oil field dictionary

SABS South African Bureau of Standards (Acronym)SAMPLE Small quantity of rock removed, often by coring, for analysis.

SEAL

1. An impermeable stratum or fault of rock beneath or behind which hydrocarbons can accumulate. See Reservoir

2. A rubber or other material used to prevent leaking.

SECONDARY ERA The geological period spanning the Triassic, Jurassic and cretaceous periods.

SECONDARY POROSITY Porosity developed after the original deposition of a formation, for example by the action of water on soluble components of the rock or by way of well stimulation techniques.

SEDIMENTARY BASIN Terrain consisting of sedimentary rock deposited over the course of many eras.SEDIMENTS Particles coming from erosion of old rocks or other matter. With time sediments will become sedimentary rocks.

SEISMICSeismic data can be interpreted to show the structure and deposits that are under the ground. The method is to generate elastic waves methodically and to study their progression through the subsoil. Waves will be distorted as they travel through various rock strata, these distortions can be detected by geophones.

SELF-RAISING PLATFORM An offshore drilling platform that is fitted with buoyancy tanks. The buoyancy tanks can be flooded to keep the rig stable in the sea swell

SEPARATION In Refining this is the first stage. Consists of separating hydrocarbons via their boiling points, the process takes place in the distillation column.

SEPARATOR A process vessel used to separate gases and various liquids. A Wellhead Separator is the first process vessel in a production operation, the wellhead separator operates at or near wellhead pressures.

SFR Swiss Franc (Abbreviation).SGD Singapore dollar (Abbreviation).SHALE OIL (OIL SHALE) Oil obtained from Shale, currently non-profitable but potentially a huge source of future oil. See also synfuels and tar sand.SHALE SHAKERS Screens for extracting rock cuttings from the circulating drilling mud. See MudSHOE The strong fitting on the lower end of a string of casing to protect the tubular and help direct the cement to the annulus.SHOW Evidence of hydrocarbons in a formation for example fluorescence in cuttings, or gas in the mud returning from down hole.SHUT-IT PRESSURE The pressure in a shut-in well; static pressure. See productivity index.SIDE-TRACK/SIDE-TRACKED WELL

A well re-drilled from the side at any depth. Wells are re-directed or sidetracked for various reasons. The most common reason will generally be because of technical problems deeper in the original well.

SIDEWALL CORING Obtaining rock samples from the sides of a borehole using a special sidewall-coring tool.SIMEX Singapore Monetary Exchange (Abbreviation).SLEEVE See coupling.

SLICKIf an oil tanker runs aground or sinks an environmental disaster known as an "oil slick" will probably occur. An oil slick is a layer of oil floating on water, this can be devastating to marine life and very costly to clean up. Estimates suggest 2 million barrels are lost every year in this way.

SLOT Part of a drill shirttail that guides the drill tube.SOLUTION GAS See Associated GasSOUNDING WELL Hole for obtaining data concerning the characteristics of a field.SOUR CRUDE 'high sulfur crude.SOUR GAS H2S Di-hydrogen Sulfide, dangerous gas found when producing oil.

SOUR GAS (H2S) HAMMER LUG UNION

Special equipment is essential when dealing with sour gas, Light green is the conventional color of sour gas equipment.

SOUR/SWEET CRUDE The degree of a given crude's sulfur content. Sour refers to high sulfur and sweet to low-sulfur.SPACER A pressure containing peice of equipment used to connect and provide separation between other peices of equipment.SPECIAL UNIONS Manufacturers like Anson are capable of producing both small and large pieces of equipment to suit customer requirements.SPECIFIC GRAVITY / SG Specific gravity is a measure of density, usually calculated by comparing with water.SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the US. (Acronym).SPUD To start drilling a new well SQUEEZE Inserting cement under pressure into the poorly sealed annulus of a well, the cement must squeeze past the existing material.STAINLESS STEEL Corrosion resistant steel, more than 11% chromium.

STAND OF PIPE A short length of drill pipe stored vertically in the derrick pre-assembled to save time in operations and ready for use. Usually the stand of pipe is assembled in to lengths of three joints.

STANDPIPE GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET Manifold fitting supposedly in the shape of a goose’s neck.

STANDPIPE GOOSENECK WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG (MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Manifold fitting supposedly in the shape of a goose’s neck. The bullplug denotes that one of the ends is blocked.

STANDPIPE MUD MANIFOLDS Standpipe mud manifolds utilize a range of mud valves and forged manifold fittings and are therefore suited to the use of abrasive materials.

STATIC SEALSeals in which no motion exists.

STEAM CRACKER A petrochemical plant that produces olefins, particularly ethylene, and, in some cases, aromatics.

STICKING Jamming of the drill string in the well borehole, caused usually by a high differential pressure and a build-up of mud solids on the rock face.

STOOIPSTOOIP = Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place. Description of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as distinct from 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced. Oil or gas in place (OIP, GIP) before the start of production is known as Oil or Gas Originally in Place or Initially in Place. (e.g. ; GIIP = Gas Initially in Place).

STORAGE Set of facilities for storing oil.STRADDLE PACKER A rubber packer or seal isolating a section of a well for production testing.

STRAIGHT-RUN Substance which has come straight from an atmospheric distillation unit and has not been cracked or reformed, and which is usually used as a feedstock or as a utility fuel.

STRATA Rock layers making up the terrain both above and below ground.STRESS CORROSION CRACKING Cracking due to a combination of corrosion and stress.

STATUM Stratum of terrain, mineral deposits in superposed layers.STRING See Joint, Drill-string, Casing, pup joint etc. Any number of connected joints of tubulars run in the well.STRIPPING Injecting water or steam into the distillation residue to recover light molecules. Stripping is a separation process.STRUCTURE 1. A geological formation which, if sealed against leakage, could be a potential trap for hydrocarbons.

2. A man-made load-bearing construction, such as an offshore platform, usually designed by structural / civil engineers.

STUDDED BLOCKSLarge solid blocks are bored out to make blocks onto which flanges can be attached via studs.

STUDDED FLANGE CONNECTIONS Flanges end and outlet connections in which thread anchored studs screwed into tapped holes replace the holes for bolt studs.

SUBSOIL Part of the earth’s crust located below the surface.SULPHIDE STRESS CRACKING Cracking of metallic materials due to exposure to hydrogen sulphide.

SURFACE Top part of the earth’s crust. The surface of the ground.

SURFACE SAFETY VALVESSV, Automatic wellhead valve which closes upon loss of power.

SUSPENDED WELL A well, usually a successful discovery well that is left temporarily sealed or plugged. A suspended well will be re-entered for further testing or for production purposes.

SWABBING Reducing pressure to clean or stimulate a well.SWEET CRUDE Low sulfur crude.

SWIVEL JOINT Joint between two pipes (or other fittings) that can be freely rotated to change the direction of flow.

SYNFUEL Synthetic petroleum products produced from coal, natural gas, shale, tar sands or other sources.TANKER Used to transport oil around the world. Super tankers are huge ships with enormous oil holding capacity.TAR SAND Another substance from which petroleum can be recovered, large deposits are currently mined in Canada. Tar Sand is a synfuel.TC Time charter (Acronym)TECHNICAL RESERVES Technical Reserves are theoretical at a gross operating margin by e.g. normal primary or secondary recovery methodsTECTONICS The movement of tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust.

TEE (LONG SWEEP FULL FLOW MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Symmetrical tee shaped manifold fitting.

TEE (LONG SWEEP MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Asymmetrical tee shaped manifold fitting.

TEE BLOCK FITTING Smaller with sharper corners than the longsweep manifold fitting.

TEE WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG (LONG SWEEP MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Asymmetrical tee shaped manifold fitting. The bullplug denotes that one of the ends is completely blocked, therefore it will act like an elbow.

TEMPERATURE Measurement of heat. Kelvin K is an absolute scale starting at absolute zero. Celsius/ centigrade and Fahrenheit are more commonly used.

TERMINAL Plant and equipment designed to process crude oil or gas to remove impurities and water.

THREADED HAMMER LUG UNION

A hammer lug union is a coupling consisting of a male a female and a nut. Rather than being welded onto its connection threaded hammer lug unions are made so that they thread onto the part they are connecting with.

THROUGHPUT The amount of raw materials processed by a plant in a given time.TIE-IN Connecting one pipeline to another or to equipment. Hence "pipeline tie in" commonly describes the connection itself.TIME MAP A contoured map of a subsurface geological formation based on the time taken to reflect seismic impulses.

TIME SETTLEMENT On the futures market work is performed after the order is paid, this makes it possible to trade goods before taking possession of them.

TOOLPUSHER The name given to the chief engineer of a drilling crew, the man with overall responsibility for the rig in the field.TOP CONNECTOR The uppermost fitting of a christmas tree that allows full bore access.

TOP ENTRY CHECK VALVE With this sort of check valve the valve doesn’t have to be removed from its position in order to be checked.

TOPPING The primary distillation phase of a refinery process.

TOTAL DEPTH (T.D)1. The target depth for a well.

2. The drilled depth in a well at any one time.

TOUR

As in Tour of Duty.

1. Drilling or other shift - usually 12 hours.

2. Any longer period of duty for example 14 days offshore, or a period of assignment to a remote or foreign location.

TRACEABILITY The ability for parts to be identified and their origins found. Traceability of Anson products means that throughout the supply chain you can be assured of only the highest quality.

TREATING IRON The common slang name given to pup joints etc.

TREATMENT Set of procedures for separating the various components of the effluent in order to obtain crude oil.TREES As in Surface Test Trees and Christmas Trees.TRIP GAS High-pressure gas in a well that must be kept under control when withdrawing the drill string, i.e. “making a trip”.

TUBING The steel tubular elements in the center of the well, by which the effluent is evacuated to the surface. Tubing is nornally differentiated from casing by the fact that it is not always permanently installed.

TUBING HANGER, threaded/mandrel The Tubing hanger is a mechanism used to support a tubing string in a tubing head.

TUBING HEAD ADAPTER Adapts the uppermost connection of a tubing head to the lowermost valve of the christmas tree. TUBING HEAD SPOOL Attaches to the uppermost casing head (or smallest casing string).Suspends the tubing and seals the annulus.TUNGSTEN CARBIDE An extremely hard coating used in tools, abrasives and wear resistant parts.TWIST OFF Breaking the drill pipe due to either fatigue or excessive torque.UKC United Kingdom Continent (Acronym).ULCC Ultra large crude carrier; has capacity for 320,000 to 600,000 dwt. (Acronym)UNDERWATER SAFETY Valve used in an underwater wellhead location which closes upon loss of power, uses a USV actuator.

VALVE

UNION 1. See hammer lug union.

2. Group of workers, i.e. members of a union.UNL Unleaded. (Abbreviation).UPDIP An area of a structure where the top of the formation is higher than the point under considerationUPSTREAM The process of developing oil fields, exploring for oil, and producing oil from oil fields. Downstream is the opposite of upstream.USAC United States Atlantic Coast (Acronym).USD United States dollar (Acronym), dollar sign commonly used ($).USG United States Gulf (Acronym)USWC United States West Coast (Acronym)UTILITIES Set of plants to produce everything needed (water, electricity, and other) to operate a field in production.

VALVE A device for regulating the flow of fluid through a system.

VALVE BORE SEALING The flow through the bore can be shut off via such mechanisms as, gates, balls, plugs, poppets, flappers and their respective seats.

VALVE : 'COMPACT' PLUGA small version of the plug valve that works by having a plug that rotates to reveal a hole through which fluid can travel.

VALVE : CROWN The uppermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree, above the flowline output VALVE : FULL BORE A valve whose closure mechanism has the same bore dimensions as the valve body.

VALVE : GATEA valve that works by lowering a gate to block the flow of fluid, the gate can be lifted to resume the flow of fluid.

VALVE : IN LINE CHECK A valve that can regulated the direction of the flow of fluid in one direction.

VALVE : MASTER The lowermost valve on the vertical bore of the christmas tree. It is used to completley shut in the well.

VALVE : MUD

A valve that acts under the same principles as the gate valve. The mud valve is specifically suitable to abrasive applications such as the control of mud.

VALVE : 'PREMIER' PLUG The premier plug is a larger plug valve than the compact plug valve.

VALVE : REDUCED OPENING A valve with either a venturi or other opening through the closure mechanism.VALVE : SWAB See VALVE: CROWN.

VALVE : TOP ENTRY CHECK

A valve that can regulated the direction of the flow of fluid in one direction. It can be checked for maintenance purposes by unscrewing the top.

VALVE : VENTURI Has a reduced opening and is well streamlined to reduce pressure loss. In someways similar to a crossover.

VALVE : WING Valve that can be used to shut off well flow, located on the christmas tree but not on the vertical run.

VALVE ACTUATOR (DA, DAO)

Double acting hydraulic actuators are designated DA for double acting and DAO for double acting with manual override, they do not use a spring return like the FSC and FSO.

VALVE ACTUATOR (FSC AND FSO)

Gate valves fitted with hydraulic fail safe spring return actuators are designated FSC for fail-safe closed and FSO for fail safe open. They offer a flexible solution to surface safety and fail safe valve applications.

VANADIUM Elemental metal present in certain types of fuelVENT To avoid dangerous excess pressures building up a gas safety-exhausting system is required.

VGO Vacuum gasoil, known commonly as cat feed. Feedstock for fluid catalytic cracker also used to make gasoline, No.2 oil and other byproducts. (Abbreviation).

VISBREAKING This is a thermal cracking process. Like catalytic cracking, it breaks up large molecules into smaller ones. Visbreaking is applied to the residue of vacuum distillation as part of an overall conversion process.

VISCOSITY Viscosity. The resistance of a fluid to flow, due to the mutual adherence of its molecules. A measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. Several viscosity scales are used depending on the type of oil being measured.

VLCC Very large crude carrier; capacity for 200,000 to 320,000 dwt. (Acronym)VOLUMETRIC NDT Examines internally, i.e radiography or ultrasonic testing.WATER SATURATION Water in the pore spaces of a reservoir. Usually measured as a proportion. See Porosity.

WEATHER WINDOW Period of time during which the weather service thinks fair weather will last long enough to carry out a weather dependant operation. For example maneuvering a platform.

WELD A fusion of materials, with or without the addition of filler materials.

WELDED ELBOWS

Elbows are fittings that change the direction of flow of the fluid. They are bent in the shape of an elbow. One of the methods of making a strong elbow from a forging is to fabricate it via welding.

WELDED PUP JOINTS

Pup Joint is the term used to describe a length of pipe/ tubing / joint of any length. One of the methods of making a strong pupjoint from a forging is to fabricate its hammer union ends via welding.

WELL TESTING Testing in an exploration or appraisal well is to estimate the reserves in that well, in addition to well productivity.

WELLHEAD

Some use the term "Wellhead" as a description of a location or function rather than a specific item of equipment. However Anson refers to its production wellheads as simply wellheads. See also Production Wellhead. API6A says that a wellhead is all permanent equipment between the uppermost portion of the surface casing and the tubing head adapter connection.

WETTED SURFACE If a surface will ever be in contact with pressurised well fluid it is a wetted surface. WHITE OIL Lighter products from the top end of the refining process. So called because of their transparent appearance.WILDCAT WELL An exploration well in an unproved area. Drained one or more miles from a proven well.WING UNION See hammer lug union.

WIRE LINE A flexible cable and reel is used to lower log or maintenance equipment down a well, rather than a rigid drill string. Using a wireline means considerable savings of equipment, manpower and time.

WORKOVER Maintenance job on a well, generally to replace equipment or to stimulate production.WROUGHT Describes products or materials made via forging. A wrought structure is said to contain no cast dendritic structure.WTI West Texas Intermediate. The WTI spot price of crude is reported from Cushing, Oklahoma. (Acronym)WTS West Texas Sour (Acronym)WYO SWT Wyoming Sweet (Abbreviation).

XMAS TREESOil industry term for a wellhead, specifically the top of the wellhead where there is a collection of valves and fittings.

YIELD STRENGTH The stress level at which material plastically deforms.ZONE The area between two depths in a well containing a reservoir or other characteristics.

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H/P High pour

HAMMER LUG UNIONS

Used to join (union) two parts together. The Lug refers to the nut that can be hit with a hammer to uncouple the union. Sometimes referred to as Wing Unions, Couplings, Sleeves or just Unions.

H2S (SOUR GAS) HAMMER LUG UNION

Sour Gas Unions are manufactured in accordance with NACE Standard MR-01-75 (Latest Revision).

HAMMER LUG UNION FIGURE NUMBER 100

A low-pressure general purpose threaded union suitable for air, water, oil or gas service. ANSON Fig.100 unions are manufactured from steel, not cast iron. This has enabled us to reduce the weight and physical dimensions, at the same time retaining interchangeability with our competitors inferior brands.The Figure 100 gets its name from its ability to withstand 1,000 psi cwp (69 bar).


The Figure 1002 union is a high-pressure low alloy steel union fitted with a replaceable elastomer seal ring.In sizes between 1 and 4 " the figure 1002 is designed for 10,000 psi, at sizes of 5" and 6" it covers a respectable 7,500 psi. The 1 inch through to 4 inch sizes have lip type seals and the 5 inch and 6 inch utilize 'O' rings. The 5-inch and 6 inch are available in Butt Weld only.


All Fig.1003 Unions are misaligned types and will allow for a misalignment of up to 7.1/2° off the center line, 15° included. The exception is the 2-inch which has an included maximum of 7° or 3.1/2° off the centerline. Available as Line Pipe Threaded or Butt Weld with 5-inch unions available Butt-Weld only. Both 2 and 3 inch allow for 10,000 psi cwp (690 bar), the 4 and 5-inch sizes allow for 7,500 psi cwp (483 bar).


The 5 inch and 6 inch Fig. 1002 Unions utilize elastomer 'O' rings for sealing purposes. This type of union must be made up perfectly square and if not it can be troublesome. To improve matters ANSON have introduced two new sizes of Butt Weld Unions that utilize lip type

http://www.anson.co.uk/oilfield_glossary.html#top%23top

elastomer seals similar to those fitted into the smaller unions. We have called them "Figure 1004". They are available in Standard Service or Sour Gas trim.


With the ability to superbly handle 15,000-psi cwp, the Fig.1502 Union is probably the most widely used end connection of the hammer union family. It is used in a wide range of applications due to its rugged construction. The figure 1502 is available with Line Pipe Threads or Butt Weld ends, in standard or Sour Gas trim. ANSON have introduced a 5 inch and 6 inch Figure 1502 (Butt Weld only) for those applications where modern demands are calling for greater flow rates at high pressure.


A general purpose, all steel constructed union designed to meet a variety of applications up to and including service at 2000 pounds per square inch. The Figure 200 is a compact and economical union, available with Threaded and buttweld ends.


Standard Service Figure 2002 Unions are manufactured throughout from the finest of steels selected to give the ultimate in performance. Lip type elastomer seals with anti-extrusion rings are supplied with this union. Available Butt-Weld only.


The Figure 206 is the Figure 200 with a secondary seal to supplement the metal-to-metal ball and cone seat. All dimensions and weights are the same as for the Figure 200 range of unions.


Figure 207 Blanking Caps and unions are fully interchangeable with Figure 200 and 206 unions. For use where the blanking off at the end of a line is desirable. The cap is fitted with an 'O' ring to ensure a leakproof seal.


The Figure 2202 Sour Gas Union is ruggedly proportioned and manufactured to the highest quality standards to ensure safety and reliability in service. Lip type elastomer seals with stainless steel anti-extrusion rings are fitted as standard. All H2S Service Unions manufactured by Anson are subjected to vigorous examination to ensure the latest requirements of N.A.C.E. are adhered to and the product is fit for purpose. Anson are active members of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. (NACE).


The Anson suction and low pressure Figure 50 is manufactured from steel throughout and is available Threaded or Socket Weld in 4 inch or 5 inch sizes. The same nut and 'O' ring are used in both sizes, male and female blanking caps are also available.The Anson Figure 50 is so named because it is designed to withstand 500-psi cold working pressure (35 bar).


The Figure 600 is designed to easily perform at 6000 psi (414 bar).It is a bronze seated union designed to combat rust and corrosion on lines where a metal-to-metal seal is desirable and condensation is a problem. The Fig.600 is ideal for steam service.

HAMMER LUG UNION SPECSThe specifications for all of the standard hammer lug unions are compared on the hammer lug union page of the Anson site.

HANGER MANDREL The portion of a casing which is attached to the tubular string by a threaded connection, that forms the upper end of the tubular string.HDA Hydrodealkylation, this is the process used for making benzene from toluene. (Abbreviation).HEAT CAST LOT, Material originating from a final melt. For remelted alloys it is defined as the raw material originating from one remelted ingot.

HEAT AFFECTED ZONE HAZ, The part of the metal whose mechanical properties may have been altered by the heat of welding/cutting.

HEAT SENSITIVE LOCKOPEN DEVICE

Device installed on a SSV actuator. Closes with heat.

HEAT TREATMENT Controlled heating/ cooling of materials that change a materials properties.HEAVY CRUDE OIL The lower the API gravity, the heavier the oil. Heavy crude oil generally has API gravity lower than 28 degrees.

HEAVY DUTY BLOCK FITTINGS These are forged fittings of a compact nature with sharp corners.

HELIUM Lighter than air gas, element He.HINGE VALVE See Check Valve.HKD Hong Kong dollar (Acronym).HLS Heavy Louisiana Sweet (Acronym).HO Heating oil (Acronym).HOLD PERIOD The time that the product is subjected to pressure and isolated from the pressure source. HORIZONTAL DRILLING Directional drilling in which the hole is drilled horizontally.

HOSE LIFTERAn Anson Patented device used for hoisting hose via cranes etc.

HOSES Also known as loops, they contain swivel joints, unions and pipe and can therefore be unraveled to make flexible hose.

HS High sulfur (Acronym).HSFO High sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).HYDROCARBON Compound formed from Carbon and Hydrogen, for example oil and gas.HYDROGEN Lightest of gases H2. Combined with oxygen = water, combined with carbon = hydrocarbons. Element HHYDROPHONE When performing seismic exploration at sea an acoustical sensor is used to collect reflected waves.IMPERMEABLE ROCK A rock without significant or poorly communicating pore spaces, such that fluid will not flow through.INJECTION WELL A well that is used to inject water or gas in order to maintain pressure, or to bring a field back under pressure.

IN LINE CHECK VALVE In line check valves are a compact way of ensuring fluid flows in only one direction.

IN PLACEDescription of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as distinct from 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced. Oil or gas in place (OIP, GIP) before the start of production is known as Oil or Gas Originally in Place or Initially in Place. (e.g. STOOIP = Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place; GIIP = Gas Initially in Place).

IOC Indian Oil Corp. (Acronym).IPE International Petroleum Exchange (Acronym).

IRON Used to describe the various steel fittings and pipes associated with oilfield production.

ISO 9001 International Standards Organization. Model for Quality Assurance in Design & Development, Production, Installation and ServicingISOCHRONE A line on a map or chart that connects points at which an event occurs simultaneously or which represents the same time or direction.

ISOMERATE A gasoline blendstock made in an isomerization unit

IZOMERISATION This is the chemical process by which a compound is transformed into any of its isomeric forms, e.g. molecules that have identical elementary composition, but have a different atomic structure.

ITT In-tank transfer (Acronym).J.R. Character from the soap opera "Dallas", first shown in 1980. A fictional representation of a Texan oil baron. JACKET Steel structure placed at the bottom of the sea, the deck supports drilling / production facilities.

JARS Down hole tools inserted in the drill-string when fishing to jerk or jar the fish (object in well) free by repeated sudden blows. They may also be used while drilling to avoid the drill-string becoming stuck. (see fishing)

JET FUEL Aircraft fuel, obtained via distillation and sweetening. Jet fuel is transparent.

JOINT

A single length of pipe. Coupled or welded to other lengths, joints become a string. The term joint may also refer to the couplings or joints themselves.

JOINTS (FORGED PUP)The coupling ends of Joints can be manufactured via forging allowing correctly contoured grain flow and thus very strong joints.

JOINTS (WELDED PUP) Fabrication methods such as welding can also be used to create pup joints.

JUNK Any unwanted object 'lost' down a well. Fishing may have to be done to remove it.KELLYKERO Kerosene, commonly referred to as paraffin in some places (Abbreviation).KICK OFF Well that’s inclination and orientation are determined to reach an area that is not directly below the well. I.e. a deflected well.KILL To shut down a well.

KILO Metric measurement (SI unit, as opposed to imperial) meaning 1000 i.e. 1000 grams, abbreviated to kg. (Kilograms). For example kilometer (km) = 1000 meters.

KT One thousand metric tons see Kilo. (Abbreviation).L.A. Los Angeles, Californian city.LAKE Inland stretch of water LAGOON Stretch of seawater between the coast and the mainland.L/P Low pourLANDED COST (OF OIL) The cost of oil off-loaded at a port. Similar to CIF, but would also include any duties fees or taxes.

LATERAL BLOCK FITTING A 45-degree tee shaped fitting. Available with cushioned ends thus making them somewhat like a 45-degree elbow.

LIFTER Attached to a pipe and to the hook of a crane, allows pipes to be quickly lifted up and placed. LIFTING Tankers and barges loading petroleum at a terminal or transfer point.LIGHT CRUDE OIL Light Crude Oil has an API gravity higher than 33 degrees. The higher the API gravity, the lighter the crude oil.LIGHT PRODUCTS, LIGHT ENDS The groups of petroleum products with lower boiling temperatures including gasoline (petrol) and distillate fuels.LIP SEALS ANSON Lip and 'O' Ring type Seals are available for standard service in Nitrile and Fluroelastomer for use in Sour Gas Service. Manufacture

is closely monitored so as to guarantee the correct Shore hardness and composition. Sour Gas 'Superseals' are molded in special materials

to resist explosive decompression for safety and reliability.

LITHOLOGY The study of rocks and therefore the description of different formations encountered by a wellLLS Light Louisiana Sweet (Acronym).LNG Liquefied natural gas (Acronym).LOADING FLANGE Installations required to export crude oil to a refinery.LOCK SCREWS A series of threaded pins extending through the wall of a tubing/ casing head, used to lock down hangers or energize seals.

LOG/LOGGING ETC

There are various definitions, but chiefly:

1. Written chronological records such as shift logs, maintenance logs, and mud logs which also record cuttings recovered from a well.

2. Devices for taking measurements of formations, physical conditions, and fluids encountered by a well, together with the records produced by them. The main types of well logs are Electrical, Mechanical, Magnetic, Sonic, Nuclear.

LONG RADIUS FEMALE THREADED ENDED SWIVEL JOINT

Type of swivel joint manufactured by Anson.

LONG RADIUS HAMMER UNION ENDED SWIVEL JOINT


LONGLIFE SWIVEL JOINTA field proven swivel joint design

LOOPS

Loop is the term used to describe circulating hose in its storage configuration. The hammer lug unions on the loop can be quickly separated, unraveling the loop leads to a flexible hose that can be positioned in any direction.

LOW ALLOY STEEL Steel containing less than 5% alloying elements, or less than 11% chromium.

LPG Liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane produced at refineries or at natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw natural gas plant liquids. (Acronym).

LRP Lead Replacement Petrol (Acronym)LS Low sulfur (Abbreviation).LSFO Low sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).LSWR Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil (Abbreviation).LVN Light virgin naphtha (Acronym)MAGNETIC FIELD Area where magnetic phenomena occurMAGNETOMETRY Magnetic field measurements by geologistsMAKE AND BREAK To connect and disconnect a connection.MAKE UP/BREAK OUT To assemble/screw together the sections of joints of a string of pipe. 'Breaking out' is the opposite, i.e. to disassemble.MANIFOLD FITTINGS ANSON Full Flow High Pressure Manifold Fittings are manufactured from wrought steel. Crosses and tees are closed die forged to ensure

they have a well defined and correctly contoured grain flow, high integrity and uniformity of shape. Elbows (90 degree and 45 degree) are produced from tubulars or hollow bar, hot formed on purpose-made bending machines or forged in closed dies.Most other manufacturers' fittings are made from castings or 'token forged plate'. Correctly forged fittings manufactured by ANSON give that extra assurance that is so

critical when quality, integrity, strength, durability and cost are the requisite criteria.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS : FULL FLOW CROSS

Type of manifold fitting, a cross but with smooth insides.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS : LONG SWEEP 90 DEGREE ELBOW

Type of manifold fitting.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS : LONG SWEEP FULL FLOW TEE


MANIFOLD FITTINGS : LONG SWEEP TEE


MANIFOLD FITTINGS : LONG SWEEP TEE WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG

Type of manifold fitting. The bullplug end means that one of the ends of the tee is blocked.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS : LONGSWEEP 45 DEGREE ELBOW


MANIFOLD FITTINGS : STANDPIPE GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET


MANIFOLD FITTINGS : STANDPIPE GOOSENECK WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG


MANIFOLD FITTINGS SPECIFICATION MENU Type of manifold fitting.

MANIFOLDSSet of pipes and valves directing fluid.

MANIFOLDS FOR CEMENT Set of pipes and valves directing fluid specifically cement.

MANIFOLDS FOR CHOKE AND KILL

Set of pipes and valves directing and controlling fluid flow.

MANTLE1. Impermeable layer over a reservoir, the mantle prevents the hydrocarbons contained in it from migrating to other rocks.

2. The Earth’s Mantle is the part of the Earth between the crust and the core.MARGINAL A well, development, etc. whose commercial profitability is in doubt. If the well is marginal it may not become a commercial well.MED Mediterranean (Abbreviation)MERCAPTAN Molecules containing sulfur, very light because of low molecular weight.METRIC TON A standard measurement: averages 7.33 barrels of crude oil. The mass of one metric ton is equal to 1000 kg (see kilo)

MIDGRADE UNLEADED Unleaded gasoline with an 89 R+M/2 octane rating.

MIGRATION

1. Hydrocarbons are often found in formations other than those in which their organic source was deposited. This movement of hydrocarbons, often over considerable distances is known as migration.

2. Migration is also a process applied to data recorded, e.g. in a "3-D" seismic survey, to adjust for the effects of the "oblique" angle at which it was gathered.

MILLIDARCY Darcy is a measurement of rock permeability, (a millidarcy is one thousandth of a Darcy)MOGAS Abbreviation for motor gasoline (Abbreviation).MOLECULE Chemically linked atoms, generally electrically neutral.MON Motor Octane Number (Acronym)MOTHER ROCK The rock in which hydrocarbons are formed, also known as source rock.MT Metric ton (Abbreviation).MTBE Methyl tertiary butyl ether -- an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending. (Acronym)MTH Month (Abbreviation).

MUD

Mud is drilling fluid. Mud consists mainly as a mixture of water, or oil distillate, and 'heavy' minerals such as Bentonite or Barites. Mud is pumped into a well at densities calculated to provide a hydrostatic pressure sufficient to overcome downhole formation pressures such as gas kick. The mud is continuously circulated down to the bit, and returns in the annular space outside the drill-string, bringing with it rock cuttings for inspection and keeping the well clean. Mud is also engineered to maintain a thin protective layer of filter-cake on the bore hole wall, but without excessive weight which would decrease the weight on the bit and hence penetration (see Drill String). Wrongly configured mud could also possibly lead to differential sticking and formation damage. Mud is pumped from the mud pit / tank into the drill stem. On return from down hole the mud is recovered and the shale shakers remove rock cuttings, it can then be re-circulated.

MUD LOG A Mud Log is the record of mud make-up and analysis of cuttings recovered.

MUD MANIFOLDS (STANDPIPE)

Standpipe Mud Manifolds utilize a range of mud valves and forged manifold fittings. At 7500 psi as compared to 20000psi, Mud manifolds experience less pressure than Cement manifolds.

MUD PIT / TANK Mud is pumped from the mud pit / tank via the standpipe, rotary hose and gooseneck to the swivel, and into the drill stem. This is the sump filled with mud that feeds the circulation cycle

MUD VALVE

Provide resilient sealing in harsh applications. They are purpose made for mud, cement, fracturing and water service. Mud valves are particularly suited to abrasive applications.

MULTISTAGE CROSSOVER SPOOL Connection with more than one restricted area sealing means to provide suitable means to suspend and seal around many inner rings of casing at several stages.

N/A Not applicable (Abbreviation).N+A Naphthenes and aromatics (Abbreviation).NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers (Acronym)NAMAS National Measurements Accreditation Service. (Abbreviation) NAPHTHA Straight-run gasoline fractions. Used as a feedstock for reforming and as a petrochemical feedstock.NAPHTHENIC A high naphthenes contentNAPHTHENIC NAPHTHA Usually favored as reformer feedstock.NGL Natural gas liquids. Includes ethane, propane, butane and condensate. (Acronym).

NITRIDE A nitride coating is a very hard coating that will increase the hardness and thus wear life of a surface. Useful when abrasive substances come into contact with equipment, e.g. mud valves.

NITRILE SEALS

Nitrile has excellent resistance to mineral oils and is specially formulated to give low temperature flexibility coupled with resistance to most oil well fluids.

NITROGEN Simple nonmetallic element that constitutes approximately 80% of the air. Symbol N.

NODDING DONKEY The general name given to conventional onshore wellhead production beam pumps. The nodding action of the donkeys head shaped counter weight gives the pump its name.

NOR Notice Of Readiness (Acronym)NPH Naphtha (Abbreviation)NS ISO.9001 Norske Standard, as ISO9001.NS.5801 Norske Standard Specification for Design Development, Production, Installation and ServicingNWE Northwest Europe (Abbreviation).NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange (Acronym).

'O' RING SEALS

Lip and 'O' Ring type Seals are available for standard service in Nitrile and Fluroelastomer for use in Sour Gas Service. Manufacture is closely monitored so as to guarantee the correct Shore hardness and composition. Sour Gas 'Superseals' are molded in special materials to resist explosive decompression for safety and reliability.

OCTANE NUMBER A measure of the detonation quality of gasoline. The higher the octane number, the higher the resistance to engine knock, i.e. the fuel ignites when the piston is in the correct part of the cylinder, not before.

OFFSHORE Designates oil fields and production at sea, opposite of onshore. OIL BEARING RESERVOIR Rock containing voids pores, or a network of cracks, in which fluids can circulate.OIL COLUMN/GAS COLUMN The vertical distance between the two points of highest and lowest known oil (or gas) contained in a reservoir.OIL TERMINAL Facilities used for storing oil and natural gas as well as loading and unloading facilities.

OIL/WATER CONTACT The lower end of the oil column in a reservoir with underlying water. This oil/water contact may be graduated or may occur in formations where it is difficult to detect.

OIP , GIPDescription of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as distinct from 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced. Oil or gas in place (OIP, GIP) before the start of production is known as Oil or Gas Originally in Place or Initially in Place. (e.g. STOOIP = Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place; GIIP = Gas Initially in Place).

OLEFINS A group of chemicals characterized by their straight or branched structure. Includes ethylene, the largest volume petrochemical, and butadiene and propylene.

ON STREAM When production is flowing, or plant is in operation, i.e. when everything is working to plan.

ONE WAY VALVEAllows hydrocarbons to travel in only one direction.

OPEC

In 1973 a fourfold increase in the price of oil was brought about by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. By raising or lowering production OPEC can control the price of oil. OPEC countries include:

Venezuela, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Quatar, United Arab Emirates, IndonesiaOPEN FLOW Describes producing a well without chokes or beans. Unrestricted production normally for testing or maintenance purposes.

OPEN HOLE A section of well borehole without casing.ORGANIC Having to do with living matter. Organic chemistry covers all substances containing carbon, hence it covers hydrocarbons.OUT-TURN The quantity of oil that is unloaded from a vessel at a discharge point.OXYGENATE Oxygen-containing blend stocks that are favored for their octane and their clean burning quality. Includes ethanol and MTBE.P/C Part-cargo (Abbreviation).

PACKER A seal used to isolate a section of a well, e.g. production from one of several formations or for testing. Packers are also used in operations such as acidizing and cementing.

PADD Petroleum Allocation for Defense District. A group of five geographic areas in the US used in reference to petroleum distribution. (Acronym)PARAFFINIC A high paraffin content.PARAFFINIC NAPHTHA Usually favored quality of naphtha for ethylene plant feedstock because of a high paraffin content.PAY ZONE/HORIZON A formation containing hydrocarbons.PCT Percent (Abbreviation). Usually % symbol is used.PERFORATION/PERFORATING GUN

Holes punched in the casing of a well at the pay zone to be produced, to allow oil or gas to enter the well. A Perforating Gun is a cylindrical tool loaded with explosives that are triggered opposite the pay zone, the explosions perforate the casing in many places.

PERMEABILITY The degree to which a body of rock will permit a fluid to flow through it. Permeability is a function of the shape of the capillary pore spaces and the degree to which pores are connected. Impermeable rock is not permeable.

PETROCHEMICALS Chemicals derived from petroleum; i.e. feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and synthetic rubber etc. Petrochemicals include benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, and methanol.

PETROL In the UK (and some other countries) petrol has the same meaning as Gasoline does in the United States.

PETROLEUM Means ‘Stone oil’ from the Latin petra oleum, an inflammable liquid varying in color (yellow-black), consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is found in sedimentary strata of the Earth’s crust.

PETROLEUM ARCHITECT His job is to design and propose a variety of possible reservoir development architectures (wells, effluent treatment, surface installations etc.)PETROLOGY The study of rocks, their origin, their chemical and physical properties and their distribution.PG Persian Gulf (Occasionally referred to as Arab Gulf--AG). Sea surrounded by middle eastern oil producing countries. PIN As in pin and box, the pin is the male coupling end of a drillpipe.

PINCH OUT The thinning out and disappearance over a distance of a formation, for example an oil bearing sandstone between layers of impermeable rock.

PIPE Tube used in a drill string.

PIPE FITTINGS The fittings associated with pipework.

PIPELINE Length of pipes carrying oil.

PIPE RACK

Racks or frames are often used to store tubulars horizontally in yards and or offshore decks, and when transporting them offshore. Pipe racks are also used where stands of drill pipe are stacked vertically in a derrick ready for use.

PIPE RAMS Hydraulic rams in a blowout preventer (BOP) which are shaped to fit around the drill-stem and seal the annulus. Blind Rams are designed for extreme emergencies, they will only be used when it is necessary to shear through the drill pipe and seal the well completely.

PIPER ALPHA A tragic accident occurred on this north sea platform when it was engulfed in flames.PLATFORM Set of facilities used to extract oil from sea fields. The platform rises above the sea.PLUG VALVE A valve with a cylindrical rotating center, through the cylinder is a hole. When the hole is correctly lined up fluid can flow through the valve.

Similar to a stopcock but on a larger scale.

PLUG/PLUG AND ABANDON To completely seal a well, or part of a well with cement, e.g. before producing from a higher formation, sidetracking, or leaving the well permanently sealed and abandoned.

POLYMERS Hydrocarbon chains made from monomers. The most common include widely traded plastics like, polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene.

PONA Paraffin, Olefins, Naphthenes and Aromatics content. (Acronym).POOL An Oil Pool is a reservoir or group of reservoirs sharing the same pressure system

POROSITY The volume of free space between the grains of a rock capable of holding fluid, (gas or liquid). Porosity is expressed as a percentage of total gross rock volume.

POSTED PRICE A statement of the price requested by a seller of crude oil or products. Commonly referred to as the "list price."POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT Heat treatment after welding. PPM Parts per million (Acronym). PPT Prompt (Abbreviation).PREM Premium (Abbreviation).

'PREMIER' PLUG VALVE

Premier Flanged Plug Valves to API.6A are available with either full or regular bore with corresponding face to face dimensions.Manufactured from closed die forged steel, they can be supplied in any of the API material classes suitable for Temperature Classification P through to U as standard or K, L or X to order.

PRESSURE Force acting on a given surface. I.e. force divided by area, see PSI.PRESSURE BOMB A down hole pressure recording capsule. A pressure bomb is used for well monitoring.PRI Plastic and Rubber Institution.PRODUCTION Phase of commercial operation of an oil field.

PRODUCTION CASING STRING The innermost steel lining of a well, cemented in place, in the pay zone the casing is perforated for production. Production tubing is inserted inside this casing.

PRODUCTION TESTING A production test concerns the capability of a well to produce, (productivity) and also its effects on the reservoir. A production test may continue for several months. Extensive data is necessary prior to the final commitment of development expenditures.

PRODUCTION TUBING STRING The string of pipe installed inside the production casing string of a production well. The tubing is installed to a point just above the reservoir. It may be 2" to 5" diameter or more, depending on the production flow and pressures anticipated.

PRODUCTION WELL/PRODUCER A development well specifically for the extraction of reservoir fluids.PRODUCTION WELLHEAD AND TREE

The assembly of casing head, tubing head, connections and well-control valves fitted to a producing well. The "Christmas Tree" is the name given to the complete assembly of valves, connecting flanges etc that sits on top of the wellhead.

PRODUCTIVITY/PRODUCTIVITY INDEX

The continuous productive capacity of a well. The Index is measured as rate of volume produced (e.g. barrels per day) divided by the drop in pressure (p.s.i.) to achieve that flow rate. The productivity index starts with a "shut in" pressure.

PROSPECT Underground area where geologists believe there is a good chance of finding something of value.

PSIPounds per Square Inch. Force in pounds divided by area in square inches over which the force acts. Imperial unit of measurement used to denote pressure. Used to measure the pressure of a fluid acting on its container. Other units of pressure measurement include the Bars and the Pascal. (Acronym).

PTFEPULLING OUT Retrieving and stacking the drill-string on reaching target depth.

PUP JOINTA joint of pipe of non-standard length, to make up a string of tubulars to an exact required total length.

PUP JOINTS FORGED

A joint of pipe of non-standard length, to make up a string of tubulars to an exact required total length. These are available with forged ends that ensure correctly contoured grain flow for maximum strength.

PUP JOINTS WELDEDWelded pup joints are pup joints with fabricated ends.

PYGAS Pyrolysis gasoline. Pygas is a naphtha-range product with a high aromatics content used either for gasoline blending or as a feedstock for a BTX extraction unit. Pyrolysis gasoline is produced in an ethylene plant that processes naphtha, butane or gasoil. (Abbreviation).

R+M/2 Research Octane Number plus Motor Octane Number halved. A gasoline octane designation commonly used in the United States of America. (Abbreviation).

RAAD VOOR DE CERTIFICATION (RVC) Netherlands (Dutch) certification councils accreditation.

RACK PRICING Selling to petroleum jobbers or other resellers at the refinery, with the customer picking up transportation charges. Rack Pricing is the price of petroleum products at the refinery loading rack; i.e. cash and carry at the refinery's loading dock.

RATED WORKING PRESSURE The maximum internal pressure equipment is designed to contain, not to be confused with test pressure.RATHOLE A hole in the drilling floor in which the Kelly joint is kept when it is not being used.RE ENTRY Inserting the drilling, testing or logging string etc. into the wellhead.RECOVERY FACTOR The ratio between the volumes of oil (or gas) produced and producible from a reservoir and the oil (or gas) originally in place.REFINERY Plant where hydrocarbons are separated and transformed into more marketable products.REFINING MARGINS The difference in value between the products produced by a refinery and the value of the crude oil used to produce them

ABANDONMENT Permanent dismantling of a production platform or other installation. i.e. Plugging of a well.ACCUMULATION The quantity of oil (gas) found in the reservoir rock in an oil or gas field.

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA Defined limits placed on characteristics of products, materials or services.

ACCESSIBLE WETTED SURFACE Wetted surfaces that could be viewed for NDE puposes by direct line of sight. This excludes test ports, control line ports, lockdown screw holes and other penetrations of these types.

ACTUATOR (DA AND DAO TYPE)Used to open and shut valves. Double Acting Hydraulic Actuator (DA) Double acting with manual override (DAO).

ACTUATOR (FSC AND FSO TYPE)Used to open and shut valves. Fitted with hydraulic failsafe spring return actuators.

ADAPTER A piece of equipment for containing pressure having end connections of different nominal sizes and pressure ratings, used to connect equipment of different API nominal sizes and/or pressures.

AG Arabian Gulf (Acronym).AGO Atmospheric gasoil (Acronym).ALBIAN The oldest terrain from the Cretaceous era.

ALG Algerian (Acronym).ALKYLATE A gasoline-blending component composed of isobutane and butylene (propylene).ALKYLATION A chemical reaction that fixes an akyl radical onto a molecule. Used when refining to produce high-octane gasoline.AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)

API is the governing authority on oil industry standards and practices. "API Gravity" is a reference system for the density of crude oils and constituent hydrocarbons. API6A is an example of an API standard.

AMINO ACIDS The fundamental constituent of protein, it has both an acid and a basal function.ANILINE POINT The aromatics content of a mixture.ANNULUS Meaning space. Used to describe the space between the casing and the cell wall.ANULAR PACKOFF A mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD of a suspended tubular member/ hanger and the ID of the spool/ head.ANS Alaska North Slope (Acronym).

ANSON

Company manufacturing and supplying oilfield equipment with a worldclass reputation for quality, reliability, safety and value. Anson Oilfield Equipment PTE is based in Singapore, Anson Flowline Inc is based in Houston. Anson Ltd has sales and distribution centers in Dubai and Aberdeen (Scotland), as well as substantial facilities in Gateshead (England).

ANTICLINEA geological formation described usually as a dome or inverted saucer. Such a structure would be an anticline with "four way dip closure". However, not all anticlines are this "perfect" shape. If covered by an impermeable layer of rock the anticline would make a potential oil or gas reservoir.

API American Petroleum Institute (Acronym).

API GRAVITY

An arbitrary scale expressing the density of liquid (gravity) petroleum products devised jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the National Bureau of Standards. Oil with the least specific gravity has the highest API gravity. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. API Gravity is the industry standard for expressing the specific gravity of crude oils. A high API gravity means lower specific gravity and lighter oils.

Degrees API Gravity = (141.5/Specific Gravity at 60 Deg. F) – 131.5

API.6A E' TYPEGate Valve from Anson designed to the relevant oilfield specifications of the American Petroleum Institute.

API.6A FLANGES & STUDDED BLOCKS

Fittings designed to the relevant oilfield specifications of the American Petroleum Institute.

API MONOGRAM American Petroleum Institute registered trademark.API.Q1 American Petroleum Institute, Specification for Quality Programs

APPRAISAL WELL A well drilled to measure the size / quality (commercial potential) of a hydrocarbon discovery. Before development, a discovery is likely to need several such wells.

ARA Amsterdam - Rotterdam – Antwerp (Acronym).

AROMATICSChemical Group characterized by a ring structure. Aromatics are produced in refinery reformers and petrochemical plants. The most commonly traded are toluene, benzene and xylenes. Aromatics are used as high-octane components for gasoline blending or for chemical production

AS SHIPPED CONDITION The equipments condition when it is ready for shipment. ASPH Asphaltene (Abbreviation). ASPHALT 1. A mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate as prepared for the construction of roads or in other paving uses.

2. United States citizens refer to Asphalt as the product that is known as bitumen in the rest of the world.ASSISTED RECOVERY Set of Techniques for increasing a field’s productivity.

ASSOCIATED GAS Natural gas found as part of or in conjunction with other constituents of oil, this is as opposed to gas found on its own. The expression has come to mean natural gas produced along with crude oil.

ASTM American Society for Testing Material, ASTM has established many of the technical standards used in the oil industry.ATL Atlantic (Abbreviation).ATOM The smallest unit capable of combining with another, an atom is a particle capable of combining with another.AUD Australian dollar (Abbreviation).AUTHORIZED FACILITY Facility authorised under the quality qssurance program, specified by the operator on the purchase order.AUTHORIZED QA PROGRAM Quality assurance program, API or SPPE, applicable to SSV/USV equipment.AVAILS Availability (Abbreviation).AVGAS High-octane aviation gasoline (petrol) used in piston type aircraft engines. (Abbreviation).AWHEM Association of Wellhead Equipment Manufacturers.

BACK OFF

1. When drilling, to pull the drill-string out of, or partly out of, the borehole.

2. To unscrew a joint of drillpipe.

3. To slacken off a line or block.

BACK PRESSURE VALVEA check valve that is installed through the christmas tree, into the tubing hanger, this prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well.

BACKWARDATION Market situation where prices are highest in the nearest date periods and become lower in forward delivery dates.BACTERIA A single cell microscopic organism. BALLAST TANK To keep floating equipment stable a ballast tank can be filled with water.BALL VALVE Valve that contains a sphere with a hole through it, the “ball” can be rotated thus turning the valve on or off, similar to a plug valve in function.

BARGE A vessel carrying oil usually on rivers - containing between 8,000 to 50,000 bbl or weighing 1,000 to 10,000mt. In the US, barges can be up to 100,000 bbl, and some barges can even exceed this.

BARREL/BARRELAGE A volumetric unit of measure for petroleum products (usually crude oil). 1 barrel equals 42 US gallons, 35 imperial gallons or 159 liters. The traditional unit of measure of oil volume.

BBL Barrel (Abbreviation).BEAN Internal part of a choke valve.BEARING Roller or Ball Bearings allow an axle or shaft to rotate freely with limited friction.

BILL OF LADING Documentation associated with a specific cargo of oil and is signed by the captain of the ship and the contract supplier. Also applies to any other cargo.

BITA drilling bit. Those chiefly in use are the steel roller-cutter, which drills by crushing or pulverizing. The diamond-insert bit (A very hard material) penetrates by scratching or abrading the rock. In conjunction with a core barrel there is also the annular diamond-insert core bit, for cutting and retrieving rock samples.

BLACK GOLD Common slang for oil due to its color and its high potential value. BLENDSTOCK A component blended with other materials to produce a finished refined product.BLOCK FITTING 45° ELBOW Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence

and thus a pressure drop. As the name implies a 45-degree block fitting changes the direction of flow by 45 degrees.

BLOCK FITTING 90° ELBOW

As the name implies a 90-degree block fitting changes the direction of flow by 90 degrees. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING CROSS

A block fitting cross allows changes in the direction of flow in one of three directions. Such fittings can be found in some manifolds and Christmas trees. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING LATERAL

A lateral is a fitting similar to a tee but instead of a 90-degree shape, there is a 45 degree one. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING TEE

A block-fitting tee is small and compact, employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop. This fitting when attached to valves allows the direction of flow to be changed in one of two directions.

BLOWOUT Uncontrollable release of downhole pressure upward through the well-bore or casing. As well as fire, the gases are also toxic, and in floating operations a gas blowout may include a threat to the stability of the rig itself. (See Mud)

BLOWOUT PREVENTER (BOP) An emergency shut-off valve installed on the wellhead during drilling or testing of a well, which incorporates hydraulic pipe rams capable of closing the space around the drillpipe against very high pressures.

BODY A portion of API equipment between end connections, with or without internal parts, which contains well bore pressure.BOLTING Threaded fasteners used to assemble pressure containing parts (studs, bolts, nuts, cap screws).BONNET A closure for a body other than an API end or outlet connection.

BOTTOM CASING PACKOFF The mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD of a suspended tubular member or hanger and the ID of the spool or tubing head adapter being placed over the suspended hanger/ tubular.

BOTTOM HOLE TEST ADAPTERThe uppermost fitting of a christmas tree which allows full bore access to the christmas tree.

BOTTOMS UP Circulation of drilling fluid in a well, before the bottom hole mud and cuttings reach the surface.BOX As in pin and box, the box is the female coupling end of a drillpipe.BPD, B/D or BBL/D Barrels Per Day, Unit of measurement for the production rates of oil fields, pipelines etc.BREAKERS YARD Where ships and other equipment are decommissioned for scrap.

BRENT

In Europe “Brent” is the reference quality of crude from the North Sea. Each market requires reference crudes to compare the prices of different quality products. It is used on both the Physical Market and the Spot Market.

Other fields in the North Sea include:

Magnus, Gulfaks, N.Alwin, Troll, Frigg, Bruce, Heimdal, lClaymore, Piper, Sleiner, Forties

BRENT SPAR A North Sea platform that was controversially decommissioned. Environmental activists successfully argued that it would be to polluting to sink the structure, it was therefore broken-up on land.

BRIDGE PLUG A type of plug used to seal off a well temporarily while the wellhead is removed. Also a down-hole packer assembly used in a well to seal off or isolate a particular formation for acidizing, testing, cementing, etc.

BS&W Bottom sediment and water, usually expressed as a percentage by weight.

BS.5750 British Standards Specification for Design Development, Production, Installation and Servicing. Largely replaced now by the international standard ISO9000.

BS.EN.ISO.9001 New specification covering ISO9001, became effective in July 1994.BSI British Standards Institute (Acronym)BTU British Thermal Unit (Acronym)BTX Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. (Acronym)BTX EXTRACTION The process for removing benzene, toluene and xylene from pyrolysis asoline or reformate.

BULLPLUG As in Bullplug ended fittings, the bullplug end blocks of one of the ends, for example a bullplug ended tee is functionally similar to an elbow.

BUNKER C A residual fuel used as ship's fuel, Buker C usually has a high sulfur content and high viscosity.

BUTT WELD HAMMER LUG UNION

Hammer Lug Unions come in two basic categories buttweld or threaded. The buttweld denotes that it must be welded onto a pipe etc. before use.

BUTT WELD PIPE FITTINGS Pipe fittings that are connected together via welding rather than bolts or threads.

C+F Cost and Freight (Abbreviation).CALIBRATION Comparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy.

CALIPER A tool for checking casing in a well for deformation before e.g. running drilling tools, which might become stuck, or packers which might leak. Digital Calipers are a modern form of micrometer.

CARBON Very common element (C) present in all hydrocarbons as well as all living things, i.e. carbon based life.CARBON STEEL Carbon and iron alloy containing a maximum of 2% carbon, 1.65% manganese and other residual quantities of elements.CARIBS Caribbean

CASING ETC.

The steel pipes with which a well is lined, for protection against collapse of the borehole are called the casing. The casing also stops unwanted leakage into or from the surrounding rock formation, or at the surface. Joints of the casing are typically around 33ft/10metres long normally these Joints are screwed together as they are run into the well. It is common practice to set large diameter casing, (such as 20") called the Conductor (or surface) Pipe after the well has penetrated the layers nearest the surface, and cement it into place, after doing this the drilling continues with a smaller diameter bit, etc. The "Surface String" is cemented inside the previous string and down to the new Casing Point, which may be at, say 1,250m forms the base for the wellhead. This is then followed by one or more intermediate strings depending on the target depth and expected conditions. In the end the Inner/Production String is set and cemented through the reservoir zone, and perforated to allow the oil to enter the well

CASING HANGERS Supports casing string in a casing head by means of a male female thread attached to the casing. i.e. threaded or Mandrel. Casing Hangers slips is when it is gripped with wedge type members.

CASING HEAD HOUSING Equipment joined to the uppermost end of the surface casing which serves to suspend and seal a casing ring.CASING HEAD SPOOL Equipment joined to another casing head which serves to suspend and seal a secondary casing string.CASING POINT The depth of the lower end of a string of casing.CASING SHOE The Casing Shoe is a reinforced section of casing run into a well at the lower end of a string, this is used to protect against bucking or

deformation.

CASTING Pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an object. The object is also called a casting. Castings are inferior to forgings in almost all regards.

CATALYSTS Chemical compounds that facilitate or promote a reaction by their presence or action.CATALYTIC CRACKING Hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into smaller ones at very high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst.CAT GASOLINE (cat naphtha) A gasoline blending component made in a catalytic cracker.CATFEED Feeds to a catalytic cracker, usually vacuum gasoil.CD Canadian dollar (Acronym).

CEMENT Cement is used to "set" casing in the well bore and seal off unproductive formations and apertures. Similar to concrete without aggregate. Cementing is the injection of cement into the annulus (space) between the casing and the well wall to consolidate and reduce water influxes.

CEMENT MANIFOLDSManifold used in connection with cement, usually contains plug valves.

CENTRIFUGAL Tending to move away from the center, as in centrifuge which is used to separate parts of different density in a mixture. Centripetal is the force acting towards the center.

CETANE A hydrocarbon used as an additive in diesel fuel.

CETANE NUMBER Number equal to the percent by volume of the hydrocarbon added to basic diesel fuel to achieve a certain ignition performance characteristics.

CFD Contract For Differences. A type of crude oil swap. (Acronym).CFPP Cold filter plugging point (Acronym).

CHECK VALVE (IN LINE)

A flapper stops the flow travelling in the wrong direction, therefore a check valve ensures uni-directional flow. An inline check valve is a compact version.

CHECK VALVE (TOP ENTRY)A top entry check valve allows the inner parts to be examined more easily, better suited to more permanent structures.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Determination via analysis of a materials chemical composition.CHOKE Restricting flow and thus controlling the flow of fluids.

CHOKE AND KILL MANIFOLDS Choking reduces the pressure. Killing the flow stops it altogether. A choke and kill manifold is basically a collection of pipes and valves.

CHOKE BEAN The replaceable orifice part used in positive chokes to control flow. Also known as a flow bean, or just simply bean.CHOKE TRIM Choke components, including beans, one peice stems, multi peice stems etc.

CHOKE VALVE A flow can be throttled by way of a choke valve. By inserting something with increasing width into the flow the size of the hole can be changed. By changing this size the flow can be choked.

CHRISTMAS TREE

The manifold, or arrangement of pipework connections and valves which are installed on the wellhead prior to production. Along with outlets for production, the tree will provide for the injection of mud to "kill" the well, and for the insertion of downhole maintenance tools and wirelines. Typically a Christmas tree will be assembled from gate valves and connecting fittings.

CIF Cost, insurance and freight charges for shipping products. CIF prices include these charges. (Acronym).

CIRCULATING / CEMENTING HOSES

Otherwise known as loops. These hoses contain swivel joints which allows them to turn corners, hammer lug unions allow them to be quickly assembled to fit with other loops, pipes or connections.

CIRCULATION (DRILLING) The passage of liquid, primarily drilling mud, down the interior of the drill-stem and back to surface viz. the annulus. The circulation is necessary to remove the debris that is created when drilling.

CLOSURE All round closure or seal is necessary, over the top and down the gradients on the sides of a potential reservoir, before it can trap or retain hydrocarbons. Closure may be partly due to an impermeable fault, or structural as in an anticline, or may be due to a stratigraphic trapping.

CLOUD POINT The temperature at which a fuel begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance due to bonding of paraffin.CNR Charterer Not Revealed (Acronym).COA Contract Of Affreightment between ship owner and charterer. (Acronym).COMERCIAL RESERVES Commercial Reserves of oil and gas are restricted to volumes recoverable at an acceptable profitability. COMMERCIAL WELL A well capable of producing profitably.

'COMPACT' PLUG VALVE When weight and space are at a premium a smaller plug valve is a good idea.

COMPLETION Installation in a well of production tubing and equipment, wellhead and Christmas Tree.CONCESSION The deed that entitles the holder to produce from/ or explore land following the discovery of a commercial reservoir.CONDENSATE (GAS CONDENSATE)

Light hydrocarbon fractions produced with natural gas, which condense into liquid at normal temperatures and pressures associated with surface production equipment.

CONFORMANCE Compliance with specified requirements, i.e. Anson equipment conforms to API6A.

CONING The reduction in reservoir pressure may tend to draw up underlying water towards the well in a cone like shape if an oil well is produced at excessive rates. Like-wise gas can be drawn downwards from an overlying gas cap.

CONECTOR, LOOSE A connector that is not intended to be integral with another piece of API6A equipment. There are blind, spacer, threaded, welding neck, flanged, studded or others available.

CONTANGO The situation in a market where prices are progressively higher for forward delivery dates than for nearer delivery dates.

CONVERSION This stage in the refining process involves “breaking up” the large molecules into smaller ones to produce lighter compounds. Includes catalytic cracking and viscosity reduction.

CORE/CORE BARREL

A vertical section of reservoir or other rock taken in drilling a well, for detailed study and analysis. To retrieve the core as intact as possible, it is cut from the rock by an annular core bit. The central column of rock passes through the center of the bit and, as the bit cuts deeper, is received by a hollow cylindrical Core Barrel above the bit, where it is protected by a series of rubber baffles. When the bit has cut deep enough to fill the core barrel, it is withdrawn from the hole and the core is removed for study. By doing this the actual sequence of rock strata can be readily identified.

CORE SAMPLING Drilling cylindrical samples of rock in order to study its characteristics.

CORROSION Deteriation due to prolonged adverse physical condition. Corrosion resistant alloys are generally non-ferrous based. Corrosion resistant ring grooves such as stainless steel inlay are available from Anson.

COUPLINGSConnect one part to another, such as flanges hammer lug unions clamps universal joints etc.

CRACKED Molecules broken by certain refining processes...this is the opposite of a straight-run.CRACKED FUEL Residue remaining after a straight run fuel has been processed by enhanced refining methods such as catalytic cracking.CREDIT Terms of payment, i.e. 30 days, opposite of debit.

CRITICAL COMPONENTS Parts that have specified requirements.

CROSS (FULL FLOW MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Full flow manifold fittings do not induce the same level of turbulence as the more sharply cornered fittings. A full flow manifold fitting cross, is a cross with a smooth inside. Incredibly these can be made from forging ensuring that they are very strong. Fittings like these are often used on manifolds.

CROSS BLOCK FITTINGA cross block fitting is considerably smaller than a full flow fitting because it doesn’t have smooth corners.

CROSSOVERS

Crossovers are the name given to a piece of equipment that can be connected to pipes of different sizes. For example the crossover might be 2” on one side and 4” on the other.

CROSSOVER SPOOLCrossover spools are also provided with suitable means to suspend and seal around an inner string of tubing or casing. They consist of flanged or other connected equipment with a restricted area sealing means, at or near the face of its lowest flange. A crossover spool has a top connection with a pressure rating above that of the lower connection.

CRUDE Unrefined oil / petroleum is referred to as crude oil. This is what comes out of the ground.CRUST Surface layer of the earth made up of tectonic plates.CST Centistokes - A way of measuring viscosity similar to seconds. One hundredth of a stoke (Abbreviation).CT Cent (Abbreviation).CTS Cents (Abbreviation).CUM Cubic meters (Abbreviation). Also m3 or m^3

CUSTOM HAMMER LUG UNIONSHammer lug Unions can be made to order by specialists such as Anson.

CUTTINGS The small chips or flakes of rock debris retrieved from a well by the circulation of the mud. They are studied and logged by the well-site geologist.

DARCY Measurement of rock permeability, i.e. the extent to which it will allow a fluid to flow through it. The permeability of most oil and gas reservoir rocks is measured in millidarcies, (thousandths of a Darcy)

DATE OF MANUFACTURE Date of manufacturers final acceptance of a finished product.

DECK1. Flat horizontal surface placed on a jacket, supporting the facilities necessary for producing oil.

2. The roof of a ship that is walked upon.DELINEATION WELL A certain type of appraisal well, usually one drilled specifically to determine the boundary of a discovered reservoir.DELTA Alluvial deposits at a river mouth, i.e. the Nile delta.DEMURRAGE The detention of a vessel in loading or unloading beyond the agreed upon time. Demurrage costs are usually incurred for any delay.DENSITY Ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to the mass of an equivalent volume of water.

DEPTH MAP A relief map of a sub-surface geological structure, the contours on a depth map relate to depths from the surface datum level. This is a further interpretation of a seismic time map.

DERD Directorate of Engine Research and Development. This is a UK Ministry of Defense jet fuel specification.DERRICK Metal tower above a well the purpose of which is to lift and lower tubes and tools into the well.DERRICK-MAN Drilling crew member who works at the top of the derrick.

DESALTING Removal of salt from crude oil. Desalting is preferably performed prior to commercialization of the crude. Desalting must be performed prior to refining.

DEVELOPMENT WELL Any well drilled for the extraction of reservoir hydrocarbons.

DEVIATED WELL/HOLEA well whose path has been deliberately diverted from the vertical plane. Commonly used offshore to reach distant parts of a reservoir from a single platform. Directional drilling of up to 60º to 70º from the vertical is now fairly common. Deviation is possible that exceeds this with modern special equipment.

DIESEL INDEX A measure of the ignition quality of diesel calculated from a formula involving its gravity and its aniline point.DIFF Differential, usually between two prices. (Abbreviation).DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE The difference of pressure in a well due to the mud column and the pressure in the surrounding rock. See also Sticking.DIP (DIPMETER) A Dip Meter indicates dip relative to a well bore. Dip is the inclination from the horizontal to the surface of a geological structure. DIRECTIONAL DRILLING Commonly well drilling is vertical, but there are many reasons for drilling in a non-vertical direction.DISCOVERY WELL A well that during exploration discovers an oilfield.DM Deutschemark (Abbreviation).

DOUBLE ACTING VALVE ACTUATOR

Instead of a spring return this type of Actuator is hydraulically actuated in both directions.

DOWN DIP An area of a structure where the top of the formation is lower than the point under consideration.

DOWN HOLE Down hole is a collective term, the expression covers any equipment, measurement, etc., in a well or designed for use in one. The meaning is the same as down a well.

DOWNTIME A period when any equipment is unserviceable or out of operation for maintenance, holidays etc.DRILLING FOREMAN The experienced person who operates the well and oversees the drilling crew.DRILLING SUPERINTENDANT The person responsible for the proper execution of well-drilling operations.DRILL Used to make a round hole

DRILL PIPEPipe, usually between 3.5 in. and 5 in. outside diameter, which is supplied in "joints" normally of around 33 ft./10m. in length. Each length of drillpipe is fitted with thicker, or "up-set" reinforced threaded couplings at each end, "male and female" or "pin and box" respectively. To save time, drill pipe in use but not in the well is stacked in stands.

DRILL STRING Comprises of pipes connected to each other at the end of which is the bit. The rotary table rotates the drillstrig.

DRILLING MUD Mixture of water and other additives that circulate the well. Has the purpose of cooling bit, removing rock cuttings, preventing cave in, averts hydrocarbon blowout.

DRY HOLE An empty or unsuccessful well. Sometimes called a "Duster".DTD Dated (Abbreviation).DUSTER A dry hole, i.e. an unsuccessful wellDYNAMIC POSITIONING Automatically keeps a ship at a determined position using its own propulsion system. Can be used in conjunction with GPSDYNAMICALLY-POSITIONED SHIP A drilling ship equipped with several computer-activated propellers to keep the ship stationary.

DYNAMIC SEALSeals in which motion exists relative to the sealing surface after installation.

E' TYPE API.6A GATE VALVE Anson Gate valve designed to API.6A specifications.

E-4 C.I.S. high sulfur straight-run feedstock. Formerly called F-10.

ECHOSOUNDER As sonar this is a device to calculate the distance of an object based on the time taken by sound waves to travel to it and back.EFF Effective. (Abbreviation).EFFLUENT Mixture of oil, gas, water and sand discharged from a well.EFP Exchange of futures for physicals. (Acronym).

ELBOW (LONG SWEEP 90 DEGREE)

Longsweep fittings do not induce turbulence to the extent other shorter fittings do. A longsweep Elbow is the name given to a curved fitting that changes the direction of the flow.

ELBOW (LONGSWEEP 45 DEGREE )


ELBOW BLOCK FITTING 45° Block elbows have sharp angles and therefore may induce turbulence to a greater extent than smoother angled elbows.

ELBOW BLOCK FITTING 90°

Block elbows have sharp angles and therefore may induce turbulence to a greater extent than smoother angled elbows. However Anson 90-degree block elbows are designed to use the induced turbulence as a cushion against wear.

ELBOWS : FORGEDElbows can be created in one piece by the process of forging.

ELBOWS : WELDEDElbows can also be fabricated via the action of welding.

ELECTRON Particle in an atom carrying a negative charge.

END & OUTLET CONNECTIONS Integral threads, fem or male, flanges, studded, through bolted, or any other means used to join together equipment that controls pressurised fluid.

ENHANCED RECOVERY Recovery technique that extracts more oil from a reservoir by thermal, physical or chemical means.ENVIRONMENTAL TEST CHAMBER Used to test oilfield products under high and low temperatures. To the Standards of API6A Appendix F PR2 requirements.

EQUIPPING (a well) Installing equipment and instrumentation to monitor the events in a producing well.

EXPLORATION Exploration is the process of finding a prospective source of hydrocarbons, mainly by reference to regional, and specific, geochemical, geological and geophysical (seismic) surveys. Exploration is any method used to discover new oil and gas fields.

EXPLORATION WELL An Exploration Well is a well drilled to test a potential but unproven hydrocarbon trap. For instance a structure where good reservoir rock and closure combine with a potential source of hydrocarbons would be a good place to try an exploration well.

EXPOSED BOLTING Bolting exposed directly to a sour environment, or otherwise denied atmospheric exposure. FACIES Geological term describing the composition and characteristics of a rock formation.

FAILSAFE (OPEN/CLOSED) VALVE ACTUATOR

A spring return type actuator. Actuators are hydraulically (or other force) operated ways of opening and closing valves, rather than turning a handle to open the valve, it can be operated at a distance by the push of a button.

FAULT/FAULT BLOCK A change in a rock formation caused by fracturing of the earth's crust. In oilfield terms a Fault Block is a compartment of a rock formation surrounded by faults, potentially the fault block may have sealed in hydrocarbons separately from the rest of the formation.

FCC First class charter (Acronym)FCC Fluid catalytic cracker or cat unit. (Acronym)FCCU Fluid catalytic cracking unit. (Acronym)FEEDSTOCK Material used in a processing plant.FEMALE Part that the male end threads into

FEMALE LONG RADIUS THREADED ENDED SWIVEL JOINT

Swivel joints are joints of pipe that allow corners to be turned, they are effectively to elbows connected together by a joint that allows rotation. Long Radius Swivel Joints take up more space but have the advantage over short radius swivel joints as the larger radius allows better flow.

FFR French franc, sometimes just FF is used (Abbreviation).

FIELD

1. Set of rocks containing hydrocarbons.

2. Term that designates a reservoir.

3. Place of work outside of an office, e.g. In the field.

FILTER CAKE/FILTRATE Build up of mud solids on the wall of a well. This helps seal and stabilize the rock face, but too much can cause sticking of the drill string. See also Differential Pressure and sticking.

FISH/FISHING A fish is any unwanted object down a well, commonly the lower end of a drill string that has broken off. The term "Fishing" describes the attempts to recover the Fish, using various attachments to the drill stem or wireline. These attachments are known as fishing tools.

FITTINGS This is the general term used to describe parts such as flanges, crossovers etc. than can be fitted onto other pieces of equipment.

FLANGES & STUDDED BLOCKS

Flanges are a method of connecting two pieces of equipment together. For instance two pipes with flanged ends could be connected together by bolting.

FLANGE (BLIND)A flange without a bored center, used to completley close of a flanged end/ outlet connection.

FLANGE (LOOSE)

A flange not intended to be made integral with another peice of API spec 6A equipment. Under this heading you could find blind, threaded, spacer, welding neck, studded, adapter and more.

FLANGE (THREADED)A flange with a sealing face on one side, and a thread on the other (female).used to join flanged connections to threaded ends.

FLANGE (WELDING NECK)A flange that has a neck on the side opposite the sealing face prepared with a bevel to weld to pipe etc.

FLAPPER VALVE Flapping part of check valve, the flapper in a check valve allows flow in only one direction.FLARE BLEEDER Device that burns and evacuates unused gases.

FLASH POINT Assesses the volatility of a substance. The lowest temperature under very specific conditions at which a combustible substance will give off sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with normal air. The flash point is determined using a standard sized vessel.

FLOOR MAN Member of drilling crew who works on the floor of the derrick, also called slip puller.FLOW BEAN Calibrated orifice used to measure effluent flow.FLOWING BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE Bottom hole pressure measured at a given flow rate.

FOB Free on board. FOB prices exclude all, insurance and freight charge (Acronym)FOD Fuel Oil Domestique (Acronym)

FOOTAGE/FOOTAGE RATE Penetration rate in drilling. For instance the number of feet drilled divided by the time taken. Footage Rate may also be a form of remuneration under a drilling contract. Often referred to as ROP (Rate of Penetration).

FOR Free On Rail (Acronym).

FORGED ELBOWS Elbows that are forged have significant advantages over their welded counterparts.

FORGED PUP JOINTS

By using heavy and expensive forging machinery pup joints can be created from a single piece of bar. A pup joint is a length of pipe with a connecting end.

FORGINGPlastically deformed metal shaped by a forging method. Forgings are shaped via compression making them superior than castings.

FORMATION A rock / mineral deposit or structure covering an area with the same physical properties. The formation will be of homogeneous origin and appearance.

FORMATION DAMAGE Damage to the reservoir rock around a well due for example to plugging with mud, or water infiltration from the well.FORTIES This was the first substantial oil field in the British sector of the North Sea.FOT Free On Truck (Acronym).FR France (Abbreviation).FR. ATL. French Atlantic (Abbreviation).

FRACTURING Fracturing is the process of cracking open the rock formation around a well bore to increase productivity. Applying hydraulic pressure down the well bore normally does this, though other methods are often applied.

FULL FLOW CROSS A cross-shaped fitting with the advantage that it does not induce high levels of turbulence. And such does not affect the flow as much as an ordinary cross.

GAGE & TEST PORT Holes drilled and tapped into API6A equipment through which internal pressure may be measured or through which pressure may be applied to test the sealing mechanisms

G/L Grams per liter (Abbreviation).GAL Gallon, imperial unit of measurement for liquids (Abbreviation).

GAS CAP Upper portion of reservoir rock of a gas containing field. To boost recovery the gas extracted during oil production is sometimes injected into the gas cap in order to boost hydrocarbon recovery.

GAS KICK Increase of down-hole pressure greater than that exerted by the column of drilling fluid in a well, allowing gas to escape to the surface. If the gas kick is not controlled it could develop into a blowout.

GAS/OIL RATIO (GOR) The proportional amount of gas to oil occurring in production, usually expressed as cubic feet per barrel.

GASOIL An intermediate distillate product used for diesel fuel, heating fuel and sometimes as feedstock. Term is often used interchangeably with No. 2 heating oil.

GATE The part of a gate valve that can be lowered to stop the flow of fluid through it.

GATE GUIDESIn an Anson E’ type gate valves the gate is guided positively by the valve body and close fitting stainless steel skirts

GATE VALVEGate Valves have a rising and lowering gate, when the gate is lowered it will shut off the flow, the gate acts to block the flow.

GATE VALVE SPECIFICATIONSAll Anson gate valves are produced to API6A, follow the link to find out more about Anson Gate Valve Specifications.

GAUGE Used for measurement.GBP Pound sterling (Abbreviation).GEAR A toothed wheel, sometimes referred to as a cog.GENESIS Term used for the way in which oil was formed, stems from the first book of the Old Testament.GEOLOGY Study of the structure and evolution of the earth’s crust. GEOPHYSICS Study of the physical properties of the earth.GEOPHONE In seismic exploration this is the acoustical sensor for collecting reflected waves.

GIIPGIIP = Gas Initially in Place. Description of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as distinct from 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced. Oil or gas in place (OIP, GIP) before the start of production is known as Oil or Gas Originally in Place or Initially in Place. (e.g. STOOIP = Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place).

GLOBE VALVE Similar to a Ball valveGOM OR G.M. Gasoil Moteur -- French gasoil spec. (Abbreviation).

GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET

A manifold fitting supposedly shaped like a goose’s neck.

GOOSENECK WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG

A manifold fitting supposedly shaped like a goose’s neck. The Bullplug means that one of the ends is deliberately blocked.

GPS Global Positioning System. Gives coordinates for any position on earth via satellite.GRAVIMETRY Measure of the intensity of gravity, used by geophysicists.GRAVITY Force of attraction related to the mass of an object. As the earth has a very large mass bodies close to it are attracted to it.GREENPEACE Environmental activists opposed to many activities related to petroleum.

GROUP 3 Formerly three railroad companies in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Group 3 now refers to the pipeline price of petroleum commodities from Tulsa to Minnesota.

GULF WAR 1990's war which began with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Many commentators have since viewed this war as a war for oil.H/P High pour

HAMMER LUG UNIONS




HAMMER LUG UNION FIGURE A low-pressure general purpose threaded union suitable for air, water, oil or gas service. ANSON Fig.100 unions are manufactured from steel,

NUMBER 100

not cast iron. This has enabled us to reduce the weight and physical dimensions, at the same time retaining interchangeability with our competitors inferior brands.The Figure 100 gets its name from its ability to withstand 1,000 psi cwp (69 bar).






The 5 inch and 6 inch Fig. 1002 Unions utilize elastomer 'O' rings for sealing purposes. This type of union must be made up perfectly square and if not it can be troublesome. To improve matters ANSON have introduced two new sizes of Butt Weld Unions that utilize lip type elastomer seals similar to those fitted into the smaller unions. We have called them "Figure 1004". They are available in Standard Service or Sour Gas trim.






Standard Service Figure 2002 Unions are manufactured throughout from the finest of steels selected to give the ultimate in performance. Lip type elastomer seals with anti-extrusion rings are supplied with this union. Available Butt-Weld only.












HANGER MANDREL The portion of a casing which is attached to the tubular string by a threaded connection, that forms the upper end of the tubular string.HDA Hydrodealkylation, this is the process used for making benzene from toluene. (Abbreviation).HEAT CAST LOT, Material originating from a final melt. For remelted alloys it is defined as the raw material originating from one remelted ingot.HEAT AFFECTED ZONE HAZ, The part of the metal whose mechanical properties may have been altered by the heat of welding/cutting.





HELIUM Lighter than air gas, element He.HINGE VALVE See Check Valve.HKD Hong Kong dollar (Acronym).HLS Heavy Louisiana Sweet (Acronym).HO Heating oil (Acronym).HOLD PERIOD The time that the product is subjected to pressure and isolated from the pressure source. HORIZONTAL DRILLING Directional drilling in which the hole is drilled horizontally.



HS High sulfur (Acronym).HSFO High sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).HYDROCARBON Compound formed from Carbon and Hydrogen, for example oil and gas.HYDROGEN Lightest of gases H2. Combined with oxygen = water, combined with carbon = hydrocarbons. Element HHYDROPHONE When performing seismic exploration at sea an acoustical sensor is used to collect reflected waves.

IMPERMEABLE ROCK A rock without significant or poorly communicating pore spaces, such that fluid will not flow through.INJECTION WELL A well that is used to inject water or gas in order to maintain pressure, or to bring a field back under pressure.





ISO 9001 International Standards Organization. Model for Quality Assurance in Design & Development, Production, Installation and ServicingISOCHRONE A line on a map or chart that connects points at which an event occurs simultaneously or which represents the same time or direction.ISOMERATE A gasoline blendstock made in an isomerization unit





JOINT






KT One thousand metric tons see Kilo. (Abbreviation).

L.A. Los Angeles, Californian city.LAKE Inland stretch of water LAGOON Stretch of seawater between the coast and the mainland.L/P Low pourLANDED COST (OF OIL) The cost of oil off-loaded at a port. Similar to CIF, but would also include any duties fees or taxes.


LIFTER Attached to a pipe and to the hook of a crane, allows pipes to be quickly lifted up and placed. LIFTING Tankers and barges loading petroleum at a terminal or transfer point.LIGHT CRUDE OIL Light Crude Oil has an API gravity higher than 33 degrees. The higher the API gravity, the lighter the crude oil.LIGHT PRODUCTS, LIGHT ENDS The groups of petroleum products with lower boiling temperatures including gasoline (petrol) and distillate fuels.

LIP SEALS

ANSON Lip and 'O' Ring type Seals are available for standard service in Nitrile and Fluroelastomer for use in Sour Gas Service. Manufacture is closely monitored so as to guarantee the correct Shore hardness and composition. Sour Gas 'Superseals' are molded in special materials to resist explosive decompression for safety and reliability.


LOG/LOGGING ETC









LOOPS


LOW ALLOY STEEL Steel containing less than 5% alloying elements, or less than 11% chromium.LPG Liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane produced at refineries or at natural gas processing plants, including plants that

fractionate raw natural gas plant liquids. (Acronym).LRP Lead Replacement Petrol (Acronym)LS Low sulfur (Abbreviation).LSFO Low sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).LSWR Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil (Abbreviation).LVN Light virgin naphtha (Acronym)MAGNETIC FIELD Area where magnetic phenomena occurMAGNETOMETRY Magnetic field measurements by geologistsMAKE AND BREAK To connect and disconnect a connection.MAKE UP/BREAK OUT To assemble/screw together the sections of joints of a string of pipe. 'Breaking out' is the opposite, i.e. to disassemble.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS

ANSON Full Flow High Pressure Manifold Fittings are manufactured from wrought steel. Crosses and tees are closed die forged to ensure they have a well defined and correctly contoured grain flow, high integrity and uniformity of shape. Elbows (90 degree and 45 degree) are produced from tubulars or hollow bar, hot formed on purpose-made bending machines or forged in closed dies.Most other manufacturers' fittings are made from castings or 'token forged plate'. Correctly forged fittings manufactured by ANSON give that extra assurance that is so critical when quality, integrity, strength, durability and cost are the requisite criteria.


















MANIFOLDS Set of pipes and valves directing fluid.





2. The Earth’s Mantle is the part of the Earth between the crust and the core.MARGINAL A well, development, etc. whose commercial profitability is in doubt. If the well is marginal it may not become a commercial well.MED Mediterranean (Abbreviation)MERCAPTAN Molecules containing sulfur, very light because of low molecular weight.METRIC TON A standard measurement: averages 7.33 barrels of crude oil. The mass of one metric ton is equal to 1000 kg (see kilo)MIDGRADE UNLEADED Unleaded gasoline with an 89 R+M/2 octane rating.

MIGRATION



MILLIDARCY Darcy is a measurement of rock permeability, (a millidarcy is one thousandth of a Darcy)MOGAS Abbreviation for motor gasoline (Abbreviation).MOLECULE Chemically linked atoms, generally electrically neutral.MON Motor Octane Number (Acronym)MOTHER ROCK The rock in which hydrocarbons are formed, also known as source rock.MT Metric ton (Abbreviation).MTBE Methyl tertiary butyl ether -- an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending. (Acronym)MTH Month (Abbreviation).

MUD





MUD PIT / TANK Mud is pumped from the mud pit / tank via the standpipe, rotary hose and gooseneck to the swivel, and into the drill stem. This is the sump

filled with mud that feeds the circulation cycle

MUD VALVE


MULTISTAGE CROSSOVER SPOOL Connection with more than one restricted area sealing means to provide suitable means to suspend and seal around many inner rings of casing at several stages.



NITRILE SEALS




NOR Notice Of Readiness (Acronym)NPH Naphtha (Abbreviation)NS ISO.9001 Norske Standard, as ISO9001.NS.5801 Norske Standard Specification for Design Development, Production, Installation and ServicingNWE Northwest Europe (Abbreviation).NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange (Acronym).

'O' RING SEALS









OPEC


Venezuela, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Quatar, United Arab Emirates, IndonesiaOPEN FLOW Describes producing a well without chokes or beans. Unrestricted production normally for testing or maintenance purposes.OPEN HOLE A section of well borehole without casing.ORGANIC Having to do with living matter. Organic chemistry covers all substances containing carbon, hence it covers hydrocarbons.OUT-TURN The quantity of oil that is unloaded from a vessel at a discharge point.OXYGENATE Oxygen-containing blend stocks that are favored for their octane and their clean burning quality. Includes ethanol and MTBE.P/C Part-cargo (Abbreviation).


PADD Petroleum Allocation for Defense District. A group of five geographic areas in the US used in reference to petroleum distribution. (Acronym)PARAFFINIC A high paraffin content.PARAFFINIC NAPHTHA Usually favored quality of naphtha for ethylene plant feedstock because of a high paraffin content.PAY ZONE/HORIZON A formation containing hydrocarbons.PCT Percent (Abbreviation). Usually % symbol is used.PERFORATION/PERFORATING GUN






PETROLEUM ARCHITECT His job is to design and propose a variety of possible reservoir development architectures (wells, effluent treatment, surface installations etc.)PETROLOGY The study of rocks, their origin, their chemical and physical properties and their distribution.PG Persian Gulf (Occasionally referred to as Arab Gulf--AG). Sea surrounded by middle eastern oil producing countries. PIN As in pin and box, the pin is the male coupling end of a drillpipe.

PINCH OUT The thinning out and disappearance over a distance of a formation, for example an oil bearing sandstone between layers of impermeable rock.

PIPE Tube used in a drill string.



PIPE RACK



PIPER ALPHA A tragic accident occurred on this north sea platform when it was engulfed in flames.PLATFORM Set of facilities used to extract oil from sea fields. The platform rises above the sea.

PLUG VALVE

A valve with a cylindrical rotating center, through the cylinder is a hole. When the hole is correctly lined up fluid can flow through the valve. Similar to a stopcock but on a larger scale.


POLYMERS Hydrocarbon chains made from monomers. The most common include widely traded plastics like, polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene.

PONA Paraffin, Olefins, Naphthenes and Aromatics content. (Acronym).POOL An Oil Pool is a reservoir or group of reservoirs sharing the same pressure system


POSTED PRICE A statement of the price requested by a seller of crude oil or products. Commonly referred to as the "list price."POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT Heat treatment after welding. PPM Parts per million (Acronym). PPT Prompt (Abbreviation).PREM Premium (Abbreviation).



PRESSURE Force acting on a given surface. I.e. force divided by area, see PSI.PRESSURE BOMB A down hole pressure recording capsule. A pressure bomb is used for well monitoring.PRI Plastic and Rubber Institution.PRODUCTION Phase of commercial operation of an oil field. PRODUCTION CASING STRING The innermost steel lining of a well, cemented in place, in the pay zone the casing is perforated for production. Production tubing is inserted

inside this casing.



PRODUCTION WELL/PRODUCER A development well specifically for the extraction of reservoir fluids.PRODUCTION WELLHEAD AND TREE








PUP JOINTS FORGED







RATED WORKING PRESSURE The maximum internal pressure equipment is designed to contain, not to be confused with test pressure.RATHOLE A hole in the drilling floor in which the Kelly joint is kept when it is not being used.RE ENTRY Inserting the drilling, testing or logging string etc. into the wellhead.RECOVERY FACTOR The ratio between the volumes of oil (or gas) produced and producible from a reservoir and the oil (or gas) originally in place.REFINERY Plant where hydrocarbons are separated and transformed into more marketable products.REFINING MARGINS The difference in value between the products produced by a refinery and the value of the crude oil used to produce them. REFINING The process of converting crude oil into a more valuable commodity.REFORMATE A high-aromatics / high-octane product made in a reformer and used to blend aviation gasoline or motor gasoline.

REFORMING Rather than breaking up molecules as in cracking, reforming is aimed at improving gasoline quality via changing the chemical characteristics.REG Regular gasoline. Usually contains lead. (Abbreviation).REG UNL Regular unleaded gasoline. (Abbreviation).REMOTE VIEWING Viewing an area via satellite, geological evidence of mineral and oil deposits can be gathered in this wayRESERVES/RECOVERABLE RESERVES

Oil or gas that can be produced. Technical Reserves are theoretical at a gross operating margin by e.g. normal primary or secondary recovery methods, while Commercial Reserves are restricted to volumes recoverable at an acceptable profitability.

RESERVOIR A porous or fractured rock formation with a geological seal thus forming a trap for producible hydrocarbons. A common exploration maxim is that a prospective reservoir must possess a related Source rock, Structure and Seal.

RESERVOIR PRESSURE The pressure at reservoir depth for a shut-in well. See productivity index.RESIDS Residual fuel oils (Abbreviation).RETAINED FLUID The actual fluid produced by a well.

REWORKING A WELL Maintenance work on a well to stimulate production. This may involve cleaning out silt deposits or other stimulation techniques such as fracturing or acidizing.

RIG A collective term to describe the permanent equipment needed when drilling a well. It has come to include the onshore and offshore vehicles, mobile platforms, or vessels on which the equipment is installed. Offshore platforms are often referred to as oilrigs.

RISING STEM MUD VALVE

The stem is the part of a valve turned by the handwheel that moves the gate up and down. In some Anson mud valves the stem moves up and down also.

RNR Rate Not Revealed (Abbreviation).ROLLER BIT A rotary drilling bit which works by pulverizing the rock with its toothed wheels.RON Research Octane Number (Abbreviation).ROP Rate Of Penetration i.e. speed of drilling, see footage (Acronym)ROTARY TABLE The heavy turntable at the center of a drilling-rig floor. The rotary table is rotated by the main rig power supply, and in turn rotates the kelly.

ROUGH NECKS Offshore oil workers, also refereed to as riggers. Rough Necks was the name of a BBC series chronicling the lives of workers on board a North Sea platform.

ROUND TRIP Recovering the drill string from the bottom of the well to the surface and returning it to continue drilling. This may be to replace the drill bit. So-called "Tripping" is time consuming and interrupts the process of "making hole".

RSFO Regular Sulfur Fuel Oil (Acronym)RVP Reid Vapor Pressure, a measure of a gasoline's volatility. (Acronym).SABS South African Bureau of Standards (Acronym)SAMPLE Small quantity of rock removed, often by coring, for analysis.

SEAL





SEDIMENTARY BASIN Terrain consisting of sedimentary rock deposited over the course of many eras.

SEDIMENTS Particles coming from erosion of old rocks or other matter. With time sediments will become sedimentary rocks.


SELF-RAISING PLATFORM An offshore drilling platform that is fitted with buoyancy tanks. The buoyancy tanks can be flooded to keep the rig stable in the sea swellSEPARATION In Refining this is the first stage. Consists of separating hydrocarbons via their boiling points, the process takes place in the distillation column.





SLICK If an oil tanker runs aground or sinks an environmental disaster known as an "oil slick" will probably occur. An oil slick is a layer of oil floating on water, this can be devastating to marine life and very costly to clean up. Estimates suggest 2 million barrels are lost every year in this way.




SOUR/SWEET CRUDE The degree of a given crude's sulfur content. Sour refers to high sulfur and sweet to low-sulfur.SPACER A pressure containing peice of equipment used to connect and provide separation between other peices of equipment.SPECIAL UNIONS Manufacturers like Anson are capable of producing both small and large pieces of equipment to suit customer requirements.SPECIFIC GRAVITY / SG Specific gravity is a measure of density, usually calculated by comparing with water.SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the US. (Acronym).SPUD To start drilling a new well SQUEEZE Inserting cement under pressure into the poorly sealed annulus of a well, the cement must squeeze past the existing material.STAINLESS STEEL Corrosion resistant steel, more than 11% chromium.STAND OF PIPE A short length of drill pipe stored vertically in the derrick pre-assembled to save time in operations and ready for use. Usually the stand of pipe

is assembled in to lengths of three joints.STANDPIPE GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET Manifold fitting supposedly in the shape of a goose’s neck.





STEAM CRACKER A petrochemical plant that produces olefins, particularly ethylene, and, in some cases, aromatics.STICKING Jamming of the drill string in the well borehole, caused usually by a high differential pressure and a build-up of mud solids on the rock face.




STRATA Rock layers making up the terrain both above and below ground.STRESS CORROSION CRACKING Cracking due to a combination of corrosion and stress.STATUM Stratum of terrain, mineral deposits in superposed layers.STRING See Joint, Drill-string, Casing, pup joint etc. Any number of connected joints of tubulars run in the well.STRIPPING Injecting water or steam into the distillation residue to recover light molecules. Stripping is a separation process.

STRUCTURE1. A geological formation which, if sealed against leakage, could be a potential trap for hydrocarbons.

2. A man-made load-bearing construction, such as an offshore platform, usually designed by structural / civil engineers.

STUDDED BLOCKSLarge solid blocks are bored out to make blocks onto which flanges can be attached via studs.


SUBSOIL Part of the earth’s crust located below the surface.SULPHIDE STRESS CRACKING Cracking of metallic materials due to exposure to hydrogen sulphide.SURFACE Top part of the earth’s crust. The surface of the ground.













TEMPERATURE Measurement of heat. Kelvin K is an absolute scale starting at absolute zero. Celsius/ centigrade and Fahrenheit are more commonly used.TERMINAL Plant and equipment designed to process crude oil or gas to remove impurities and water.



THROUGHPUT The amount of raw materials processed by a plant in a given time.TIE-IN Connecting one pipeline to another or to equipment. Hence "pipeline tie in" commonly describes the connection itself.TIME MAP A contoured map of a subsurface geological formation based on the time taken to reflect seismic impulses.TIME SETTLEMENT On the futures market work is performed after the order is paid, this makes it possible to trade goods before taking possession of them.TOOLPUSHER The name given to the chief engineer of a drilling crew, the man with overall responsibility for the rig in the field.TOP CONNECTOR The uppermost fitting of a christmas tree that allows full bore access.




2. The drilled depth in a well at any one time.TOUR As in Tour of Duty.








TUBING HEAD ADAPTER Adapts the uppermost connection of a tubing head to the lowermost valve of the christmas tree. TUBING HEAD SPOOL Attaches to the uppermost casing head (or smallest casing string).Suspends the tubing and seals the annulus.TUNGSTEN CARBIDE An extremely hard coating used in tools, abrasives and wear resistant parts.TWIST OFF Breaking the drill pipe due to either fatigue or excessive torque.UKC United Kingdom Continent (Acronym).ULCC Ultra large crude carrier; has capacity for 320,000 to 600,000 dwt. (Acronym)UNDERWATER SAFETY VALVE Valve used in an underwater wellhead location which closes upon loss of power, uses a USV actuator.


2. Group of workers, i.e. members of a union.UNL Unleaded. (Abbreviation).UPDIP An area of a structure where the top of the formation is higher than the point under considerationUPSTREAM The process of developing oil fields, exploring for oil, and producing oil from oil fields. Downstream is the opposite of upstream.USAC United States Atlantic Coast (Acronym).USD United States dollar (Acronym), dollar sign commonly used ($).USG United States Gulf (Acronym)USWC United States West Coast (Acronym)UTILITIES Set of plants to produce everything needed (water, electricity, and other) to operate a field in production.








VALVE : MUD




VALVE : TOP ENTRY CHECK

A valve that can regulated the direction of the flow of fluid in one direction. It can be checked for maintenance purposes by unscrewing the top.

VALVE : VENTURI Has a reduced opening and is well streamlined to reduce pressure loss. In someways similar to a crossover.VALVE : WING Valve that can be used to shut off well flow, located on the christmas tree but not on the vertical run.












WELDED ELBOWS


WELDED PUP JOINTS



WELLHEAD

Some use the term "Wellhead" as a description of a location or function rather than a specific item of equipment. However Anson refers to its production wellheads as simply wellheads. See also Production Wellhead. API6A says that a wellhead is all permanent equipment between the uppermost portion of the the surface casing and the tubing head adapter connection.



WORKOVER Maintenance job on a well, generally to replace equipment or to stimulate production.WROUGHT Describes products or materials made via forging. A wrought structure is said to contain no cast dendritic structure.WTI West Texas Intermediate. The WTI spot price of crude is reported from Cushing, Oklahoma. (Acronym)WTS West Texas Sour (Acronym)WYO SWT Wyoming Sweet (Abbreviation).



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thumbnail_galleryABANDONMENT Permanent dismantling of a production platform or other installation. i.e. Plugging of a well.

http://www.anson.co.uk/thumbnail_gallery.html


ACCUMULATION The quantity of oil (gas) found in the reservoir rock in an oil or gas field.

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA Defined limits placed on characteristics of products, materials or services.

ACCESSIBLE WETTED SURFACE Wetted surfaces that could be viewed for NDE puposes by direct line of sight. This excludes test ports, control line ports, lockdown screw holes and other penetrations of these types.

ACTUATOR (DA AND DAO TYPE)

Used to open and shut valves. Double Acting Hydraulic Actuator (DA) Double acting with manual override (DAO).

ACTUATOR (FSC AND FSO TYPE)

Used to open and shut valves. Fitted with hydraulic failsafe spring return actuators.

ADAPTER A piece of equipment for containing pressure having end connections of different nominal sizes and pressure ratings, used to connect equipment of different API nominal sizes and/or pressures.

AG Arabian Gulf (Acronym).AGO Atmospheric gasoil (Acronym).ALBIAN The oldest terrain from the Cretaceous era.ALG Algerian (Acronym).ALKYLATE A gasoline-blending component composed of isobutane and butylene (propylene).ALKYLATION A chemical reaction that fixes an akyl radical onto a molecule. Used when refining to produce high-octane gasoline.AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)

API is the governing authority on oil industry standards and practices. "API Gravity" is a reference system for the density of crude oils and constituent hydrocarbons. API6A is an example of an API standard.

AMINO ACIDS The fundamental constituent of protein, it has both an acid and a basal function.ANILINE POINT The aromatics content of a mixture.ANNULUS Meaning space. Used to describe the space between the casing and the cell wall.ANULAR PACKOFF A mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD of a suspended tubular member/ hanger and the ID of the spool/ head.ANS Alaska North Slope (Acronym).

ANSON

Company manufacturing and supplying oilfield equipment with a worldclass reputation for quality, reliability, safety and value. Anson Oilfield Equipment PTE is based in Singapore, Anson Flowline Inc is based in Houston. Anson Ltd has sales and distribution centers in Dubai and Aberdeen (Scotland), as well as substantial facilities in Gateshead (England).

ANTICLINEA geological formation described usually as a dome or inverted saucer. Such a structure would be an anticline with "four way dip closure". However, not all anticlines are this "perfect" shape. If covered by an impermeable layer of rock the anticline would make a potential oil or gas reservoir.

API American Petroleum Institute (Acronym).

API GRAVITY

An arbitrary scale expressing the density of liquid (gravity) petroleum products devised jointly by the American Petroleum Institute and the National Bureau of Standards. Oil with the least specific gravity has the highest API gravity. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of degrees API. API Gravity is the industry standard for expressing the specific gravity of crude oils. A high API gravity means lower specific gravity and lighter oils.

Degrees API Gravity = (141.5/Specific Gravity at 60 Deg. F) – 131.5API.6A E' TYPE Gate Valve from Anson designed to the relevant oilfield specifications of the American Petroleum Institute.

API.6A FLANGES & STUDDED BLOCKS

Fittings designed to the relevant oilfield specifications of the American Petroleum Institute.

API MONOGRAM American Petroleum Institute registered trademark.API.Q1 American Petroleum Institute, Specification for Quality Programs

APPRAISAL WELL A well drilled to measure the size / quality (commercial potential) of a hydrocarbon discovery. Before development, a discovery is likely to need several such wells.

ARA Amsterdam - Rotterdam – Antwerp (Acronym).

AROMATICS Chemical Group characterized by a ring structure. Aromatics are produced in refinery reformers and petrochemical plants. The most commonly traded are toluene, benzene and xylenes. Aromatics are used as high-octane components for gasoline blending or for chemical production

AS SHIPPED CONDITION The equipments condition when it is ready for shipment. ASPH Asphaltene (Abbreviation).

ASPHALT1. A mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate as prepared for the construction of roads or in other paving uses.

2. United States citizens refer to Asphalt as the product that is known as bitumen in the rest of the world.ASSISTED RECOVERY Set of Techniques for increasing a field’s productivity.

ASSOCIATED GAS Natural gas found as part of or in conjunction with other constituents of oil, this is as opposed to gas found on its own. The expression has come to mean natural gas produced along with crude oil.

ASTM American Society for Testing Material, ASTM has established many of the technical standards used in the oil industry.ATL Atlantic (Abbreviation).ATOM The smallest unit capable of combining with another, an atom is a particle capable of combining with another.AUD Australian dollar (Abbreviation).AUTHORIZED FACILITY Facility authorised under the quality qssurance program, specified by the operator on the purchase order.AUTHORIZED QA PROGRAM Quality assurance program, API or SPPE, applicable to SSV/USV equipment.AVAILS Availability (Abbreviation).AVGAS High-octane aviation gasoline (petrol) used in piston type aircraft engines. (Abbreviation).AWHEM Association of Wellhead Equipment Manufacturers.

BACK OFF

1. When drilling, to pull the drill-string out of, or partly out of, the borehole.

2. To unscrew a joint of drillpipe.

3. To slacken off a line or block.

BACK PRESSURE VALVEA check valve that is installed through the christmas tree, into the tubing hanger, this prevents well fluids from flowing out of the well.

BACKWARDATION Market situation where prices are highest in the nearest date periods and become lower in forward delivery dates.BACTERIA A single cell microscopic organism. BALLAST TANK To keep floating equipment stable a ballast tank can be filled with water.

BALL VALVE Valve that contains a sphere with a hole through it, the “ball” can be rotated thus turning the valve on or off, similar to a plug valve in function.

BARGE A vessel carrying oil usually on rivers - containing between 8,000 to 50,000 bbl or weighing 1,000 to 10,000mt. In the US, barges can be up to 100,000 bbl, and some barges can even exceed this.

BARREL/BARRELAGE A volumetric unit of measure for petroleum products (usually crude oil). 1 barrel equals 42 US gallons, 35 imperial gallons or 159 liters. The traditional unit of measure of oil volume.

BBL Barrel (Abbreviation).BEAN Internal part of a choke valve.BEARING Roller or Ball Bearings allow an axle or shaft to rotate freely with limited friction.

BILL OF LADING Documentation associated with a specific cargo of oil and is signed by the captain of the ship and the contract supplier. Also applies to any other cargo.

BITA drilling bit. Those chiefly in use are the steel roller-cutter, which drills by crushing or pulverizing. The diamond-insert bit (A very hard material) penetrates by scratching or abrading the rock. In conjunction with a core barrel there is also the annular diamond-insert core bit, for cutting and retrieving rock samples.

BLACK GOLD Common slang for oil due to its color and its high potential value. BLENDSTOCK A component blended with other materials to produce a finished refined product.


Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop. As the name implies a 45-degree block fitting changes the direction of flow by 45 degrees.


As the name implies a 90-degree block fitting changes the direction of flow by 90 degrees. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING CROSS

A block fitting cross allows changes in the direction of flow in one of three directions. Such fittings can be found in some manifolds and Christmas trees. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING LATERAL

A lateral is a fitting similar to a tee but instead of a 90-degree shape, there is a 45 degree one. Block fittings typically are small and compact employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop.

BLOCK FITTING TEE

A block-fitting tee is small and compact, employing sharp corners, unlike longsweep fullflow fittings they will generally induce turbulence and thus a pressure drop. This fitting when attached to valves allows the direction of flow to be changed in one of two directions.

BLOWOUT Uncontrollable release of downhole pressure upward through the well-bore or casing. As well as fire, the gases are also toxic, and in floating operations a gas blowout may include a threat to the stability of the rig itself. (See Mud)

BLOWOUT PREVENTER (BOP) An emergency shut-off valve installed on the wellhead during drilling or testing of a well, which incorporates hydraulic pipe rams capable of closing the space around the drillpipe against very high pressures.

BODY A portion of API equipment between end connections, with or without internal parts, which contains well bore pressure.BOLTING Threaded fasteners used to assemble pressure containing parts (studs, bolts, nuts, cap screws).BONNET A closure for a body other than an API end or outlet connection.BOTTOM CASING PACKOFF The mechanism that seals off annular pressure between the OD of a suspended tubular member or hanger and the ID of the spool or tubing

head adapter being placed over the suspended hanger/ tubular.

BOTTOM HOLE TEST ADAPTERThe uppermost fitting of a christmas tree which allows full bore access to the christmas tree.

BOTTOMS UP Circulation of drilling fluid in a well, before the bottom hole mud and cuttings reach the surface.BOX As in pin and box, the box is the female coupling end of a drillpipe.BPD, B/D or BBL/D Barrels Per Day, Unit of measurement for the production rates of oil fields, pipelines etc.BREAKERS YARD Where ships and other equipment are decommissioned for scrap.

BRENT

In Europe “Brent” is the reference quality of crude from the North Sea. Each market requires reference crudes to compare the prices of different quality products. It is used on both the Physical Market and the Spot Market.

Other fields in the North Sea include:

Magnus, Gulfaks, N.Alwin, Troll, Frigg, Bruce, Heimdal, lClaymore, Piper, Sleiner, Forties

BRENT SPAR A North Sea platform that was controversially decommissioned. Environmental activists successfully argued that it would be to polluting to sink the structure, it was therefore broken-up on land.

BRIDGE PLUG A type of plug used to seal off a well temporarily while the wellhead is removed. Also a down-hole packer assembly used in a well to seal off or isolate a particular formation for acidizing, testing, cementing, etc.

BS&W Bottom sediment and water, usually expressed as a percentage by weight.

BS.5750 British Standards Specification for Design Development, Production, Installation and Servicing. Largely replaced now by the international standard ISO9000.

BS.EN.ISO.9001 New specification covering ISO9001, became effective in July 1994.BSI British Standards Institute (Acronym)BTU British Thermal Unit (Acronym)BTX Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. (Acronym)BTX EXTRACTION The process for removing benzene, toluene and xylene from pyrolysis asoline or reformate.

BULLPLUG As in Bullplug ended fittings, the bullplug end blocks of one of the ends, for example a bullplug ended tee is functionally similar to an elbow.

BUNKER C A residual fuel used as ship's fuel, Buker C usually has a high sulfur content and high viscosity.

BUTT WELD HAMMER LUG UNION

Hammer Lug Unions come in two basic categories buttweld or threaded. The buttweld denotes that it must be welded onto a pipe etc. before use.

BUTT WELD PIPE FITTINGS Pipe fittings that are connected together via welding rather than bolts or threads.

C+F Cost and Freight (Abbreviation).CALIBRATION Comparison and adjustment to a standard of known accuracy.

CALIPER A tool for checking casing in a well for deformation before e.g. running drilling tools, which might become stuck, or packers which might leak. Digital Calipers are a modern form of micrometer.

CARBON Very common element (C) present in all hydrocarbons as well as all living things, i.e. carbon based life.

CARBON STEEL Carbon and iron alloy containing a maximum of 2% carbon, 1.65% manganese and other residual quantities of elements.CARIBS Caribbean

CASING ETC.

The steel pipes with which a well is lined, for protection against collapse of the borehole are called the casing. The casing also stops unwanted leakage into or from the surrounding rock formation, or at the surface. Joints of the casing are typically around 33ft/10metres long normally these Joints are screwed together as they are run into the well. It is common practice to set large diameter casing, (such as 20") called the Conductor (or surface) Pipe after the well has penetrated the layers nearest the surface, and cement it into place, after doing this the drilling continues with a smaller diameter bit, etc. The "Surface String" is cemented inside the previous string and down to the new Casing Point, which may be at, say 1,250m forms the base for the wellhead. This is then followed by one or more intermediate strings depending on the target depth and expected conditions. In the end the Inner/Production String is set and cemented through the reservoir zone, and perforated to allow the oil to enter the well

CASING HANGERS Supports casing string in a casing head by means of a male female thread attached to the casing. i.e. threaded or Mandrel. Casing Hangers slips is when it is gripped with wedge type members.

CASING HEAD HOUSING Equipment joined to the uppermost end of the surface casing which serves to suspend and seal a casing ring.CASING HEAD SPOOL Equipment joined to another casing head which serves to suspend and seal a secondary casing string.CASING POINT The depth of the lower end of a string of casing.

CASING SHOE The Casing Shoe is a reinforced section of casing run into a well at the lower end of a string, this is used to protect against bucking or deformation.

CASTING Pouring molten metal into a mold to produce an object. The object is also called a casting. Castings are inferior to forgings in almost all regards.CATALYSTS Chemical compounds that facilitate or promote a reaction by their presence or action.CATALYTIC CRACKING Hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into smaller ones at very high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst.CAT GASOLINE (cat naphtha) A gasoline blending component made in a catalytic cracker.CATFEED Feeds to a catalytic cracker, usually vacuum gasoil.CD Canadian dollar (Acronym).

CEMENT Cement is used to "set" casing in the well bore and seal off unproductive formations and apertures. Similar to concrete without aggregate. Cementing is the injection of cement into the annulus (space) between the casing and the well wall to consolidate and reduce water influxes.

CEMENT MANIFOLDSManifold used in connection with cement, usually contains plug valves.

CENTRIFUGAL Tending to move away from the center, as in centrifuge which is used to separate parts of different density in a mixture. Centripetal is the force acting towards the center.

CETANE A hydrocarbon used as an additive in diesel fuel.CETANE NUMBER Number equal to the percent by volume of the hydrocarbon added to basic diesel fuel to achieve a certain ignition performance characteristics.CFD Contract For Differences. A type of crude oil swap. (Acronym).CFPP Cold filter plugging point (Acronym).

CHECK VALVE (IN LINE)

A flapper stops the flow travelling in the wrong direction, therefore a check valve ensures uni-directional flow. An inline check valve is a compact version.

CHECK VALVE (TOP ENTRY)A top entry check valve allows the inner parts to be examined more easily, better suited to more permanent structures.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Determination via analysis of a materials chemical composition.

CHOKE Restricting flow and thus controlling the flow of fluids.

CHOKE AND KILL MANIFOLDS Choking reduces the pressure. Killing the flow stops it altogether. A choke and kill manifold is basically a collection of pipes and valves.

CHOKE BEAN The replaceable orifice part used in positive chokes to control flow. Also known as a flow bean, or just simply bean.CHOKE TRIM Choke components, including beans, one peice stems, multi peice stems etc.

CHOKE VALVE A flow can be throttled by way of a choke valve. By inserting something with increasing width into the flow the size of the hole can be changed. By changing this size the flow can be choked.

CHRISTMAS TREE

The manifold, or arrangement of pipework connections and valves which are installed on the wellhead prior to production. Along with outlets for production, the tree will provide for the injection of mud to "kill" the well, and for the insertion of downhole maintenance tools and wirelines. Typically a Christmas tree will be assembled from gate valves and connecting fittings.

CIF Cost, insurance and freight charges for shipping products. CIF prices include these charges. (Acronym).

CIRCULATING / CEMENTING HOSES

Otherwise known as loops. These hoses contain swivel joints which allows them to turn corners, hammer lug unions allow them to be quickly assembled to fit with other loops, pipes or connections.

CIRCULATION (DRILLING) The passage of liquid, primarily drilling mud, down the interior of the drill-stem and back to surface viz. the annulus. The circulation is necessary to remove the debris that is created when drilling.

CLOSURE All round closure or seal is necessary, over the top and down the gradients on the sides of a potential reservoir, before it can trap or retain hydrocarbons. Closure may be partly due to an impermeable fault, or structural as in an anticline, or may be due to a stratigraphic trapping.

CLOUD POINT The temperature at which a fuel begins to congeal and take on a cloudy appearance due to bonding of paraffin.CNR Charterer Not Revealed (Acronym).COA Contract Of Affreightment between ship owner and charterer. (Acronym).COMERCIAL RESERVES Commercial Reserves of oil and gas are restricted to volumes recoverable at an acceptable profitability. COMMERCIAL WELL A well capable of producing profitably.

'COMPACT' PLUG VALVE When weight and space are at a premium a smaller plug valve is a good idea.

COMPLETION Installation in a well of production tubing and equipment, wellhead and Christmas Tree.CONCESSION The deed that entitles the holder to produce from/ or explore land following the discovery of a commercial reservoir.CONDENSATE (GAS CONDENSATE)

Light hydrocarbon fractions produced with natural gas, which condense into liquid at normal temperatures and pressures associated with surface production equipment.

CONFORMANCE Compliance with specified requirements, i.e. Anson equipment conforms to API6A.

CONING The reduction in reservoir pressure may tend to draw up underlying water towards the well in a cone like shape if an oil well is produced at excessive rates. Like-wise gas can be drawn downwards from an overlying gas cap.

CONECTOR, LOOSE A connector that is not intended to be integral with another piece of API6A equipment. There are blind, spacer, threaded, welding neck, flanged, studded or others available.

CONTANGO The situation in a market where prices are progressively higher for forward delivery dates than for nearer delivery dates.

CONVERSION This stage in the refining process involves “breaking up” the large molecules into smaller ones to produce lighter compounds. Includes catalytic cracking and viscosity reduction.

CORE/CORE BARREL

A vertical section of reservoir or other rock taken in drilling a well, for detailed study and analysis. To retrieve the core as intact as possible, it is cut from the rock by an annular core bit. The central column of rock passes through the center of the bit and, as the bit cuts deeper, is received by a hollow cylindrical Core Barrel above the bit, where it is protected by a series of rubber baffles. When the bit has cut deep enough to fill the core barrel, it is withdrawn from the hole and the core is removed for study. By doing this the actual sequence of rock strata can be readily identified.

CORE SAMPLING Drilling cylindrical samples of rock in order to study its characteristics.

CORROSION Deteriation due to prolonged adverse physical condition. Corrosion resistant alloys are generally non-ferrous based. Corrosion resistant ring grooves such as stainless steel inlay are available from Anson.

COUPLINGSConnect one part to another, such as flanges hammer lug unions clamps universal joints etc.

CRACKED Molecules broken by certain refining processes...this is the opposite of a straight-run.CRACKED FUEL Residue remaining after a straight run fuel has been processed by enhanced refining methods such as catalytic cracking.CREDIT Terms of payment, i.e. 30 days, opposite of debit.CRITICAL COMPONENTS Parts that have specified requirements.

CROSS (FULL FLOW MANIFOLD FITTINGS)

Full flow manifold fittings do not induce the same level of turbulence as the more sharply cornered fittings. A full flow manifold fitting cross, is a cross with a smooth inside. Incredibly these can be made from forging ensuring that they are very strong. Fittings like these are often used on manifolds.

CROSS BLOCK FITTINGA cross block fitting is considerably smaller than a full flow fitting because it doesn’t have smooth corners.

CROSSOVERS

Crossovers are the name given to a piece of equipment that can be connected to pipes of different sizes. For example the crossover might be 2” on one side and 4” on the other.

CROSSOVER SPOOLCrossover spools are also provided with suitable means to suspend and seal around an inner string of tubing or casing. They consist of flanged or other connected equipment with a restricted area sealing means, at or near the face of its lowest flange. A crossover spool has a top connection with a pressure rating above that of the lower connection.

CRUDE Unrefined oil / petroleum is referred to as crude oil. This is what comes out of the ground.CRUST Surface layer of the earth made up of tectonic plates.CST Centistokes - A way of measuring viscosity similar to seconds. One hundredth of a stoke (Abbreviation).CT Cent (Abbreviation).CTS Cents (Abbreviation).CUM Cubic meters (Abbreviation). Also m3 or m^3

CUSTOM HAMMER LUG UNIONS

Hammer lug Unions can be made to order by specialists such as Anson.

CUTTINGS The small chips or flakes of rock debris retrieved from a well by the circulation of the mud. They are studied and logged by the well-site geologist.

DARCY Measurement of rock permeability, i.e. the extent to which it will allow a fluid to flow through it. The permeability of most oil and gas reservoir rocks is measured in millidarcies, (thousandths of a Darcy)

DATE OF MANUFACTURE Date of manufacturers final acceptance of a finished product.

DECK1. Flat horizontal surface placed on a jacket, supporting the facilities necessary for producing oil.

2. The roof of a ship that is walked upon.DELINEATION WELL A certain type of appraisal well, usually one drilled specifically to determine the boundary of a discovered reservoir.DELTA Alluvial deposits at a river mouth, i.e. the Nile delta.DEMURRAGE The detention of a vessel in loading or unloading beyond the agreed upon time. Demurrage costs are usually incurred for any delay.DENSITY Ratio of the mass of a given volume of a substance to the mass of an equivalent volume of water.

DEPTH MAP A relief map of a sub-surface geological structure, the contours on a depth map relate to depths from the surface datum level. This is a further interpretation of a seismic time map.

DERD Directorate of Engine Research and Development. This is a UK Ministry of Defense jet fuel specification.DERRICK Metal tower above a well the purpose of which is to lift and lower tubes and tools into the well.DERRICK-MAN Drilling crew member who works at the top of the derrick.

DESALTING Removal of salt from crude oil. Desalting is preferably performed prior to commercialization of the crude. Desalting must be performed prior to refining.

DEVELOPMENT WELL Any well drilled for the extraction of reservoir hydrocarbons.

DEVIATED WELL/HOLEA well whose path has been deliberately diverted from the vertical plane. Commonly used offshore to reach distant parts of a reservoir from a single platform. Directional drilling of up to 60º to 70º from the vertical is now fairly common. Deviation is possible that exceeds this with modern special equipment.

DIESEL INDEX A measure of the ignition quality of diesel calculated from a formula involving its gravity and its aniline point.DIFF Differential, usually between two prices. (Abbreviation).DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE The difference of pressure in a well due to the mud column and the pressure in the surrounding rock. See also Sticking.DIP (DIPMETER) A Dip Meter indicates dip relative to a well bore. Dip is the inclination from the horizontal to the surface of a geological structure. DIRECTIONAL DRILLING Commonly well drilling is vertical, but there are many reasons for drilling in a non-vertical direction.DISCOVERY WELL A well that during exploration discovers an oilfield.DM Deutschemark (Abbreviation).

DOUBLE ACTING VALVE ACTUATOR

Instead of a spring return this type of Actuator is hydraulically actuated in both directions.

DOWN DIP An area of a structure where the top of the formation is lower than the point under consideration.

DOWN HOLE Down hole is a collective term, the expression covers any equipment, measurement, etc., in a well or designed for use in one. The meaning is the same as down a well.

DOWNTIME A period when any equipment is unserviceable or out of operation for maintenance, holidays etc.DRILLING FOREMAN The experienced person who operates the well and oversees the drilling crew.DRILLING SUPERINTENDANT The person responsible for the proper execution of well-drilling operations.DRILL Used to make a round hole

DRILL PIPEPipe, usually between 3.5 in. and 5 in. outside diameter, which is supplied in "joints" normally of around 33 ft./10m. in length. Each length of drillpipe is fitted with thicker, or "up-set" reinforced threaded couplings at each end, "male and female" or "pin and box" respectively. To save time, drill pipe in use but not in the well is stacked in stands.

DRILL STRING Comprises of pipes connected to each other at the end of which is the bit. The rotary table rotates the drillstrig.

DRILLING MUD Mixture of water and other additives that circulate the well. Has the purpose of cooling bit, removing rock cuttings, preventing cave in, averts hydrocarbon blowout.

DRY HOLE An empty or unsuccessful well. Sometimes called a "Duster".DTD Dated (Abbreviation).DUSTER A dry hole, i.e. an unsuccessful wellDYNAMIC POSITIONING Automatically keeps a ship at a determined position using its own propulsion system. Can be used in conjunction with GPSDYNAMICALLY-POSITIONED SHIP A drilling ship equipped with several computer-activated propellers to keep the ship stationary.

DYNAMIC SEALSeals in which motion exists relative to the sealing surface after installation.

E' TYPE API.6A GATE VALVE Anson Gate valve designed to API.6A specifications.

E-4 C.I.S. high sulfur straight-run feedstock. Formerly called F-10.ECHOSOUNDER As sonar this is a device to calculate the distance of an object based on the time taken by sound waves to travel to it and back.EFF Effective. (Abbreviation).EFFLUENT Mixture of oil, gas, water and sand discharged from a well.EFP Exchange of futures for physicals. (Acronym).

ELBOW (LONG SWEEP 90 DEGREE)


ELBOW (LONGSWEEP 45 DEGREE )


ELBOW BLOCK FITTING 45° Block elbows have sharp angles and therefore may induce turbulence to a greater extent than smoother angled elbows.

ELBOW BLOCK FITTING 90°

Block elbows have sharp angles and therefore may induce turbulence to a greater extent than smoother angled elbows. However Anson 90-degree block elbows are designed to use the induced turbulence as a cushion against wear.

ELBOWS : FORGEDElbows can be created in one piece by the process of forging.

ELBOWS : WELDEDElbows can also be fabricated via the action of welding.

ELECTRON Particle in an atom carrying a negative charge.

END & OUTLET CONNECTIONS Integral threads, fem or male, flanges, studded, through bolted, or any other means used to join together equipment that controls pressurised fluid.

ENHANCED RECOVERY Recovery technique that extracts more oil from a reservoir by thermal, physical or chemical means.

ENVIRONMENTAL TEST CHAMBER Used to test oilfield products under high and low temperatures. To the Standards of API6A Appendix F PR2 requirements.

EQUIPPING (a well) Installing equipment and instrumentation to monitor the events in a producing well.

EXPLORATION Exploration is the process of finding a prospective source of hydrocarbons, mainly by reference to regional, and specific, geochemical, geological and geophysical (seismic) surveys. Exploration is any method used to discover new oil and gas fields.

EXPLORATION WELL An Exploration Well is a well drilled to test a potential but unproven hydrocarbon trap. For instance a structure where good reservoir rock and closure combine with a potential source of hydrocarbons would be a good place to try an exploration well.

EXPOSED BOLTING Bolting exposed directly to a sour environment, or otherwise denied atmospheric exposure. FACIES Geological term describing the composition and characteristics of a rock formation.

FAILSAFE (OPEN/CLOSED) VALVE ACTUATOR

A spring return type actuator. Actuators are hydraulically (or other force) operated ways of opening and closing valves, rather than turning a handle to open the valve, it can be operated at a distance by the push of a button.

FAULT/FAULT BLOCK A change in a rock formation caused by fracturing of the earth's crust. In oilfield terms a Fault Block is a compartment of a rock formation surrounded by faults, potentially the fault block may have sealed in hydrocarbons separately from the rest of the formation.

FCC First class charter (Acronym)FCC Fluid catalytic cracker or cat unit. (Acronym)FCCU Fluid catalytic cracking unit. (Acronym)FEEDSTOCK Material used in a processing plant.FEMALE Part that the male end threads into

FEMALE LONG RADIUS THREADED ENDED SWIVEL JOINT

Swivel joints are joints of pipe that allow corners to be turned, they are effectively to elbows connected together by a joint that allows rotation. Long Radius Swivel Joints take up more space but have the advantage over short radius swivel joints as the larger radius allows better flow.

FFR French franc, sometimes just FF is used (Abbreviation).

FIELD

1. Set of rocks containing hydrocarbons.

2. Term that designates a reservoir.

3. Place of work outside of an office, e.g. In the field.

FILTER CAKE/FILTRATE Build up of mud solids on the wall of a well. This helps seal and stabilize the rock face, but too much can cause sticking of the drill string. See also Differential Pressure and sticking.

FISH/FISHING A fish is any unwanted object down a well, commonly the lower end of a drill string that has broken off. The term "Fishing" describes the attempts to recover the Fish, using various attachments to the drill stem or wireline. These attachments are known as fishing tools.

FITTINGS This is the general term used to describe parts such as flanges, crossovers etc. than can be fitted onto other pieces of equipment.

FLANGES & STUDDED BLOCKS

Flanges are a method of connecting two pieces of equipment together. For instance two pipes with flanged ends could be connected together by bolting.

FLANGE (BLIND)A flange without a bored center, used to completley close of a flanged end/ outlet connection.

FLANGE (LOOSE)

A flange not intended to be made integral with another peice of API spec 6A equipment. Under this heading you could find blind, threaded, spacer, welding neck, studded, adapter and more.

FLANGE (THREADED)A flange with a sealing face on one side, and a thread on the other (female).used to join flanged connections to threaded ends.

FLANGE (WELDING NECK)A flange that has a neck on the side opposite the sealing face prepared with a bevel to weld to pipe etc.

FLAPPER VALVE Flapping part of check valve, the flapper in a check valve allows flow in only one direction.FLARE BLEEDER Device that burns and evacuates unused gases.

FLASH POINT Assesses the volatility of a substance. The lowest temperature under very specific conditions at which a combustible substance will give off sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with normal air. The flash point is determined using a standard sized vessel.

FLOOR MAN Member of drilling crew who works on the floor of the derrick, also called slip puller.FLOW BEAN Calibrated orifice used to measure effluent flow.FLOWING BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE Bottom hole pressure measured at a given flow rate.

FOB Free on board. FOB prices exclude all, insurance and freight charge (Acronym)FOD Fuel Oil Domestique (Acronym)

FOOTAGE/FOOTAGE RATE Penetration rate in drilling. For instance the number of feet drilled divided by the time taken. Footage Rate may also be a form of remuneration under a drilling contract. Often referred to as ROP (Rate of Penetration).

FOR Free On Rail (Acronym).

FORGED ELBOWS Elbows that are forged have significant advantages over their welded counterparts.

FORGED PUP JOINTS

By using heavy and expensive forging machinery pup joints can be created from a single piece of bar. A pup joint is a length of pipe with a connecting end.

FORGINGPlastically deformed metal shaped by a forging method. Forgings are shaped via compression making them superior than castings.

FORMATION A rock / mineral deposit or structure covering an area with the same physical properties. The formation will be of homogeneous origin and appearance.

FORMATION DAMAGE Damage to the reservoir rock around a well due for example to plugging with mud, or water infiltration from the well.FORTIES This was the first substantial oil field in the British sector of the North Sea.FOT Free On Truck (Acronym).FR France (Abbreviation).FR. ATL. French Atlantic (Abbreviation).

FRACTURING Fracturing is the process of cracking open the rock formation around a well bore to increase productivity. Applying hydraulic pressure down the well bore normally does this, though other methods are often applied.

FULL FLOW CROSS A cross-shaped fitting with the advantage that it does not induce high levels of turbulence. And such does not affect the flow as much as an ordinary cross.

GAGE & TEST PORT Holes drilled and tapped into API6A equipment through which internal pressure may be measured or through which pressure may be applied to test the sealing mechanisms

G/L Grams per liter (Abbreviation).GAL Gallon, imperial unit of measurement for liquids (Abbreviation).

GAS CAP Upper portion of reservoir rock of a gas containing field. To boost recovery the gas extracted during oil production is sometimes injected into the gas cap in order to boost hydrocarbon recovery.

GAS KICK Increase of down-hole pressure greater than that exerted by the column of drilling fluid in a well, allowing gas to escape to the surface. If the gas kick is not controlled it could develop into a blowout.

GAS/OIL RATIO (GOR) The proportional amount of gas to oil occurring in production, usually expressed as cubic feet per barrel.

GASOIL An intermediate distillate product used for diesel fuel, heating fuel and sometimes as feedstock. Term is often used interchangeably with No. 2 heating oil.

GATE The part of a gate valve that can be lowered to stop the flow of fluid through it.

GATE GUIDESIn an Anson E’ type gate valves the gate is guided positively by the valve body and close fitting stainless steel skirts

GATE VALVEGate Valves have a rising and lowering gate, when the gate is lowered it will shut off the flow, the gate acts to block the flow.

GATE VALVE SPECIFICATIONSAll Anson gate valves are produced to API6A, follow the link to find out more about Anson Gate Valve Specifications.

GAUGE Used for measurement.GBP Pound sterling (Abbreviation).GEAR A toothed wheel, sometimes referred to as a cog.GENESIS Term used for the way in which oil was formed, stems from the first book of the Old Testament.GEOLOGY Study of the structure and evolution of the earth’s crust. GEOPHYSICS Study of the physical properties of the earth.GEOPHONE In seismic exploration this is the acoustical sensor for collecting reflected waves.

GIIPGIIP = Gas Initially in Place. Description of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as distinct from 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced. Oil or gas in place (OIP, GIP) before the start of production is known as Oil or Gas Originally in Place or Initially in Place. (e.g. STOOIP = Stock Tank Oil Originally in Place).

GLOBE VALVE Similar to a Ball valveGOM OR G.M. Gasoil Moteur -- French gasoil spec. (Abbreviation).

GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET

A manifold fitting supposedly shaped like a goose’s neck.

GOOSENECK WITH TOP INTEGRAL BULLPLUG

A manifold fitting supposedly shaped like a goose’s neck. The Bullplug means that one of the ends is deliberately blocked.

GPS Global Positioning System. Gives coordinates for any position on earth via satellite.

GRAVIMETRY Measure of the intensity of gravity, used by geophysicists.GRAVITY Force of attraction related to the mass of an object. As the earth has a very large mass bodies close to it are attracted to it.GREENPEACE Environmental activists opposed to many activities related to petroleum.

GROUP 3 Formerly three railroad companies in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Group 3 now refers to the pipeline price of petroleum commodities from Tulsa to Minnesota.

GULF WAR 1990's war which began with the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Many commentators have since viewed this war as a war for oil.H/P High pour

HAMMER LUG UNIONS





A low-pressure general purpose threaded union suitable for air, water, oil or gas service. ANSON Fig.100 unions are manufactured from steel, not cast iron. This has enabled us to reduce the weight and physical dimensions, at the same time retaining interchangeability with our competitors inferior brands.The Figure 100 gets its name from its ability to withstand 1,000 psi cwp (69 bar).






The 5 inch and 6 inch Fig. 1002 Unions utilize elastomer 'O' rings for sealing purposes. This type of union must be made up perfectly square and if not it can be troublesome. To improve matters ANSON have introduced two new sizes of Butt Weld Unions that utilize lip type elastomer seals similar to those fitted into the smaller unions. We have called them "Figure 1004". They are available in Standard Service or Sour Gas trim.





HAMMER LUG UNION FIGURE Standard Service Figure 2002 Unions are manufactured throughout from the finest of steels selected to give the ultimate in performance. Lip

NUMBER 2002type elastomer seals with anti-extrusion rings are supplied with this union. Available Butt-Weld only.












HANGER MANDREL The portion of a casing which is attached to the tubular string by a threaded connection, that forms the upper end of the tubular string.HDA Hydrodealkylation, this is the process used for making benzene from toluene. (Abbreviation).HEAT CAST LOT, Material originating from a final melt. For remelted alloys it is defined as the raw material originating from one remelted ingot.HEAT AFFECTED ZONE HAZ, The part of the metal whose mechanical properties may have been altered by the heat of welding/cutting.





HELIUM Lighter than air gas, element He.HINGE VALVE See Check Valve.HKD Hong Kong dollar (Acronym).HLS Heavy Louisiana Sweet (Acronym).

HO Heating oil (Acronym).HOLD PERIOD The time that the product is subjected to pressure and isolated from the pressure source. HORIZONTAL DRILLING Directional drilling in which the hole is drilled horizontally.



HS High sulfur (Acronym).HSFO High sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).HYDROCARBON Compound formed from Carbon and Hydrogen, for example oil and gas.HYDROGEN Lightest of gases H2. Combined with oxygen = water, combined with carbon = hydrocarbons. Element HHYDROPHONE When performing seismic exploration at sea an acoustical sensor is used to collect reflected waves.IMPERMEABLE ROCK A rock without significant or poorly communicating pore spaces, such that fluid will not flow through.INJECTION WELL A well that is used to inject water or gas in order to maintain pressure, or to bring a field back under pressure.





ISO 9001 International Standards Organization. Model for Quality Assurance in Design & Development, Production, Installation and ServicingISOCHRONE A line on a map or chart that connects points at which an event occurs simultaneously or which represents the same time or direction.ISOMERATE A gasoline blendstock made in an isomerization unit





JOINT






KT One thousand metric tons see Kilo. (Abbreviation).L.A. Los Angeles, Californian city.LAKE Inland stretch of water LAGOON Stretch of seawater between the coast and the mainland.L/P Low pourLANDED COST (OF OIL) The cost of oil off-loaded at a port. Similar to CIF, but would also include any duties fees or taxes.


LIFTER Attached to a pipe and to the hook of a crane, allows pipes to be quickly lifted up and placed. LIFTING Tankers and barges loading petroleum at a terminal or transfer point.LIGHT CRUDE OIL Light Crude Oil has an API gravity higher than 33 degrees. The higher the API gravity, the lighter the crude oil.LIGHT PRODUCTS, LIGHT ENDS The groups of petroleum products with lower boiling temperatures including gasoline (petrol) and distillate fuels.

LIP SEALS

ANSON Lip and 'O' Ring type Seals are available for standard service in Nitrile and Fluroelastomer for use in Sour Gas Service. Manufacture is closely monitored so as to guarantee the correct Shore hardness and composition. Sour Gas 'Superseals' are molded in special materials to resist explosive decompression for safety and reliability.


LOG/LOGGING ETC









LOOPS


LOW ALLOY STEEL Steel containing less than 5% alloying elements, or less than 11% chromium.

LPG Liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane produced at refineries or at natural gas processing plants, including plants that fractionate raw natural gas plant liquids. (Acronym).

LRP Lead Replacement Petrol (Acronym)LS Low sulfur (Abbreviation).LSFO Low sulfur fuel oil (Acronym).LSWR Low sulfur waxy residual fuel oil (Abbreviation).LVN Light virgin naphtha (Acronym)MAGNETIC FIELD Area where magnetic phenomena occurMAGNETOMETRY Magnetic field measurements by geologistsMAKE AND BREAK To connect and disconnect a connection.MAKE UP/BREAK OUT To assemble/screw together the sections of joints of a string of pipe. 'Breaking out' is the opposite, i.e. to disassemble.

MANIFOLD FITTINGS

ANSON Full Flow High Pressure Manifold Fittings are manufactured from wrought steel. Crosses and tees are closed die forged to ensure they have a well defined and correctly contoured grain flow, high integrity and uniformity of shape. Elbows (90 degree and 45 degree) are produced from tubulars or hollow bar, hot formed on purpose-made bending machines or forged in closed dies.Most other manufacturers' fittings are made from castings or 'token forged plate'. Correctly forged fittings manufactured by ANSON give that extra assurance that is so critical when quality, integrity, strength, durability and cost are the requisite criteria.


















MANIFOLDSSet of pipes and valves directing fluid.





2. The Earth’s Mantle is the part of the Earth between the crust and the core.MARGINAL A well, development, etc. whose commercial profitability is in doubt. If the well is marginal it may not become a commercial well.MED Mediterranean (Abbreviation)MERCAPTAN Molecules containing sulfur, very light because of low molecular weight.METRIC TON A standard measurement: averages 7.33 barrels of crude oil. The mass of one metric ton is equal to 1000 kg (see kilo)MIDGRADE UNLEADED Unleaded gasoline with an 89 R+M/2 octane rating.

MIGRATION



MILLIDARCY Darcy is a measurement of rock permeability, (a millidarcy is one thousandth of a Darcy)MOGAS Abbreviation for motor gasoline (Abbreviation).MOLECULE Chemically linked atoms, generally electrically neutral.MON Motor Octane Number (Acronym)MOTHER ROCK The rock in which hydrocarbons are formed, also known as source rock.MT Metric ton (Abbreviation).MTBE Methyl tertiary butyl ether -- an octane booster and oxygenate used for gasoline blending. (Acronym)

MTH Month (Abbreviation).

MUD





MUD PIT / TANK Mud is pumped from the mud pit / tank via the standpipe, rotary hose and gooseneck to the swivel, and into the drill stem. This is the sump filled with mud that feeds the circulation cycle

MUD VALVE


MULTISTAGE CROSSOVER SPOOL

Connection with more than one restricted area sealing means to provide suitable means to suspend and seal around many inner rings of casing at several stages.



NITRILE SEALS




NOR Notice Of Readiness (Acronym)NPH Naphtha (Abbreviation)NS ISO.9001 Norske Standard, as ISO9001.NS.5801 Norske Standard Specification for Design Development, Production, Installation and Servicing

NWE Northwest Europe (Abbreviation).NYMEX New York Mercantile Exchange (Acronym).

'O' RING SEALS









OPEC


Venezuela, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Quatar, United Arab Emirates, IndonesiaOPEN FLOW Describes producing a well without chokes or beans. Unrestricted production normally for testing or maintenance purposes.OPEN HOLE A section of well borehole without casing.ORGANIC Having to do with living matter. Organic chemistry covers all substances containing carbon, hence it covers hydrocarbons.OUT-TURN The quantity of oil that is unloaded from a vessel at a discharge point.OXYGENATE Oxygen-containing blend stocks that are favored for their octane and their clean burning quality. Includes ethanol and MTBE.P/C Part-cargo (Abbreviation).


PADD Petroleum Allocation for Defense District. A group of five geographic areas in the US used in reference to petroleum distribution. (Acronym)PARAFFINIC A high paraffin content.PARAFFINIC NAPHTHA Usually favored quality of naphtha for ethylene plant feedstock because of a high paraffin content.PAY ZONE/HORIZON A formation containing hydrocarbons.PCT Percent (Abbreviation). Usually % symbol is used.

PERFORATION/PERFORATING GUN






PETROLEUM ARCHITECT His job is to design and propose a variety of possible reservoir development architectures (wells, effluent treatment, surface installations etc.)PETROLOGY The study of rocks, their origin, their chemical and physical properties and their distribution.PG Persian Gulf (Occasionally referred to as Arab Gulf--AG). Sea surrounded by middle eastern oil producing countries. PIN As in pin and box, the pin is the male coupling end of a drillpipe.PINCH OUT The thinning out and disappearance over a distance of a formation, for example an oil bearing sandstone between layers of impermeable rock.PIPE Tube used in a drill string.



PIPE RACK



PIPER ALPHA A tragic accident occurred on this north sea platform when it was engulfed in flames.PLATFORM Set of facilities used to extract oil from sea fields. The platform rises above the sea.

PLUG VALVE

A valve with a cylindrical rotating center, through the cylinder is a hole. When the hole is correctly lined up fluid can flow through the valve. Similar to a stopcock but on a larger scale.


POLYMERS Hydrocarbon chains made from monomers. The most common include widely traded plastics like, polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene.PONA Paraffin, Olefins, Naphthenes and Aromatics content. (Acronym).POOL An Oil Pool is a reservoir or group of reservoirs sharing the same pressure system


POSTED PRICE A statement of the price requested by a seller of crude oil or products. Commonly referred to as the "list price."POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT Heat treatment after welding. PPM Parts per million (Acronym).

PPT Prompt (Abbreviation).PREM Premium (Abbreviation).



PRESSURE Force acting on a given surface. I.e. force divided by area, see PSI.PRESSURE BOMB A down hole pressure recording capsule. A pressure bomb is used for well monitoring.PRI Plastic and Rubber Institution.PRODUCTION Phase of commercial operation of an oil field.

PRODUCTION CASING STRING The innermost steel lining of a well, cemented in place, in the pay zone the casing is perforated for production. Production tubing is inserted inside this casing.



PRODUCTION WELL/PRODUCER A development well specifically for the extraction of reservoir fluids.

PRODUCTION WELLHEAD AND TREE








PUP JOINTS FORGED







RATED WORKING PRESSURE The maximum internal pressure equipment is designed to contain, not to be confused with test pressure.RATHOLE A hole in the drilling floor in which the Kelly joint is kept when it is not being used.RE ENTRY Inserting the drilling, testing or logging string etc. into the wellhead.RECOVERY FACTOR The ratio between the volumes of oil (or gas) produced and producible from a reservoir and the oil (or gas) originally in place.REFINERY Plant where hydrocarbons are separated and transformed into more marketable products.REFINING MARGINS The difference in value between the products produced by a refinery and the value of the crude oil used to produce them. REFINING The process of converting crude oil into a more valuable commodity.REFORMATE A high-aromatics / high-octane product made in a reformer and used to blend aviation gasoline or motor gasoline.REFORMING Rather than breaking up molecules as in cracking, reforming is aimed at improving gasoline quality via changing the chemical characteristics.REG Regular gasoline. Usually contains lead. (Abbreviation).REG UNL Regular unleaded gasoline. (Abbreviation).REMOTE VIEWING Viewing an area via satellite, geological evidence of mineral and oil deposits can be gathered in this wayRESERVES/RECOVERABLE RESERVES

Oil or gas that can be produced. Technical Reserves are theoretical at a gross operating margin by e.g. normal primary or secondary recovery methods, while Commercial Reserves are restricted to volumes recoverable at an acceptable profitability.

RESERVOIR A porous or fractured rock formation with a geological seal thus forming a trap for producible hydrocarbons. A common exploration maxim is that a prospective reservoir must possess a related Source rock, Structure and Seal.

RESERVOIR PRESSURE The pressure at reservoir depth for a shut-in well. See productivity index.RESIDS Residual fuel oils (Abbreviation).RETAINED FLUID The actual fluid produced by a well.

REWORKING A WELL Maintenance work on a well to stimulate production. This may involve cleaning out silt deposits or other stimulation techniques such as fracturing or acidizing.

RIG A collective term to describe the permanent equipment needed when drilling a well. It has come to include the onshore and offshore vehicles, mobile platforms, or vessels on which the equipment is installed. Offshore platforms are often referred to as oilrigs.

RISING STEM MUD VALVE

The stem is the part of a valve turned by the handwheel that moves the gate up and down. In some Anson mud valves the stem moves up and down also.

RNR Rate Not Revealed (Abbreviation).ROLLER BIT A rotary drilling bit which works by pulverizing the rock with its toothed wheels.RON Research Octane Number (Abbreviation).ROP Rate Of Penetration i.e. speed of drilling, see footage (Acronym)ROTARY TABLE The heavy turntable at the center of a drilling-rig floor. The rotary table is rotated by the main rig power supply, and in turn rotates the kelly.

ROUGH NECKS Offshore oil workers, also refereed to as riggers. Rough Necks was the name of a BBC series chronicling the lives of workers on board a North Sea platform.

ROUND TRIP Recovering the drill string from the bottom of the well to the surface and returning it to continue drilling. This may be to replace the drill bit. So-called "Tripping" is time consuming and interrupts the process of "making hole".

RSFO Regular Sulfur Fuel Oil (Acronym)RVP Reid Vapor Pressure, a measure of a gasoline's volatility. (Acronym).SABS South African Bureau of Standards (Acronym)SAMPLE Small quantity of rock removed, often by coring, for analysis.

SEAL





SEDIMENTARY BASIN Terrain consisting of sedimentary rock deposited over the course of many eras.SEDIMENTS Particles coming from erosion of old rocks or other matter. With time sediments will become sedimentary rocks.


SELF-RAISING PLATFORM An offshore drilling platform that is fitted with buoyancy tanks. The buoyancy tanks can be flooded to keep the rig stable in the sea swellSEPARATION In Refining this is the first stage. Consists of separating hydrocarbons via their boiling points, the process takes place in the distillation column.





SLICK If an oil tanker runs aground or sinks an environmental disaster known as an "oil slick" will probably occur. An oil slick is a layer of oil floating on water, this can be devastating to marine life and very costly to clean up. Estimates suggest 2 million barrels are lost every year in this way.




SOUR/SWEET CRUDE The degree of a given crude's sulfur content. Sour refers to high sulfur and sweet to low-sulfur.SPACER A pressure containing peice of equipment used to connect and provide separation between other peices of equipment.SPECIAL UNIONS Manufacturers like Anson are capable of producing both small and large pieces of equipment to suit customer requirements.SPECIFIC GRAVITY / SG Specific gravity is a measure of density, usually calculated by comparing with water.SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve in the US. (Acronym).SPUD To start drilling a new well SQUEEZE Inserting cement under pressure into the poorly sealed annulus of a well, the cement must squeeze past the existing material.STAINLESS STEEL Corrosion resistant steel, more than 11% chromium.

STAND OF PIPE A short length of drill pipe stored vertically in the derrick pre-assembled to save time in operations and ready for use. Usually the stand of pipe is assembled in to lengths of three joints.

STANDPIPE GOOSENECK 160 DEGREE WITH TOP OUTLET Manifold fitting supposedly in the shape of a goose’s neck.





STEAM CRACKER A petrochemical plant that produces olefins, particularly ethylene, and, in some cases, aromatics.STICKING Jamming of the drill string in the well borehole, caused usually by a high differential pressure and a build-up of mud solids on the rock face.




STRATA Rock layers making up the terrain both above and below ground.STRESS CORROSION CRACKING Cracking due to a combination of corrosion and stress.

STATUM Stratum of terrain, mineral deposits in superposed layers.STRING See Joint, Drill-string, Casing, pup joint etc. Any number of connected joints of tubulars run in the well.STRIPPING Injecting water or steam into the distillation residue to recover light molecules. Stripping is a separation process.

STRUCTURE1. A geological formation which, if sealed against leakage, could be a potential trap for hydrocarbons.

2. A man-made load-bearing construction, such as an offshore platform, usually designed by structural / civil engineers.STUDDED BLOCKS Large solid blocks are bored out to make blocks onto which flanges can be attached via studs.


SUBSOIL Part of the earth’s crust located below the surface.SULPHIDE STRESS CRACKING Cracking of metallic materials due to exposure to hydrogen sulphide.SURFACE Top part of the earth’s crust. The surface of the ground.













TEMPERATURE Measurement of heat. Kelvin K is an absolute scale starting at absolute zero. Celsius/ centigrade and Fahrenheit are more commonly used.TERMINAL Plant and equipment designed to process crude oil or gas to remove impurities and water.



THROUGHPUT The amount of raw materials processed by a plant in a given time.

TIE-IN Connecting one pipeline to another or to equipment. Hence "pipeline tie in" commonly describes the connection itself.TIME MAP A contoured map of a subsurface geological formation based on the time taken to reflect seismic impulses.TIME SETTLEMENT On the futures market work is performed after the order is paid, this makes it possible to trade goods before taking possession of them.TOOLPUSHER The name given to the chief engineer of a drilling crew, the man with overall responsibility for the rig in the field.TOP CONNECTOR The uppermost fitting of a christmas tree that allows full bore access.




2. The drilled depth in a well at any one time.

TOUR

As in Tour of Duty.








TUBING HEAD ADAPTER Adapts the uppermost connection of a tubing head to the lowermost valve of the christmas tree. TUBING HEAD SPOOL Attaches to the uppermost casing head (or smallest casing string).Suspends the tubing and seals the annulus.TUNGSTEN CARBIDE An extremely hard coating used in tools, abrasives and wear resistant parts.TWIST OFF Breaking the drill pipe due to either fatigue or excessive torque.UKC United Kingdom Continent (Acronym).ULCC Ultra large crude carrier; has capacity for 320,000 to 600,000 dwt. (Acronym)UNDERWATER SAFETY VALVE Valve used in an underwater wellhead location which closes upon loss of power, uses a USV actuator.


2. Group of workers, i.e. members of a union.UNL Unleaded. (Abbreviation).UPDIP An area of a structure where the top of the formation is higher than the point under consideration

UPSTREAM The process of developing oil fields, exploring for oil, and producing oil from oil fields. Downstream is the opposite of upstream.USAC United States Atlantic Coast (Acronym).USD United States dollar (Acronym), dollar sign commonly used ($).USG United States Gulf (Acronym)USWC United States West Coast (Acronym)UTILITIES Set of plants to produce everything needed (water, electricity, and other) to operate a field in production.








VALVE : MUD




VALVE : TOP ENTRY CHECKA valve that can regulated the direction of the flow of fluid in one direction. It can be checked for maintenance purposes by unscrewing the top.

VALVE : VENTURI Has a reduced opening and is well streamlined to reduce pressure loss. In someways similar to a crossover.VALVE : WING Valve that can be used to shut off well flow, located on the christmas tree but not on the vertical run.












WELDED ELBOWS


WELDED PUP JOINTS



WELLHEAD

Some use the term "Wellhead" as a description of a location or function rather than a specific item of equipment. However Anson refers to its production wellheads as simply wellheads. See also Production Wellhead. API6A says that a wellhead is all permanent equipment between the uppermost portion of the the surface casing and the tubing head adapter connection.



WORKOVER Maintenance job on a well, generally to replace equipment or to stimulate production.WROUGHT Describes products or materials made via forging. A wrought structure is said to contain no cast dendritic structure.

WTI West Texas Intermediate. The WTI spot price of crude is reported from Cushing, Oklahoma. (Acronym)WTS West Texas Sour (Acronym)WYO SWT Wyoming Sweet (Abbreviation).



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oil field dictionary

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