oil and grease types and sources environmental problems removal of free oil emulsion breaking...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Oil and Grease Types and Sources Environmental Problems Removal of Free Oil Emulsion Breaking Sampling and Analysis Prepared By Michigan Department of](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649c9d5503460f9495c3d2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Oil and Grease
Types and SourcesEnvironmental ProblemsRemoval of Free OilEmulsion BreakingSampling and Analysis
Prepared ByMichigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit
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Oil and Grease
Animal / VegetableSources
Meat PackingFood ProcessingRestaurants
BiodegradableUsually Free Floating
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PetrochemicalSources
Cutting / GrindingParts DegreasingAutomotive
Oil and Grease
ToxicOften Emulsified
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Typical Ranges of Oil and Grease in Wastewater
Sewage 10 - 100Food Processing 100 - 1,000Textile 10 - 500Refining 100 - 1,000Primary Metals
Rinse Waters 10 - 1,000Concentrates 10,000 - 50,000
Metals Fabrication 10,000 - 100,000Metal Cleaning
Rinse Waters 10 - 1,000Concentrates 100 - 5,000
Commercial Laundries 100 - 2,000
Wastewater Range, mg/L
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So What’s The Problem With Oil and Grease ??
Environmental Problems
Collection System Probs
WWTP Problems
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Toxicity
Suffocation
Prevents O2 Transferinto the Water
Aesthetics
Environmental Problems
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Toxicity
Suffocation
Prevents O2 Transferinto the Water
Aesthetics
Environmental Problems
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Collection System
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Collection System
Estimated – 40 to 50 %
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WWTP Problems - Maintenance
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WWTP Problems – Treatment Efficiency
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Foaming
Respiration Settleability
WWTP Problems – Treatment Efficiency
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WWTP Problems – Solids Handling
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“You know, I have a confession to make, Bernie. Win or lose, I love this job.”
Oil and Grease(FOG)
NEED TOCONTROL
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Oil and Grease(FOG)
NEED TOCONTROL
At the Source
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SEWER USE ORDINANCESEWER USE ORDINANCEA Means to Regulate Discharges of Pollutants which could Harm the Collection System and
Treatment Processes.
Help to ControlHydraulic LoadingOrganic LoadingHazardous Materials
CorrosiveNuisanceToxicSafety
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“You know, I have a confession to make, Bernie. Win or lose, I love this job.”
Oil and Grease(FOG)
NEED TOREMOVE
What Can’tBe Controlled at Source
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From Water
Droplet Size
Density (Specific Gravity)
Viscosity
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Specific Gravity = the number of times heavier or lighter the solution is than water
1 gallon of water weighs 8.34 lbsSpecific Gravity of water = 1.000
Specific Gravity of a Solution = Weight of the SolutionWeight of Water
Hydrometer
Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From Water
Sp. Gr. of Oils < 1
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#6 Fuel Oil SG = 0.95
Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From Water
#2 Fuel Oil SG = 0.85
Water SG = 1.00
VR Rise Velocity Related To
(p - po) Density difference between oil droplet and water
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#6 Fuel Oil SG = 0.95
1.00- .950.05
#6 Fuel Oil1.00- .850.15
#2 Fuel Oil
Which Will Rise Faster?
Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From Water
#2 Fuel Oil SG = 0.85
Water SG = 1.00
How Much Faster?
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#6 Fuel Oil SG = 0.95
1.00- .950.05
#6 Fuel Oil1.00- .850.15
#2 Fuel Oil0.150.05
= 3
#2 Fuel Oil Will Rise 3 Times Faster inWater Than #6 Fuel Oil
Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From Water
#2 Fuel Oil SG = 0.85
Water SG = 1.00
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Effect of Temperature on Separationof Oil From Water
The Lower the Viscosity of the Oil,the Faster it will Rise in Water
An Increase in Temperature Will Cause the Viscosity to Decrease
Oil Droplets in Water at 40 Degrees Fwill Rise at Half the Rate of Oil Droplets
in Water at 90 Degrees F.
Viscosity is Related to Friction - HighViscosity Opposes Flow
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Effect of Temperature on Separationof Oil From Water
An Increase in Temperature Will Cause the Viscosity to Decrease
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Droplet Size Rise Timem mm (Hr:Min:Sec)300 0.300 0:00:12150 0.150 0:00:42125 0.125 0:01:00 90 0.090 0:01:54 50 0.050 0:06:18 30 0.030 0:17:24 10 0.010 2:35:02 1 0.001 258:23:53
SG = 0.85
Time Required for an Oil Droplet toRise Three Feet @ 68 Degrees F
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Types of Oil / Water Separators
Grease Trap
Skimmer
API (American Petroleum Institute)
CPI (Corrugated Plate Interceptor)
Hydro Cyclone
Centrifuge
Dissolved Air Floatation
Filtration
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Removal of Free Floating Oil
Oil and Grease(FOG)
API Separator (Interceptor)API Separator (Interceptor)
Gravity>150 micron
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Removal of Free Floating Oil
Oil and Grease(FOG)
API SeparatorAPI Separator
Operate in Design Loading Limits
Minimize Turbulence – Especially at Influent
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Maintenance PracticesThe ability of oil water separators to function properly depends upon the timely performance of required service and maintenance. Oil/water separators must be monitored and maintained by competent personnel who understand how the systems operate. Oil/water separators should be given the same close attention given to any other important piece of equipment. The operators, users, and maintainers of the oil/water separator must clarify who will be responsible for monitoring, inspecting, maintaining, and servicing the system. Frequent inspections should be made of the system and all associated piping, valves, etc. to prevent operational and mechanical failures or inefficiencies. Sludge and oil need to be periodically removed from the oil/water separator to keep it operating properly
Removal of Free Floating Oil
Oil and Grease(FOG)
API SeparatorAPI Separator
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Oil/water separators must be monitored and maintained .
Frequent inspections should be made of the system and all associated piping, valves, etc.
Sludge and oil need to be periodically removed.
Removal of Free Floating Oil
Oil and Grease(FOG)
API SeparatorAPI Separator
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Removal of Free Floating Oil
Polypropylene is Oleophillic
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Removal of Free Floating Oil
Centrifuge
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Factors Affecting Separation of Free Oil From
Water
Stoke’s Law 2(p - po)g 9n
(d/2)2VR =
VR Rise Velocity(p - po) Density difference between
oil droplet and watern viscosity of water and oilg gravitational acceleration constantd diameter of the oil droplet
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Coalescence
Uniting, or Growing TogetherIncrease Oil Droplet Size by Agglomeration
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Coalescing Plate Interceptor (CPI)
> 60 micron
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Effluent
Coalescer Pack
SludgeChamber
OilReservoir
Clean WaterChamber
OilWater
Influent
SludgeOutlet
Coalescing Plate Interceptor (CPI)
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In-Ground Oil Water Separator
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Oil Water SeparatorsPretreatment Considerations
Maintenance ConsiderationsCleaning
Sludge & Solids Removal
EliminateRags, Grit, SolidsSolventsEmulsifiers
Isolate From Other WW Flows Improves TreatabilityIncreases Chance for Recycle
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A disperse system in which
both phases are liquids, one
of which is generally water,
and the other an oil or other
water immiscible liquid.
EmulsionEmulsion
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A disperse system in which both phases are liquids, one of which is generally water,
and the other an oil or other water immiscible liquid.
Emulsion
Oil-In-Water EmulsionsOil is Inner Phase, Water is External PhaseMilk, Egg Yolk
Water-In-Oil EmulsionsWater is Inner Phase, Oil is External PhaseButter
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Mechanical Emulsions (Dispersions)
Oil Droplets Broken Into Smaller Droplets Through Shear Forces:
Violent MixingHigh Shear Pumps
May or May Not Eventually Separate Depending on Electrostatic Charges
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Mechanical Emulsions
Avoid:
Centrifugal PumpsGlobe ValvesSmall PipingElbows and Tees in Piping
Use:
Gravity Flow, Peristaltic, or Progressive Cavity Pumps
Smooth Piping (PVC)Large Piping, Minimum Pressure LossFew Piping Bends and Fittings
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Emulsifying Agent CausesEmulsion Stability
Forms a connection between the non-polar oil droplets and the water which is polar.
+
+
-OH
H
Polar
Oil Droplet
Non-Polar
Chemical Emulsions
Emulsifier
Disperses the oil droplets due to repulsion of like electrical charge.
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EmulsifiersEmulsifiers
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An Emulsionis
Formed
clothesoily dirt
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Oil
Emulsifier
WastewaterTreatmentProblem
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Stability of Emulsion Depends On:
Surface Charge
pH
Viscosity
Agitation
Temperature
Emulsifying Agent
Emulsion
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Emulsion BreakingEmulsion Breaking
Chemical
or
Physical
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Acidification Coagulation Salting Out
Organic Polymers
Either:• Destabilize Oil Droplets or• Chemically Bind or Destroy Any
Emulsifying Agent Present
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
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*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
Acidification
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*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
Addition of Acid to Oil-in WaterEmulsion Neutralizes Base Chemicalsand Releases the Oil (pH 2 - 4)
Destabilizes by pH Change,Increases Polarity of Water
High pH (basic) Solutions Increase the Attraction Between Oil and Water
Acid Cracking
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*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
Addition of Acid to Oil-in WaterEmulsion Neutralizes Base Chemicalsand Releases the Oil (pH 2 - 4)
Effective but Expensive
Effluent Water Must be Neutralized
Acid Cracking
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Coagulation
Addition of Aluminum or Iron Salts
Oil Droplets Attach to Floc That Forms From the Treatment Chemicals
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
Floc Settles to Bottom of Separator, orRises to Top of DAF Unit
Taking the Oil With It
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Coagulation
Addition of Aluminum or Iron Salts
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
Floc Settles to Bottom of Separator, orRises to Top of DAF Unit
Taking the Oil With It
Sludge Generated is Difficult to Dewater
Reuse of the Oil is Limited
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Increases Dissolved Solids Content and Ionic Character of the Water
Drives Non-Polar OilInto the Oil Layer,
Away From the Water Layer
Salting Out Addition of large quantities of an inorganic salt
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
High TDS in Effluent
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Polymer (Demulsifier) Addition
Destabilizes ChargeReduces Viscosity
(Surfactant Added)
SpecializedExtremely EffectiveExpensive
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
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Acidification Coagulation Salting Out
Organic Polymers
*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking*Chemical* Emulsion Breaking
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Physical
Heat
Centrifuge
Membrane Filtration
Emulsion BreakingEmulsion Breaking
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*Physical* Emulsion Breaking Heating
Water-in-Oil emulsions can be broken by Decreasing Viscosity of Water and Oil
May Require Up to 200 Degrees F
Don’t Use Heat Unless Flash Point of Oil is High Enough
Don’t Use Heat if Light Fuels or Other Solvents Will Present a Fire Hazard
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*Physical* Emulsion Breaking
Takes advantage of the difference in specific gravity between oil and water
Lighter Oil material collects near the vortex
Centrifuge must be designed to remove a column of oil at the centerline
Limited use for Oil-in-Water emulsions
Widespread use for Water-in-Oil emulsions
Centrifuge
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Membrane / Ultra Filtration
*Physical* Emulsion Breaking
Concerns
Chemical ResistanceFouling / PluggingCost
•High Quality Effluent•Small Space Required•Removes Oil and Particulates Down to 0.01 micron
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Analysis for Oil and GreaseSampling
Grab SampleWide Mouth Glass BottleTechnique is Critical
Preservation:Cool to 4 Degrees CHCl or H2SO4 to pH <2Max 28 Days Holding
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Analysis for Oil and Grease
Extraction of Oil from Sample
Evaporation of extracting solvent
Determination of Oil and Grease by Weighing
Extracting SolventHexane
(EPA Method 1664)(St. Methods 5310)
Freon (EPA Method 413.1)
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Oil / Water SeparationPoints to Ponder
Pollution Prevention – Minimize the amount of oily wastewater that must be treated
• Segregate wastes
• Plug floor drains
• Dry cleanup for spills
• Education
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Oil / Water SeparationPoints to Ponder
Avoid Emulsions
• Be careful what you buy
• Don’t allow emulsifiers in waste streamSoaps and detergentsSolvents
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Oil / Water SeparationPoints to Ponder
• Proper Operation and Maintenance
• Pretreatment
• Cleaning
• Refill with water when putting back
into service
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Oil and Grease
Types and SourcesEnvironmental ProblemsRemoval of Free OilEmulsion BreakingSampling and Analysis
Prepared ByMichigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit