oht 1.1 © pearson education limited 2005 geoffrey elliott and nigel phillips: mobile commerce and...

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© Pearson Education Limited 2005Geoffrey Elliott and Nigel Phillips:Mobile Commerce and Wireless Computing Systems, First Edition

Definitions and Context

Mobile Commerce and

Wireless Computing Systems

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Definitions

“I’ll put a girdle round about the Earth in 40 minutes.” (Puck in A Midsummer Nights Dream) by William Shakespeare (1564 –1616)

Mobile Commerce …the use, application and integration of wireless telecommunication technologies and wireless devices within the business systems domain.

…The mobile devices and wireless networking environments necessary to provide location independent connectivity.

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A short history of wireless computing

Guglielmo Marconi (1897) -first demonstrated the ability to provide continuous wireless (voice) contact with ships sailing off the coast of the United Kingdom through radio-wave signal communication.

Since then mobile wireless communications have evolved:

(G1) analogue technologies to current third generation

(G3) digital and broad bandwidth technologies.

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Basic M-commerce Environment

Figure 1.1 Basic M-commerce Environment

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Generations of Wireless

First generation wireless communicationLate 1970s and early 1980s various developments in microprocessor

technology, and improvements in cellular network infrastructures, led to the birth of reliable first generation (1G) wireless telecommunications.

Second generation wireless communicationSecond generation (2G) wireless systems were based on digital (rather than

analogue) technology. The main 2G development occurred in the early 1990s with the introduction of a higher capacity (and more globally compatible) telecommunications network known as the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM).

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Modern wireless systems

2.5 GenerationA range of enhanced 2G mobile phones were developed in the late 1990s and

early 2000s to offer extended data capabilities, such as higher transmission rates and always-on connectivity via the general Packet Radio Service (GPRS).

Third generation (3G)3G technology is aimed at providing a wide variety of services and

capabilities in addition to voice communication, such as multimedia data transfer, video streaming, video telephony, and full unabridged Internet access.

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2G connection to theMobile Internet

Figure 1.2 Second generation phone connection to the Mobile Internet

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Integrated multimedianature of the G3 domain

Figure 1.3 Integrated multimedia nature of the G3 domain – the Personal Communications System (PCS)

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Characteristics of 3G

- Broad bandwidth data transmission (at rates of 2Mbp/s compared with GSM narrow bandwidth transmission speeds of 9.6kbp/s)

- Enhanced security and encryption features

- Improvements in integrated circuitry and general battery life for mobile devices

- Improvements in screen displays and the ability to handle multimedia data (i.e. video streaming and graphics

- Continued miniaturisation of mobile phones and other mobile devices with concurrent improvements in storage capacity.

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Obstacles to M-commerce

The availability of efficient and fast wireless telecommunications services is often focused within specific areas (e.g. Western Europe, the United States of America and Japan), and the services are not always available in geographical areas with very low population densities (e.g. desert areas where transmitter coverage is poor).

Concerns over privacy and security still pervade in the wireless data transmission world despite the fact that G3 technology is inherently

more secure than G2 technology.

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Two types of mobility service

• Information that is provided on a geographical location (e.g. calling up a directory of restaurants in a specific location, such as the area of Queens in New York, or requesting the location of bank cash machines in the local vicinity).

• Information that tracks an individual user (via their mobile phone) to determine their specific geographical location anywhere in the world. These technologies are often referred to as Geographical Positioning Systems (GPS). Such location technology can be used to support location-based services.

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Example

Federal Communications Commission in the United States of America, in the late 1990s, encouraged mobile phone network bearers to implement location technology in order to determine the geographical location of a mobile phone user calling up an emergency service number (e.g. the emergency 911 number in the USA or 999 in the United Kingdom).

The caller’s location can then be determined in order to co-ordinate and direct emergency services to that location.

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Location Assets

Figure 1.4 Location assets

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Location Products and Services

(a) Location-based product retailing. A wireless mobile phone user can enter a shopping centre (or shopping mall) and register their presence (via their mobile phone) with the mall’s embedded location awareness systems.

(b) Location-based services information. A mobile phone user can request - based on

their present location - an information list of various service providers. (c) Location-based maps. A user can request a map of the area in which they are

located. The map provides their position and a map of the local area. (d) Location-based purchasing. A growing area of significance in both the wired and

wireless Internet worlds is use of virtual money to buy products and services. (e) Location-based access. As well as capability to locate a mobile phone user, a

number of mobile phone manufacturers are embedding technology within handsets to enable users to access specific locations.

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Untethered Mobile Internet

Portability (i.e. it can be carried anywhere)

Mobility (i.e. it can be used anywhere).

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M-commerce versus E-commerce

Factor E-commerce M-commerce

Product or service focus Product focus Service focus

Product or service provision Wired global access Wireless global access

Product or service assets Static information and data Dynamic location based data

Product or service attraction Fixed non-time-constrained access Mobility and portability of access

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Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing is a label used to explain the idea that computing in the 21st Century is available anytime, anywhere, and in any device.

- Emerging trend towards numerous, casually accessible, often invisible computing devices, frequently mobile or embedded in the environment, connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure composed of a wired core and wireless edges

- Devices that contain embedded computing technology are sometimes referred to as information appliances.

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Pervasive Computing

Pervasive Computing…

“…is computing power freed from the desktop - embedded in wireless handheld devices, automobile telematics systems, home appliances, and commercial tools-of-the-trade. In the enterprise, it extends timely business data to workers in the field… In our personal lives, it expands our freedom to exchange information anytime, anywhere.”

(IBM Pervasive Computing Web Site)

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What is Pervasive Computing?

(a) Computing is spread and distributed throughout the working and social domains of life in an unmanaged and dynamic wireless-networked environment, where users are predominantly mobile.

(b) Devices and appliances contain embedded computing technology

that can monitor and control devices and possesses the capability for wireless network transmission of data (e.g. elevators that can remotely inform the maintenance computers at the head office that there is a fault).

(c) Communication is made easier between individuals, and

between individuals and various information appliances, and between device-to-device (d2d) within a wireless-networked environment.

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Trends inPervasive Computing

Trend Description Comments

Mobility(computing anywhere)

Networked computers can be taken anywhere and still benefit from full network services.

Laptop computers and personal digital assistants are the precursors. Mobility requires ubiquitous networking access analogous to the cellular telephone.

Embedding(computing within)

Networked computers are embedded in most everyday products.

This is already common: Automobiles, consumer electronics, toys and appliances have computing within. In the future, many more products – even as mundane as light switches and light bulbs – will not only have computing within but also network connections.

(“Networked Applications: A Guide to the new Computing Infrastructure”, by David G. Messerschmitt, 1999, p. 8)

Information kiosks, mobile phones with web browsers, and personal digital assistants are steps in this direction. In the future, as computers gain a similar size and resolution to paper, magazines, and books, computers should become as ubiquitous as the printed word is today.

Ubiquity(computing everywhere)

Networked computers are unobtrusively sprinkled throughout the physical environment.

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Telemetry and Telematics

Wireless telemetry that allows the monitoring and analysis of data produced by a remote device via wireless technology.

The term telematics was originally used to identify the convergence of telecommunications data and information processing.

The technology is essentially based on location tracking of the vehicle with the additional facility to diagnose the automobile’s problems from a remote geographical position.

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M-commerce Value Chain

Figure 1.8 Factors determining M-commerce innovation and adoption

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Bluetooth Technology

The technology was a brainchild of the Swedish mobile phone manufacturer, and wireless infrastructure provider, Ericsson.

- permits device-to-device (d2d) wireless communication between two (or more) devices with the requisite embedded technology.

- allows short range, but high-speed, wireless radio frequency (RF)

communication for both voice (i.e. telephony) and data. - enables d2d communication at rates of 1.0Mb/s within a range of separation

of 100 metres (or just over 300 feet). - operates in the globally unlicensed 2.45Gigahertz frequency spectrum. - enables the wireless office whereby, mobile phones, PDAs, wireless laptop

computers, and other computing hardware (e.g. printers, keyboards, and mice etc.) can be connected via a WLAN.

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Did you know?

The name Bluetooth derives from the 10th Century Danish King called Harald Blatand (or “Bluetooth” in English). He is famous for uniting Denmark and Norway and bringing Christianity to Scandinavia.

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Five characteristics of innovation

- relative advantage

- compatibility

- complexity

- trialability

- observability

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Conclusion

The growth and spread of M-commerce is being driven by three factors:

(a) Developments in mobile wireless applications and technologies - Innovation

(b) Proliferation and use of wireless technologies by (potential) customers

- Adoption (c) Desire by organisations to expand markets and add value to products

and services - Increased competition

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M-commerce Web Sites

Mobile Phone Manufacturers:www.ericsson.comwww.nokia.comwww.motorola.comwww.sony.com Wireless Telecommunications

Network Providers:www.orange.co.ukwww.vodafone.co.ukwww.btcellnet.co.ukwww.one2one.co.ukwww.at&t.com

www.MobileCommerce.org

www.forum.nokia.com

oht 1.1 © pearson education limited 2005 geoffrey elliott and nigel phillips: mobile commerce and...

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