oil&gasgeneration

8/7/2019 Oil&GasGeneration

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The University of Western Ontario Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering

Oil refining and Processing

CBE 432b

Jan. 2010

Oil History and Origin


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Crude Oil History


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q For the first t ime, it was used around 4000B.C.as

q caulking for ships

qadhesive to secure weapon handles

q Egyptian used it for embalming and to heldframed pyramids together

q The Roman orator Cicero carr ied a crude-oillamp

q Senecas and Iroquois used it for bodypainting and fireworks.

q In 18th century, people who dug wells to findwater became disappointed when they struckoil

Crude Oil History


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q Kerosene lamp, invented in 1854, createdthe first large scale demand for petroleum.

The first successful well was dril led by Col.

Edwin Drake in 1859.q In early 20th century (1920s), the real valueof crude oil was recognized as an energy

source

q Due to the increasing demand for energyand other by products from crude oil, it is

considered as an strategic industryinfluencing many political decisions all over

the world

Crude Oil History


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http://www.oilhistory.com/pages/drake/derrick.html

Crude Oil History


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Spindletop, Texas 1901The fi rst major oil discovery

q The Cerro Azul # 4flow ed 850, 000barrels of oil betw eenFebruary 15-19before it w as cappedand cont rolled.

q The w ell producedover 57 mill ionbarrels in it s lifet ime.

Crude Oil History


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Origin of crude oil

q Crude oil moves through the pores of the source rockupon formation and its properties may change with time.q There are many theories about the origin of crude oil,however it is generally accepted that:

Crude oil, or petroleum, is derived from the remains ofprehistoric plants and animals matter.

Fish Fossil Plant fossil


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The Formation of Oil

Millions of years ago, rains washedprehistoric plant and animal

remains into the seas along with

sand and silt, and layer upon layerpiled up on the sea bottom. Theselayers were compressed under the

weight of these sediments, and theincreasing pressure and

temperature changed the mud,sand and silt into rock and the

organic matter into petroleum. Thisrock is known as source rock.


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Since oil and gas are less densecompared to water, they float on top of

water. Oil and gas that formed in thesource rock deep within the earth

floated up through tiny pore spaces inthe rock.


Some seeped out at the surface of the earth.

Some was trapped by dense, non-porous rock,called shale. These underground traps of oil andgas are called reservoirs. Reservoirs contain

porous rocks, which allow fluids to flow throughthe pore spaces.


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Generation Migrat ionAccumulation

andPreservation

Processes:

Elements: SourceRock

Reservoirand Seal

Trap Must Be Available Before/ Duri ngMigration



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Oil f ills the pore-space betw een grains

Reservoir : Oil is st ored in reservoir rock



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Porosity = 26% , permeabili ty = 2434 md

Reservoir Rock

Sand

Pore

space



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Reservoir Rock


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qIf migrating oil encountereda reservoir rock it

preferentially f lowed through

this conduit

qIf it led straight to the

surface, the petroleumescaped

qIf the reservoir was folded

or faulted, the oil may havebeen trapped.

Oil Migrat ion

oil & gas seeps

trappedoil & gas

Reservo

ir

Rock


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Ant iclines are folds in t he eart h

GasGas

OilOil

WaterWater

Cap rock

Reservoirrock

Oil Reservoir


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Oil and gas migrates from source rock,through reservoir r ock t o trap

Oil Reservoir


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Spill PointSpill Point

Seal Rock(Mudstone)Reservoir Rock

(Sandstone)Migration fromKitchen

Early Generation

Late Generation

Gas displaces

all oil

Gas beginning

to displace oil

Displaced oilaccumulates

Pet roleum system, A Dynamic Ent it y

Oil Reservoir


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Huston Geological society, Academic Liaison committee

Oil and Gas Reservoirs


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Largest North American field before Prudhoe BayMore than 5 bil lion barrels recoverable, East Texas OilField (1930)

Huston Geological society, Academic Liaison committee



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Reservoir rock sampling

When oil wells are drilled, sometimes a coringtool is used to obtain samples of the reservoir

rock for study. Geologists study these core

samples to learn about the reservoir and helpdecide how to produce the oil and gasefficiently.


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Oil Seepage

Typical large-scale onshore oil

seep, Qaiyarah, Iraq


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Gas (and oil-coated) bubble plume in watercolumn (right), Surfacingoil pancakes(gas

bubbles burst and lost to atmosphere)

Oil Seepage


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Titas seepage, BGFCL estimates, Bangladesh

07.27.2009, www.energybangla.com

Gas Seepage

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