ohm’s law and power
TRANSCRIPT
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Ohm’s Law and PowerAl Penney
VO1NO
Chapter 3
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Objective
• Define Ohm’s law;
• Make simple calculations using Ohm’s law; and
• Understand the concept of power and the formula for its calculation.
Al Penney
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Al Penney
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Voltage and Current
As Voltage is increased, Current also increases.
Voltage in Volts
Current
In Amps
Al Penney
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Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance, one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:
E = I x Rwhere I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.The law was named after the German physicist Georg Ohm, who, in a treatise published in 1827, described measurements of applied voltage and current through simple electrical circuits containing various lengths of wire. He presented a slightly more complex equation than the one above to explain his experimental results. The above equation is the modern form of Ohm's law.
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Ohm’s Law
• Relationship between Voltage, Current and Resistance can be expressed mathematically as:
E = I x RWhere
E is measured in Volts;
I is measured in Amps; and
R is measured in Ohms. Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law
The equation can be re-written to determine any of the 3 variables if the other two are known:
I = E / RAnd
R = E / I
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Ohm’s Law Triangle
Remember the Units:
- E is measured in VOLTS
- I is measured in AMPS
- R is measured in OHMS
Al Penney
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To help remember the formula it is possible to use a triangle with one side
horizontal and the peak at the top like a pyramid. This is sometimes known as
the Ohm's law triangle.
In the top corner of the Ohms law triangle is the letter E, in the left hand
corner, the letter I, and in the right hand bottom corner, R.
To use the triangle cover up the unknown quantity and then and then calculate
it from the other two. If they are in line they are multiplied, but if one is on top
of the other then they should be divided. In other words if current has to be calculated the voltage is divided by the resistance i.e. E/R and so forth.
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Ohm’s Law Triangle(Okay – Circle!)
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Ohm’s Law Problem #1
12 Volts 96 Ohms
What is the current?
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Ohm’s Law Problem #1
12 Volts 96 Ohms
What is the current?
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle:
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #1
12 Volts 96 Ohms
What is the current?
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle: I = E / R
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #1
12 Volts 96 Ohms
What is the current?
I = E / R
I = 12 Volts / 96 Ohms
I =
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Ohm’s Law Problem #1
12 Volts 96 Ohms
What is the current?
I = E / R
I = 12 Volts / 96 Ohms
I = 0.125 Amps
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #2
1.5 Amps
15 Ohms
What is the voltage?
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Ohm’s Law Problem #2
1.5 Amps
15 Ohms
What is the voltage?
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle:
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #2
1.5 Amps
15 Ohms
What is the voltage?
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle: E = I x R
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #2
1.5 Amps
15 Ohms
What is the voltage?
E = I x R
= 1.5 Amps x 15 Ohms
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Ohm’s Law Problem #2
1.5 Amps
15 Ohms
What is the voltage?
E = I x R
= 1.5 Amps x 15 Ohms
= 22.5 Volts
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3
150 millivolts
What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle:
150 millivolts
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
Consult the Ohms Law Triangle: R = E / I
150 millivolts
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
R = E / I
= 150 millivolts / 30 milliamps
150 millivolts
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3
• REMEMBER the UNITS!
– 150 millivolts = 150 / 1000 volts = 0.15 volts
– 30 milliamps = 30 / 1000 amps = 0.03 amps
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
R = E / I
= 150 millivolts / 30 milliamps
= 0.15 Volts / 0.03 Amps
150 millivolts
Al Penney
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Ohm’s Law Problem #3What is the resistance?
30 milliamps
R = E / I
= 150 millivolts / 30 milliamps
= 0.15 Volts / 0.03 Amps
= 5 Ohms
150 millivolts
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Resistors in Series
• When resistors are in SERIES, the total resistance is the SUM of the individual resistances.
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + ….. + RN
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Resistors in Series5 Ω 15 Ω
25 Ω
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Resistors in Series5 Ω 15 Ω
25 ΩRTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
Al Penney
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Resistors in Series5 Ω 15 Ω
25 ΩRTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 25 Ω
Al Penney
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Resistors in Series5 Ω 15 Ω
25 ΩRTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 25 Ω
RTotal = 45 Ω
Al Penney
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Resistors in Parallel
• When resistors are in Parallel, the total resistance is given by the following equation:
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ….. + 1/RN
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/RTotal = 1/25 + 1/75 + 1/50 + 1/25
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/RTotal = 1/25 + 1/75 + 1/50 + 1/25 = 6/150 + 2/150 + 3/150 + 6/150
Al Penney
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/RTotal = 1/25 + 1/75 + 1/50 + 1/25 = 6/150 + 2/150 + 3/150 + 6/150
1/RTotal = 17/150 Ω
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Resistors in Parallel
25 Ω 75 Ω 50 Ω 25 Ω
A
B
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/RTotal = 1/25 + 1/75 + 1/50 + 1/25 = 6/150 + 2/150 + 3/150 + 6/150
1/RTotal = 17/150 Ω
RTotal = 150/17 Ω = 8.82 ΩAl Penney
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Al Penney
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Current in a Series Circuit
• The current through each resistor in a Series Circuit is identical.
ITotal = IR1 = IR2 = IR3 Al Penney
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Voltage in Series Circuits
• The sum of all the voltages across each resistor in a Series Circuit will equal the source voltage.
20 Volts
Esource = ER1 + ER2 + ER3
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
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Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current
flowing in an electrical circuit. Voltage drops in the internal resistance of the
source, across conductors, across contacts, and across connectors are
undesirable because some of the energy supplied is dissipated. The voltage drop across the electrical load is proportional to the power available to be
converted in that load to some other useful form of energy.
Voltage drop is the loss of voltage caused by the flow of current flow through a
resistance. The greater the resistance the greater the VD. To check the VD, use
a voltmeter connected between the point where the VD is to be measured. In DC circuits and AC resistive circuits the total of all the voltage drops across
series-connected loads should add up to the voltage applied to the circuit
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To Calculate Voltage Drop…
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
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1. Determine Total Resistance
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal =
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1. Determine Total Resistance
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
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2. Determine Current
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
I = E / R
I =
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2. Determine Current
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
I = E / R
I = 20 Volts / 40 Ohms
I = 0.5 Amps
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3. Determine Voltage Drops
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
I = E / R
I = 20 Volts / 40 Ohms
I = 0.5 Amps
ER1 = I x R1
ER1 =
ER2 = I x R2
ER2 =
ER3 = I x R3
ER3 =
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3. Determine Voltage Drops
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
I = E / R
I = 20 Volts / 40 Ohms
I = 0.5 Amps
ER1 = I x R1
ER1 = 0.5 Amps x 5 Ω
ER1 = 2.5 Volts
ER2 = I x R2
ER2 = 0.5 Amps x 15 Ω
ER2 = 7.5 Volts
ER3 = I x R3
ER3 = 0.5 Amps x 20 Ω
ER3 = 10 Volts
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4. Check Your Results!
20 Volts
5 Ω
15 Ω
20 Ω
RTotal = R1 + R2 + R3
RTotal = 5 Ω + 15 Ω + 20 Ω
RTotal = 40 Ω
I = E / R
I = 20 Volts / 40 Ohms
I = 0.5 Amps
ER1 = I x R1
ER1 = 0.5 Amps x 5 Ω
ER1 = 2.5 Volts
ER2 = I x R2
ER2 = 0.5 Amps x 15 Ω
ER2 = 7.5 Volts
ER3 = I x R3
ER3 = 0.5 Amps x 20 Ω
ER3 = 10 Volts
Esource = ER1 + ER2 + ER3
Esource = 2.5V + 7.5V + 10V = 20VAl Penney
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Voltage in Parallel Circuits
• The voltage applied to each resistor in a Parallel Circuit is the same as the source voltage.
Esource = ER1 = ER2 = ER3 = ER4
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Current in a Parallel Circuit
• The total current in a Parallel Circuit is divided among the resistors.
• The sum of the currents through each resistor equals the total current.
ITotal = IR1 + IR2 + IR3Al Penney
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To Calculate Currents…
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ100 Volts
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Determine Equivalent Resistance
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal =
100 Volts
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Determine Equivalent Resistance
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
100 Volts
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Determine Equivalent Resistance
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
100 Volts
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Determine Equivalent Resistance
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 Volts
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Determine Overall Current
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI =
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Determine Overall Current
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
Al Penney
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Determine Overall Current
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
Al Penney
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Determine Individual Currents
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = IR2 = IR3 =
Al Penney
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Determine Individual Currents
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1 IR2 = E / R2 IR3 = E / R3
Al Penney
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Determine Individual Currents
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1
IR1 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR1 =
IR2 = E / R2
IR2 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR2 =
IR3 = E / R3
IR3 = 100 V / 1000 Ω
IR3 =
Al Penney
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Determine Individual Currents
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1
IR1 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR1 = 0.2 Amps
IR2 = E / R2
IR2 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR2 = 0.2 Amps
IR3 = E / R3
IR3 = 100 V / 1000 Ω
IR3 = 0.1 Amps
Al Penney
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Check your Answer!
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1
IR1 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR1 = 0.2 Amps
IR2 = E / R2
IR2 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR2 = 0.2 Amps
IR3 = E / R3
IR3 = 100 V / 1000 Ω
IR3 = 0.1 Amps
ITotal =Al Penney
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Check your Answer!
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1
IR1 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR1 = 0.2 Amps
IR2 = E / R2
IR2 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR2 = 0.2 Amps
IR3 = E / R3
IR3 = 100 V / 1000 Ω
IR3 = 0.1 Amps
ITotal = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = Al Penney
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Check your Answer!
500 Ω 500 Ω 1KΩ
1/RTotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/RTotal = 1/500 + 1/500 + 1/1K
1/RTotal = 2/1000 + 2/1000 + 1/1000
1/RTotal = 5/1000
RTotal = 1000/5 = 200 Ω
100 VoltsI = E / R
I = 100 V / 200 Ω
I = 0.5 Amps
IR1 = E / R1
IR1 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR1 = 0.2 Amps
IR2 = E / R2
IR2 = 100 V / 500 Ω
IR2 = 0.2 Amps
IR3 = E / R3
IR3 = 100 V / 1000 Ω
IR3 = 0.1 Amps
ITotal = IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.5 AmpAl Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R =
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
R = 3000/5 = 600 Ω
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
R = 3000/5 = 600 Ω
RTotal =
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
R = 3000/5 = 600 Ω
RTotal = 1 KΩ + 600 Ω
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
R = 3000/5 = 600 Ω
RTotal = 1 KΩ + 600 Ω
RTotal = 1600 Ω
Al Penney
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Series Parallel Combinations
1 KΩ
1 KΩ 1.5 KΩ
100 Volts
1/R = 1/R2 + 1/R3
1/R = 1/1 K + 1/1.5 K
1/R = 3/3 K + 2/3 K
1/R = 5/3 K
R = 3000/5 = 600 Ω
RTotal = 1 KΩ + 600 Ω
RTotal = 1600 Ω
RTotal = 1.6 KΩ
Al Penney
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Energy and Power
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Two types: Kinetic and Potential
• A cell has Potential Energy – it stores chemical energy that can be released to do work.
• When electrons move against a resistance, work is done.
• The rate at which work is done is called Power.
Al Penney
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An important aspect of any electrical or electronic circuit is the power
associated with it. It is found that when a current flows through a resistor,
electrical energy is converted into heat. This fact is used by electrical heaters
which consist of a resistor through which current flows. Light bulbs use the
same principle, heating the element up so that it glows white hot and
produces light. At other times much smaller resistors and very much smaller
currents are used. Here the amount of heat generated may be very small.
However if some current flows then some heat is generated. In this instance
the heat generated represents the amount of electrical power being dissipated.
Definition of power
Whether power is used in a mechanical environment or an electrical
environment, the definition of power is still the same. The way in which it may
be discussed may be slightly different, but nevertheless the definition and
actuality of it is exactly the same.
Electric power definition:
Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy is transferred
by an electric circuit. It is the rate of doing work.
In physics, energy is the quantitative property that must be transferred to
an object in order to perform work on, or to heat, the object. Energy is
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a conserved quantity; the law of conservation of energy states that energy can
be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The SI unit of energy is
the joule, which is the energy transferred to an object by the work of moving it
a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.
Common forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object,
the potential energy stored by an object's position in a
force field (gravitational, electric or magnetic), the elastic energy stored by
stretching solid objects, the chemical energy released when a fuel burns,
the radiant energy carried by light, and the thermal energy due to an
object's temperature.
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Power
• Basic unit of Power is the Watt, abbreviated W.
• In electrical systems, we can calculate power if we know any two of
– Voltage;
– Current; or
– Resistance.
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
Al Penney
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Definition of the watt:
The watt is the SI unit of power defining the rate of energy conversion and it is
equivalent to one joule per second.
The watt can be defined according to the application:
•Electrical definition of the watt: one watt is the rate at which work is done
when a current of one ampere, I of current flows through a network which has
an electrical potential difference of one volt, V. W = V I
The joule (symbol: J) is a derived unit of energy in the International System of
Units. It is equal to the energy transferred to (or work done on) an object when
a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of the force's motion
through a distance of one metre (1 newton metre or N⋅m). It is also the energy
dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through
a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English
physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889)
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Calculating Power #1
12 Volts
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #1
12 Volts
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = E2 / R
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #1
12 Volts
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = E2 / R
P = 122 / 50
P = 144 / 50
P = 2.88 Watts
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #2
12 Volts
I = 0.24 Amp
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #2
12 Volts
I = 0.24 Amp
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = E x I
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #2
12 Volts
I = 0.24 Amp
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = E x I
P = 12 x 0.24
P = 2.88 Watts
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #3
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
I = 0.24 Amp
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #3
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = I2 x R
I = 0.24 Amp
Al Penney
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Calculating Power #3
50 Ω
P = E x I = E2 / R = I2 x R
P = I2 x R
P = 0.242 x 50
P = 0.0576 x 50
P = 2.88 Watts
I = 0.24 Amp
Al Penney
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Circuit Calculator
Remember the Units – Ohms, Volts, Amps, Watts!!Al Penney
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Power and Resistors
• Resistors rated not just by resistance, but also amount of heat (power) they can safely dissipate.
• Measured in Watts.
• In general, bigger resistors can dissipate more heat than smaller resistors.
• Use 50% to 100% safety margin in selecting components.
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Power Ratings in Circuits
• Series Circuits
– Same current through all resistors.
– Calculate power dissipated by each separately (Power = I2 x R).
– Lowest wattage component sets max rating of the overall circuit.
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Power Ratings in Circuits
• Parallel Circuits
– Same voltage applied to all resistors.
– Calculate power dissipated by each separately (Power = E2 / R).
– Do not exceed current and power ratings of any resistor in the group.
– For greater heat dissipation, replace a single resistor with two resistors of twice the resistance (assuming same wattage).
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Heat – Parallel Resistors
100
Ohms
200
Ohms
200
Ohms
10 Watts 20 Watts
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Questions?
Al Penney
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If you have light bulbs marked 40 watts, 60 watts and 100 watts, which one will use electrical energy the fastest?
• The 40 watt bulb
• The 60 watt bulb
• The 100 watt bulb
• They will all be the same
Review Question 1
Al Penney
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If you have light bulbs marked 40 watts, 60 watts and 100 watts, which one will use electrical energy the fastest?
• The 40 watt bulb
• The 60 watt bulb
• The 100 watt bulb
• They will all be the same
< The 100 watt bulb >
Review Question 1
Al Penney
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Which electrical circuit will have no current?
• A short circuit
• A complete circuit
• A closed circuit
• An open circuit
Review Question 2
Al Penney
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Which electrical circuit will have no current?
• A short circuit
• A complete circuit
• A closed circuit
• An open circuit
< An open circuit >
Review Question 2
Al Penney
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Which two electrical units multiplied together give the unit “watts”?
• Amperes and henrys
• Volts and amperes
• Volts and farads
• Farads and henrys
Review Question 3
Al Penney
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Which two electrical units multiplied together give the unit “watts”?
• Amperes and henrys
• Volts and amperes
• Volts and farads
• Farads and henrys
< Volts and amperes >
Review Question 3
Al Penney
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How is the resistance in a DC circuit calculated when the voltage and current are known?
• Resistance equals current multiplied by voltage
• Resistance equals voltage divided by current
• Resistance equals power divided by voltage
• Resistance equals current divided by voltage
Review Question 4
Al Penney
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How is the resistance in a DC circuit calculated when the voltage and current are known?
• Resistance equals current multiplied by voltage
• Resistance equals voltage divided by current
• Resistance equals power divided by voltage
• Resistance equals current divided by voltage
< Resistance equals voltage divided by current >
Review Question 4
Al Penney
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The voltage required to force a current of 4.4 amperes through a resistance of 50 ohms is:
• 220 volts
• 2220 volts
• 22.0 volts
• 0.220 volt
Review Question 5
Al Penney
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The voltage required to force a current of 4.4 amperes through a resistance of 50 ohms is:
• 220 volts
• 2220 volts
• 22.0 volts
• 0.220 volt
< 220 volts >
Review Question 5
Al Penney
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What voltage would be needed to supply a current of 200 milliamperes, to operate an electric lamp which has a resistance of 25 ohms?
• 5 volts
• 8 volts
• 175 volts
• 225 volts
Review Question 6
Al Penney
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What voltage would be needed to supply a current of 200 milliamperes, to operate an electric lamp which has a resistance of 25 ohms?
• 5 volts
• 8 volts
• 175 volts
• 225 volts
< 5 volts >
Review Question 6
Al Penney
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Total resistance in a parallel circuit:
• is always less than the smallest resistance
• depends upon the voltage drop across each branch
• could be equal to the resistance of one branch
• depends upon the applied voltage
Review Question 7
Al Penney
VO1NO
106
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Total resistance in a parallel circuit:
• is always less than the smallest resistance
• depends upon the voltage drop across each branch
• could be equal to the resistance of one branch
• depends upon the applied voltage
< is always less than the smallest resistance >
Review Question 7
Al Penney
VO1NO
107
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One advantage of replacing a 50 ohm resistor with a parallel combination of two similarly rated 100 ohm resistors is that the parallel combination will have:
• lesser resistance and similar power rating
• the same resistance but greater power rating
• the same resistance but lesser power rating
• greater resistance and similar power rating
Review Question 8
Al Penney
VO1NO
108
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One advantage of replacing a 50 ohm resistor with a parallel combination of two similarly rated 100 ohm resistors is that the parallel combination will have:
• lesser resistance and similar power rating
• the same resistance but greater power rating
• the same resistance but lesser power rating
• greater resistance and similar power rating
< the same resistance but greater power rating >
Review Question 8
Al Penney
VO1NO
109
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For Next Class:
• Review Chapter 3 of Basic Study Guide;
• Read Chapter 4 of Basic Study Guide; and
• Read RBR-4:
– https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/sf01226.html
Al Penney
VO1NO
110
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Questions?
Al Penney
VO1NO
111
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112