZdkyhu larqyu (Long-Run Equilibrium)

nh?kZdkyesa,dkfèkdkjhoghalarqyuizkIrdjsxktgk¡mldhnh?kZdkyhu lhekar ykxr] lhekar vk; (LMC = MR)osQcjkcjgksxhAnh?kZdkyesale;yackgksusosQdkj.k,dkfèkdkjhlcykxrksadkscnyldrkgSvkSjek¡xc<+usijiw£rek¡xosQvuqlkjlek;ksftrdhtkldrhgSAvYidkyesa,dkfèkdkjhdhervkSlrykxrlsvfèkd]cjkcjodegksldrhgSA¯drq nh?kZdky esa dher nh?kZdkyhu vkSlr ykxr ls vfèkd gksrh gSA ;fndhernh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrlsdegksxhrks,dkfèkdkjhgkfumBkusosQLFkkuijmRiknucandjnsxkAnh?kZdky esa ,dkfèkdkjh vlkekU; ykHk izkIr djrk gSA ,slkblfy,D;ksafd]iw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfoijhr]dksbZHkhiQeZcktkjesaizos'kughadjldrhAvr%tcnh?kZdkyesa,dkfèkdkjhiQeZvlkekU;ykHkizkIrdjjghgksrhgS]rcdksbZHkhvU;mRikndlaHkkO;vlkekU;ykHkizkIrdjusdhmEehnlscktkjesaizos'kughadjldrkAiQyLo:i,dkfèkdkjhiQeZdksnh?kZdkyesaHkhvlkekU;ykHkfeyrkjgrkgSA

,d iw.kZ izfr;ksxh iQeZ osQ foijhr ,d ,dkfèkdkjh nh?kZdky esa Hkh vlkekU; ykHk v£tr dj ldrk gS D;ksafd

cktkj esa ubZ iQeks± osQ izos'k ij izfrcaèk gksrk gSA

cktkj esa u rks fdlh iQeZ dk izos'k rFkk u fdlh izfrLFkkiu osQ ik, tkus osQ dkj.k ,dkfèkdkjh dks nh?kZdky esa b"Vre vkdkj (Optimum Size)osQ IykaV yxkus vFkok b"Vre mRiknu {kerk dk iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA IykaV dk vkdkj rFkk fdlh fuf'pr vkdkj okys IykaV dk fdl va'k rd mi;ksx fd;k tk, ;g loZFkk cktkj ek¡x ij fuHkZj djrk gSA oqQNcktkjfLFkfr;ksaesab"Vre{kerkizkIrdhtk,xh]¯drqoqQNvU;fLFkfr;ksaesa,dkfèkdkjhb"Vrelsde(Sub-Optimally)mRiknudjsxkAoqQNfLFkfr;ksaesab"Vrelsvfèkd{kerkdkmi;ksx

uksV



HkhgksldrkgSA;glccktkjek¡xijfuHkZjdjrkgSAfp=k3-33esa,dkfèkdkjhosQU;wurenh?kZdkyhularqyudhO;k[;kdhxbZgS]tccktkjdkvkdkj,dkfèkdkjhdksU;wurenh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrijmRiknudjuslsjksdrkgS]vkSj;gfLFkfrizk;%ns[kusdksfeyrhgSA

P

OM

X

Output

MRAR

A

Rev

enue

/Cos

tE

LMC

LACN

B

LMC = MR

Super Normal Profit

Y

fp=k 3-33

,dkfèkdkjhosQnh?kZdkyhularqyudhfLFkfrdks fp=k3-33dhlgk;rklsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAfp=k3-33lsKkrgksrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjh¯cnqE ijlarqyuesagksxkA¯cnqE ijMR = LMC, ogoLrqdhOM ek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkA;gmRiknudhlarqyuek=kkgksxhAblek=kkijdherON (= AM) gksxhrFkknh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrBM gksxhAdher(AM) osQnh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxr(BM)lsvfèkd(AR > AC)gksusosQdkj.k,dkfèkdkjhdksvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsAvr,o,dkfèkdkjhdksAM – MB = AB izfrbdkbZvlkekU;ykHkizkIrgksaxsA,dkfèkdkjhdksoqQyABPN vlkekU;ykHkfeysaxsAtSlkfdNk;knkjHkkx}kjkfn[kk;kx;kgSA

3-32- dher foHksn ;k Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj (Price Discrimination or Discriminating Monopoly)

dherfoHksnogfLFkfrgSftlesa,doLrqdks,dlsvfèkddherijcspktkrkgSA,d,dkfèkdkjhdbZckjfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUumiHkksDrkvksals;kfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,vyx&vyxdherysldrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhdhbldheruhfrdksdher foHksn (Price Discrimination)dgrsgSavkSjtks,dkfèkdkjh,slkdjrkgSmlsHksnewyd ,dkfèkdkjh (Discriminating Monopolist)dgrsgSaA

dher foHksn D;k gS\

dher foHksn og fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d fooszQrk fdlh ,d oLrq dh fofHkUu oszQrkvksa ls fofHkUu dher ysrk

gSA ;g ml le; laHko gksrk gS tc cktkj esa dksbZ izfr;ksfxrk ugha gksrh rFkk fofHkUu oszQrkvksa osQ fy, oLrq

dh ek¡x dh yksp fofHkUu gksrh gSA

ts-,l-csal- osQ'kCnksaesa]¶dher foHksn ls vfHkizk; foozsQrk dh ml fØ;k ls gS ftlesa fd og ,d gh izdkj osQ inkFkks± osQ fy, fofHkUu oszQrkvksa ls fofHkUu dhersa ysrk gSA¸ (Price discrimination refers strictly to the practice by a seller to charging different prices from different buyers for the same goods Q.J.S. Bains)

dkSrlq;kuh osQvuqlkj]¶dher foHksn og fLFkfr gS ftlesa ,d oLrq fofHkUu [kjhnnkjksa dks fofHkUu dherksa ij csph tkrh gSA¸ (Price discrimination exists when the same product is sold at different prices to different buyers. —Koutsoyiannis)


uksV

O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-33- dher foHksn osQ izdkj (Types of Price Discrimination)

dherfoHksneq[;:ilspkjizdkjdkgksrkgSµ

1- O;fDrxr dher foHksn (Personal Price Discrimination)µtc ,d ,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqdhfofHkUuO;fDr;ksalsfofHkUudherysrkgSrksmlsO;fDrxrdherfoHksndgrsgSaAO;fDrxrdherfoHksn]miHkksDrkdhvKkurkosQdkj.k]dheresaekewyhvarjosQdkj.kvFkokoLrq;klsokdhizÑfrosQdkj.klaHkogksrkgSAtSlsµtc,dMkWDVj,dghizdkjosQvkWijs'kuosQfy,èkuhofuèkZuejhtksalsvyx&vyxiQhlysrkgSrks;gO;fDrxrdherfoHksndgykrkgSA

2- HkkSxksfyd dher foHksn (Geographical Price Discrimination)µtc,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqdhfofHkUuLFkkuksaijfofHkUudherysrkgSrksmlsHkkSxksfyddherfoHksndgrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,],dfu;kZrdviuhoLrqdhdherfons'khcktkjesafHkUurFkk?kjsywcktkjesaoqQNvkSjj[krkgS]tSlkfdjkf'kikru(Dumping)vFkkZr~fons'kksaesaoLrqdkslLrsnkeksaijcspukA

3- mi;ksx vuqlkj dher foHksn (Price Discrimination According to Use)µtc,dkfèkdkjh,doLrqosQfofHkUumi;ksxksaosQfy,fofHkUudhersaysrkgSrksblsmi;ksx dher foHksn ;k O;kikj foHksn (Trade Discrimination)dgrsgSatSlsfctyhosQ?kjsyw mi;ksx (Domestic Use)osQfy,izfr;wfuVnjvfèkdgksrhgStcfdÑf"klacaèkhmi;ksx(Agricultural Use)osQfy,izfr;wfuVnjdegksrhgSA

4- le;kuqlkj dher foHksn (Price Discrimination According to Time)µdbZlkoZtfudmi;ksxosQm|ksx(Public Utilities),dghmRiknudksfofHkUule;ijfofHkUudherksaijcsprsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]VsyhiQksufoHkkxnsjjkr;kizkr%dkyosQle;dhtkusokyhVsyhiQksudkWyosQfy,de nj (Low Rate)ysrkgSijarqfnuesadhtkusokyhVsyhiQksudkWyosQfy,vfèkd nj (High Rate)yhtkrhgSA

3-34- dher foHksnhdj.k dh Jsf.k;k¡ (Degrees of Price Discrimination)

ihxw usviuhiqLrd‘Economics of Welfare’esadherfoHksnhdj.k (Price Discrimination)dksfuEufyf[krrhuJsf.k;ksaesackaVkgS%

1- izFke Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the First Degree): izFkeJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kogfoHksnhdj.kgSftlesa,d,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhizR;sdbdkbZdhfofHkUudhersaolwydjrkgSAizR;sdbdkbZdhmruhdherfuèkkZfjrdhtkrhgSftruhdhmiHkksDrknsusosQfy,rS;kjgksrkgS]blizdkjmlsdksbZ Hkh miHkksDrk cpr izkIrugha(No Consumer Surplus) gksrhgSAvr%izFkeJs.khosQfoHksnhdj.kdkvFkZ,d,slhfLFkfrgSftlesamiHkksDrkdhcpr'kwU;gksrhgSA

2- nwljh Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the Second Degree): f}rh;Js.khdk foHksnhdj.kogfLFkfrgS ftlesa,dkfèkdkjh fdlhoLrqdh fofHkUubdkb;ksadhfofHkUudhersaysrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]jkT;ksaosQfctyhcksMZfctyhdh,dlhekrdigyhoqQNbdkb;ksaosQmiHkksxdhnjdeysrhgSrFkkmllhekosQckndhbdkb;ksaosQmiHkksxdhnjvfèkdysrhgSAblfLFkfresamiHkksDrkdksoqQNmiHkksx dh cpr (Consumer's Surplus)izkIrgksrhgSA

3- rhljh Js.kh dk foHksnhdj.k (Discrimination of the Third Degree): rhljhJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kogfoHksnhdj.kgSftlosQvarxZr,dkfèkdkjhfdlhoLrqosQoqQycktkj

uksV



dksnks;krhulewgksa(Groups)esackaVnsrkgSrFkkizR;sdlewglsfofHkUudherolwydjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fn,dkfèkdkjh?kjsywcktkjesafdlhoLrqdhvfèkddherfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSrFkkfons'kh&cktkjesadedherfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSrksblsrhljhJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kdgktk,xkAokLrfodthouesablJs.khdkfoHksnhdj.kvfèkdizpfyrgSA

3-35- dher foHksn dh vko';d 'krs± (Essential Conditions for Price Discrimination)

dherfoHksnrHkhlaHkogksldrkgStcfdcktkjesafuEufyf[kr'krs±iwjhgksrhgSaµ

1- ,dkfèkdkjh 'kfDr dk vfLrRo (Existence of Monopoly Power)µdherfoHksndhigyh'krZ;ggSfdfoozsQrk,dkfèkdkjhgksukpkfg,vFkkZr~mlosQikl,dkfèkdkjh'kfDrgksuhpkfg,A,dkfèkdkjh'kfDrosQvHkkoesafooszQrkoqQNoszQrkvksalsnwljksadhrqyukesavfèkddherughaysldrkAiw.kZizfr;ksxhiQes±,dle:imRikn(Homogeneous Product)osQfy,fofHkUudhersaughaysik,¡xhD;ksafdiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhifjHkk"kkosQvuqlkjcktkjesa,dghdherizpfyrgksusdhizo`fÙkgksrhgSA

2- i`Fkd cktkj (Separate Markets)µdherfoHksnosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdoLrqosQ nks;krhucktkjgksuspkfg, ftUgsa ,dnwljslsi`Fkd fd;ktkldrkgSrFkk,dkfèkdkjhmUgsai`Fkdj[kldrkgSA(One condition necessary for Discriminating Monopoly is that there must be two or more markets which can be separated and can be kept separate)cktkjksadksHkkSxksfydn`f"Vls];kczkaMosQ}kjk];kle;osQ}kjki`Fkdj[kktkldrkgSAO;fDrxrlsok,¡iznkudjusokysyksxtSlsMkWDVj]odhy]vkfnHkh,dlekulsokosQfy,fofHkUudhersaysldrsgSaA

3- ek¡x dh yksp esa varj (Difference in the Elasticity of Demand)µdherfoHksnmlle;laHkogksxktcfofHkUucktkjksaesaikbZtkusokyhek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksxhA;fn,slkgksrkgSrks,dkfèkdkjhcsykspnkjek¡xokyscktkjesavfèkddherfuèkkZfjrdjsxkvkSjvfèkdykspnkjek¡xokyscktkjesadedherfuèkkZfjrdjsxkA,slkdjuslsghogviuhoqQyvk;dksc<+kldrkgSD;ksafdek¡xesaifjorZudkdksbZMjughagksxkA;fnfHkUu&fHkUucktkjksaesaek¡xdhyksp,dtSlhgksrksdherfoHksndjuklaHkoughagkslosQxkA

4- iqu£cØh laHkkouk dk vHkko (No Possibility of Re-sale)µdherfoHksnosQvfLrRoosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdmloLrq;klsokdkizkjafHkdozsQrkmldhiqu£cØhughadjlosQA,slkrHkhgksldrkgStc,dvksjrks]oLrqdh,dbdkbZlLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarfjrugksrFkknwljhvksjoszQrkegaxscktkjlslLrscktkjesaughatklosQ]vFkkZr~oLrqdhbdkb;ksadkslLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarfjrughagksukpkfg,A;fn,slkgqvkrksoLrqdedherosQcktkjesa[kjhnhtk,xhvkSjÅ¡phdherosQcktkjesaiqu%cspnhtk,xh]bllsdherdkogvarjlekIrgkstk,xkftls,dkfèkdkjhcuk,j[kukpkgrkgSAblfy,dherfoHksnosQfy,;gvko';dgSfddedherokyscktkjlsvfèkddherokyscktkjesaoLrqdkgLrkarj.kughagksukpkfg,AfyIlhosQvuqlkj]¶dher foHksn djus dh ;ksX;rk dh eq[; 'krZ ;g gS fd de dher ij oLrq izkIr djus okyk oszQrk mldh iqu£cØh ml ozsQrk dks ugha dj ldrk ftls og oLrq Åaph dher ij izkIr gksrh gSA¸ (The key to being able to discriminate among buyers is that discrimination among buyers requires that the goods cannot be re-sold by the buyer who faces the low price to the buyer who faces the high price. —Lipsey)

la{ksiesa]dherfoHksnrclaHkogksldrkgStcoLrqdh,dbdkbZdklLrscktkjlsegaxscktkjesagLrkarj.kughafd;ktklosQrFkkfofHkUucktkjksaesaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugksA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-36- dher foHksn dc ykHknk;d gksrk gS\ (When Price Discrimination is Profitable)

dher foHksn ,dkfèkdkjh osQ fy,mlle;ykHknk;dgksrk gS tcek¡xdhdheryksp,dcktkjlsnwljscktkjesafofHkUugksrhgSA(Price discrimination is profitable when the price elasticity of demand is different in different markets.)

;fnnkscktkjksaesaek¡xdhdherykspcjkcjgSrks,dkfèkdkjhdksbunksuksacktkjksaesadherfoHksnhdj.klsdksbZykHkughagksxkAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdtcnkscktkjksadhdheryksplekugksrhgSrksbunksuksaesalhekar vk; (Marginal Revenue)HkhlekugksxhAblosQfoijhr;fnnkscktkjksaesaek¡xdhdherykspfHkUu&fHkUugksrhgSrksbunksuksaesaoLrqdhlhekarvk;Hkhvyx&vyxgksxhA,dcktkjesalhekarvk;vfèkdgksxhrksnwljscktkjesadegksxhAblvoLFkkesaoLrqdksdelhekarvk;okyscktkjlsfudkydjvfèkdlhekarvk;okyscktkjesafHkUudherijcspuslsykHkgksxkAblizdkjnkscktkjksaesaoLrqdhek¡xdhdherykspesavarjgksuslsdherfoHksnhdj.kykHknk;dgksldrkgSAblrF;dksgefuEufyf[krlw=kdhlgk;rklsLi"VdjldrsgSa%

MR = AR EE 1–d n

ekuyhft,cktkjA rFkkcktkjB esa,dkfèkdkjhdherlekuvFkkZr~`10gS];fnblleku,dkfèkdkjhdherijcktkjA rFkkB esaek¡xdhykspØe'k%2vkSj5gSrcmijksDrlw=kosQvkèkkjijbucktkjksalsizkIrlhekarvk;dkvuqekufuEufyf[kr<axlsyxk;ktkldrkgS%

cktkj A esa lhekar vk; (MRA) = AR EE 1–d n = 10 2

2 1–< F = 10 21< F = ` 5

cktkj B esa lhekar vk; (MRB) = AR EE 1–d n = 10 5

5 1 10 54 8– = =< <F F `8

mijksDrfooj.klsLi"VgkstkrkgSfdcktkjA rFkkcktkjB esadherykspfofHkUugksusijnksuksaesalhekUrvk;HkhfofHkUugSAcktkjA esaek¡xdhykspdevFkkZr~2gSblfy,lhekarvk;(MR)devFkkZr~` 5gSAblosQfoijhrcktkjB esaek¡xdhykspvfèkdvFkkZr~5gSblfy,lhekarvk;(MR)HkhvfèkdvFkkZr~ 8gSAblfy,,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA, ftlesalhekarvk; 5gS]lsoLrqdhoqQNek=kkcktkjB esaftlesalhekarvk;` 8gS]cspsxkAcktkjA esaoLrqdh,dbdkbZdecspusls,dkfèkdkjhdks` 5dhgkfugksxhAijarqcktkjB esa,dbdkbZvfèkdcspusls` 8dhvk;gksxhAblizdkj,dkfèkdkjhdks` 3vfèkdvk;izkIrgksxhA,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA lsoLrqdksgVkdjcktkjB esarcrdcsprkjgsxk]tcrdnksuksacktkjksaesaoLrqdklhekarvkxecjkcjughagkstkrkvFkkZr~MRA = MRBA

D;k vki tkurs gSa dherfoHksnogfLFkfrgSftlesa,dolrqfofHkUu[kjhnnkjksadksfofHkUudherksa

ijcsphtkrhgSA

3-37- Hksnewyd ,dkfèkdkj esa dher ,oe~ mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination under Discriminating Monopoly)

,dkfèkdkjh}kjkdherfoHksndhuhfrviukusdkmís';oqQyvk;rFkkykHkesao`f¼djukgSAdherfoHksndhfLFkfresadherfuèkkZj.kosQfo'ys"k.kdksgenks;knkslsvfèkdcktkjdhn'kkvksa

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}kjkO;DrdjldrsgSaAge;gk¡dherfoHksndh,d,slhfLFkfrdkvè;;udjsaxsftlesa,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdksnksfofHkUudherksaijcspdjmiHkksDrkvksa dh cpr (Consumer's Surplus)dkoqQNHkkxLo;aizkIrdjysrkgSAihxw (Pigou)usblsrhljhJs.khdhdherfoHksn(Price Descrimination of Third Degree)dgkgSAizR;sdHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhviusykHkksadksvfèkdredjusosQfy,mRiknuogk¡rdghdjsxktgk¡ijfdmldhlhekarvk;(MR)lhekarykxr(MC)osQcjkcjgkstkrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjusosQfy,lhekarvk;vkSjlhekarykxrdhlekurkokyh'krZdksizR;sdcktkjesaviuk,xkA,dkfèkdkjhrcrdmRiknudjrkjgsxktcrdlhekarvk;lhekarykxrlsvfèkd(MR > MC)gSAgekjhekU;rk;ggSfd,dkfèkdkjhviusmRiknudksnksfofHkUucktkjksa‘A’rFkk‘B’esacspsxkftuesaek¡xdhykspfofHkUugSAHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhdksr;djukiM+rkgSfdmls(1)oqQymRiknufdrukdjukgSrFkk(2)vyx&vyxcktkjksaesafdrukmRiknucspukgSrFkkfdldherijcspukgS]ftllsfdmlsvfèkdreykHkizkIrgkslosQAvfèkdreykHkizkIrdjusosQfy,,dkfèkdkjhdksnksfu.kZ;ysusgksaxsA

1- mRiknu fdruk djuk gS\ (How Much to Produce?)

pwafdgeekuysrsgSafd,dkfèkdkjhdkmRiknule:igS]blfy,ogleLrmRiknudhlhekar ykxr dksè;kuesaj[krkgSpkgsmldhfcØhfdlhHkhcktkjesadhtk,Aogml¯cnqrdmRiknudjsxkftlijlhekarykxrnksuksacktkjksadhla;qDr lhekar vk; (Combined Marginal Revenue-CMR)osQcjkcjgkstk,Ala;qDrlhekarvk;oØKkrdjusosQfy,cktkjA rFkkcktkjB dhlhekarvk;oØksaMRA rFkkMRB dkstksM+fy;ktkrkgSA,dkfèkdkjhoLrqdhmruhek=kkdkmRiknudjsxkftlijlhekarykxrrFkkla;qDrlhekarvk;cjkcjgkstk,AvFkkZr~

MC = MRA + MRB = MRA+B

2- fofHkUu cktkjksa esa fdruh ek=kk fdl dher ij csph tk,\

(How Much to Sell in Different Markets and at What Price?)

,dkfèkdkjh vius ykHk dksvfèkdre djus osQ fy,leLr mRiknu dh lhekarykxr (MC) dks cktkj A dhlhekarvk;(MRA)rFkkcktkj ‘B’ osQ lhekar vk;(MRB) osQ cjkcj djsxkAfp=k 3-34 ls Kkr gksrk gSfdcktkj‘A’esacktkjek¡xdeykspnkjgSrFkkcktkj‘B’esacktkjek¡xvfèkdykspnkjgSAbldkvfHkizk;;ggS,dkfèkdkjhcktkj‘A’esaoLrqdhdeek=kkvFkkZr~‘OA’bdkb;ksadhvfèkddherOP1 ijfcØhdjsxkAblosQfoijhrogcktkj‘B’esavfèkdek=kk‘OB’bdkb;ksadhdedherOP2 ijfcØhdjsxkAla;qDrmRiknuOQ bdkb;ksa(tgk¡la;qDrlhekarvk;]lhekarykxrosQcjkcjgS)dhlhekarvk;nksuksacktkjksaesalekugksuhpkfg,D;ksafdmlsoqQymRiknudhlhekarykxrMC osQcjkcjgksukpkfg,vFkkZr~

MRA = MRB = MRA+B = MC

ekuyhft,;fn;g'krZiwjhughagksrhAcktkjA esa]cktkjB dhvis{kk]MR degSrksHksnewydosQ,dkfèkdkjhosQfy,;gykHknk;dgksxkfdogoLrqdhoqQNbdkb;k¡

,dkfèkdkjh cktkj esa oLrq dh vfèkd ek=kk (de dher

ij) ml le; cspsxk tc mldh ek¡x dh yksp vfèkd gksxh

rFkk oLrq dh de ek=kk (vfèkd dher ij) ml le;

cspsxk tc mldh ek¡x dh yksp de gksxhA bldk dkj.k

;g gS fd ek¡x ftruh vfèkd ykspnkj gksrh gS mruh dh

dher osQ c<+us ij ozsQrkvksa osQ de gksus dh laHkkouk gksrh

gSA blfy, ,dkfèkdkjh de dher fuèkkZfjr djosQ oLrq dh

vfèkd ek=kk cspuk ilan djrk gSA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k cktkjA lsgVkdjcktkjB esacsps]tgk¡mlsvfèkdlhekarvk;(MR)izkIrgkslosQxhA;gfØ;krcrdpyrhjgsxhtcrdnksuksacktkjksaesalhekarvk;(MR),dnwljsosQcjkcjughagkstkrhA

3- dher fuèkkZj.k (Price Determination)

foHksnhÑr,dkfèkdkjhdhfLFkfresadherfuèkkZj.kdksfp=k3-34}kjkLi"Vfd;kx;kgSAfp=k3-34foHksnhÑr,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfresalarqyudhfLFkfrdksLi"VdjrkgSA

fp=k3-34esaHksnewyd,dkfèkdkjhosQlarqyudhfLFkfrdksizdVfd;kx;kgSAekuyhft,cktkjdksnksHkkxksaA rFkkB esack¡Vfn;kx;kgSAtSlkfdARA rFkkARB oØksadh<ykulsLi"VgSfdA cktkjdhek¡xB cktkjdhek¡xdhvis{kkdeykspnkj(Less Elastic)gSAblfp=kesaARA oØcktkjA vkSjARB oØcktkjB osQek¡xoØgS]nksuksacktkjksadhlkewfgdfLFkfrdksfp=k3-34(A + B)esafn[kk;kx;kgSALi"VgSfd,dkfèkdkjhdklarqyuE ¯cnqijgksxktgk¡la;qDrlhekarvk;oØ(Combined MR Curve)lhekarykxr oØ (MC Curve)osQ cjkcj gSA ,dkfèkdkjhdh oqQymRiknuek=kkOQ gSAogblmRiknudksnkscktkjksaesablizdkjck¡VsxkfdizR;sdcktkjesalhekarvk;(MR)lekugkstk,¡A;fn,dcktkjesamldhlhekarvk;degSvkSjnwljscktkjesavfèkdgS]rks,slhn'kkesadelhekarvk;okyscktkjlsmRiknudksvfèkdlhekarvk;okyscktkjesaLFkkukarj.kdjukykHknk;dgksxkAbllhekarvk;dksizkIrdjusosQfy,,dkfèkdkjhcktkjA esaOA ek=kkrFkkcktkjB esaOB ek=kkcspsxkAogcktkjA esa]oLrqdhOP1 dherij]deek=kkrFkkcktkjB esaoLrqdhdedhervFkkZr~OP2 dherijvfèkdek=kkcspsxkrFkkmRiknudhoqQyek=kkOA + OB ,dkfèkdkjhosQoqQymRiknuOQ osQcjkcjgksxhA

Y

P1

OA

MRA

ARA

Market (A)

Pric

e/R

even

ue

Output

X

Y

P2

OB

MRB

ARB

Market (B)

Pric

e/R

even

ue

Output

X

Y

OQ

MRA+B

Market (A+B)

Cos

t/Rev

enue

Output

X

A

MC

fp=k 3-34

fp=k3-34lsLi"VgSfd(i) oqQy mRikn dh lhekar ykxr] la;qDr lhekar vk; osQ cjkcj gSA (ii)nksuksa cktkjksa dh lhekar vk; cjkcj gSA (iii)nksuksa cktkjksa dh lhekar vk; oqQy mRikn dh lhekar ykxr osQ cjkcj gSA

fp=k3-34lsKkrgksrkgSfdcktkjA esacktkjB dhvis{kkek¡xdhykspdegSAvr%cktkjA esa]cktkjB dhrqyukesa]dherÅ¡phrFkkfcØhdhek=kkdegksxhA

la{ksiesa]iQxZqlu osQvuqlkj]¶;fn ,dkfèkdkjh mRiknu osQ oqQy cktkj dks fofHkUu yksp okys mi&cktkjksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS rks ,dkfèkdkjh ykHkizn <ax ls dher foHksn dj ldrk gSA lhekar vk; rFkk lhekar ykxr dks cjkcj djosQ oqQy mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA oqQy mRiknu dks micktkjksa esa bl izdkj ck¡Vk tkrk gS fd izR;sd mi cktkj esa lhekar vk; la;qDr lhekar vk; osQ cjkcj gks tk, D;ksafd MC = MRA+B gksrh gSA var esa] mi&cktkjksa esa fcØh dh

uksV



ek=kk osQ fn, gq, gksus ij izR;sd mi&cktkj esa dher izR;{k :i esa micktkj ek¡x oØ }kjk Kkr gksrh gSA¸ (If the aggregate market for a monopolist product can be divided into sub-markets with different price elasticities, the monopolist can profitably practice price discrimination. Total product is determind by equating marginal cost with combined monopoly marginal revenue. The output is allocated among the sub-markets so as to equate marginal revenue in each sub-market with combined marginal revenue as MC = MRA+B. Finally, price in each sub-market is determined directly from the sub-market demand curve given the sub-market allocation of sales. —Ferguson)



(State whether the following statements are True/False)µ

9- lhekarvk;(MR)=lhekarykxr(MC)

10- U;wuregkfu=AC – AVC=AEC

11- ,dkfèkdkjhdksvkSlrc¡èkhykxrksadhgkfumBkuhiM+rhgSA

12- nh?kZdkyesadhernh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxrlsdegksrhgSA

3-38- D;k ,dkfèkdkjh dher lnSo iw.kZ izfr;ksxh dher ls vfèkd gksrh gS\ (Is Monopoly Price always Higher than the Perfectly Competitive

Price?)

lkèkkj.kr;kizfr;ksfxrkdhvis{kk,dkfèkdkjhdhvoLFkkesaoLrqdhdherÅ¡phgksrhgSAmldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dkfèkdkjhviuhoLrqdhdherLo;afuèkkZj.kdjusdh'kfDrj[krkgS]tcfdizfr;ksfxrkesadherdkfuèkkZj.koqQyek¡xvkSjoqQyiw£rdh'kfDr;ksa}kjkgksrkgSAijarqbldk;gvFkZughagSfd,dkfèkdkjhdherlnkrFkkvo';ghÅ¡phgksxhAdbZ,dckrsa,slhgSatks,dkfèkdkjhdherdksÅ¡pkughagksusnsrhAdbZn'kkvksaesarks,dkfèkdkjhdhersaiw.kZizfr;ksxhiQeZ}kjkfuèkkZfjrdherksalsHkhuhphgksrhgSa]mnkjg.kosQfy,

(1) ,dkfèkdkjhcM+siSekusijmRiknudjldrkgSAblfy,cM+siSekusdhcprsarFkkykHkmldksizkIrgksldrsgSaAblosQfoijhrNksVh&NksVhizfr;ksxhiQes±iSekusosQfoLrkjdhcprsaizkIrughadjldrhaA

(2) ,dkfèkdkjhviukmRiknu;ksX;rkrFkklkglosQlkFkdjldrkgSvkSjmlsi;kZIrek=kkesa iwath C;ktdhdenjijizkIrgksldrhgSA,dkfèkdkjhdksvius fuos'k(Investment)esatksf[keHkhdemBkukiM+rkgSA

(3) dHkh&dHkh ,dkfèkdkjh tufgr dks lkeus j[kdj Hkh dher dks de dj nsrs gSaA,dkfèkdkjhdkslektesalEekuikusdhvkdka{kkgksrhgSAvr%og,slsdkelsnwjjgrkgStksfduSfrd:ilsxyrgksrkgSA

(4) ,dkfèkdkjhdksblckrdkHkhHk;jgrkgSfdmldkdHkhudHkhdksbZizfr}a}humRiUugkstk,A;gHk;HkhmlsÅ¡phdherysuslsjksdrkgSA

la{ksiesa]lkèkkj.kr;k ,dkfèkdkjh dher] iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk dh dher ls vfèkd gksrh gS] ijarq dbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksaa esa ;g de Hkh gks ldrh gSA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k3-39- viw.kZ o ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk (Imperfect and Monopolistic

Competition)

okLrfod:ilsvFkZO;oLFkkesausrksiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkvkSju,dkfèkdkjdhfLFkfrgksrhgSAvfirqbuosQchpdhfLFkfr,dkfèkdjkReddhik;htkrhgSA

ftlsloZizfkeizks-,MoMZ,p-pSEcjfyuus¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk¸dhfLFkfrdhlaKknhgS]ftlsJherhtkWujkfcUluusviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdgkgSAizks-pSEcjfyuuso"kZ1933esaizdkf'kriqLrd(The Theory of Monopolistic Competition)es,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkdkfopkjizLrqrfd;kgSA

viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdkvFkZgSizfr;ksfxrkdklhfergksukvFkkZr~urksizfr;ksfxrkdkvHkkogksvkSjughizfr;ksfxrkiw.kZrkfy;sgq,gksAnwljs'kCnksaesatciw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfofHkUun'kkvksaesalsfdlhHkh,dn'kkdkvHkkogksrkgSrcviw.kZizfr;ksfxrktUeysrhgSALi"VgSfdviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQfy,fo'kq¼izfr;ksfxrkeasviw.kZrkgksukt:jhgSA

isQ;j pkbYMusdgkgS]¶;fncktkjmfprizdkjlslaxfBrugks];fnozsQrkvkSjfooszQrkvksaosQikjLifjdlaiØesadfBukbZmRiUugksrhgksrFkkvU;O;fDr;ksa}kjk[kjhnhxbZoLrqvksavkSjfn,x,ewY;ksaosQKkrdjusesaleFkZu(\\)rks,slhfLFkfrdksgeviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdgrsgSaA

viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ dkj.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Causes and Characteristics of Imper-fect Competition)

viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdkstUensusokysizeq[kdkj.kfuEufyf[krgSa]ftUgsafo'ks"krkHkhdgktkrkgSµ

1- vYi la[;k eas ozsQrk o fooszQrkµviw.kzizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfooszQrkdhla[;kdegksrhgSvkSjO;fDrxroszQrk;kfoozsQrkoLrqdhdherdksizHkkfordjldrsgSaA

2- oLrq dh bdkb;ksa esa varjµviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesa fofHkUufoozsQrkvksa}kjk fu£eroLrq,¡fcYoqQy,dtSlhughagksrhcfYdmuesaoqQNvarjgksrkgSA;gvarjvkdkj]jax]:i]fdLe]iS¯dx]czkUM]VªsMekoZQ]foozsQrkosQO;ogkjvFkoknqdkudhfLFkfrosQdkj.kgksldrkgSAblvarjosQdkj.kfofHkUufoozsQrkvksadhoLrq,¡,dnwljsdhiw.kZLFkkukiUurksughagksrhgSijarqfudVLFkkiukiUugksrhgSaA

3- ozsQrkvksa vkSj foozsQrkvksa esa vKkurkµozsQrkvksavkSj foozsQrkvksadhvKkurkosQdkj.kviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfLFkfrmRiUugkstkrhgSAmUgsacktkjdkiw.kZKkuugksusosQdkj.kvyx&vyxewY;ksaijoLrqdkØ;foØ;djrsgSaA

4- ozsQrkvksa esa vkyL;µ;glaHkogSfdozsQrkvksadksblckrdhtkudkjhgksfddkSulhoLrqfdlLFkkuijlLrhfeyjghgS]fiQjHkhosvkyL;osQdkj.kviusvkl&ikllsgheg¡xhoLrqdkØ;djysrsgksaA

5- vfèkd ;krk;kr O;;µviw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdk,degÙoiw.kzdkj.k;krk;krO;;gSA,dghoLrqdhfofHkUuLFkkuksaijykusystkusesaÅ¡ph;krk;krO;;vkrhgSvr%,dghoLrqosQfofHkUuLFkkuksaijvusdewY;izpfyrgksrsgSaA

viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk osQ izdkj (Types of Imperfect Competition)

viw.kZizfr;ksfxrkosQdbZ:igksldrsgSatkseq[;:ilsfoozsQrkvksadhla[;krFkkoaLrqfoHksnosQva'kijfuHkZjdjrsgSaAbln`f"Vlsviw.kZizfr;ksfxrkdhfuEurhucktkjfLFkfr;k¡crk;htkrhgSaµ

(i) ,dkfèkÑr;k,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrk(Monopolistic Competition)

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(ii) f}&vYikfèkdkj;k};kfèkdkjizfr;ksfxrk(Duopoly Competition)

(iii) vYikfèkdkj;kvYifoozsQrkfèkdkjizfr;ksfxrk(Oligopoly Competition)

1- ,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk dk vFkZ o ifjHkk"kk (meaning and Definitions of Monopolistic Competition)

,dkfèkdkjkRed izfr;ksfxrk ls vfHkizk; mlvoLFkk ls gS ftlesa foozsQrk oLrqvksa esabrukfoHksnik;ktkrkgSfdos,d&nwljsdhiw.kzLFkkukiUuughagksrhAizR;sdmRiknd;k fooszQrkdkviuhoLrq ijiw.kz ,dkfèkdkjrks gksrkgSa] ijarqpw¡fdmlscktkjesaviw.kZLFkkukiUuoLrqvksaosQlkFkizfrLièkkZdklkeukdjukiM+rkgS]blfy,,slhvoLFkkdks,dkfèkdkjkRedvoLFkkdgrsgSaamnkgj.kosQfy,HkkjresaflxjsVosQoqQNmRikndgS]tksvyx&vyxizdkjosQflxjsV(dksbZiukek]dksbZpkjehukjbR;kfn)dkmRiknudjrsgSaAbufofHkUuizdkjosQflxjsVksaosQxq.kksaesadksbZfo'ks"kvarjughagS]osQoybuosQvyx&vyxVsªMekoZQgSavkSjvyx&vyxukels;scspstkrsgSaAnwljs'kCnksaesa]fofHkUuizkdjosQflxjsVksaosQczkaMksaosQchpizfr;ksfxrkrksgS¯drqiw.kZughaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdflxjsVksaosQmRikndrkscgqrgS]ijarqbuosQmRiknuesafofHkUurkik;htkrhgSAvFkkZr~osvyx&vyxczkaMdhflxjsVksadkmRiknudjrsgSaA

pSEcjfyu osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkcktkjdkog:igSftlesacgqrlhNksVsiQesZgksrhgSavkSjmuesalsizR;sdfeyrh&tqyrhoLrq,¡csprhgSa]ijarqoLrq,¡,d:iughagksrhgSvkSjoLrqvksaesaFkksM+kvarjgksrkgSA¸

izks- fjpkMZ ,p- ysÝVfop osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZosQcktkjesa,dfo'ks"kfdLedhoLrqosQvusdfoozsQrkgksrsgSarFkk,dfoozsQrkdhoLrqfdlhufdlh:iesanwljsfoozsQrklsfHkUugksrhgStcfooszQrkvksadhla[;kbruhvfèkdgksrhgSfd,dfoozsQrkosQdk;ks±dknwljsfoozsQrkosQdk;ks±ijdksbZLi"VizHkkouiM+srks;gm|ksx,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZdkm|ksxcutkrkgSA¸

mi;qZDrifjHkk"kvksaosQvkèkkjdgktkldrkgSfd,dkfèkdkjkRedizfrLièkkZdkvfHkizk;cktkjdh,d,slhfefJrfLFkfrlsgSftlosQvarxZriw.kZizfrLièkkZrFkk,dkfèkdkjnksuksosqxq.kik;stkrsgSaA

2- ,dkfèkd izfr;ksfxrk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition)

,dkfèkdjkRedizfr;ksfxcktkjeasfuEufo'ks"krk,¡ik;htkrhgSaµ

1-Lora=kfoozsQrkvksadhvfèkdla[;kA

2-,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZroLrqvksaesafoHksnik;ktkrkgSA

3-cktkjesaxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrkfo|ekugSA

4-u;hiQeksZdkizos'k,oac£gxeuA

5-nh?kZdkyesablizfr;ksfxrkesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksrkgSAD;ksafdiQeks±dkizos'kLora=k,oac£gxeuvklkugkstkrkgSA

6-foKkiu,oafoØ;ykxrksadhmifLFkfrA

7-ozsQrkvksadkscktkjdkiw.kZKkudkvHkkogksrkgSA

8-izR;sdiQeZdhviuhuhfrgksrhgSiw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdhHkkafr,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksxhiQeZdherizkIrdrkZughagksrkA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 3- ,dkfèkdjkRed izfr;ksfxrk esa ewY; ,oa mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination Under Monopolistic Competition)

,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkesaewY;dkfuèkkZj.kmlfcanqijgksrkgStgk¡mldhMRvkSjMCcjkcjgksrhgSA

,dkfèkdkjkREdizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZrvYidkyrFkknh?kZdkyesamRiknu,oaewY;dkfuèkkZj.kvyx&vyxgksrkgSµ

(i) vYidkyesamRiknuoewY;dkfuèkkZj.k(Price and Output Determination Under Short Period)

(ii) nh?kZdkyesa mRiknuoewY;dk fuèkkZj.k (price and Output Determination Under Long period)

,dkfèkdkjkRedizfr;ksfxrkosQvarxZrnh?kZdkyesaiQeZdksosQoylkekU;ykHkghizkIrD;ksafduh;iQeksZosQvktkusosQdkj.kvfrfjDrykHkc<+tkrkgS]vkSjlkekU;ykHkxdkiQeks±dksizkirgksrkgSAnh?kZdkyesaiQeZdhlhekarvkxe(MR)vkSjlhekarykxr(MC)vkSjvkSlrvkxe(AR)ovkSlrykxr(AC)cjkcjgksuhvko';dgSAnh?kZdkyesaiQeZosQlarqyudksfp=k3-35esan'kkZ;kx;kgSftllsLi"VgksrkgSfdiQeZdksnh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksrkgSA

Y

PT

E

LMC

LAC

LAR

LMR

XMO

fp=k 3-35

nh?kZdkyesaiQeZdklkE;fcanq= E

oqQymRiknudhek=kk= OM

izfrbdkbZvkSlrykxr= MT

izfrbdkbZvkSlrvkxe= MT

vFkkZr~LAR = LAC

blfy,iQeZdksnh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkizkIrgksxkA

};kfèkdkj izfr;ksfxrk (Doupoly Competition)

};kfèkdkjlsvfHkizk;]cktkjdhmlfLFkfrlsgS]ftlesafdlh,dghloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqosQnksmRikndgksrsgSaAnksuksadhviusmRiknudk;ZesaLora=kgksrsgSa,oanksuksadhoLrq,¡,d&nwljslsizfr;ksfxrkdjrhgSaaA;fn,dfoozsQrkviuhmitvFkokdherlacaèkhuhfresaifjorZudjrkgS]rksnwljsdhvksjlsbldhcy'kkyhizfrfØ;kgksrhgSA

blizdkjnksuksafoozsQrkvksaesalsdksbZHkhfcuknwljsdhizfrfØ;kdksè;kuesaj[ksmRiknudhek=kkvFkokdherdksfuf'prughadjldrkA

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MkW- tkus (Dr. John) osQ'kCnksaesa¶f}&foozsQrk,dkfèkdkjcktkjdhogfLFkfrgS]ftlesafdlh,dghloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqosQnksmRikndgksrsgSa]tksviuschpdhervFkokmRiknuek=kkosQfo"k;easfdlhHkhizdkjosQle>kSrslsckè;ughagksrsA¸

vYikfèkdkjdhHkk¡fr};kfèkdkjeasHkhnksuksafoozsQrkvksaosQchpikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSysfdufiQjHkhbunksuksaosQchp¶dher;q¼¸dhlaHkkoukcgqrdegksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdosQoyek=knksfoozsQrkgksuslsbunksuksaosQchple>kSrkvklkuhlsgkstkrkgSvkSjnksuksaghÅ¡phdherdkykHkvkilesafeydjck¡VysrsgSaAgk¡]Hksfnr};kfèkdkjdhfLFkfresanksuksafoozsQrkdkcktkjvyx&vyxgksrkgSvkSjnksuksaghvius&vius{ks=kesa,dkfèkdkjhdhHkk¡frdk;ZdjrsgSavkSjoLrqdhdherHkh,dkfèkdkjhdhrjgfuèkkZfjrdjrsgSaA

};kfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristic of Duopoly)

};kfèkdkjcktkjdhfuEufo'ks"krk,¡gksrhgSaµ

1- ;g,d,slhfLFkfrdk|ksrdgSftuesaosQoynksghmRikndgksrsgSaA

2- nksuksaloZFkklekuvFkokyxHkxlekuoLrqdkfoØ;djrsgSaA

3- nksuksadhviusmRiknudk;ZesaLora=kgksrsgSarFkknksuksadhoLrq,¡,dnwljslsizfr;ksfxrkdjrhgSaA

4- vr%izR;sdizfrLièkkZdksLo;aviuhuhfrdkfuèkkZj.kdjusesanwljsizfrLièkkZdhuhfrdksè;kuesaj[kukvko';dgksrkgSAvFkkZr~nksuksafoozsQrkvksaosQchpikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSA

5- };kfèkdkjukedcktkjfLFkfr,dkfèkdkjosQvfèkdfudVekuhtkrhgS]D;ksafdoqQNfo'ks"krk,¡,dkfèkdkjtSlhgksrhgSaA

6- tcnksfoozsQrk,d:i,oa,dxq.ktSlhoLrqcsprsgSarcmlsfo'kq¼};kfèkdkjdgrsgSaA

izQkal osQ vFkZ'kkL=kh owQuksa (Cournot) rFkk baXyS.M osQ vFkZ'kkL=kh ,toFkz (Edgeworth) usloZizFke};kfèkdkjosQvarxZrdherfuèkkZj.kdhleL;kdkvè;;ufd;kvkSjmlleL;kosQlekèkuosQ fy,lqfu;ksftrekWMyizLrqrfd,AbuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkizLrqrlekèkkudhijaijkoknhfl¼karosQukelstkuktkrkgSAvkèkqfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaesaftUgksaus};kfèkdkjosQvarxZrdherfuèkkZj.kdhleL;kdkvè;;ufd;kmuesapSEcjfyu(Chemberline)]ckWeksy(Banumol)]Lohth(Sweazy)vkfnvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQukemYys[kuh;gSA

,dkfèkdkj vkSj ,dkfèkÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa varj (Distinction between Monopoly and Mo-nopolistic Competition)

,dkfèkdkjvkSj,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkokyscktkjesafuEufyf[krlekurk,¡vkSjvlekurk,¡gSaµ

lekurk,¡ %

1- nksuksacktkjksaesalkE;ogk¡LFkkfirgksrkgStgk¡lhekarykxrlhekarvk;osQcjkcjgksrhgSA

2- nksuksaesaghekax&oØekax&oØosQuhpsfLFkrgksrkgSA

3- nksuksacktkjvoLFkkvksaesalka;fcanqvkSlrvk;js[kkvFkokekaxjs[kkvfkokdherjs[kklsuhpsfLFkrgksrkgSA

4- nksuksavoLFkkvksaesavfrfjDr{kerkik;htkrhgSvFkkZr~nh?kZdkyhuvkSlrykxr&oØdksekax&oØblosQU;wurefcanqijLi'kZughadjrkA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 5- nksuksacktkjksaesaghmRiknddher&fuekZrkgksrsgSavFkkZr~osviuhbPNkuqlkjdheresaifjorZudjldrsgSaA

vlekurk,¡%

1- ,dkfèkdkjosQvarxZr,doLrqdkosQoy,dghmRikndgksrkgStcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesamRikndksadhla[;kcgqrgksrhgSaA

2- ,dkfèkdkjesam|ksxvkSjiQeZesadksbZvarjughaik;ktkrktcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesavusdiQesZgksrhgSarFkkblesam|ksxdkslewgdgrsgSaA

3- ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrq&foHksnughaik;ktkrkD;ksafdblesa,dghoLrqdkmRiknufd;ktkrkgSAblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrq,¡vkdkj]fMtkbu]jax]iS¯dx]lqxaèkvkfnosQdkj.k,d&nwljslsfHkuujgrhgSaftllsoLrq&foHksnik;ktkrkgSA

4- ,dkfèkdkjesalkekU;r;kfoØ;ykxrksadkvHkkojgrkgSijarq,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaiQeksZdhla[;kvfèkdgksusijizfr;ksfxrkosQdkj.kfoØ;ykxrksaijO;;djukvfuok;ZgksrkgSA

5- ,dkfèkdkjesaoLrq,¡fudVLFkkukiUuughagksrhaftuosQdkj.koLrqdhekaxdeykspnkjgksrhgSAblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrq,¡fudVLFkkukiUugksrhgSaAftllsgjiQeZdhoLrqdhekaxvfèkdykspnkjgksrhgSA

6- oLrqdhdherfuf'prdjusesaftruhLora=krk,dkfèkdkjhdksgksrhgS]mruh,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksxh iQeZ dks ugha gksrhA ,dkfèkdkjh oLrq dh dher Hh lkekU;r;k ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrqdhdherlsvfèkdgksrhgSaA

7- ,dkfèkdkj esa ,dkfèkdkjhdk oLrq dhdhervFkok iw£r ij iw.kZ fu;a=k.k gksus osQdkj.kdksbZHkhiQeZ,dkfèkdkjhm|ksxesaizos'kughadjldrhblosQfoijhr,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesanh?kZdkyesaiQesZlewgesaizos'kdjldrhgSavkSjmllsckgjHkhtkldrhgSa]D;ksafdblcktkjvoLFkkesaizfr;ksfxrkdkva'kHkhik;ktkrkgSA

8- ,dkfèkdkjesa iQeks± osQ izos'kdk Hk;ugksus osQdkj.k ,dkfèkdkjh nh?kZdkyesa HkhvlkekU;ykHkdekrkgStcfdiQesZ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesanh?kZdkyesalkekU;ykHkghv£trdjrhgSD;ksafdiQeks±dkcfgxZeuvkSjizos'klewgesagksrkjgrkgSA

iw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk vkSj viw.kz vFkkok ,dkfèkÑr izfr;ksfxrk esa varj (Difference between Perfect and Imperfect or Monopolistic Competition)

1- ozsQrk vkSj foozsQrkvksa dh la[;kµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkcgqrvfèkdla[;keasgksrsgSa]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvksavkSjfooszQrkvksadhla[;kvis{kkÑrdegksrhgSA

2- oLrqµiw.kz izfr;ksfxrk es fu£er o fcØhr oLrq,¡ ,d:i gksrh gSa] tcfd ,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaoLrqfoHksngksrkgSvFkkZr~oLrqesaxq.k]:i]iS¯dx]VªsMekoZQ]otuvkfnesavarjgksrkgSA

3- cktkj Kkuµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvksavkSjfoozsQrkvksadkscktkjdhiw.kztkudkjhgksrhgS]tcfdviw.kZvFkok,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaozsQrkvkSjfoozsQrkdkscktkjdkiw.kZKkuughagksrhgSA

4- iQeks± dk izos'k o cfgxZeuµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesam|ksxesau;hiQeks±dkizos'koiqjkuhiQek±sdkcfgxeZucgqrljygksrkgS]tcfdviw.kZvFkok,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaiQeks±dkizos'kocfgxZeugksldrkgSysfduiw.kzizfr;ksfxrkdhHkk¡frcgqrljyughagksrkgSA

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5- ewY; fuèkkZj.kµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesam|ksxewY;fuèkkZfjrdjrhgSvkSjizR;sdiQeZewY;xzg.kdjusokyh(Price Taker)gksrhgSvkSjizR;sdiQeZ}kjkLohÑrgksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaizR;sdiQeZ,dlhekrdewY;dksizHkkforvkSjfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSA

6- ewY;ksa esa lekurkµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesalaiw.kZcktkjesa,dlekuewY;ik;ktkrkgSvkSj;gewY;lHkh{ks=kksaosQcktkjksaesa,dlekugksrkgS]tcfdviw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkjesaewY;vyx&vyxgksrkgSA

7- ek¡x js[kk dk Lo:iµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesa,diQeZosQ fy,ek¡xjs[kk(vFkkZr~vkSlrvkxejs[kk),dlekukarjiM+hjs[kkgksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesaek¡xjs[kkck;salsnk;sauhpsdhvkSj>qdrhgqbZgksrhgSA

8- lhekar vkSj vkSlr vkxeµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkesvkSlrvkxe(AR)vkSjlhekarvkxe(MR)nksuksacjkcjgksrsgSavkSj,dghjs[kk}kjknksuksafn[kk;satkrsgSa]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkesavkSlrvkxe(AR)lhekarvkxe(MR)lsvfèkdgksrhgSA

9- ifjogu ,oa foØ; ykxrµiw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkjdhbln'kkesaifjogu,oafoØ;ykxrsaughagksrhgSa]tcfdviw.kZcktkjesaifjogu,oafoØ;ykxrsagksrhgSaA

10- xSj ewY; izfr;ksfxrkµiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkcktkjesaiQeks±osQchpxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrkughagksrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkcktkjesaxSjewY;izfr;ksfxrktSlsµvkd"kZdiS¯dx]vklkumèkkj]foKkiu]?kjijekyigq¡pkusvkfndkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugksrhgSA

11- okLrfodrkµiw.kZizfr;ksxhcktkj,ddkYifudfLFkfrgStksO;kogkfjdthouesaughaik;htkrhgS]tcfd,dkfèkÑrizfr;ksfxrkcktkj,dokLrfodfLFkfrgStkscktkjesaik;htkrhgSA

3-40- vYikfèkdkj (Oiligopoly)

tc fdlhcktkjesoLrqosQ mRiknu;k foØ;ijoqQNiQeks±dkvkfèkiR;gksrk gS] mlsvYikfèkdkjdhvoLFkkdgrsgSaA(Oligopoly)'kCnxzhdHkk"kkosQ‘Oligo’rFkk‘Poly’lsfeydjcukgSAftldk'kkfCndvfkZ^vYi*rFkk^foozsQrk*vFkkZr~vYifooszQrkAlkekU;:ilsvYikfèkdkjhcktkjogcktkjgksrkgSa]ftlesankslsvfèkdrFkkchllsdefooszQrkgksrsgSa]mlsvYikfèkdkjcktkjdgrsgSaA

es;lZ osQ vuqlkjµ¶vYikfèkdkjcktkjdhmlvoLFkkdksdgrsgSa]tgk¡fooszQrkvksadhla[;kbruhdegksrhgSfdizR;sdfoozsQrkcktkjdhdherijizHkkoiM+rkgSrFkkizR;sdfooszQrkblckrdkstkurkgSA¸

izks- fLVxyj osQ vuqlkjµ¶vYikfèkdkjogfLFkfrgksrhgSftlesadksbZiQezviuhcktkjuhfroqQNfudVizfr;ksfxrkosQlaHkkforO;ogkjijLFkkfirdjrhgSA¸

izks- ysÝVfop osQ vuqlkjµ^cktkjdhmln'kkdksvYikfèkdkjdgrsgSaftlesaFkksM+hla[;kesafooszQrkik;stkrsgSarFkkizR;sdfoozsQrkdhfØ;k;sanwljksaosQfy,egÙoiw.kZgksrhgSA*

vYikfèkdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Oligopoly)

,dvYikfèkdkjhcktkjesafuEufo'ks"krk,¡ikbZtkrhgSµ

1- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesafoozsQrkvksadhla[;kvYigksrhgSA

2- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesadherfLFkjrkik;htkrhgSA

3- vYikfèkdkjhm|ksxesau;hiQeks±dkizos'kdfBugksrkgSA


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k 4- vYikfèkdkjdhn'kkesaizk;%lHkhiQesZfoKkiuvkSjfoØ;izksRlkguijvfèkdè;kunsrhgSA

5- vYikfèkdkjcktkjesaiQes±le:i,oafoHksfnrnksuksaizdkjdhoLrqdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSA

6- cktkjosQvU;izdkjksadhrqyukesavYikfèkdkjdhfLFkfresaiQeks±dhekaxoØcgqrvfuf'prgksrhgSA

7- vYikfèkdkjesamRiknudk;ZesayxhgqbZlHkhiQesZ,dnwljsijfuHkZjgksrhgSavFkkZr~,dnwljsijvkfJrgksrhgSaA

8- iQeks±esa,d:irkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSA

vYikfèkdkj esa ewy; o mRiknu dk fuèkkZj.k (Price and Output Determination Under Oligopoly)

vYikfèkdkjcktkjosQvarxZrdheromRiknudkfuèkkZj.klkekU;r%fuEukafdrrhufofèk;ksalsgksldrkgSµ

(i) Lora=kewY;fuèkkZj.k(Independent pricing)

(ii) xqVcanhosQvarxZrewY;fuèkkZj.k(Pricing Under Collusion)

(iii) ewY;usr`RoosQvarxZrewY;fuèkkZj.k(Pricing Under Price Leadership)

Lora=k ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Independent Pricing)

lkekU;:ilscktkjesaLora=kizfr;ksfxrkgksrhgS]ftlosQdkj.km|ksx,oaiQes±vius&viusewY;fuèkkZj.kdjusesaLora=kgksrhgSAlHkhiQks±cktkjlsvfèkdykHkdekusosQpDdjesadeewY;ijHkhoLrqcspukizkjaHkdjnsrkgSaAftlosQdkj.kcktkjesadher;q¼izkjaHkgksatkrkgSAifj.kker%detksjiQeZcktkjlsckgjgkstkrhgSA

xqVcanh osQ varxZr ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Pricing Under Collusion)

Lora=kewY;fuèkkZj.kdhgkfu;ksa]vfuf'prrkvksarFkkvlqj{kkvkfntksmRiUugksrhgSmllscpusosQfy,vYikfèkdkjhiQesZewY;rFkkmRiknudhek=kkosQlacaèkesadHkh&dHkhvkilesale>kSrkdjysrkgSaftlsxqVcanhdgrsgSaAxqVcanhlsrkRi;ZgSfdmlosQvarxZrfooszQrkvksaosQchpdheromriknuek=kkvkfnosQlacaèkesafdlhufdlhizdkjdkizR;{kvFkokijks{kle>kSrkgkstkrkgSAxqVcanhnksizdkjdhgksrhgSµ

(v) iw.kZ xqVcanh (Perfect Collusion)

blosQvarxZr,dosQUnzh;laLFkkdhLFkkiukdhtkrhgSftlsdkVsZy(Cartel)dgrsgSaAdkVsZyosQ}kjkxqVosQdHkhiQeksZosQfy,mriknudhek=kkvkSjewY;fuèkkZfjrfd;ktkrkgSvkSjO;fDrxriQeksZdhLora=krklekIrgkstkrhgSAdkVsZymRiknudhek=kkvkSjewY;mlfcanqijfuèkkZfjrdjrhgStgk¡ijm|ksxdhoqQylhekarykxr(TMC)m|ksxdhoqQylhekarvkxe(TMR)osQcjkcjgkstkrhgSAblsvxzjs[kkfp=kesaizn£'krfd;kx;kgSA

(fp=k3-36)esaTMCvkSjTMCoØEfcanqijcjkcjgkstkrsgSvr%laiw.kZm|ksxosQ}kjkOQmRiknufd;ktkrkgSftldkewY;vkSlrvkxe(TAR)lsOP1KkrgksrhgSAbloqQymRiknuOQdkfoHkktunksvYikfèkdkjhiQeks±esaOQ1vkSjOQ2osQcjkcjgksxktksoqQNmRiknuek=kkosQcjkcjgksxkA

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Y

P

P1

E1

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fp=k 3-36

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(c) viw.kZ xqVcaVh (Imperfect Collusion)

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ewY; usr`Ro osQ varxZr ewY; fuèkkZj.k (Pricing Under Price Leadership)

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(c) vYikfèkdkjesaoLrqosQfudVosQLFkkukiUuinkFkZik,tkldrsgSatcfd,dkfèkdkjesaoLrqosQLFkkukiUuinkFkZughaik,tkrsA

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mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answers : Self Assessment)

1- dher 2-eksuksikWfy;u 3-uhps 4- foozsQrk

5- (v) 6-(c) 7-(n) 8-(v)

9- lgh 10-xyr 11-lgh 12-xyrA


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bZdkbZ&4(Unit–4)

vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj(Input Markets of Economy)

#ijs[kk4.1 JecktkjD;kgS\(What is Labour Market)4.2 JecktkjdhifjHkk"kk(Definition of Labour Market) 4.3 Jecktkjdhfo'ks"krk,¡%(Characteristics of Labour Market)4.4 JecktkjosQizdkj%(Types of Labour Market)4.5 Jecktkjdhek¡xvkSjvkiw£r%(Demand and Supply in Labor) 4.6 O;qRiUuek¡x(??????)4.7 fl¼kardhHkwfedk(Introduction to Ricardian Theory 4-8 Hkwfe(??????)4.9 lhekarjktLomRikn(??????)4.10 lhekarlalkèkuykxr(??????)4.11 fMekafMaxdoZdkfMjkbodjuk(??????)4.12 fiNM+k>qdrkvkiw£rozQj(??????)4.12 Jfedla?k(??????)4.14 ,df'k{kkdkvk£FkdewY;(??????)4.15 lkjka'k(Summary) 4.16 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)

4-1- Je cktkj D;k gS\ (What is labour market)

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4-2- Je cktkj dh ifjHkk"kk (Definition of labour market)

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G:\Avnish\Laxmi\Vyasthigath arthashatra R.K. Sharma ji 01-07-2020 31/07/2020

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vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj4-3- Je cktkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡% (Characteristics of labour market)

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1- dBksj,oavuE;

2- fofu;kferrk

3- viw.kZizfr;ksfxrk

1- rhu lrjh; cktkj% (Three level market)

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2- dBksj ,oa vuE;%

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3- fofu;kferrk% (Regulatory)

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4- viw.kZ izfr;ksfxrk% (Imperfect competition)

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4-4- Je cktkj osQ izdkj% (Types of labour market)

Jecktkjeq[;r%rhuizdkjdkgksrkgS%

1- izkFkfed]

2- f}rh;d

3- r`rh;d

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1- izkFkfed Je cktkj % (Primary labor market)

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2- f}rh;d Je cktkj % (Secondary labor market)

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3- r`rh;d Je cktkj % (Tertiary labor market)

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4-5- Je cktkj dh ek¡x vkSj vkiw£r% (Demand and supply in labor)

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Je dh ek=kk (?kaVksa esa)

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4-6- O;qRiUu ek¡x

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The demand for resources are derived from the products they produce

Derived Demand

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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k4-7- fl¼kar dh Hkwfedk (Introduction to Ricardian Theory)

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muosQvuqlkjekuoijizo`Qfrdkn;kyqgksukyxkudkeq[;dkj.kgSAMsfoMfjdkMksZigysvFkZ'kkL=khFksftudk;gfo'oklFkkfdizo`Qfrekuoijn;kyqughacfYdo`Qi.kgksrhgSAmuosQvuqlkjHkhizo`QfrdhmnkjrkosQdkj.kughacfYdo`Qi.krkosQdkj.kmRiUugksrkgSA

4-8- Hkwfe

19oha 'krkCnh esa fjdkMksZ us viuh izfl¼ iqLrd ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’esayxkufl¼kardkizfriknufd;kAfjdkMksZosQvuqlkj]¶yxkuHkwfedhmitdkogHkkxgStksekSfydrFkkvfouk'kh'kfDr;ksaosQmi;ksxosQfy,Hkw&Lokehdksfn;ktkrkgSA¸

fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh ekU;rk,¡ (Assumptions of the Ricardian Theory)

1- fofHkUuHkw&[kaMksadhmoZjrkesavarjgksrkgSA

2- Hkwfedhiw£rfuf'prgksrhgSrFkkHkwfedkdksbZoSdfYidiz;ksx(Alternative Use)ughagksrkAfjdkMksZdhekU;rkuqlkjHkwfedkiz;ksxosQoyvukt(Corn)dkmRiknudjusosQfy,ghfd;ktkrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]HkwfedhgLrkUrj.kvk;(Transfer Earning)'kwU;gksrhgSA

3- Hkwfeij[ksrhmldhmitkmQ'kfDr(Fertility)osQozQeesadhtkrhgSvFkkZr~loZizFkelclsigysvf/dremoZjdrkokyhHkwfeij[ksrhdhtkrhgSrFkkmldklaiw.kZiz;ksxgksusijghmllsdemoZjdrkokyhHkwfedks[ksrhosQiz;ksxesafy;ktkrkgSA

4- HkwfedhmoZjdrk'kfDrekSfydrFkkvfouk'khgStksdHkhu"VughagksrhA

5- tula[;ko`f¼gksusijvuktdhek¡xc<+rhgSA

6- o`Qf"kesa?kVrsizfriQydkfu;e(Law of Diminishing Returns)ykxwgksrkgSA

7- oLrqcktkjesaiw.kZizfr;ksfxrkgSftlosQdkj.klaiw.kZcktkjesavuktdhdher,dlekugSA

fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh O;k[;k (Explanation of the Ricardian Theory)

fjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼kardhO;k[;krhu'kh"kZdksaosQvarxZrdhtkldrhgS%

(i) foLr`r[ksrhesayxku(Rent under Extensive Cultivation),

(ii) xgjh[ksrhesayxku(Rent under Intensive Cultivation),

(iii) fLFkfryxku(Situation Rent)A

(i) foLr`r [ksrh esa yxku (Rent under Extensive Cultivation):

fjdkMksZosQvuqlkjfoLr`r[ksrhesaHksnkRedyxkumRiUugksrkgSAHksnkRedyxkudhbl/kj.kkesafjdkMksZbliwoZekU;rkdksysdjpyrsgSafd,d}hiesavusd,slsHkw&[kaMgSftudhmoZjrk(Fertility)]xq.k(Quality)]fLFkfr(Location)vkfnesa,dlekurkugksdjfHkUurkgksrhgSA

nwljs'kCnksaesa],d}hiesafofHkUuJsf.k;ksaokysHkw&[kaMgSaAloksZÙkeJs.khdhHkwfedh

uksV


vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkjmoZjdrklokZf/dgksrhgStgk¡Je,oaiw¡thdh,dfuf'prek=kklsvf/dremRiknufd;ktkldrkgSAblizdkjmoZjdrkosQvk/kjijHkw&[kaMksadkloksZÙkeJs.khlsysdjfuEureJs.khrdfoHkktufd;ktkrkgSA

fjdkMksZ us fuEure moZjdrk okyh Hkwfedks lhekar Hkwfe (Marginal Land) osQ :iesa ifjHkkf"kr fd;kgSA bl fuEuremoZjrkokyhHkwfelsJs"BHkwfe;ksadks fjdkMksZ usvf/&lhekarHkwfe(Intra-Margianl Land)dkukefn;kAlhekarHkwfeijdksbZvfrjsd(Surplus)mRiUuughagksrkD;ksafdblHkwfeijizkIrvkxe[ksrhdhykxrosQcjkcjgksrkgSA

fjdkMksZ osQ vuqlkj]

HksnkRedyxku¾vf/&lhekarHkwfedhmRikndrk&lhekarHkwfedhmRikndrk

foLr`r[ksrhesaHksnkRedyxkudhO;k[;kosQfy,geekudjpyrsgSafd}hiesarhuJs.khdhHkwfe&Js.khAloksZÙke]Js.khBeè;erFkkJs.khCfuEuremRikndrkokyhHkwfe;k¡miyC/gSaAtc}hiijoqQNyksxvkdjclrsgSarcekuoviuhmiHkksxizo`QfrosQvuqlkjlclsigysloksZÙkemRikndrkokyhAJs.khdhHkwfeij[ksrhvkjaHkdjrkgSA

vc;fntula[;kosQvkdkjesafujarjo`f¼gksusijvuktdhek¡xesaHkho`f¼gksxhAvuktmRiknuosQfy,BJs.khdhHkwfedkiz;ksxrcrdughagksxktcrdAJs.khdhleLrHkwfevuktmRiknuesaiz;ksxudjyhtk;sA

tcrdBJs.khdhHkwfeiz;ksxughadhtkrhrcrddksbZyxkumifLFkrughagksxk¯drqBJs.khdhHkwfeosQiz;ksxesavkusijAJs.khdhHkwfevf/&lhekarHkwfecudjlhekarHkwfeBdhrqyukesaoqQNvfrjsdmRiUudjsxhAfjdkMksZosQvuqlkjlhekarHkwfedhrqyukesavf/&lhekarHkwfedk;ghvfrjsdyxku(Rent)gSA

fjdkMksZ osQ mi;qZDr fopkj dks ,d dkYifud mnkgj.k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS%

rkfydk1lsLi"VgSfd;fn}hiijvuktdhek¡x100oqQUrylsvf/dgksrhgSrcfoLr`r[ksrhesaBJs.khdhHkwfeiz;ksxdhtk;sxhAblhizdkj180oqQUrylsvf/dvuktdhek¡xgksusijJs.khCdhHkwfeiz;ksxdhtk;sxhA

tSls&tSls fuEu mRikndrk Lrj okyh Hkwfe;ksa ij [ksrh vkjaHk gksrh gS oSls&oSls m¡QphmRikndrkokyhHkwfe;ksaijvfrjsd(Surplus)mRiUugksrktkrkgSftlsfjdkMksZusyxkudgkAHksnkRedizn£'krdjusokyhrkfydk1dksfp=k1esaizn£rfd;kx;kgSA

clip_image004_thumb2

fp=k1esaA, BJs.khdhHkwfe;k¡vf/&lhekarHkwfe;k¡cudjyxkumRiUudjjghgSaftlsNk;knkj{ks=kiQylsfn[kk;kx;kgSA

(ii) xgjh [ksrh esa yxku (Rent under Intensive Cultivation):

fjdkMksZosQfopkjesayxkuosQoyfoLr`r[ksrhesaghmRiUuughagksrkcfYdxgjh[ksrhesaHkhmRiUugksrkgSAHkwfedhiw£rlhfergksusosQdkj.ktctula[;kc<+usij,d,slhfLFkfrmRiUugkstkrhgStcfdfuEudksfVdhHkwfedkHkhvHkkomifLFkrgkstkrkgSvkSjvuktdhcM+hek¡xdksfoLr`r[ksrh}kjkiwjkughafd;ktkldrkA

,slhn'kkesatcHkwfeosQfuf'prvkSjlhefer{ks=kiQyijJerFkkiw¡thdhvfrfjDrbdkb;ksa dk iz;ksx djosq mRiknu o`f¼dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS rc bls xgu [ksrh(Intensive Cultivation)dgrsgSaA

fjdkMksZdk fopkj Fkk fdtSls&tSls HkwfeosQ fuf'pr{ks=kiQyijJerFkkiw¡thdh


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k vfrfjDr bdkb;ksa dk iz;ksx c<+k;k tkrk gS] Ékleku izfriQy dk fu;e (Law of Dimishing Returns)ykxwgkstkrkgSA

blfu;eosQykxwgksusdhn'kkesa,dHkw&LokehviuhHkwfeosQfuf'pr{ks=kiQyijJe,oaiw¡thdhvfrfjDrbdkb;k¡rcrdyxkrktk;sxktcrdlhekarmRiknudkewY;vkSjmRiknudhykxrlekuugkstk,a

JevkSjiw¡thdhblek=kkdkslhekarek=kk(Marginal Dose)dgktkrkgSAblhlhekarek=kkosQ}kjkvf/lhekarek=kkvksa(Intra-Marginal Dose)dkyxku,oaoLrq(vFkkZr~vukt)dkewY;fu/kZfjrgksrkgSA

blizdkjxgjh[ksrhesa^lhekarHkwfe*osQLFkkuij^lhekarek=kk*dkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAlhekarek=kkijdksbZyxkumRiUuughagksxkD;ksafdlhekarek=kkdhykxrmlosQmRikndrkewY;osQcjkcjgksrhgS¯drqvf/&lhekarek=kkvksa(vFkkZr~lhekarek=kklsiwoZdhJeoiw¡thbdkb;k¡)ijyxkumRiUugksrkgSD;ksafd;svf/&lhekarek=kk,¡viuhykxrlsvf/dmRikndrkmRiUudjrhgSaA

lhekarek=kkosQmQijvf/&lhekarek=kkvksadkstksHkhvfrjsdizkIrgksrkgSmldyxkudgktkrkgSA

mnkgj.k o js[kkfp=k }kjk Li"Vhdj.k%

clip_image006_thumb2

rkfydk2lsLi"VgSfdJerFkkiw¡thdhr`rh;ek=kklhekarek=kkgSftlijdksbZvfrjsdvFkokyxkumRiUuughagksrkA

rkfydk2dksfp=k2osQ:ieasO;DrdjosQHkhle>ktkldrkgsaJevkSjiw¡thdhigyhvkSjnwljhek=kk,¡vf/&lhekarek=kk,¡cudjlhekarek=kk(vFkkZr~r`rh;ek=kk)dhrqyukeavfrjsdmRiUudjjghgSatksyxkudkslwfprdjrkgSA

mi;qZDrfo'ys"k.klsLi"VgSfdxgjh[ksrhdkyxkulhferrkosQyxku(Scarcity Rent)dk|ksrdgSD;ksafdyxkuHkwfedhlhferrkosQdkj.kmRiUugksjgkgSA

(iii) fLFkfr yxku (Situation Rent):

fjdkMksZosQfopkjesa;fnHkwfeosQfofHkUuVqdM+ksadhmoZjrk,dlekuHkhgSrcHkhmudhfLFkfresavarjgksusosQdkj.kyxkumRiUugksldrkgSA;fndksbZHkwfedkVqdM+kvPNsLFkkuijcktkjosQfudVrFkk;krk;krlqfo/kvksalslaiUugSrc,slhn'kkesaHkhyxkumifLFkrgksxkA

mnkgj.kosQfy,]rhuHkw&[kaMA, BrFkkCesalsAloZJs"BfLFkfresa]Beè;efLFkfresarFkkCfuEurefLFkfresagSA;krk;krykxrbuHkw&[kaMksaijozQe'k%`10]`30rFkk`50gSA

,slhn'kkesatcrhuksaHkw&[kaMksadkmRikfnrvuktcktkjvkdj,dghdherijfcrkgSrcHkw&[kaMCdhrqyukesaHkw&[kaMArFkkBdksozQe'k%`40rFkk`20vfrjsdvFkokvprizkIrgksrhgStcfdHkw&[kaMCijdksbZcprizkIrughagksrhA

HkwfeCviuhfuEurefLFkfrosQdkj.klhekarHkwfecutkrhgSrFkkHkwfeArFkkHkwfeBviuhcsgrjfLFkfrosQdkj.kvf/&lhekarHkwfecudjyxkumRiUudjrhgSaA

fjdkMksZ osQ fl¼kar dh vkykspuk (Criticisms of Ricardian Theory)

vusdvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausfuEufyf[kr¯cnqvksaijfjdkMksZosQfl¼kardhvkykspukdhgSA

uksV


vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkj 1- ekSfyd rFkk vfouk'kh 'kfDr;ksa dk u gksuk (No Original and Indestructible Powers of Soil):

LVksfu;j,oagsxvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaus fjdkMksZdhblekU;rkdksxyrcrk;kgS fdHkwfedhmoZjk'kfDrekSfydvkSjvfouk'khgksrhgSAvk/qfudoSKkfud;qxesablizdkjdhekU;rkdksdksbZvFkZughagSD;ksafdo`Qf"kesafoKku,oarduhdhdkiz;ksxdjosQmoZjrkdksc<+k;ktkldrkgSAlkFkghvk/qfud;wxesadksbZoLrqvfouk'khughagS_Hkw&L[kyu(Landscape)bldkmnkgj.kgSA

2- Hkwfe tksrus dk xyr ozQe (Wrong Order Cultivation of Land):

fjdkMksZdhekU;rkuqlkjlclsvf/dmoZjrkokyhHkwfelsvkjaHkdjosQozQe'k%varesalclsfuEudksfvdhHkwfedkstksrktkrkgSavk£FkdbfrgklesabllanHkZdkdksbZizek.kughafeyrkAfofHkuuHkw&[kaMksaij[ksrhdjusosQckngh;girkyxrkgSfdmuesamoZjrkdhn`f"VlsloZJs"BdkSugS\[ksrhosQigys;gdgukxyrgSfdveqdHkw&[kaMloksZÙkemoZjrkokykHkw&[kaMgSA

3- yxku dk laca/ osQoy Hkwfe ls ugha (Rent has no Relation only with the Land):

fjdkMksZosQfopkjesayxkudklaca/osQoyHkwfelsgSvU;lk/uksalsughaAvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa osQvuqlkjyxkumRiUugksusdkdkj.klk/udh nqyZHkrk gS rFkk ;glhferrkdkrRomRiknuosQizR;sdlk/uosQlkFkgksldrkgSvr%lHkhlk/uksaijyxkumRiUugksldrkgSA

4- lhekar vFkok yxku&jfgr Hkwfe (Marginal Land or No-Rent Land):

fjdkMksZdh;gekU;rkgS fdizR;sdns'kesa,dHkw&[kaM,slkvo';ik;ktkrkgSftlijdksbZyxkuizkIrughagksrkA,slhHkwfedksfjdkMksZuslhekarHkwfedkukefn;kAokLrfodrkesalhekarHkwfevFkokyxkujfgrHkwfeughaik;htkrhA

5- dher ,oa yxku (Price and Rent):

fjdkMksZosQvuqlkjdheryxkudksfu/kZfjrdjrhgSufdyxkudherdksAvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkjyxkudkj.kgSrFkkdherifj.kke(Rent is the Cause and Price is the Result)AyxkumRifÙklk/uksaesaHkwfedhlsokvksaosQcnysiqjLdkjgSvkSj;gmRiknuykxrdksfu/kZfjrdjrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]vk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksaosQfopkjesayxkudheresalfEefyrgksrkgSA

6- vokLrfod ekU;rk,¡ (Unrealistic Assumptions):

fjdkMksZdkfl¼karvusdvokLrfodekU;rkvksaijvk/kfjrgSAiw.kZizfr;ksfxrk]o`Qf"kesa?kVrsizfriQyfu;edkfozQ;kUo;u]ekYFklosQtula[;klaca/hfl¼karvkfnekU;rk,¡okLrfodthouesaughaik;htkrhaAfjdkMksZdkfl¼karnh?kZdkyhugStcfdnh?kZdkyO;ogkjesadHkhughavkrkA

blesadksbZlansgughafdfjdkMksZosQfl¼kardhvusdlhek,¡gSaftUgsafofHkuuvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkizdk'kesayk;ktkrkgSAijarqbuosQjgrsgq,HkhfjdkMksZusdbZegRoiw.kZrF;ksadkslekusj[kkgStSlsyxku,dvuk£trvk;(Unearned Income)gSA

vk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausHkhyxkufl¼karfjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼kardksghvk/kjekudjfn;kgSAfoHksnkRedyxkuosQLFkkuijvk/qfudvFkZ'kkfL=k;ksausgLrkUrj.kvk;dkfopkjnsdjfjdkMksZlsfl¼kardkfoLrkj,oalq/kjfd;kgSA

izks-jkWcVZludk;gdFkuBhdghgS]¶fjdkMksZosQyxkufl¼karusviuhekU;rk,oalR;rkfdlhHkhekin.Mijugha[kks;hgSA¸


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k4-9- lhekar jktLo mRikn

lhekarjktLomRiknubuiqVdh,dvkSjbdkbZdkmi;ksxdjuslsmRiUuvfrfjDrjktLogSAxf.krh;:ils]ls;gbuiqV(x)dhla[;kesaifjorZulsfoHkkftroqQyjktLoesaifjorZugS]tks fdlhekarmRiknle;osQlhekarjktLoosQcjkcjHkhgSAvkb,bllehdj.kdksljycuk,¡rkfd;gifj.kkevfèkdLi"VgksAekuysafdvafreoLrq;klsokizfrLièkkZcktkjesacspjghgS]rkslhekarjktLovkmViqVdhdherosQckjkcjgSAbldkerycgSTR = Q * P,vkSj,dizfrLièkhZcktkjesa]ewY;vkmViqVifjorZuksaosQ:iesaifjo£rrughagksrkgS]blfy,LrjesaifjorZugksusij;gHkhughacnysxkA;gHkh;knj[ksafdD;woqQymRikn(Vhih)osQlekugS_VhihesabuiqVifjorZu(inTP / equx)osQ:iesaifjroZulhekarmRikn],eihosQcjkcjgksrkgS(Rofjriqu'p;kZosQfy,mRiknuvkSjykxrijvè;k;ijokilns[ksa)Ablfy,lhekarjktLomRiknosQoyvkmViqVesaifjorZugStks buiqVosQifjorZu(;kuh,eih)lsmRiUugksrkgS]vkmViqVdhdherA;ggesaoqQNcgqregÙoiw.kZckrkgS]tksfd]vfrfjDrjktLoosQdkj.k;gvfrfjDrbuiqViQeZosQfy,fdrukegÙoiw.kZgSA

Marginal Revenue product

MRP = DTRDX

MP * MR

Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP

0 0 ** 5 0 ***

1 12 12 5 60 60

2 22 10 5 110 50

3 30 8 5 150 40

4 36 6 5 180 30

5 40 4 5 200 20

6 42 2 5 210 10

4-10- lhekar lalkèku ykxr

lhekarlalkèkuykxrbuiqVdh,dvkSjbdkbZdksfu;ksftrdjosQvfrfjDrykxrgSabldhx.kukbuiqVdhla[;kesaifjorZuls foHkkftroqQyykxresaifjorZulsgksrhgSA,dizfrLièkhZlalkèku;kbuiqVcktkjeas]geekursgSafdiQezcktkjesa,dNksVkfu;ksDrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]iQeZdk;ZjrbuiqVdhla[;kdhijokgfd,fcukbuiqVdhdherdksizHkkfordjusesal{keughagksxkA;g,dizfrLièkhZmRiknucktkjesa,diQezdhrjggStksdherdksizHkkfordjusosQfy,cgqrNksVkgS_blfy,];g,dewY;&ysusokykgSabucktkjfLFkfr;ksaosQrgr]lhekarlalkèkuykxrbuiqVdhdhergS]etnwjh(w)dgrsgSa]D;ksafdbuiqVdh,dvkSjbdkbZdksfu;ksftrdjusdhvfrfjDrykxrfliZQbuiqVdhdhergSA

vcgeviusigysosQlokyijykSVldrsgSafdD;k;gfdlhdksizfr?kaVs`20dksHkqxrkudjusosQyk;dFkk(;gekudjfdgekjh,dek=kifjorZuh;ykxrFkhA)bliz'udkmÙkjnsusosqfy,]gelhekarjktLomRikn(MRP)dhrqyuk` 20osQlhekarlalkèkuykxr(MRC)lsdjsaxsA;fnMRP MRClsvfèkd;kmlosQcjkcjgSrksgesalalkèkudksfu;ksftrdjukpkfg,A;fnMRP MRClsdegS]rksgesadelalkèkuyxkuspkfg,AlhekarjktLomRiknudhtk¡pdjrsle;]

uksV


vFkZO;oLFkk dk ?kjsyw cktkjgedeek£tuokysfjVuZosQfu;edksns[krsgSaD;ksafdbuiqVdhizR;sdvfrfjDrbdkbZdelhekarmRiknnsrhgSvkSjblizdkj,dlhekarjktLomRikngksrkgSA;grF;ekaxvkSjO;qRiUuekaxosQchp,degÙoiw.kZvarjdksmtkxjdjrkgS_O;qRiUuek¡x?kVrhgqbZfjVuZosQdkuwuosQdkj.kdkevk;gSvkSjmiHkksDroLrqvksaosQfy,fuEu<ykuek¡xksaosQdkj.kvk;vkSjizfrLFkkiuizHkkoughagSA

gekjsmnkgj.kesa]JedhigyhbdkbZdksjkstxkjnsuslsgekjsjktLoesa` 60dho`f¼gksrhgSvkSjgekjhykxrosQoy` 20c<+tkrhgS]blfy,gelalkèkudkmi;ksxdjrsgSaAgeviukewY;kadurcrdtkjhj[krsgSatcrdgesa5;wfuVJeughafeyrkgStgk¡,evkjihvkSj,evkjlhcjkcjgSaA;fngeJedhNBHbdkbZdksjkstxkjnsusosQfy,Fks]rksge` 20dhvfrfjDrykxryxk,¡xs]ysfduosQoy` 10vfrfjDrjktLomRiUudjsaxsA

Marginal Resource Cost

• MRC = D Total Cost / Dx

• In a competitive market

– MRC = D Total Cost / D x = D (w* x)/ Dx = w

Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP MRC

0 0 ** 5 0 ** **

1 12 12 5 60 60 20

2 22 10 5 110 50 20

3 30 8 5 150 40 20

4 36 6 5 180 30 20

5 40 4 5 200 20 20

6 42 2 5 210 10 20

4-11- fMekafMax doZ dk fMjkbo djuk

,evkjeh=,evkjlhosQgekjsfu.kz;fu;edkmi;ksxdjrsgq,]ge,dbuiqVosQfy,ek¡xoØizkIrdjldrsgSaAbuiqV;ketnwjhnjosQfuEufyf[krewY;sadksfu;ksftrdjusosQfy,buiqVdhvfèkderla[;kfuèkkZfjrdjsa%

Deriving Demand

Labor Output MP Price Total Revenue MRP

0 0 ** 4 0 **

1 12 12 4 48 48

2 22 10 4 88 40

3 30 8 4 120 32

4 36 6 4 144 24

5 40 4 4 160 16

6 42 2 4 168 8

7 43 1 4 172 4

8 43 0 4 172 0


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O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k blfMekaM'ksM~;wylsgeyscjosQfy,fMekaMdoZcukldrsgSaA

MRC or Wage Rate Labor

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80

10

20

30

40

50

60

Demand for Labor

Wage

Rate

or

MR

C

Labor

4 7

8 6

16 5

24 4

32 3

40 2

48 1

;fniQeZmRikncktkjesaewY; fuekZrkgS]rksewY;lhekarjktLoosQcjkcjughagApw¡fdlhekarjktLoewY;lsdegS]blfy,buiqVdhdherc<+usijlalkèkuksadhek¡xesrsthlsfxjkoVvkx,xhAnkb±vksjdhrkfydk,diwjhrjglsizfrLièkhZcktkj(ihlh)esaek¡xdhxbZJedhek=kkdksn'kkZrhgS]tgk¡ewY;lhekarjktLovkSjJecktkj(nksigj)esaewY;fuekZrkgksusijek¡xdhxbZJedhek=kkosQcjkcjgSA

nkb±vksjrkfydkesa],diwjhrjglsizfrLièkhZcktkjesaek¡xdhxbZJedhek=kkgekjsfiNysx.kuklsgSAmRikncktkj(iQeZ)esaewY;ekoZQjgksusijek¡xdhxbZJedhek=kkdhx.kukdjusosQfy,]ge,evkjlhdhrqyukckb±vksjdhrkfydkls,evkjihlsdjrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,pkjMkWyjosQ,evkjlhdh,evkjihlsrqyukdjrsgq,]geikrsgSafd10-50#i,dh,evkjihosQlkfkJedhpkjbdkb;k¡b"VregksaxhAJedhik¡pohabdkbZosQoynks#i,lsjktLoesao`f¼djsxhtks`4dhvfrfjDrykxrlsdegSA

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Generation Gap

Toyota’s new San Antonio light-truck plant is smaller than GM’s SUV plant in Arlingtion, texas–and is aiming to be cheaper and more efficient, too.

TOYOTA–SAN ANTONIO GM–ARLINGTON

Work space (sq. ft.) 2.2 million 3.75 million

Manufacturing capacity 200,000 per year 200,000 per year

Approximate labor cost $800 per vehicle $1.800 per vehicle

Sources for parts 21 on-site suppliers for major

components such as seats and

instrument panets; engines from

a Toyota plant in Alabama; axies

from a supplier in Arkansas

37% of parts come from Michigan,

26% from Texas, 8% from Canada

and 4% from Mexico

Hourly workers 1,600 (nonunion) 2,800 (UAW)

Hourly wages $15.50 to $25.00 $26.50 to $30.50

Hourly labor cost

including benefits

$35.00 $81.18*

Site details 2,000 acre campus with space for

expansion

249 acres, landlocked by

subdivisions and expressways

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1935osQjk"Vªh;Jelacaèkvfèkfu;e;koSxujvfèkfu;etSlsdkuwuksaosQikfjrgksusosQlkFk]la;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesala?kdhlnL;rkesaukVdh;:ilso`f¼gqbZD;ksafdfu;ksDrkdks;wfu;uksadksLohdkjdjusosQfy,etcwjfd;kx;kFkkA;fnoaQiuhosQvfèkdka'kJfedksaus,dla?kosQfy,ernkufd;kFkkA1945rd];wfu;udhlnL;rk35izfr'krosruvkSjosrudeZpkfj;ksadhla[;kFkh]ysfdurclsblesafxjkoVvkbZgSA1947esa]VSÝV&gkVZysvfèkfu;eus¶cannqdkuksa¸dksjídjfn;k]ftlusiQkeks±dksosQoyla?kosQlnL;ksadksfu;qDrdjusosQfy,etcwjfd;kvkSjjkT;ksadks¶la?kdhnqdkuksa¸dkslhferdjusosQfy,nk,¡&ls&dkedkuwuksadksikfjrdjusdhvuqefrnh]ftlosQcknJfedksadks,dfuf'prle;vofèkosQHkhrj'kkfeygksusosQfy,etcwjgksukiM+kAdkeijj[kktkjgkgSAvkt]lkoZtfud{ks=kmumn~;ksxksadksxBudjrkgSftuesa;wfu;uksaosQlnL;ksadksmPpreizfr'kr(http://www.bls.gov/webapps/legacy/cpslutab3.htm)gSA

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Percentage of Union Membership by Industry

Type: % Type% %

Overall – Private Sector 7.2 Overall – Public sector 37.4

Agriculture and related industries 1.1 Federal government 28.0

Mining 8.6 State government 32.2

Construction 14.5 Local government 43.3

Manufacturing 10.9

Wholesale and retail trade 5.3 2009 Data

Transportation and utilities 22.2

Information 10.0

Financial activities 1.8

Professional and business services 2.3

Education and health services 2.3

Leisure and hospitality 3.1

Other services 2.9

lanHkZ%

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20030124ar03p1.htm

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm

http://law.jrank.org/papges/11179/Wagner-Act.html#ixzz0jmogGdX

http://digitalcommons.ilr.conrnell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1176&context=key workplace

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi m1154/is v73/ai 3706491/

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1- http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0210-13.htm

2- http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A51521-2005Apr13.html

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The Best The Worst

1. Mathematician 200. Lumberjack

2. Actuary 199. Dairy Farmer

The best & worst jobs 3. Statistician 198. Taxi Driver

Five criteria inherent to ever job: 4. Biologist 197. Seaman

– Environment 5. Software Engineer 196. EMT

–Employment outlook 6. Computer Systems Analyst 195. Roofer

– Physical demands and stress. 7. Historian 194. Garbage Collector

8. Sociologist 193. Welder

9. Industrial Designer 192. Roustabout

10. Accountant 191. Ironworker

11. Economist 190. Construction Worker

12. Philosopher 189. Mail Carrier

13. Physicist 188. Sheet Metal Worker

14. Parole Officer 187. Auto Mechanic

15. Meteorologist 186. Butcher

16. Medical Laboratory

Technician

185. Nuclear Decontamination

Tech


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18. Computer Programmer 183. Painter

19. Motion Picture Editor 182. Child Care Worker

20. Astronomer 181. Firefighter

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