okf”kzd i zfro snu · achievements made and training, extension and consultancy services provided...

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okf”kZd izfrosnuANNUAL REPORT

2006-07

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Central Institute for Research on GoatsMakhdoon, Farah-281 122 Mathura (UP) INDIA

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Publisher Dr. N.P. SinghDirectorCIRG, Makhdoom

Editors Dr. N.P. SinghDr. N.K. SinhaDr. H.S. SisodiyaDr. V.K.Gupta

Photography Sri V.P. Singh

CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH ON GOATSMakhdoom, P.O. Farah-281 122, Mathura (UP)Telephone No. : 0565-2763380Fax : 0565-2763246E. mail : director@ cirg.res.inWeb sites : http://www.cirg.res.in

Printed by : Bytes & BytesBareillyPh.: 09412738797

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CONTENTSPrefaceCIRG: An Introduction

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Executive SummaryOrganizational ChartFinancial Statement and Staff PositionResearch AchievementsGoat Genetics and BreedingPhysiology, Reproduction and Shelter ManagementNutrition, Feed Resource and Products TechnologyGoat HealthExtension Education and Socio-EconomicsAICRP

GoatSheep

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Education and TrainingSuccess StoryAwards and RecognitionsLinkages and CollaborationMeteorological ObservationPublicationsParticipation of Scientists in Conferences etc.Training Programmes attendedOn0-going Research ProjectRAC, SRC, QRT MeetingsDistinguished VisitorsPersonnelPersonnelia

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PREFACEIt gives me

immense pleasure inpresenting theAnnual Report 2006-07 of the Institute.The Report contains abrief account of thesalient researchachievements madeand training,extension and

consultancy services provided by the Instituteduring the year. The Institute continuedconducting basic and applied research on allaspects of goat production and utilization.Genetic improvement of Jamunapari, Barbariand Jakhrana at the Institute and Sirohi,Marwari, Surti, Black Bengal, Ganjam,Sangamneri and Malabari breeds under theAICRP was continued. Notable achievementswere made in improving the productivity ofthese goat breeds located in different regionsof the country in respect of population growth,milk and meat yield, reproduction andsurvivability. The Goat Semen Bank was furtherstrengthened and an In-Vitro Fertilized kid wasproduced for the first time in the country. Anarea specific mineral mixture was developedand validated. A few very important transferabletechnologies were added to the list forenhancing milk and meat production of ourgoats. The herbal drug against acto-parasitesdeveloped by the Institute was launched formarketing by Natural Remedies Internationalunder the trade name ‘ALQUIT’. A largenumber of elite breeding males and females ofdifferent breeds were provided to the StateAnimal Husbandry Departments, NGOs,Entrepreneurs and the Progressive goat farmersfor breed improvement.

The success stories includedestablishment of several commercial goat farmsaround the country. The Institute impartedtraining to over 200 progressive farmers and

entrepreneurs in commercial goat farmingduring the year. The human resourcedevelopment and educational programmesoffered by the Institute progressed successfullyand several Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations werecompleted during the year. The Institute incollaboration with the Indian Society for Sheepand Goat Production and Utilization alsoorganized a National Seminar on Emergingdiseases of small ruminants and theircontainment during WTO regime duringFebruary, 2007. Several Technical Bulletinswere published. Publication of the News LetterAjamukh was continued. The Instituteorganized and participated in a number of Goat/Farmer Fairs and Exhibitions. The RAC and IJSCmeetings were held as scheduled. A largenumber of national and international visitorswere attracted.

We are extremely grateful for thedynamic leadership, visionary guidance andconstant support provided by Dr. Mangla Rai,Secretary DARE and DG, ICAR and Dr. K.M.Bujarbaruah, DDG (Animal Science), ICAR inperusing research and management activitiesof the Institute successfully. Our sincere thanksare due to Dr. Lal Krishna ADG (AH), Dr. T.J.Rasool ADG (AP&B), Dr. C.S. Prasad ADG(AN&P), Dr. Rajan Gupta Sr. Scientist (AN) andDr. Vinit Bhasin Sr. Scientist (AG&B) of theSMD for coordinating and facilitating theInstitute activities in a befitting manner. I amhighly thankful to the scientific, technical,administrative and supporting staff of theInstitute for their untiring efforts in mostsincerely perusing the programmes andactivities and significantly contributing towardsthe mandated goals of the Institute.

I am sure the information presented inthis Annual Report will be useful to thescientists, extension workers, progressivefarmers and all those interested in the welfareof goats and goat keepers across the country.

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Central Institute for Research on Goatsis a premier Institute in the country

engaged in research on goats. The IndianCouncil of Agricultural Researchestashished a National Research Centre onGoats at Makhdoom village in Mathuradistrict of Uttar Pradesh in the year 1975.This Centre was upgraded to the level of afull fledged Institute on July 12, 1979 andnamed as Central Institute for Research onGoats with a view to improve theproductivity of goats and thereby socio-econmic status of the goat keepers in thecountry. The Institute is situated near Farahtown (27.10ºN, 78.2ºE, 169.2 M aboveMSL) between Mathura and Agra cities onNational Highway No.2.

The Institute has four ResearchDivisions and a Section. The Mandate ofthe Institute is to undertake research,training and extension educationprogrammes for improving milk, meat and

CIRG: AN INTRODUCTIONfibre production of goats and developproducts processing technologies throughthe following objectives-1. To undertake basic and applied

research in all disciplines relating togoat production and producttechnology.

2. To develop, update and standardizearea specific package of practices onbreeding, feeding, management andprophylactic and curative healthcover of goats.

3. To impart National and Internationaltrainings in specialized fields of goatresearch and development.

4. To transfer technologies forimproving milk, meat and fibreproduction and value addition of goatproducts.

5. To provide referral and consultancyservices on goat production andproduct technologies.

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dsUnzh; cdjh vuqlaèkku laLFkku dh

LFkkiuk o"kZ 1979 esa cdjh ikyu dh fofHkUu

foèkkvksa esa vkèkkj ,oa lkjHkwr rFkk tuksi;ksxh

vuqlaèkku gsrq gq;hA funs'kd laLFkku ds loksZPp

vfèkdkjh gS tks vuqlaèkku lykgdkj lfefr

,oa laLFkku izcUèku lfefr dh lykg,oa

ekxZn'kZu ls dk;Z djrs gSaA laLFkku esa orZeku

e s a fun s'kd lfgr 38 o SKkfud] 70

rduhf'k;u] 38 iz'kklfud ,oa foÙk rFkk

104 lgk;d deZpkjh gSaA o"kZ 2006-07 esa

laLFkku dks vkcafVr jkf'k :0 141.05 yk[k

;k stuk en rFkk :0 741.50 yk[k

xSj;kstuken esa izkIr gq;hA bl jkf'k esa ls

laLFkku }kjk :0 139.05 yk[k ;kstuken

rFkk :0 740.34 yk[k xSj;kstuken esa O;;

fd;s x;sA

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jgh rks o"kZ 2010 rd ;g yxHkx 13.5

djksM+ rd igq¡p tk;sxhA cdjh Áfro"kZ vius

fofHkUu mRikn ftlesa ekal ¼47.5 djksM

fd0xzke½] nqXèk ¼276.0 djksM+ fd0xzke½] [kky

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ¼vuq{ksi.k½dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ¼vuq{ksi.k½dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ¼vuq{ksi.k½dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ¼vuq{ksi.k½dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k ¼vuq{ksi.k½

¼13 djksM fd0xzke½] Ik'ehuk ¼ 80 eh0 Vu½

rFkk [kkn ¼90 gtkj eh0 Vu½ Áeq[k gS] jk"Vª

dh lsok esa lefiZr djrh gSA cdjh ds mRiknu

dks vkSj ÁHkkoh cukus ds fy;s dsUnzh; cdjh

vuqlaèkku laLFkku vuojr Á;kljr gSA laLFkku

cdjh ikyu dh fofHkUu foèkkvksa tSls iks"k.k]

LokLF;] j[kj[kko] tuu rFkk ÁcUèk bR;kfn

esa oSf'od ,oa jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa dksè;ku

esa j[krs gq;s cgqvk;keh 'kksèk dk;Z ,oa izlkj

esa layXu gSA blh dM+h esa laLFkku us foxr

o"kZ esa fuEu mRd"kZ 'kksèk dk;ksZ dks lEikfnr

,oa izfrikfnr fd;k gSA

cdfj;ksa dh fofHkUu uLyksa fo'ks"kdj

tequkikjh] cjcjh ,oa t[kjkuk ds fodkl ds

fy;s p;uèkehZ izfØ;k dk iz;ksx vR;Ur

ykHkdkjh fl) gqvk gSA bl ÁfØ;k ls 90,oa

140 fnu ds 'kjhj Hkkj ,oa nqXèk mRiknu esa

vk'kkrhr o`f) ik;h x;h gSA vk;q ds 3] 6] 9

,oa 12 eghus ij tequkikjh uLy es a

2.75±0.02] 13.16±0.33 ,oa 18.17±0.45

fd0xzk0 Hkkj o`f) ikbZ x;h gSA cjcjh uLy

esa ;g vkadM+k 1.86±0.1] 7.68±0.05]

12.23±0.19] 17.54±0.11 ,oa 21.63±0.14

fd0xzk0 dk FkkA tequkikjh,oa cjcjh uLy

es a 90 fnu dk vkSlr nqXèk mRiknu

80.86±1.83 ,oa 49.33±2.30 yhVj ntZ

fd;k x;kA bu nksuksa uLyksa esa nqXèk vUrjky

184.11±3.91,oa 116.4±1.4 fnu dk ns[kk

x;kA t[kjkuk uLy esa tUe] 3] 6] 9,oa 12

eghus esa 'kjhj Hkkj o`f) dk vkSlr Øe'k%

2.76±0.62 10.64±0.32] 11.27±0.73]

14.68±2.68 ,oa 20.04±1.10 fd0xzk0 FkkA

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bl uLy esa 90 ,oa 150 fnu dk nqXèk mRiknu

Øe'k% 90.91±4.20 ,oa 132.41±10.73

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vfèkd eseus nsus dk izfr'kr 34.07 jgkA

laLFkku }kjk p;uèkehZ ÁfØ;k ls

mRikfnr tequkikjh ,oa cjcjh uLy ds mUu;r

uj ,oa eknk Ik'kqvksa dks xzkeh.k ,oa vU; {ks=ksa

esa uLy lqèkkj gsrq fofHkUu xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh

{ks=ksa ds cdjh ikydksa] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa]

O;olkf;d cdjh ikydks a ] jkT; Ñf"k

fo'ofo|ky;ksa ,oa 'kksèk laLFkkuksa dks fn;k

x;kA

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lkekU;:Ik ls ,d cdjh de ek=k esa Hkzw.kksa

dk mRiknu djrh gS tcfd cdjh dh 'kh?kz

oa'k o`f) ds fy;s vfèkd Hkzw.kksa dh vko';drk

gksrh gSA laLFkku }kjk foxr o"kZ ij[kuyh

fu"kspu fofèk ls,d esaeus ßÑ".kkß dks lQy

tUe djk;k x;kA bl fof'k"V fofèk ls

mRikfnr ;g ij[kuyh esaeuk fo'o dk ÁFke

gSA cdjh ds fgehÑr oh;Z ls lQy fu"kspu

djkus gsrq fofHkUu dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k

x;k gSA iz;ksxksa ls Kkr gqvk gS fd 'kqØk.kqvksa

dh 80-100 fefy;u la[;k lQy fu"kspu ds

fy, vko';d gSA Jo.kkrhr fofèk }kjk cdjh

esa 4-5 lIrkg ds xHkZ dk Hkh lQyrkiwoZd

irk yxk;k x;kA bl fofèk ls cdfj;ksa esa 4-

5 ,oa 5-6 lIrkg esa xHkZ dk irk yxkus ds

iz;ksx fd;s x;sA bu iz;ksxksa ls ;g ik;k x;k

fd bl fofèk ls 4 ls 5 lIrkg ds xHkZ dk

irk 80 izfr'kr rd Bhd-Bhd yxk;k tk

ldrk gSA vkaf'kd vkgkj Áfrcaèku,oa iqu%

vkgkjhdj.k ij fd;s tk jgs 'kksèk lQyrkiwoZd

lEiUu dj fy;s x;s rFkk ,d u;h ÁcUèku

O;oLFkk dk fodkl fd;k x;k gSA bu iz;ksxksa

dks pkj eghus ds 30 eseuksa ij fd;k x;kA

bl nkSjku bu eseuksa dh o`f)] pkjk-nkuk

xzg.k nj rFkk jDr esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa dk

vè;;u fd;k x;kA iquZvkgkjhdj.k ds 6

eghu s ckn mPpre 'kjhj Hkkj o ` f)

21.88±1.08 fd0xzk0,oa fuEure Hkkj o`f)

19.42±0.99 fd0xzk0 ekih x;hA bu iz;ksxksa

us fl) fd;k fd bl izdkj fn;s x;s le;

esa dqy 1.77 fd0xzk0 'kq"d inkFkZ dh cpr

lEHko gSA

?kVrs gq;s pkjkxkg rFkk mi;ksxh pkjs

dh vuqiyCèkrk cdjh ds fy;s,d leL;k

dk:Ik ysrh tk jgh gSA ;g laLFkku mPp

oxhZ; pkjs dh miyCèkrk djus gsrq fofHkUu

'kksèkksa esa rYyhu gSA cdjh ds pkjs dks lapf;r

,oa loafèkZr djus dh fn'kk esa py jgs Á;Ru

lQy gq;s gaSA bu Á;ksxksa ls cdjh ds vPNs

pkjs dks le; jgrs gh de ykxr esa loafèkZr

fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fn'kk esa fd;s x;s

iz;ksxksa ls ,slk Kkr gqvk gS fd vjgj vkèkkfjr

lEiw.kZ vkgkj cdfj;ksa }kjk vfèkd ilUn

fd;k tkrk gSA cdfj;ksa ds fy, vokl] pkjk

vkiwfrZ ds fy, oupkjkxkg vkèkkfjr fofHkUu

le:iksa dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA ,slk

ik;k x;k fd lsUdjl flfy,sfjl vkèkkfjr

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oupkjkxkg dh xzkgd {kerk vR;fèkd ikbZ

x;h tcfd xq.koRrk dh n`f"V ls lsUdjl

flfy,sfjl $ VsÝksfl;k vkèkkfjr fefJr

pkjkxkg mRre ik;k x;kA mRrj Áns'k ds

fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa pkjs esa fofHkUu [kfut yo.kksa

dh deh ik;h x;h gSA mRrj izns'k ds iwohZ

Hkkx ds fofHkUu xkWaoksa esa Ik'kqvksa ds pkjs ,oa

feV~Vh esa fofHkUu [kfut yo.kksa dh rhoz deh

ikbZ x;hA bl dksè;ku esa j[krs gq, laLFkku

us,d LFkku fof'k"V [kfut yo.k feJ.k dk

fodkl fd;k gSA cdfj;ksa esa js'kksa ds ikpu ds

fy;s jkseUFkh QQwafn;ksa dk cM+k gh ;ksxnku

ik;k x;k gSA bu QQwafn;ksa dk vk.kfod Lrj

ij vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA fofHkUu ftyksa esa

ik;s tkus okyh cdfj;ksa ds nqXèk dk jklk;fud

,oa [kfut rRoksa dk vkadyu fd;k x;kA

blesa ik;k x;k fd dqy Bksl inkFkZ] olk

rFkk izksVhu dh ek=k Øe'k% 12.42 ls 15.02]

3.50 ls 6.90 ,oa 3.44 ls 4.05 izfr'kr rd

ikbZ x;hA vkxjk ,oa vyhx<+ ftyksa dh

cdfj;ksa ds nqXèk esa dSfY'k;e dh ek=k vyoj

ftyk jktLFkku esa ikbZ tkus okyh cdfj;ksa

ls de FkhA

cdfj;ksa ds pkjk laoèkZu ds fy,,d

de ewY; okyh e'khu dk fodkl fd;k x;k

gSA cdjh dh iztkfr dk cdjh dh nqXèk

lajpuk esa iM+us okys izHkko dk vè;;u fd;k

x;kA olk jfgr dqy Bksl ,oa dqy Bksl dh

ek=k tequkikjh cdjh esa vU; cdfj;ksa dh

iztkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd ¼80.76±0.05%½

ikbZ x;hA cdfj;ksa ds ek¡l ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa

dk fo'ys"k.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA

uokxr esaeuksa esa nLr,d vR;Ur xaHkhj

leL;k gSA laLFkku }kjk ikni fupksM+ksa ls bu

nLrksa dk dkjxj mipkj <aw<+k x;k gSA cdfj;ksa

e s a U; wek s fu;k djus okys ,d dkjd

ekbdksIykTek dh igpku vk.kfod Lrj ij

dh x;h gSA ckâ;ijthfo;ksa ds fouk'k ds

fy;s fodflr tM+h-cwVh vkèkkfjr nok ds

fo"kkärk ijh{k.k lEiUu gks pqds gSaA 'khèkz gh

;g nok cktkj esa miyCèk gksxhA tkWguh jksx

ds dkjd dk vk.kfod fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k

rFkk bl jksx ds fy;s fodflr Vhds ds

ijh{k.k tkjh gSA

laLFkku }kjk xksn fy;s x;s pkj xk¡oksa esa

cdjh ikydksa ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd losZ{k.k

dk dk;Z lEiUu dj fy;k x;k gSA laLFkku

}kjk fodflr mPp rduhfd;k¡ bu xk¡oksa esa

LFkkukUrfjr dh tk jgh gSA rduhdh gLrkja.k

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ds dk;Z dks lqpk:,oa ÁHkkoh:Ik esa pykus ds

fy;s laLFkku,d fo'ks"k dk;ZØe pyk jgk gSA

cdjh ikyu dks vfèkd ls vfèkd yksxksa

rd igq¡pkus ds fy;s laLFkku }kjk foxr o"kZ

2006-07 esa yxHkx 10 jk"Vªh; Áf'k{k.k

dk;ZØe pyk;s x;s rFkk ns'kHkj ls vk;s 1048

Áxfr'khy csjkstxkj] ;qokvksa ,oa efgykvksa

dks cdjh ikyu ls lEcfUèkr ijke'kZ fn;k

x;kA

ns'k ,oa fons'k ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ls vk;s

Ñ"kdksa] xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds izfrfufèk;ksa]

O;olkf;d cdjh ikydksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds fy;s

laLFkku }kjk fo'ks"k ijke'kZ dh Hkh O;oLFkk

dh xbZA ;g ijke'kZ fofHkUu oxksZ ds fy;s

vR;Ur ykHkdkjh fl) gqvkA

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Central Institute for Research on Goats(CIRG) was established in 1979 to

conduct basic, fundamental and appliedresearch in all aspects of goat production.Director is the Head of the Organizationassisted and guided by Research AdvisoryCommittee (RAC) and InstituteManagement Committee (IMC). TheInstitute has 38 Scientists includingDirector, 70 Technical staff, 38Administrative and 104 Supporting staff.The total budget allocated to the Institutein 2006-07 was Rs. 141.00 Lakh under planand 741.50 under non-plan. Totalexpenditure was Rs. 139.05 Lakh in Planand 740.34 Lakh in Non-Plan.

The goat population in the countreyis likely to reach a figure of 130 million by2010. Goats contribute 475 million kg ofmeat, 2700 million kg of milk, 130 millionof skins, 30 metric tones of Pashmina and90 thousand metric tones of manureannually to the national economy. CIRG,Makhdoom is actively engaged inconducting research, training andextension activities on all aspects of goat

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

production and utilization with a view toimprove the productivity of goats in respectof milk, meat and fibre.

The selective breeding programmewas executed in the nucleus flocks and alsoin their natural habitat involving farmersflocks. The criterion for selection ofsuperior bucks was on the basis of indexcomputed by taking account of 9 monthsbody weight and 90 days milk yield of theirdams. Top ranking bucks were used forproducing superior progeny. Mean bodyweights of the kids at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12months of age were 2.75±0.05,9.89±0.21, 13.16±0.33, 18.97±0.45 and26.4±0.57 kg in Jamunapari and1.86±0.01, 7.68±0.05, 12.23±0.19,17.54±0.11 and 21.63±0.14 kg in Barbarirespectively during the period under report.Average milk yield in the two breeds at 90days was 80.86±1.83 liters and49.33±2.30 liters respectively during theyear. The average lactation length inJamunapari was 184.11±3.91 days and inBarbari 116.4±1.4 days. Body weight atbirth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months age averaged2.76±0.62, 10.64±0.32. 11.27±0.73,14.68±2.68 and 20.04±1.10 kg,respectively in Jakhrana kids during thereported period. The average milkproduction in Jakhrana was recorded to be90.91±4.20 and 132.41±10.73 liters in90 and 150 days, respectively. Multiplebirth in the breed was 34.07% with kiddingrate of 1.48. The elite germplasm ofJamunapari and Barbari breeds numbering134 and 293 respectively was supplied tothe farmers, SAUs, NGOs and otherresearch institutions for improvement andconservation under field conditions.

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In-vivo technique of embryoproduction has got limitations because itis expensive and produces less number ofembryos per donor. However, a largenumber of embryos are required for thesuccess of embryo transfer programme,which can be exploited through In-vitrotechnique of embryo production. A kidthrough in-vitro fertilization technique (IVF)was produced. Efforts were made onfreezing of buck semen at differentspermatozoal density for optimisation ofsperm concentration per dose.Ultrasonographic Imaging Technique forearly (4-5 weeks) pregnancy/nonpregnancy determination in goats has beenstandardized. Trans-rectal ultrasoundscanning of 23 pregnant goats at 4-5 and5-6 weeks of gestation was observed. Overall, accuracy of scanning in prediction offoetal number at this stage was 80.00%.The optimal sperm concentration for higherpost thaw motility was recorded with 80-100 millions spermatozoa per dose of0.25ml. Studies on effect of dietaryrestriction and realimentation on growthand carcass characteristics in kids wascompleted and a suitable package has beendeveloped. In this study four-month old 30male kids of Barbari breed raised underuniform management and optimumfeeding conditions were utilized.Observations on growth rate, feed intakeand changes in blood metabolites wererecorded. The final highest and lowestbody weights recorded after 6 months ofrealimentation period were 21.88±1.08 kgand 19.42±0.99 kg in different groups. Asaving of 1.77 kg dry matter for each kggain in weight in treatment group ascompared to control was obtained.

The feeds available to goats are poorin quantity and quality. The farmers areunaware about the balanced feeding of

their animals. An experiment wasconducted to study the processing effecton the complete feed manufacturing.Complete feed pellets, complete feedblocks and the total mixed ration (TMR) ofthe same composition with 50:50 straw andconcentrate ratio were fed to three groupsof growing animals. Higher ADG wasobserved in case of pellet fed group.Comparatively, arhar based complete feedsin different physical forms resulted in betterintake in Barbari kids irrespective of sexthan neem leaf based complete feeds.Various rainfed pastures such as Cenchrusciliaris, Cenchrus ciliaris + Tephroseapurpurea and natural under semiaridcondition were evaluated for goatproduction and carrying capacity. Thecarrying capacity of Cenchrus ciliaris +Tephrosea purpurea pasture was higherthan the natural pasture. Maximumbiomass production of 9.65 g/ha wasassociated with the Cenchrus ciliarispasture. Tephrosea purpurea pasture wasalso observed as a potential pasture legumein semi arid condition. Different zones ofthe U.P. State were surveyed to study thestatus of different micro and macrominerals in feeds, fodders, soils, water andblood plasma of the animals. The results

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indicated deficiency of most of the macroand micro minerals in cattle, buffalo, sheepand goats. Based on the deficiency ofmacro and micro minerals in the blood ofcattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats, an areaspecific mineral mixture was formulatedseparately for South Western Semi-AridZone, Central Plain Zone and Eastern PlainZone of Uttar Pradesh. For molecularcharacterization of rumen fungi, an ITS 1& 2 region based PCR has been developed.Chemical composition and minerals (totalsolid, fat, SNF, protein, lactose, ash, Ca,Mg, Na, K, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Co) in goatmilk collected from different villages wereestimated. Total solid, fat and proteinpercentage in the goat milk ranged from12.42 to 15.02%; 3.50 to 6.90% and 3.44to 4.05% in different villages, respectively.Ca concentration in goat milk of Aligarhand Agra districts was found to be lowercompared to Alwar district. Fe content inmilk collected from Aligarh district waslower than other two districts. Cu, Mn andCo in milk was found invariably lower inthis semi-arid region.

A cost effective design of machineriesfor fodder production, conservation andprocessing of feeds for commercial goatfarming has been developed. The carcasscharacteristics of the male kids of different

breeds maintained under different systemsof feeding were evaluated. The effect ofbreed on goat milk composition wasstudied. The SNF and TS contents wereobserved to be higher in Jamunapari milk(8.76±0.05 and 12.60±0.12%) ascompared to Jakhrana (8.16±0.07 and12.54±0.12), Sirohi (7.65±0.05 and10.97±0.07), Barbari (7.76±0.23 and11.29±0.24) and mixed milk (7.57±0.08and 10.99±0.17%), respectively.However, the fat content was observedsignificantly higher (4.12±0.07%) inJakhrana milk.

Diarrhoea in young kids is a seriousproblem. Antidiarrhoeal properties ofselected plant extracts were evaluated. Theresults indicated that selected plant extractsshowed anti-diarrhoeal activity in clinicalcases of colibacillosis in kids with littlevariation. For the diagnosis ofmycoplasmosis the work on developmentof PCR has been concluded. The safety trialsof novel herbal ectoparasiticidal product forticks in goats have been completed andindustrial partner is going to launch theproduct in the market soon. Work ondevelopment of molecular diagnostic forthe diagnosis of Johne’s disease has beencompleted. The developed prototype ofkilled vaccine against Johne’s disease isbeing tested in goats.

A rigrous Bench Mark Survey in fournewly adopted villages was completed.The data collected will be used to work onthe interventions to improve socio-economic condition of the farmers ingeneral and goat keepers in particular.Technologies developed by the Institute arebeing transferred and evaluated at thefarmer’s door through the multi-disciplinaryProject. Assessment of the impact of theimproved technologies transferred in thefield is in progress.

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A total of ten training programmes ondifferent aspects of scientific andcommercial goat production wereorganized for the farmers, goat keepers,enterprenuers, extension workers andscientists sponsored by several State AnimalHusbandry Departments, State AgriculturalUniversities, Dircetorates of Extension,

Non-Governmental Organizations, SelfHelp Groups etc. Consultancy services ongoat production and utilization wereprovided to several national and inter-national agencies. A large number of elitemales and females of the important goatbreeds were distributed to the progressivegoat farmers for breed improvement.

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FINANCIAL POSITIONOn March 31, 2007(Rs. in Lakhs)

Head Plan Non-PlanAllocation Expenditure Allocation Expenditure

1. Establishment Charges – – 434.00 433.34

OTA – – 0.35 0.35

Wages – – 89.55 89.39

2. T.A. 3.54 3.36 2.00 1.72

3. HRD 2.16 2.15 - -

4. Other Charges 97.54 95.78 175.60 175.59

including equipments

5. Works 34.12 34.12- 40.00 39.95

6. Land develoment 3.46 3.46 40.00 39.95

TOTAL 141.00 139.05 741.50 740.34

STAFF POSITION(on March 31, 2007)

Category Sanctioned Filled

Director 01 01

Scientific 50 37

Technical 72 70

Administrative including Non-Min. staff 39 38

Supporting 104 104

TOTAL 266 250

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Goat Genetics and BreedingGoat Genetics and BreedingGoat Genetics and BreedingGoat Genetics and BreedingGoat Genetics and Breeding

GGB-1.09: Genetic Improvement andSire Evaluation of JamunapariGoats for Milk production(AICRP)

M.K. Singht and T.K. DuttaJamunapari is one of the important

dual-purpose breeds of goats in India withgreater recognition for milk yield. Efforts toimprove productivity of Jamunapari goatsthrough selection since 1985 have yieldeddesignally and since then a large numberof superior bucks and does have beendistributed to improve in productivitythrough A.H. Deptt./NGOs and farmers.

Body Weights: Mean body weights of kidsat birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were2.75±0.049, 9.89±0.21, 13.16±0.33,18.97±0.45 and 26.04±0.57 kg,respectively during 2006. Year, Season ofkidding, type of birth, sex of kid and weightof dam at kidding have significantlyinfluenced the body weights at all the ages.

Milk Yield: Average milk yield in 90 days,140 days and total lactation was80.86±1.83, 111.15±3.13 and 119.68±4.20 liters, respectively of the does kiddedduring the year 2006. The average lactationlength was 184.11±3.91 days. Year, seasonof kidding, parity and dams weight atkidding showed significant influence on 90days milk yield.

Reproductive Performance: Age at firstkidding, weight at first kidding and kiddinginterval were 739±29 kg, 34.2±0.7 kg and321±13 days, respectively. Kidding

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

percentage on the basis of does availableand does tupped was 110.67 and 136.81%respectively. The multiple birth rate andlitter size was 38.20% and 142%,respectively.

Genetic Parameters: The heritabilityestimates for body weight at birth, 3, 6, 9and 12 months of age were 0.272±0.068,0.169±0.076, 0.230±0.064, 0.213±0.003and 0.327± 0.073, respectively. Thegenetic and phenotypic correlationsamongst body weight traits were high.However, magnitude of estimate decreasedwith the increase of age as compared toadjacent body weight traits. The heritabilityestimates for 90 days, 140 days, total milkyield and lactation length were0.077±0.082, 0.113±0.089, 0.112±0.093and 0.043±0.079 respectively. Selectiondifferential with respect to bucks selectedfor breeding were estimated. The rankingof sires on the basis of sire indices wascomputed by combining 9 months bodyweight and 90 days milk yield of their dams.Ten top ranking bucks were selected andallocated for breeding of the does. Theaverage value of constructed sire indiceswas 16.44 and ranged from 15.04 to 21.38.

The average weight gain, dry matterintake, feed conversion ratio, slaughterweight and carcass weight of kids fed withpellet ration from 3 to 9 months of age were16.42±2.15 kg 891.85±72.84 (g/d),10.47±0.60, 29.42±2.34 kg and14.07±1.35 kg respectively. Correspondingvalues of kids fed on mash ration were11.81±0.56 kg, 663.04±55.89 (g/d),10.44±1.06, 23.03±1.22 kg and10.07±0.66 kg respectively. The overall

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survivability of the flock was above 91%. Atotal of 134 goats (102 males and 32 females)were supplied to State Animal HusbandryDept./NGOs and progressive farmers forconservation and improvement of goatsduring the year.

GG.B. 1.10: Genetic Improvement ofBarbari Goats for Meat andMilk Production

S.K. Singh and P.K. RoutBarbari is one of the dual purpose

medium size breeds widely distributed andadapted around Agra, Aligarh, Etah, Etawahand Mainpuri districts of Uttar Pradeshhaving high fecundity, reproduction rate,moderate milk production and bodygrowth.

The annual population growth in theflock was 154%. During the year, 293 goatswere distributed to various agencies i.e.NGOs, Private breeders, Govt.Organizations for breed improvement andconservation.

Body Weight: Mean body weights of kidsat birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age were1.76±0.02, 7.79±0.09, 10.86±0.20,16.45±0.25 and 20.48±0.44 kg,respectively. Season of birth, type of birthand sex of kid significantly influenced thebody weight at all the ages. At 12 monthsage single born kids were slightly heavierthan those born as twins or triplets but thetwin born kids did not differ significantly tothose born as triplets indicating that themultiple birth should be preferred in theselection criteria.

Milk yield: The average milk yield in 90days and daily milk yield were 49.33±2.33liters and 538.3±20.3 ml, respectively witha lactation length of 87.01±2.12 days.Season of kidding significantly influencedthe milk production. Season –I (March-

April) kidding has more milk yield thanthose kidding in Season-II (October-November). Type of kidding i.e. single, twinor triplet had no effect on lactationalperformance of goats.

Reproductive Performance: During theyear 296 kiddings were observed. In all 395kids were born with a kidding rate of 1.33.The percentage of single, twin and tripletkiddings was 53.4, 42.3 and 4.2respectively. Tuppping was recorded as142.3%. Fertility efficiency on the basis ofdoes available and does tupped was 77.7and 84.6% respectively.

GGB-1.11: Conservation andimprovement of JamunapariGoats in their Home Tract.

P.K. Rout, Saket Bhusan and R. RoyMicrosatellite analysis was carried out

in Jamunapari goats to assess the geneticdiversity and genetic consequence ofpopulation size reduction. As Jamunapariis endangered breed, it was necessary tocharacterize the population as well as todetect bottleneck in this population. Datawere analysed with GENEPOP, AGARstsoftware to analyze various diversity andbottleneck parameters.

The markers with their chromosomenumber, number of alleles identified andallele range are described in Table 1.Among the polymorphic markers, BM4621and IDVGA7 showed highest 15 alleles ateach locus. ILSTS005 marker showed 3alleles and lowest number of alleles wasobserved at this locus. All other markersshowed more than 6 alleles. The numberof alleles varied from 3 to 15 across themicrosatellite markers. The total number ofalleles was observed as 153 over the loci.The highest number of allele was observedin BM4621 and IDVGA7 and lowestnumber of allele was observed in ILSTS005.

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The mean number of allele per locus was9.0. The average expected and observedheterozygosity was 0.769 and 0.386. Theexpected heterozygosity varied from 0.489to 0.866. All the loci except ILSTS005showed higher gene diversity in theanalysed samples. The mean number ofallele per locus and expected heterozygosityindicated that the overall gene diversity washigh in the population. It was observed thatthe number of alleles in each microsatellitemarker was more than 6 except ILSTS005.The rare alleles were observed in very lowfrequency at all the loci indicating that itwas a population of constant size.Bottleneck detection in Jamunapari goat ispresented in Table 1. The bottle neckanalysis indicated that there was no mode-shift distortion and showed a normal ‘L‘shaped distribution. The heterozygosityexcess method, which is more sensitive androbust in detecting historical bottleneck wascarried out to analyse the population. Out

of 17 loci, 7 showed heterozygosity excessand there was no significant departure frommutation drift equilibrium detected in thepopulation. The analysis indicated that thepopulation has not suffered any bottleneckrecently and was a constant size population.The population was examined for allelefrequency distribution for gaps. The averageM ratio of the population was 0.815, whichwas significantly higher than critical value.The M ratio was less than 0.71 in ILSTS005,INRABERN192 and BM143. For all othermarkers in the population, it was very highand close to one indicating that it is aconstant size population.

Population Dynamics: Migration in goatpopulation in village flocks has been usualphenomenon due to frequent sale andpurchase. Males were sold at all the agegroups and 23.86% of males were soldduring the period. Similarly 17.59% femaleswere sold. All the available males were sold

Table 1: Genetic variability measure of polymorphic loci and Bottleneck detection in Jamunapari goats

Marker Chromo- Observed Effective Allele Heq (He- He Msome No. of No. of range Heq) excess ratioNo. alleles alleles (bp) /SD

BM4621 6 15 6.387 106-140 0.894 -1.825 + 0.833

NRAMP 2 9 4.864 224-248 0.834 -0.886 + 0.692Oar AE101 6 8 4.906 92-108 0.787 0.337 - 0.889IDVGA7 25 15 8.064 210-240 0.894 -0.436 + 0.938ILST S005 10 3 1.963 178-188 0.441 0.364 - 0.364BM6526 27 9 4.761 154-178 0.808 -0.244 + 0.692ETH 225 14 6 3.523 140-152 0.714 -0.159 + 0.857

Oar HH 56 23 9 5.252 152-168 0.813 -0.007 + 0.857INRABERN 192 7 10 5.010 178-208 0.833 -0.359 + 0.625Oar FCB48 17 8 5.561 150-164 0.784 0.845 - 1.00Oar HH62 20 5 3.429 108-118 0.653 0.672 - 0.833TGLA 40 10 4.355 174-198 0.831 -1.275 + 0.769BM 143 6 8 3.633 96-118 0.786 -0.934 + 0.667

SRCRSP 5 21 8 4.553 160-178 0.786 0.051 - 0.800SRCRSP6 19 10 2.974 138-158 0.830 -4.182 + 0.909SRCRSP 9 11 7.657 120-144 0.849 0.763 - 0.846SRCRSP 10 8 9 5.630 260-276 0.813 0.393 - 1.000

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in adult and 6-12 months of age group. Thevillagers purchased 10 animals fromadjacent villages. The overall populationremained minimum during May toSeptember and thereafter increased due tokiddings.

Reproductive Performance: About 80 kidswere born from 58 does during the year.The sex ratio was 46:54. The kidding ratewas 1.38 and about 10 abortions wereobserved in the two villages. The multiplebirth percentage was 55.0. The averagefertility percentage was 75.5 during the year.

Production Performance:Body Weights: The mean body weightduring the year was 2.456±0.07,15.65±0.26 and 19.93±1.08 kg at birth, 3month and 6 months of age, respectively.Sex had significant effect on body weightup to 9 months of age. Birth type hadsignificant effect on body weight at birth, 3months and 6 months of age.Milk Yield: The average daily milk yield wasabout 1.11±0.022 liter/day. The total milkyield at 30, 60 and 90 days was 32.22,70.73 and 105.7 liters, respectively.Fortnight, year and type of birth hadsignificant effect on total milk yield. Thefortnightly milk yield showed consistentyield up to 6th fortnight and highest yieldwas observed at 4th fortnight and thereafterit started to decline. Does, which producedtwins and triplets, produced more milk incomparison to does having single kid. Themilk yield up to fourth fortnight with respectto birth status was analysed and observedthat it was 65.32, 69.45 and 77.39 liters insingle kidded, twin kidded and tripletkidded does, respectively.

GG&B 1.16: Evaluation of FlockDynamics, ProductionPerformance andManagement Systems ofGohilwadi and ZalawadiGoats in their Home Tract.

M.K. Singh, B. Rai, S.K. Singh, Ashok Kumarand M.B. Simariya

Gohilwadi is a medium size goat withblack coat colour. Horns are spiraled,twisted with 1-3 folds. Ears are medium (14-18 cm), dropping and black in colour. Thenose is slightly roman (convex). Udder issymmetrical and capacious with long andoutward teats. The average body height,heart girth, body length and body weight ofadult does were 30.79±0.46 inch,31.64±0.27 inch, 32.31± 0.2 inch and32.31±0.80 kg respectively. The averagemilk yield was one litre/day and ranged from0.5 to 2.5 litres. Multiple birth rate rangedfrom 45 to 65% with an average of 55%(Table 1). Gohilwadi goat is a native ofGohilwad province of Kathiawad(Saurashtra) now known as Bhavnagar inGujarat. The traditional rearers of Zalawadigoats are Rabaries and Bharwads collectivelyknown as Maldharies. These tribal goatkeepers are pastoralists, illiterate andlandless. The area is surrounded by sea andwastelands/rangelands are often floodedwith the sea water. Goats (85%) were keptin closed enclosures made up of bushes.Goats were reared on range grazing ingaucher/barren lands and post-harvestedlands without supplementary feeding. Someflocks (10-15%) migrate to Junagarh andSurendranagar during rainy season.Maximum goats (>87%) were bred insummer on account of better grazing andbrowsing resources for pregnant does withonset of rain in June. Most of Maldhriespracticed summer breeding. Buck scarcityis major constraint as single buck was used

5

to provide service in the entire village havingmore than 100 females. On contarary toZalawadi goat keepers, the rearers ofGohilwadi goats gave little weightage tomaintain purity. Prophylactic measures werealmost nil and most of the goat keepers used

Table 1: Least squares mean of body weight (kg) in Jakhrana kidsFactors Age of kids

Birth 3M 6M 9M 12MOverall mean 2.69±0.52 (133) 10.18±0.34 (97) 11.0±0.62 (40) 14.26±1.47 (24) 20.04±1.10 (19)Year of birth2005 2.52±0.99 (28) 9.71±0.48 (27) 10.73±0.73 (23) 13.65±2.32 (20) –2006 2.76±0.62 (82) 10.64±0.32 (70) 11.27±0.73 (17) 14.68±2.68 (4) –Season of birthI 2.71±0.82 (41) 11.18±0.55 (14) 10.78±1.11 (03) 13.41±2.79 (3) –II 2.69±0.67 (92) 9.17±0.26 (83) 11.22±0.48 (37) 14.91±2.14 (21) –Sex of kidMale 2.83±0.63 (70) 10.87±0.39 (52) 11.39±0.69 (18) 14.40±1.68 (11) 21.85±3.15 (9)Female 2.57±0.64 (63) 9.48±0.41 (45) 10.60±0.68 (22) 13.93±1.59 (13) 18.49±6.16 (10)Type of birthSingle 2.85±0.07 (55) 10.31±0.06 (43) 11.25±0.68 (18) 14.63±1.58 (11) 20.42±2.13 (10)Twin 2.55±0.59 (78) 10.04±0.06 (54) 10.75±0.69 (22) 13.69±1.86 (13) 18.88±1.55 (9)

Season I: February –March, Season II: September –October birth.

Table 2: Least square analysis of variance of body weightSource Birth Wt. 3M Wt. 6M Wt. 9M Wt.

DF MSS DF MSS DF MSS DF MSS

Year 2 0.66* 1 13.40* 1 1.54 1 0.70

Season 1 0.01 1 43.59** 1 0.45 1 1.50

Sex 1 2.20** 1 43.79** 1 5.57** 1 1.17

Type of Birth 2 2.53 2 1.56 2 2.39* 1 2.90*

**Significant at 1% level *Significant at 5% level

Table 1: Production and reproductive performanceof Gohilwadi goats under field conditionsS.No. Traits Mean Range1 Age at first kidding month 21 16-282 Multiple birth rate (%) 55 45-65

3 Milk Yield (lit.) 1.0 0.5-2.54 Lactation Length month 6 3-95 Kidding Interval month 12 6-186 Mortality in Kids % 15 10-25

7 Mortality in adults % 5 2-7

indigenous preparations for differentailments. Common goat diseases observedwere FMD, PPR, Pneumonia, Blue tounge,Mycoplasmal mastitis, Enterotoxaemia andContagious ecthyma.

GGB 1.17: Genetic Evaluation andImprovement of Jakhranabreed through Open NucleusBreeding System (ONBS).

Saket Bhusan, S.K. Singh and B. RaiBody Weight: Weekly body weight of kidsand monthly body weight of adult malesand females were recorded. Least squaremeans of body weights in Jakhrana kids atvarious stages of growth are presented inTable 1. Results revealed increase in weights

6

at birth, 3, 6 and 9 months of age during2006 as compared to 2005 by 0.24, 0.93,0.54 and 1.03 kg, respectively. Seasonalvariation in weights of kids at different ageswas observed. Kids born in Season-I hadheavier body weights at birth and 3 monthsthan kids born in Season-II, whereas kidsborn in Season II weighed heavier at 6 and9 months than the kids born in Season I.Weights of male kids at different ages werehigher than weights of female kids by 0.26,1.39, 0.79, 0.67 and 3.36 kg at birth, 3,6,9and 12 months of age, respectively. Singleborn kids had higher body weight atdifferent ages than the twins. Least squareanalysis of variance for different parametersis presented in Table 2.

Milk Production: Least square means ofmilk production are presented in Table 3.Milk production of does was increasedduring 2006 over 2005. Does which kiddedduring summer season produced more milkthan the does which kidded during winterseason kidding except 150 days milkproduction. Does having single kidsproduced more milk in each month thandoes having twins except 60 days milkproduction. Average lactation length was162.08±4.85 days. Least square analysis ofvariance for various factors are presentedin Table 4.

Reproductive Performance: Gestationperiod, kidding interval and dry periodwere151.33±1.48, 322.00±25.61 and

Table 3: Least Square Means of Milk Production (lit) of Jakhrana goats

Factor Number of days

30 60 90 120 150

Overall Mean 33.04±2.06 63.03±3.22 83.34±4.73 111.59±5.98 131.85±7.25

Year

2005 26.25±3.11 55.79±4.88 75.77±7.22 103.93±9.0 131.29±13.32

2006 39.82±1.88 70.26±2.91 90.91±4.20 119.25±5.34 132.41±10.73

Season of kidding

Season I (March-August) 24.84±3.14 52.57±4.89 73.40±7.12 106.93±9.06 139.76±14.13

Season II (Sep.-Feb.) 41.23±1.83 73.48±2.85 93.28±4.19 116.26±5.17 123.95±10.48

Type of birth

Single 34.16±2.19 62.84±3.43 85.70±4.97 115.79±6.35 134.42±7.41

Twins 31.92±2.66 63.22±4.15 80.98±6.14 107.40±7.65 129.29±10.63

Table 4: Least square analysis of variance of milk production

Source 30 days 60 days 90 days 120 days 150 days

DF MSS DF MSS DF MSS DF MSS DF MSS

Year 1 2238.80** 1 2450.94** 1 2591.89* 1 2565.20 1 3.12

Season 1 3275.17** 1 5230.12** 1 4720.06** 1 969.57 1 568.45

Type Birth 1 84.42 1 2.44 1 0.01 1 1068.76 1 195.30

**Significant at 1% level *Significant at 5% level

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160.48±17.24 days respectively. Multiplebirths observed in the breed were 34.07%while kidding rate was 1.48.

GGB 1.18: Study of Goat ProductionSystem in different Agro-climatic Regions of India.

B. Rai, M.K. Singh, R. Roy and N.P. SinghGoat production system was studied

in two states viz Assam and Uttar Pradesh.Assam: The data collected on goatproduction system from two districts viz.Golaghat and Shibsagar revealed that goatsfound in this area are Bengal or Bengal type.A some places they are also called Assamhill goats since the goats are reared in upperBrahmputra valley zone of EasternHimalayan region. The goats in the villagesare reared by both Hindu and Muslimcommunities. The goats are raised inextensive system of grazing with littlesupplementation. The average flock sizeranged between 2-10 goats in the villages.The grazing of goats is mostly done in theforests as well as in paddy fields. The localgrasses available in this region are knownas Dol, Dubari, Kuhiban and Murfula. Thecommon fodder trees available in thisregion are Mango, Jackfruit and Bamboo.The average grazing time was 4-5 hours dueto heavy rain fall in this area. The Assamhill goats are found in varying colours ofwhite, black and brown. These goats aresupposed to be a mixture of Bengal andlocal goats. The goats are small in size withshort ears. The adult body weight rangedbetween 12-20 kg. The age at first kiddingwas 19 months with a service period of 14months. The average lactation yield wasonly 65 liters in 120 days. The twinning was30% with 65% single kiddings. The majorgoat diseases prevalent in this area wereFMD, Diarrhoea, Tick infestation, Mangeand diseases caused by internal parasites.

The marketing of goats was unorganised andgoats are mostly sold at the doorstep of thefarmers. The selling price of the adult goatranged between Rs.1000-1500. The role ofwomen in goat rearing was also recorded.It was observed that women are involvedin 90% activities of day to day managementof goats like cleaning of sheds, milking,feeding, grazing and breeding etc.

Uttar Pradesh: Survey was conducted ongoat production system in the Deoria districtof Uttar Pradesh which is located inNortheastern plain zone of India. Theinformation on goat production system wascollected from two villages viz. Semari andMalghot from 20 goat keepers. The goatsin this area are mostly reared by backwardcommunities and most of them are landless.The goats are kept under extensive grazingsystem and grazed from dawn to dusk withan average grazing time of 6-7 hours. Theaverage flock size ranged between 2-8goats. The goats are grazed nearby the river,roadside and fields. The common foddertrees of this area are Banyan, Mahuva,Jackfruit and Peepal. Common grassesavailable in the grazing area are Dub,Motha, Patharchata and Gajarghas. Thegoats found in this area are mostly non-descript type. Some of the goats resembledto Black Bengal or Barbari. The coat colourof goats was black, white, and brown withwhite spots. The average adult body weightof goats was 12-15 kg. The average milkyield was 300-400 ml per day. Theprolificacy was higher in goats with atwinning of 60-70%. The major goatdiseases prevalent in this area were PPR,FMD, ET, Pneumonia and Parasiticinfestations. The role of women in goatrearing was significant and they wereactively involved in day-to-day managementof goats.

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motility. Then 50 ul of neat semen wasdiluted with 5 ml of capacitation mediumand washed by centrifugation at 1800 rpmfor 5 min. The supernatant was discardedand the pellet again washed with 5 ml ofmedium and the supernatant was discarded.The pellet was diluted with 5 ml of mediumand kept for incubation at 38.50C in a CO2incubator for 30 minutes. After incubationsperm suspension was centrifuged and 50µl of sperm pellet was diluted with 750 µlof fertilization medium. Fertilization dropcontaining oocytes were inseminated with25 to 50 µl of final diluted semen (1x106

sperm/ml). The oocytes were washed after18-24 hr of co-incubation with spermatozoaat 38.50C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 inhumidified air.

Table 2. Cleavage rate of in vitro matured goat oocytesin different concentration of serum/fluid.

Serial Serum Total Total CleavageNo. oocyte oocyte rate

matured cleaved (%)

1. 20% EGS 80 15 a 18.75

2. 10% NCS+ 145 18 b 12.41FSH+LH+E2

Values in columns with different superscripts do notdiffer significantly (P>0.05).

Following 18-24 hr of co-incubationwith spermatozoa at 38.50C in anatmosphere of 5% CO2 in humidified air,oocytes were washed in culture medium(EDM) and co culture with OEC or cultureon the GCM for further development of invitro fertilized oocytes. The oocytes wereevaluated at 48-72 hour after inseminationfor cleavage rate and embryo development.

Birth of the first IVF-ET Kid:In vitroproduced embryos of 8-16 cell stage weretransferred in synchronized recipients onday 4 post-oestrous surgically in to the tipof the horn of the uterus. The recipient was

Physiology, Reproduction andPhysiology, Reproduction andPhysiology, Reproduction andPhysiology, Reproduction andPhysiology, Reproduction andManagement DivisionManagement DivisionManagement DivisionManagement DivisionManagement Division

PRSM 2.17: In-vitro production of caprineembryos and their survivalfollowing fresh and frozenembryo transfer.

S.D. Kharche, A.K. Goel, S.K. Jindal andN.K. SinhaOocyte collection: Oocytes were recoveredby follicle puncture technique for in vitromaturation, fertilization and culture fromgoat ovaries collected from slaughter houselocated at Agra. The recovery of oocytesusing follicle puncture was 1.71 per ovary.

In-vitro maturation of goat oocytes: Theoocytes collected from goat ovaries werecultured in tissue culture medium (TCM-199). The cumulus oocyte complexes(COCs) were cultured for 27 h at 38.5±10C,5% CO2 in humidified air. The maturedoocytes were separated from cumulus cells.

Table 1. Effect of different serum supplementationon in vitro maturation of goat oocytes

Serial Serum Total Total MaturationNo. oocyte in oocyte rate

maturation matured (%)

1 20% EGS 105 80a 76.19

2 10% NCS+ 450 288b 64.00FSH+LH+E2

Values in columns with different superscripts do notdiffer significantly (P>0.05).

In-vitro fertilization of in-vitro maturedgoat oocytes and culture of fertilized goatoocytes: An artificial vagina obtained freshsemen samples from a fertile purebredSirohi buck were used. The capacitationmedium for spermatozoa consisted of TALPmedium supplemented with heparin, BSAor 10% or 20% EGS and antibiotics. Firstand second ejaculates were examined forvolume, colour, consistency and gross

9

monitored for the oestrus/pregnancy.Following transfer, pregnancy was initiallyconfirmed at day 28 and subsequently atday 56 by ultrasonography. On 17th August2006, this surrogate goat of non-descriptbreed delivered normally a female kidweighing 3.15 kg after 146 days of gestation.The weight of surrogate goat after parturitionwas 42 kg. The kid was healthy and ofbrown color indicating inheritance of Sirohi.The mother was Black and White in color.

Frozen IVP Embryo Transfer: Fifty IVPfrozen embryos at 2-16 cell stage werethawed. These embryos were transferred into five synchronized recipients on day 2 or3 post oestrous surgically in to the fallopiantube/tip of the uterine horn of the genitalorgan. The recipients were monitored forthe oestrus/pregnancy. Two recipientsmissed two oestrous cycles but none of thegoats were found pregnant.

Vitrification of IVP embryos: Vitrificationof in vitro produced embryos at 2 to 4 cellstage was performed using ethylene glycoland glycerol as a cryoprotectant.Approximately 10 IVP embryos were usedfor freezing.

PRSM 2.18: The effect of freeze-thawingof goat semen at differentspermatozoal density on cellviability, keeping quality(storage), microbialcontaminants and fertility.

N.K. Sinha, S.D. Kharche, V.K. Gupta andN. Ramachandran

A total of 270 semen collections fromthe bucks of different breeds viz. Sirohi(107), Marwari (63), Kutchi (48) andJamunapari (52) having age group of 2-5years were done. The semen was collectedtwice a week and only good quality (massmotility + 4 and above) semen was dilutedin TEYCF diluter with the spermconcentration having 50, 100,150 and 200sperms x 106/per insemination dose (0.25ml French mini straw). Cooling from roomtemperature to 5oC was done in one hourperiod. The equilibration was done at 5oCfor 3 hours and freezing was done in thebiofreezer having a tested and setprogramme. The freezing was done at-160oC and then the frozen samples wereshifted into semen storage container. After24 hrs, two semen samples from each buckwere thawed randomly at 40oC for 45 secand examined for their post-thaw motility.Simultaneously, the slides were preparedfor live and normal spermatozoal count.Post-thaw motility was affected by thenumber of spermatozoa/dose and it washigh (> 50-60%) in semen having lownumber of sperms (50 & 100 million) ascompared to higher concentration (150 and200 millions/dose) irrespective of the breed.Fertility trial was conducted in Sirohi goatsand fertility rate of 40.75% was achievedwith deep cervical insemination technique.The Jamunapari bucks and Muzaffarnagarirams were screened for their breedingsoundness, physical parameters, libido andseminal attributes before each breedingseason in the Institutional flocks.

The first IVF-ET Kid bornat CIRG, Makhdoom

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PRSM 2.20: Use of ultrasonography forascertaining pregnancyrelated profiles in goats.

A.K. Goel, S.D. Kharche, S.K. Jindal andD.K. Nandy

This Project was aimed to employ RealTime Ultrasonographic Imaging Technique(RTUI) for early (4-5 weeks) pregnancy/nonpregnancy determination in goats,prediction of foetal counts and estimationof progesterone hormone (P4) at differentstages of gestation and assessing the extentof embryonic mortality/fertilization failureupto 21 to 35 days after mating.

Imaging of non-pregnant and mated doesby intra-rectal sonography: A total of 52goats of different breeds (Jamunapari: 29,Sirohi: 11, Non-descript: 12) with previouskidding record and of known mating dateswere taken for this study.

The scanning of non-pregnant uteruswith the help of 7 mHz intra rectaltransducer was done in the form ofhomogenous while coarsely granular echoimmediately cranial to the urinary bladder(taken as a land mark for genitalexaminations). There was no accumulationof fluid in the non-pregnant genitalia ofJamunapari goats.

On 28 post-mating anechoic fluidpocket (black) with a white elongated streakextending more than half of foetal fluid wasidentified with a 7.00 MHz intra-rectaltransducer. Two anechoic (Black) fluidpockets were also identified indicating thepresence of multiple foetuses. Heart beatwas not identified in any goat scanned atthis stage of pregnancy. On day 35 post-mating using 5 and 7.00 mHz intra-rectaltransducers, echo dense fetuses could becaptured on a single ultrasonic image. Onthis day, foetal body was clearly imaged intotwo regions i.e. head and trunk. Foetal heart

beat was visible in one of the partdeveloping into trunk (50% animals).Amniotic membrane encircled thedeveloping conceptus in the form of distincthyper echoic dotted line in 65% animals.Developing placentomes which were halfmoon shaped (Saggital section) and ringshaped (horizontal section) were alsoscanned in some images.

Pregnancy determination by real timeultrasonography of goats at 4-5 week postbreeding: Results of trans rectal ultrasoundscanning of forty seven mated does at 4-5weeks, post breeding are presented.Ultrasonographic scanning for detection ofpregnancy did not indicate a pregnant doeas non-pregnant thus giving 100% accuracy.Similarly ultrasonographic scanning for non-pregnancy did not indicate a non-pregnantdoe as pregnant thus giving 100% accuracyat this stage (Fig. 1).

Registration of foetal number through realtime trans rectal ultrasonography: Resultsof trans-rectal ultrasound scanning of 23pregnant goats at 4-5 and 5-6 week ofgestation are summarized in Table 1.a) Sensitivity at 4-5 week of gestation:

Sensitivity of ultrasound scanning forsingles and twins at this stage was100% and 55.55%, respectively. Thelower number of twin fetusesdiagnosed at birth (5/9) was because

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of under prediction of their numberat this stage. However, the over allaccuracy of scanning in prediction offoetal number at this stage was80.00%.

b) Sensitivity at 5-6 week of gestation:Sensitivity of ultrasound scanning forsingles and twins at this stage was85.71% and 60.00%, respectively.During scanning, one animal wasunder predicted as single but actuallykidded as twin and two animals wereover predicted as twins but actuallykidded with singles. However, theoverall accuracy of scanning inprediction of foetal number at this stagewas 75.00% (Fig. 2).

Table 1: Accuracy of determination of foetal numberin pregnant does using trans rectal ultrasongoraphy

Sl. Foetal Scanning at Scanning atNo. Number 4-5 week post 5-6 week post

breeding breeding1. Singlea 11/11=100% 6/7=85.71%2. Twinb 5/9=55.55% 3/5=60.00%3. Overall 16/20=80.00% 9/12=75.00%

aSensitivity of scanning for singlesNo. diagnosed singles which kidded/No. actuallypredicted singles on Ultrasound scanning.bSensitivity of scanning for twinsNo. diagnosed twins which kidded/No. actuallypredicted twins on Ultrasound scanning.

progesterone (P4) was determined atdifferent stages of gestation (day 21, 28, 35)in the serum samples of Jamunapari goats.Progesterone concentration in serum wasestimated by ELISA technique. The meanserum progesterone level in Jamunaparidoes at three weeks of gestation was24.44±3.45 ng/ml (range: 8.60 to 40.00).It was slightly depressed at four weeks(20.24±3.68 ng/ml) of gestation. Aspregnancy advanced, it rose further andreached to a level of 29.22±2.46 ng/ml(range: 9.2 to 40.00) showing increasingactivity of corpus luteum for maintenanceof pregnancy. Mean progesterone valuesamong different days of gestation, however,did not differ significantly.

Progesterone profile (p4) for assessingembryonic losses in goats: Blood samplesof thirty one goats were collected at differentperiods after mating (21, 28 and 35 days)to assess the extent of embryonic mortalityand fertilization failure by assayingprogesterone hormone (P4). After serumseparation, aliquots of all samples werestored under deep freezing condition at -40 °C until assayed. Serum samples were

Hormonal profile in goats:Progesterone (p4) estimation at differentstages of gestation in Jamunapari goats: Thelevel of pregnancy dependent hormone,

Table 2: Serum progesterone (p4) concentration (ng/ml) at different stages after mating in jakhrana goats

Sl. Day 21 Day 28 Day 35 GroupNo. Post Post Post

mating mating matingMean± Mean± Mean±

SEM SEM SEM

1. 17.48± 24.46± 25.47± A2.09 (10) 2.45 (10) 3.39 (10) Kidded

2. 23.96 (1) 29.00(1) 23.96 (1) BNot Kidded

3. 0.396± 0.419± 1.11± C0.11 (3) 0.15 (3) 0.57 (3) Not Kidded

A: Normal KiddingB: Embryonic loss at 5th week post-matingC: Fertilization failure/embryonic losses within 3weeks post-mating

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subsequently processed for progesteronehormone (P4) by ELISA technique usingcommercially available assay kit. Pregnancystatus of animals was based on real timeultrasonographic imaging. The detailanalysis of assay results is shown in Table2.

PRSM 2.21: Effect of Dietary Restrictionon Growth and CarcassCharacteristics in Kids.

Dharm Singh, N. Ramchandran, PuneetKumar and R.B. Sharma

Four-month old 30 male kids ofBarbari breed raised under uniformmanagement and optimum feedingconditions were utilized. The kids weredivided in to 3 groups of 10 kids each insuch a way that the average age and initialbody weights were almost identical in allthe three groups. Kids were offeredcomplete ration consisting of 50%concentrate mixture (Maize 25.0, Barley20.0, Ground nut cake 25.0, Til cake 10.0,Wheat bran 17.0, Mineral Mixture 2.0 andCommon salt 1.0%) and 50% Arhar/Grambhusa as per schedule. Fresh water wasoffered twice daily at around 11 a.m. and 4p.m. Observations on growth rate, feedintake and blood metabolites wererecorded.

Growth: The body weight of the kids wasrecorded empty stomach in the morning at10 days interval during dietary restrictionperiod and thereafter at fortnightly intervalup to 12 months of age. The least squaresmeans of body weights are presented inTable 1. The least squares analysis ofvariance indicated relatively higher bodyweights in control group during entiredietary restriction period. However, thedifference between control and treatmentgroups during first 30 days of dietary

restriction period was statistically non-significant. But subsequently after 30th daythe body weights in treatment groupsbecame significantly (P<0.05) lower thanthe control group. This trend continued until60th day of realimentation period. Thereafterthe difference between groups becamestatistically non-significant. The final bodyweight recorded after 6 months ofrealimentation period was highest(21.88±1.08 kg) in group-3 and the lowest(19.42±0.99 kg) in group-2. The averagedaily gain (ADG) during dietary restrictionperiod was found to be negative (-4.2 g) ingroup-3 and 6.3 g in group-II as against 54.8g in control group. During realimentationperiod a sharp increase in body weight wasrecorded in dietary restricted kids withoverall ADG of 80.3 g in group-3, 62.6 g ingroup-2 and the lowest 59.2 g in controlgroup.

Dry matter intake: The least squares meansfor dry matter intake in kids during differentstages of feeding are presented in Table 2.The DMI/kid/d during dietary restrictionperiod averaged 494.9, 268.7 and 222.3 grespectively in group-1, group-2 and group-3. The total DMI/kid during this period wasrecorded as 29.70, 16.13 and 13.34 kgrespectively in group-1, group-2 and group-3. During realimentation period the DMI/kid/d ranged from 569.1±5.8 to723.7±8.1g in control group, 371.7±9.8to 701.2±8.1g in group-2 and 290.9±9.8to 719.6±8.1g in group-3. Total DMI forentire experimental period of 235 days wasrecorded as 141.58, 119.0 and 119.0 kgrespectively in Group-1, Group-2 andGroup-3. The DMI/kid/d during differentstages of growth except the period from 180-235 days remained significantly (P<0.01)lower in dietary restricted kids.

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Blood metabolites: The blood samples fromindividual kids were collected at periodicinterval for estimation of Triiodothyronine(T3), Thyroxine (T4), Blood Glucose, SerumCreatinine and Urea. Their graphicalpresentation is shown in Fig. 1&2. Duringphase I i.e. dietary restriction period, theTriiodothyronine (T3) and Glucose level didnot vary significantly between groups atdifferent stages of growth whereas,Thyroxine (T4), Creatinine and Urea levelvaried significantly (P<0.01). TheTriiodothyronine values on 10th dayaveraged 1.11±0.15, 1.33±0.15 and1.13±0.15 respectively in group 1, 2 and3. In general, the T3 level during dietaryrestriction period was lower in treatmentgroups than in the control group.

The least squares means for Thyroxine(T4) level were 26.60±3.72, 30.20±3.72and 28.60±3.72 ng/ml respectively ingroup 1, 2 and 3 on 10th day and51.60±3.72, 54.00±3.72 and 61.00±3.72ng/ml on 60th day. The glucose level (mg/100ml) ranging from 46.70±1.27 to

67.60±1.27 in group-1, 50.60±1.27 to63.20±1.27 in group-2 and 48.70±1.27 to65.10±1.27 in group-3 did not differbetween groups at different stages ofgrowth.

During second phase of theexperiment i.e. realimentation period, theT3 level was relatively higher than in phase-I. The level of both T4 and creatinine rosesharply on realimentation and continued toincrease gradually during entire phase. Thedifference in T4 level after 25th day becamestatistically non-significant between groups.The blood Urea level was found increasingwith the increase in age and the differencebetween groups at different stages of growthwas statistically significant (P<0.01).

Carcass Characteristics: After 6 months ofrealimentation period, 4 kids from group-1, 5 from group-2 and 6 from group-3 wereslaughtered for carcass evaluation studies.The traits studied were empty live weight,carcass weight, dressing rate and meat yield.Least squares analysis of variance indicated

Table 1: Least Squares Means for body weight (kg) as affected by dietary restriction.S.No. Particulars LSM±SE Remarks

Group-I Group-II Group-III1. Initial Body weight 8.08±0.39 8.08±0.39 8.08±0.09 NS2. 10-Day weight 8.48±0.41 7.86±00.41 8.04±0.41 NS

3. 20-Day weight 9.21±0.41 8.04±0.41 8.11±0.41 NS4. 30-Day weight 9.48±0.46 8.41±0.46 8.13±0.46 NS5. 40-Day weight 9.98±0.45 8.26±0.45 8.17±0.45 *6. 50-Day weight 10.83±0.46 8.36±0.46 7.95±0.46 **7. 60-Day weight 11.37±0.46 8.46±0.46 7.83±0.46 **8. 75-Day weight 12.44±0.51 9.23±0.51 8.47±0.51 **

9. 90-Day weight 12.99±0.56 9.95±0.56 9.23±0.59 **10. 105-Day weight 13.54±0.57 10.49±0.61 10.28±0.61 **11. 120-Day weight 14.55±0.63 11.63±0.75 11.55±0.66 **12. 180-Day weight 17.72±0.96 15.57±0.89 16.49±0.83 NS13. 235-Day weight 21.73±0.99 19.42±0.99 21.88±1.08 NSNS: Non-significant difference between LSM with in the rows.

* Indicates significant difference at P<0.05 and ** at P<0.01 with in the rows.

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Table 2: Least Squares Means for dry matter intake (DMI) per kid/day (g) as affected by dietary restriction.S.No. Period LSM±SE

Group-I Group-II Group-III1. 0-10 day 362.3±9.3 252.0±9.3 252.0±9.32. 10-20 day 434.8±6.5 251.9±6.5 250.9±6.53. 20-30 day 487.7±5.4 309.6±5.4 239.4±5.44. 30-40 day 531.5±4.1 265.9±4.1 241.8±4.15. 40-50 day 562.1±4.3 264.5±4.3 181.0±4.36. 50-60 day 591.1±3.2 268.3±3.2 168.1±3.2

7. 60-75 day 579.4±9.8 371.7±9.8 290.9±9.88. 75-90 day 569.1±5.8 441.2±5.8 402.7±5.89. 90-105 day 597.9±5.5 468.9±5.5 495.3±5.510. 105-120 day 587.11±0.3 541.2±10.3 604.2±10.311. 120-180 day 618.0±5.1 616.1±5.1 653.5±5.112. 180-235 day 723.7±8.1 702.0±8.1 719.6±8.1

Table 3: Effect of dietary restriction on mean carcass characteristics of kids.S.No. Particulars Group-I Group-II Group-III Remarks1. Slaughter weight (kg) 20.75±1.36 18.8±61.21 20.02±1.11 NS2. Empty live weight (kg) 17.82±1.18 16.18±1.06 17.26±0.96 NS

3. Carcass weight (kg) 9.90±0.72 8.68±0.64 9.45±0.59 NS4. Dressing rate (%)

(i) On Live weight basis 47.53±1.06 46.10±0.95 47.19±0.87 NS(ii) On Empty live weight basis 55.43±0.87 53.71±0.78 54.63±0.71 NS

NS: Indicates non-significant difference between means within row.

no significant difference for any of thecarcass traits between groups. However, thedressing percentage on live weight basiswas marginally higher in group-1(47.52±1.06%) and so was on empty liveweight basis (Table 3). The highest meat

yield (% of carcass weight) of 93.28±0.82%was found in Group-II followed by group-I.

Effect of dietary restriction on cost offeeding: The details of cost of feedingworked out for control and treatment groups

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Fig. 1: Effect of dietary restriction on economics of kid production in Barbari goats.

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are presented in Fig. 3. Cost of feeding wasworked out on the basis of total DMI, Costof feed consumed and the total body weightgained. The total dry matter intake per kidremained as 141.58, 119.00 and 119.00 kgrespectively in group-1, group-2 and 3. Thefeed cost per kg gain was worked out as Rs51.86 in group-1 as against Rs 52.47 ingroup-2 and the lowest of Rs 43.11 in group-3. Compared to control group a saving of1.77 kg dry matter for each kg gain in bodyweight was found in group-3.

Nutrition, Feed Resource andNutrition, Feed Resource andNutrition, Feed Resource andNutrition, Feed Resource andNutrition, Feed Resource andProduct Technology DivisionProduct Technology DivisionProduct Technology DivisionProduct Technology DivisionProduct Technology Division

GN 4.14: Design and Development ofmachineries for fodderproduction, conservation andprocessing of feed forcommercial goat farming

P.K. Sahoo, R.P. Misra and T.K. DuttaDevelopment and testing of low cost FeedMixer: The prototype low cost animal feedmixer was designed and developed to mixthe heterogeneous feed ingredients beforepreparation of complete feed pellets andcomplete feed blocks. The prime mover ofthe machine was a single-phase 2hp motor.The machine consisted of mixing chamber,T-shaped blades for mixing of the feedingredients and opening flap. The speedreduction was done by belt and pulley sets.The feed ingredients consisting of 50%straw (Cajanus Cajan) and 50% concentratewith molasses was put in the mixingchamber and the T-shaped blades wereactivated to mix the highly heterogeneoussubstances. The blades moved spirally tohave a uniform mixing. The samples werecollected after 5, 10 and 15 minutes ofoperation and bulk density and moisturecontent were recorded. The bulk densitieswere found to be 75.46±1.99, 77.09±1.18

and 78.47±1.38 Kg/m3 respectively formixing of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15minutes. The corresponding moisturecontents were recorded as 13.40±0.52,13.47±0.26 and 13.80±0.25%respectively. The bulk density and moisturecontent of the mixture were found to be78.24±1.55 Kg/m3 and 13.45±0.27%respectively by manually mixing for 25minutes duration. It was observed that themixing was more uniform with more time.But the output of the machine was reducedfrom 1.2q/h to 0.6q/h by mixing for 5minutes to 15 minutes. Coefficient ofVariation was considered as an index ofuniformity in mixing. The CV was less than5% for mixing 10 minutes and 15 minutesby the feed mixer. Hence, the performanceof the machine can be rated as very good.The cost of the mixer was Rs. 20,000/-only.

Animal experimentation to study theprocessing effect: The animalexperimentation was conducted to study theprocessing effect of the complete feedmanufacturing. Complete feed pellets,complete feed blocks and the total mixedration (TMR) of the same composition with50:50 straw and concentrate ratio were fedto three groups of growing animals. HigherADG was observed in case of pellet fedgroup. No significant differences wereobserved for dry matter intake for 100kgbody weight, Kg metabolic body weight andfeed conversion efficiency. However,metabolic trials were conducted to studythe nutrient intake pattern and digestibilitycoefficients for arhar straw based completefeeds and neem leaf based complete feeds.It was observed that dry matter intake per100 kg body weight ranged from 4.19 (TMR-male) to 5.53% (pellet-female) for Arharstraw based complete feed. The variationwas found to be highly significant. Highest

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(P<0.01) DMI, DCP intake and TDN intakeper Kg W0.75 were recorded for pellet-femalegroup. The values were 108.93, 10.82 and63.85g respectively. The respective valuespellet-male were statistically similar with thepellet-female group. The results showed thatintakes of DM, DCP and TDN were similaramong block and TMR fed groupsirrespective of sex. DM digestibility wassignificantly (P<0.05) higher in pellet-female and TMR-female groups (Table 1).OM, CP, EE and TCOH were similar amongdifferent treatment groups. Whereas, NDFdigestibility followed the trend of DMdigestibility in different treatment groups.ADF digestibility was significantly lower inTMR-female group. N-balance was similarin different treatment groups. In case of

neem leaves based complete feeds DMI(kg)/100 kg body weight ranged from 2.22(male-pellet) to 4.25 (male-block).However, the variation was found non-significant. Whereas, DCP intake/100 kgbody weight was significantly higher inmale-block group (470.12g) than othertreatment groups. Similarly, TDN intake/100kg body weight was also higher in male-block group than other groups. Theapparent digestibility coefficient of DM,OM, TCOH was significantly higher(P<0.05) in male-block group than othergroups (Table 2). The NDF digestibilityreduced significantly due to neem leaf basedblock feeding in female kids. Nitrogenbalance was estimated similar in differenttreatment groups. The results showed lower

Table 1: Digestibility coefficients of Arhar straw based complete feeds in different treatment groups

Parameters Arhar Straw based complete feed

Pellet Block Mash

Female Male Female Male Female Male

DM Digestibility, % 61.49±1.08b 59.8±1.56ab 60.69±1.02ab 55.94±3.76a 62.74±0.98b 57.77±2.68ab*

CP Digestibility, % 76.15±0.79 73.54±4.58 79.06±2.35 71.34±6.59 72.57±4.0 71.15±2.32NS

EE Digestibility, % 68.19±4.9 65.48±5.3 54.88±2.71 46.95±10.68 64.11±1.02 47.91±8.21NS

OM Digestibility, % 64.43±1.18 62.8±1.65 64.69±0.86 60.46±3.6 65.99±1.11 61.08±2.79NS

ADF Digestibility, % 52.19±0.62ab 48.77±3.17ab 50.44±1.04ab 45.04±3.16ab 53.63±3.04b44.28±4.44a**

NDF Digestibility, % 57.21±2.34ab 55.71±2.33ab 56.62±2.35ab 49.65±4.23a 59.77±2.1b 52.38±4.24ab*

TCOH Digestibility, % 62.25±1.41 60.81±1.42 61.73±0.92 58.29±3.15 64.28±1.41 58.97±3.64NS

Table 2: Digestibility coefficients of Neem Leaf based complete feeds in different treatment groups

Parameters Neem leaf based complete feed

Pellet Block Mash

Female Male Female Male Female Male

DM Digestibility, % 58.17±5.49ab 51.14±2.07a 53.01±4.02ab 64.13±2.3b 57.29±4.07a 50.23±1.5a*

CP Digestibility, % 68.77±4.43 60.35±1.8 64.42±9.69 75.67±1.98 72.17±2.13 62.54±6.34NS

EE Digestibility, % 79.75±3.9 79.35±1.63 66.83±5.44 67.9±7.06 77.39±6.21 73.18±5.32NS

OM Digestibility, % 61.55±4.93ab 55.68±1.68a 55.33±3.48a 66.95±2.15b 60.51±4.01ab 53.89±1.26a*

ADF Digestibility, % 60.81±6.8 49.76±3.55 47.53±6.56 61.69±2.08 58.24±5.02 47.41±1.62NS

NDF Digestibility, % 69.49±5.5b 60.97±2.89b 47.16±4.82a 61.16±2.65b 71.92±3.38b 64.72±0.94b*

TCOH Digestibility, % 59.21±5.55ab 53.59±1.84a 53.08±2.5a 65.14±2.24b 57.49±4.91ab 51.28±0.75a*

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intake pattern in Barbari kids due to neemleaf based complete feed in three-processedforms (pellet, block and TMR). Butcomparatively arhar based complete feedsin different physical forms resulted in betterintake in Barbari kids irrespective of sex thanneem leaf based complete feeds.Drying studies of berseem fodder inside thepoly-house: To achieve faster drying rate, thepoly-house with natural ventilation was usedfor haymaking. The experiment wasconducted to observe the drying rate ofberseem fodder in the poly-house and inambient conditions. The swath thicknesswas 2” and 4” and the average initialmoisture content varied from 78% to 85%of the freshly cut fodder as per the stage ofharvesting and ambient conditions. Themoisture content was reduced to less than10% within 32 hours of drying for 2” and 4”swath thickness (Fig. 1). However, forambient solar drying, the drying durationwas recorded higher for same swaththickness (Fig. 2). The drying rates werefound higher inside the poly-house than theambient solar drying. Therefore, it may beconcluded that poly-house may be used formaking good quality hay due to higherdrying rate and less exposure.

GN 4.15: Nutritional Evaluation ofcommon goat fees available ingrazing area/rangeland withspecial reference to discountfactors and rumen metabolism

R.S. UpadhyayaPrediction of organic matter intake fromfaecal nitrogen excretion in goats:Observations on OMI (organic matterintake), DOMI (digestible organic matterintake) and FNE (faecal nitrogen excretion)from 5 different experiments were fitted to3 regression models i.e. linear, quadratic andcubic in order to predict OMI and DOMI

from FNE in Barbari bucks. The R2

(coefficient of determination) values relatingOMI and FNE by linear, quadratic and cubicmodels were 0.7068, 0.7119 and 0.7281respectively. The corresponding R2 valuesrelating DOMI and FNE were 0.510, 0.5545and 0.5563. The recalculation of linearregressions after omitting discordant dataresulted in improvement of R2 values inlinear equations from 0.7068 to 0.8589 forOMI versus FNE and from 0.510 to 0.71 forDOMI versus FNE. It is concluded thatregression equations developed in this studymay be useful for prediction of OMI in goatsmaintained under similar feeding systems.However, it is preferable to have regressionsspecific to local feed stuffs given to goatpopulation existing in a particular region forbetter accuracy of prediction.

GN 4.18: Studies on Silvipasture Systemfor Sustainable GoatProduction.

P.Tripathi, T.K. Dutta and R.S. UpadhayayaEvaluation of primary productivity ofpastures: Three pastures viz. Natural (A),Cenchrus ciliaris (B) and Cenchrus ciliaris+ Tephrosia purpurea (GroupC) were rain-fed in loamy sand soil and evaluated forprimary production, botanical compositionand plant density. Though annual rainfallof the year 2006-2007 was less than theaverage annual rain fall, maximum greenbiomass observed was 6.25t/ha in natural,9.65 t/ha in Cenchrus ciliaris and 8.40 t/hain Cenchrus + Tephrosia pasture inSeptember month. The major plant speciesin Natural pasture were Achyranthes aspera,Tephrosia purpurea, Cenchrus ciliaris, Sidasp., Dichostachys bipinnata, Boerviadiffusa, commelina sp. Tribulus terrestrisetc. Maximum plant density of 12.75/m2

was observed in natural pasture. The hilldiameter of Cenchrus ciliaris was

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27.68±2.32 cm in pure stand, which washigher than natural and Cenchrus +Tephrosia pasture. Proximate compositionof various pasture species was done. Crudeprotein content was highest(19.65.24±1.54) in Tephrosia purpurea.

Evaluation of Tephrosia purpurea as goatfeed: Tephrosia purpurea is a leguminousplant in the Yamuna ravines as rain-fed feedresource. It is perennial in nature and canthrive well in poor soils with low rainfall.Flowering starts from September andmatures at the end of October. Regenerationof this plant starts from March and remainsgreen up to October. Six Barbari adult maleshaving mean body weight of 23.27±0.69kg were selected to observe the suitabilityof Tephrosia purpurea as leguminous feedresource for goats. These animals were fedwith ad lib. chaffed Tephrosia purpurea,collected from rain-fed grazing land for aperiod of 25 days as preliminary feeding. Ametabolism trial was conducted. Tephrosia

purpurea contained CP 22.05, OM 94.12,NDF 65.15, ADF 41.15, total carbohydrate70.65, ash 5.87 and ether extract 1.41%respectively. Total DMI and DMI/kg W0.75

were 736.46±92.00 g and 70.43±7.99 grespectively. DM, CP, OM, EE, NDF andADF digestibilities were 66.67±2.77,74.63±1.55, 67.82±2.66, 66.68±1.84,61.89±3.37 and 47.16±4.90%respectively.Total TDN and TDN intake/kgW0.75 were 490.24±76.63 g and46.82±6.88 g. Total DCP and DCP/kgW0.75

intakes were 128.10 g and 12.35 grespectively. TDN and DCP values inTephrosia purpurea were estimated as64.83 and 16.45%.

Grazing studies: Seven Barbari adult malewere introduced in each type of pasture withinitial body weight of 17.857±0.69,17.814±0.69, 17.857±0.71 kg in GroupA, B and C respectively. These animals wereallowed to graze for six hours a day in thesepastures from September 2006 to mid

Group A-Natural pasture, Group B-Cenchrus ciliaris pasture, Group C-C. ciliaris + T. Purpurea

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March, 2007. All the three groups of grazinganimals were observed very near or belowto initial body weight in the 7th fortnight ofgrazing. At this point all three groups weresupplemented with concentrate pelletedfeed @ 1% of their body weight.

At the end of grazing trial of 196 daysaverage daily body weight gain was 8.64,15.74 and 16.04 g in group A, B and C,respectively.

In the month of October grazing trialwas conducted with faecal bags. Dry matterintake was calculated with acid insolublecontent method. It was observed that DMI/w 0.75 was 46.37±7.28, 64.51±7.02 and80.07±7.31g in Group A, B and Crespectively. However, these values inMarch were 48.01±2.91, 67.69±10.39and 44.60±4.08 respectively where theseanimals were supplemented with pelletedconcentrate feed. Dry matter digestibility inOctober was 68.69±4.21, 64.97±1.00 and67.95±1.12 % in GroupA, B and Crespectively, while in March these valueswere 59.59±1.65, 72.50±0.75 and61.19±2.022% respectively.

AICRP On Improvement Of FeedResources and Nutrient Utilizationin raising Animal Production

U.B. Chaudhary, Nawab Singh and S.D.Kharche

Biological samples of soil, water, feed,fodder and blood of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheepand Goats were collected from Pratapgarhand Jaun Pur districs falling under Easternplain zone and were analyzed for macroand micro minerals: Observations indicatedthat wheat straw, paddy straw, sorghum andgrasses were the basal roughage for differentlivestock species in this zone. Macronutrientcontents (calcium, phosphorus andmagnesium) of these basal roughages werefound low. The micro minerals (zinc, cobalt

and manganese) were also found low.Wheat flour was found low in calcium,phosphorus, magnesium, cobalt andmanganese, whereas, mustard and linseedcakes were found low in calciummagnesium, cobalt and manganese. Theother components of concentrate mixtureviz. Maize flour, Crushed wheat, Rice huskand Barley flour were not found balancedwith micro and macro minerals. Theconcentration of different minerals in thetop feeds (Table 1) of this zone was observednormal except for phosphorus, magnesiumand manganese which was found low insome of the top feeds. Soil of this zone wasfound low in calcium, phosphorus,magnesium, copper, zinc, iron andmanganese. Whereas, water samplescollected from different sources indicatedlow concentration of calcium, magnesium,copper, zinc and iron. The concentrationof cobalt and manganese could not becompared on account of non availability ofthe standard values with respect of theseelements.

A total no of 205 blood samples frombuffaloes and 95 from goats were collectedfrom different villages and were analyzedfor the concentration of differentmicronutrients. The results indicateddeficiency of most of macro and microminerals in the cattle, buffalo, sheep andgoats. Based on the deficiency of macro andmicro minerals in the blood of cattle,buffaloes, sheep and goats, an area specificmineral mixture was formulated separatelyfor South Western Semi-Arid Zone, CentralPlain Zone and Eastern Plain Zone of UttarPradesh. Area specific mineral mixtureformulated for South Western Semi-aridzone is being tested in three adoptedvillages of Mathura district using cattle andbuffaloes suffering from reproductiveproblems. Observations collected from

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Table 1: Micro nutrient content of top feeds in Irrigated Semi Arid Zone (Eastern plain zone of UP)Minerals Ca P Mg Cu Zn Fe MnNormal level 0.3 0.25 0.2 8.0 30 50 40

Acacia nilotica(Desi babool) 0.45 0.15 0.15 46.3 14.4 130 53.2 Ficus glomerata (Goolar) 0.04 0.16 0.1 47.1 69.2 649 58.4Pongamiya pinnata(Kanji) 0.33 0.15 0.12 23.9 84.5 486 103.2Emblica officinalis (Aonla) 0.65 0.2 0.14 10.3 71.3 243 7.4Hibiscus spp.(Gurhal) 1.21 0.1 0.27 27 32.3 761 3.3 Leucaena leucocephala(Soobabool) 0.13 0.35 0.15 17.9 18.8 329 46.8Sygium cummini (Jamun) 0.28 0.08 0.15 7.9 14.9 106 15.7Reanus Communis (Caster) 0.05 0.25 0.15 16.4 22.7 127 65.5Moringa Oliyavidus(Shahajan) 0.32 0.28 0.16 12.2 40.6 181 29.5Calitropis spp.(Aak) 0.35 0.31 0.15 10.9 34.7 201 23.2Zyzyphus Mauritiana (Ber) 0.14 0.27 0.14 24.2 0.0 288 46.0

adopted villages indicated that out of 19cattle and buffaloes suffering from anestrousor repeat breeding, 14 (74%) recovered andconceived within 36-96 days of feeding ofarea specific mineral mixture. Usage patternfeeding of feed fodder and concentrate tothe live stock species was observed varyingunder three agro climatic zones of UttarPradesh (Table 2).

AP Cess Fund: Isolation and Identificationof Efficient Exotic Fungi for Improvementof Pasture/Fiber Digestibility in Goats.U.B. Chaudhary and V.K. GuptaComparative evaluation of fibrolyticenzyme activities: The faeces of Marwarigoats collected from their native tract andCIRG, Makhdoom were used for cultivationof anaerobic fungus (Piromyces andOrpinomyces) and evaluation of enzymaticactivities. The enzymatic activities of mixedculture of rumen fungus indicatedcomparatively higher activities of CMCase,Avicelase, α –amylase and Xylanase in therumen of Marwari goats of its native tractthan the same breed of goats being rearedat CIRG, Makhdoom. However, in case ofβ –Glucosidase, the higher activities wereobserved in Marwari goats of CIRG,Makhdoom.

Table 2: Usages pattern of feeds and fodder fed todifferent livestock in different agro climatic zones of UPFeed & South Central Easternfodder western plain plain

semiarid zone zone zone(Mathura & (Etawah & (Pratpgarh

Etah Unnao district)District) district)Use by Use by Use by

farmers (%) farmers (%) farmers (%)ConcentrateMustard cake 97.56 77.08 12.5Wheat bran 26.82 1.04 32.5Rice bran 0 3.12 10Chunies 7.31 3.12 0Wheat flour 78.04 73.95 45Pelleted feed 0 3.12 0Mineral mixture 2.43 2.08 0Common salt 57.31 38.54 2.5Dry roughagesWheat straw 100 100 90Paddy straw 0 1.04 15Pearl millet stovers 2.43 1.04 0Sorghum stovers 23.17 1.04 10Green fodderBerseem 100 64.58 100Lucerne 6.09 0 0Sorghum 96.34 77.08 100pearl millet 84.14 44.79 67.5Grasses 19.51 71.87 32.5Grazing 17.07 73.95 80Tree leavesAccasia 17.07 45.83 32.5Ficus 17.07 45.83 32.5

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Fibrolytic enzyme activities ofPiromyces species of fungus indicatedhigher concentration of CMCase, β–Glucosidase, α–amylase and xylanase in therumen of Marwari goats of CIRG,Makhdoom as compared to the same breedof goats in their native tract. However, theactivities of avicelase enzyme was observedhigher in case of Marwari goats in the nativetract than those at CIRG, Makhdoom.

In contrast to the Piromyces speciesthe activities of different fibrolytic enzymeswith respect of Orpinomyces, indicatedelevated units of CMCase, Avicelae, α–amylase and Xylanase in the rumen ofMarwari goats of native tract in comparisonto CIRG, Makhdoom. However, thecorresponding values of β–Glucosidasewere observed higher in the goats of CIRG,Makhdoom than the same goat breed of thenative tract. Higher enzymatic activitiesobserved in mix culture and culture ofPiromyces originated from the rumen of

Marwari goats of its native tract may beattributed to the adaptation of fungal speciesfor digestion of structural carbohydrates ofpoor quality roughages on account of lowintake of starchy diet by the goats. It wasfurther confirmed that Marwari goats ofnative tract were fed either very low quantityor no concentrate. It is well documentedthat the feeding of soluble sugar/starchy dietreduces the cellulolytic activities of rumenmicrobes. In case of Marwari goats of CIRG,the animals were receiving sizable amountof concentrate mixture daily as per theirrequirement in addition to the green anddry fodder which may be resulting in lowerfibrolytic activities exhibited by rumenfungus isolated from these animals. Thereis scope for transfer of efficient fungi ofMarwari goats of the native tract to the samebreed of goats being reared at CIRG,Makhdoom for improving the activities offibrolytic enzymes.

Identification of rumen fungal speciesbased on amplification of ITS 1 region: Theribosomal ITS 1 region defined by relevantprimers was amplified from genomic DNAusing PCR. The PCR was performed in a 50ul volume containing (final concentration)

a bFig. 1: Showing DNA extracted from Piromyces sp

(a) and Orpinomyces sp (b)

MW (bp) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Fig. 2: Amplification of ITS 1 region of Piromyces andOrpinomyces. Black arrow indicates the 300bp PCRproduct.Lane 1: Standard 100bp molecular weight marker.Lane 2& 3: ITS 1 region of Piromyces (pooramplification due to low purity of DNA used)Lane 4: BlankLane 5 & 6: ITS 1 region of PiromycesLane 7 & 8: ITS 1 region of Orpinomyces

300bp600500400300200

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forward and reverse primers, 50 pmol each;1X PCR master mix (Banglore Genei) havingTaq DNA polymerase, dNTPs and reactionbuffer with Mg2 Cl at optimumconcentration, 25 ul; template, 4 ul andsterile water, 17 ul. The temperatureconditions were as follows:Initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min,followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, annealing at 38°C for 30 secand extension at 72°C for 1 min. Finalextension at 72°C for 1 min. Final extensionwas at 72°C for 5 min. The amplified ITS1region was got automated sequenced fromcommercial firm (Banglore Genei). Asdepicted in Fig. 2, the visibility of 300 bp(approximately) single band after PCRamplification of ITS 1 region of genomicDNA of Orpinimyces and Piromyces againstspecific primer confirms that amplifiedregion incase of both the species was ITS 1region. Sequencing (applied bio system) ofamplified ITS products and blasting ofsequenced base pair using ncbi website(www.ncbi.nln.nih. gov) further confirmedthe amplified region as ITS 1region sinceblast results showed a high degree ofsimilarity with Piromyces incase of isolatesisolated from Nilgai whereas other isolates(isolated from goats) showed similarity withOrpinomyces sequence from gene bank.

AP-Cess Project: Development ofSupplemen-tation Strategies for goatsUnder Field ConditionsT.K. Dutta, Prabhat Tripathi and NawabSinghIn this Project, two Districts of semi-aridregion of Rajasthan were selected for thesurvey works during the second year,namely Bharatpur and Alwar Districts.Twelve to fifteen goat farmers wereinteracted randomly in the selected villagesof the two districts for the survey work. The

chemical composition of goat feedresources collected from different districtswere analyzed.

Goat Farmers’ Profile and AnimalPopulation: A total 25 goat farmers in twovillages (Ramnagar and Sikrora-Sikrori) ofKumher block and 12 goat farmers inNandera Bass village of Kaman block ofBharatpur District were interacted forevaluation of nutritional status of goatsunder field condition. Total 22 goat farmersin two villages (Dharampura andMadhogarh) in Umrain block and 27farmers in two villages (Nagalheri and BisaKa bass) in Thanagazi block of Alwar Districtwere also surveyed for the same purpose.The average goat population per family was10.89 and 34.14 in Bharatpur and Alwardistricts, respectively. The data regardingadult male and female ratio revealed thatfarmers in Alwar district maintained highestratio (1:21.47) and lowest ratio wasmaintained in Aligarh district (1:3.12). Somegoat farmers in all four districts reared otheranimals (cattle, buffalo and sheep) also inthe mixed farming system. Buffalopopulation was found higher than cattlepopulation reared by the goat farmers in thesurveyed villages of the two districts.Landless and marginal farmers rearmaximum number of goats as compared toother category farmers. Farmers in Alwardistrict reared highest number of goats perfamily. Positive relationship of family sizeand goat population was observed in thesedistricts. Inverse relationship betweenfamily size and literacy percent and literacypercentage with goat population wasobserved in the two districts (Fig. 1). It wasobserved that association of children andladies was found more for day-to-dayactivities in goat rearing as compared toadult males.

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Feeding Practices for Goats under VillageCondition: Goat farmers in Bharatpur andAlwar districts allow their goats for 5-7 hoursand 7-10 hours for grazing, respectively.The grazing resource in Alwar was foundabundant during monsoon season. Feedresources in the grazing fields were mainlymixed grasses. Mixed grasses available onroad sides, bunds of cultivated fields andidle cultivated lands in Kumher block weremainly represented by Doob (Cynodondactylon) along with other grasses like Sama(Echinochloa colonum) and Bathuva(Chinopodium colonum).The hilly region ofKaman block and two blocks of Alwardistrict have diversified biomass of grazingresources. Therefore, farmers in this regionallow their goats maximum grazing. Goatkeepers allowed newborn kids forcolostrum feeding. Kids were allowed formilk feeding with their mother upto 2 to 3months of age. In addition, farmers used tooffer grain (wheat, barley, bazra or gramgrain) and tree lopping to the kids duringearly stage of growth. Nearby grazing wasalso done by some of the goat farmersduring early stage of growth of kids. Somefarmers (40% in landless group to 100% insmall farmer group) in Bharatpur districtoffer grain as supplement (50-300 g) to thegrowing kids and lactating goats.

Some goat farmers in Bharatpur districtoffer concentrate (50 to 300 g) in the formof home grown grain (barley, wheat,mustard cake, sorghum, bajra or gram) onlyto the male kids and lactating goats. In Alwardistrict goat farmers do not offer anyconcentrate under stall-feeding. Farmers inthe Bharatpur district offer some straw also,like gram or guar or pigean pea straw totheir goats.

Some farmers in Kaman block offermustard oil occasionally to growing andlactating goats. The quantity of oil offered

per animal is 50 to 100 ml. Some farmershave also reported to offer mustard oil totheir goats before kidding.

No goat keeper in the surveyeddistricts of Rajasthan offer mineral mixtureto the goats. But they offer common salt tothrough grain or water. In different villages,50 to 92% farmers in Bharatpur and 50 to100% in Alwar district were found offeringcommon salt.

Farmers offer tree leaves of one or twospecies frequently to their goats ad lib. Treeleaves of Ficus benghalensis (Bargad),Albizzia lebbeck (Siras), Zyzyplusmauritiana (Ber), Ficus glomerata (Gular),Morus alba (Mulberry), Azadirachta indica(Neem), Dalbergia sissoo (Sheesam), Acacianilotica (Desi babool), Ficus riligiosa(Peepal), Cordia dichotoma (Lahsora),Ricinus cuminis (Arndi), Prosopis cineraria(Chhonkra), Zyzyplus sp (Beri). Sygiumcumini (Jamun) etc were used by the farmersas green fodder for feeding to the goats.Actual quantity of tree leaves offered wasfound variable among the farmers.

Reproductive disorders in goats undervillage conditions: Bharatpur district farmersrecorded 2.17% in marginal farmers groupto 9.68% in landless farmers groupanoestrus in female goats, abortion werealso recorded; which varied from 2.45 inmarginal farmers group to 20% in smallfarmers group. Some farmers also observedrepeat breeding in their goats. In Alwardistrict also some farmers reported theseproblems in female goats. Anestrus,abortion and repeat breeding in goats wasobserved in the range of 1.64 in mediumfarmers to 6.47% in marginal farmers, 1.09in medium farmers to 9.23% in smallfarmers and 1.26 in landless group to 5.39%in marginal group, respectively. Althoughthese reproductive problems in goats under

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field conditions of the above region werenot found alarming.

Chemical composition of feeds andfodders: The proximate and Van Soestcomposition of all goat feed resourcescollected during monsoon and winterseasons from Agra, Bharatpur Aligarhdistricts were analyzed. Average CP contentof goat feed resources in Shamsabad blockof Agra district ranged from 14.95 to16.56% in grass and green foddercomponent, 15.60 to 17.31% in tree leavesand 12.24 to 12.65% in grains. NDF andADF values in the respective feedingredients varied from 64.03 to 68.69%,48.32 to 50.58%, 40.38 to 48.68% for NDFand 39.11 to 39.85%, 36.15 to 37.96%,

5.97 to 6.06% for ADF. Almost similarcomposition were observed in Saiyan blockof Agra district. Average CP in concentratecomponent, straw, grass, green fodder andtree leaves and shrubs were 16.82, 10.37,13.95 and 13.78% in Ramnagar village.Whereas CP values were 9.97% in grains,16.71% in grass and green fodders and14.40% in tree leaves in Sikrora and Sikrorivillage. CP content in the grass componentin hilly tract of Nandera Bass village wasfound lower. However, average CP contentin tree leaves was estimated as 13.64%. Itwas observed that CP content in the mixedgoat feed resources was sufficient tomaintain production requirements in goatsduring winter season.

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Mineral composition of feed resources insemi-arid region: Mineral composition (Ca,P, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Co) inthe feed resources collected from differentvillages of Aligarh, Agra and Bharatpurdistricts was analyzed. Except tree leaves,Ca concentration was lower in goat feedresources. Concentration of P was foundlower in feed and fodders in Gonda blockcollected during summer season, whereas,during rainy season P concentration wasestimated higher in Akrabad block of thesame district. Mn and Fe content in all feedresources appeared to be sufficient tomaintain the production requirements ofthese minerals for goats. Co concentrationin most of the surveyed districts was foundlower. Therefore, this trace mineral needsto be supplemented to the goats in thisregion. Ca concentration in grasses and treeleaves collected from Bharatpur was foundhigher than Aligarh and Agra districts.Whereas, Cu and Co concentrations wereestimated lower in different goat feeds inBharatpur district.

Goat milk composition: Chemicalcomposition and minerals (total solid, fat,SNF, protein, lactose, ash, Ca, Mg, Na, K,Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Co) in goat milkcollected from different villages of thesurveyed districts were estimated. Totalsolid, fat and protein in the goat milk rangedfrom 12.42 to 15.02%, 3.50 to 6.90% and3.44 to 4.05% in different villages,respectively. Ca concentration in goat milkof Aligarh and Agra districts was foundlower as compared to Alwar district. Fecontent in milk collected from Aligarhdistrict was estimated less than other twodistricts. Cu, Mn and Co in milk was foundinvariably lower in this semi-arid region.

Soil Composition: Organic carbon, P and Kconcentrations in the soils of grazing area

of different districts were evaluated. Organiccarbon in soil was lower in all the blocksexcept Akrabad. Low level of P in the soil ofgrazing area was observed in all threedistricts of the semi-arid region. Whereas, Kwas found optimum in the soil of this regionranging from 126.39 to 549.03 kg/ha.

GPT 6.04: Studies on milk compositionof different Goat breeds andits utilization for paneermaking.

R.B. SharmaA total of 168 milk samples were

collected to study the effect of breed on goatmilk composition. The SNF and TS contentswere observed to be higher in Jamunaparimilk 8.76±0.05 and 12.60±0.12% ascompared to Jakhrana (8.16±0.07 and12.54±0.12), Sirohi (7.65±0.05 and10.97±0.07), Barbari (7.76±0.23 and11.29±0.24) and mixed milk (7.57±0.08and 10.99±0.17%), respectively. However,the fat content was observed significantlyhigher (4.12±0.07 %) in Jakhrana milk.There was no significance difference in fatcontent of Sirohi, Barbari and mixed milk

Effect of breed on goat milk Paneer: Paneeryield was Significantly higher (14.56±0.19%) in Jakhrana followed by Jamunapari(13.92±0.19 %), mixed (12.24±0.36 %)and Sirohi (11.70±0.17%) milk. The higherpaneer yield is attributed to the higher(4.42±0.07 %) fat content in Jakhrana goatmilk as compared to other breeds.

Effect of multiple births on goat milkcomposition: Milk samples (90) werecollected from Jakhrana goats to study theeffect of multiple births on goat milkcomposition. No significant difference wasobserved between single and twin birthsmilk in respect of protein, casein, wheyprotein, fat, SNF, TS and ash content.

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Effect of morning and evening milking oncomposition of goat milk:Total 92 batchesof herd milk samples (46 morning and 46evening) obtained from Jakhrana goats wereanalyzed for major milk constituents.Evening milk had significantly higher fat(5.35±0.13 %), SNF (9.55±0.26) and totalsolids (14.92±0.27 %) as compared tomorning milk (4.15±0.09,8.63±0.16 and12.77±0.14 %). However, protein contentwas observed significantly higher inmorning milk.

Effect of morning and evening milking onpaneer yield and composition in goats:Evening milk yielded significantly higherpaneer (16.38±0.53 %) than morning milk(14.10±0.53 %). The protein and ashcontents of paneer did not differ significantlybetween the milking timings. The paneerobtained from morning milk had higher fat(27.03±0.32) than evening milk(23.70±0.44). The moisture content wasobserved to be higher in paneer obtainedfrom evening milk. The study indicated thatgoat milk composition is affected due tomilking time that in turn affects paneer yieldand quality.

Effect of stage of lactation on compositionof goat milk: Total 43 samples on differentstage of lactation (early-20, middle-9 andlate-14) were analyzed to study the variationin milk composition of Jakhrana goat. Themajor milk constituents have shown a non-

significant difference between stages oflactation.

Effect of season on milk composition ofgoats: Milk samples were collected fromJamunapari (69) and Jakhrana (74) goats toinvestigate the influence of winter andsummer season on specific gravity, fat, SNFand TS contents of milk. Specific gravity,SNF and TS contents in Jamunapari milkwere found significantly higher(1.030±0.00, 8.76±0.05 and 12.60±0.12%) during winter season as compared tosummer (1.026±0.00, 7.76±0.15 and11.28±0.16 %). However, fat content didnot show any significant difference duringboth the seasons. All the above constituentswere observed significantly higher inJakhrana milk also during winter season(1.027±0.00, 4.42±0.07, 8.16±0.07 and12.54±0.12 %) as compared to summer(1.025±0.00, 3.35±0.06,7.54±0.06 and10.91±0.10 %). It can be concluded thatthe quantum of goat milk constituents arehigher during winter season as comparedto summer.

Sensory quality of flavoured goat milk: Atrial was conducted to standardize thetechnology of manufacture of flavoured goatmilk. Jakhrana goat milk containing 3.4%fat was used. Different treatments wereapplied using 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5% Strawberryflavour (Hershey’s Brand-made in USA). Theproduct was evaluated for organoleptic

Table 1: Effect of goat breeds on milk composition and paneer yield

Breed Specific gravity Fat S.N.F. Total Solids Yield of Paneer

Jamunapari (46) 1.030±0.00a 3.84±0.09a 8.76±0.05a 12.60±0.12a 13.92±0.19a

Jakhrana (53) 1.027±0.00b 4.42±0.07c 8.16±0.07c 12.54±0.12a 14.56±0.19a

Sirohi (22) 1.027±0.00b 3.35±0.04b 7.65±0.05b 10.97±0.07b 11.70±0.17b

Mixed Milk (23) 1.025±0.00b 3.40±0.12b 7.57±0.08b 10.99±0.17b 12.24±0.36b

Barbari (24) 1.025±0.00b 3.46±0.04b 7.76±0.23b 11.29±0.24b Not estimated

Over All (168) 1.027±0.00 3.84±0.05 8.12±0.06 11.96±0.09 13.55±0.14

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Table 2: Effect of multiple births on milk composition ofJakhrana Goats

Constituents Single Kid (56) Twins (34)

Protein 3.78±0.05 3.81±0.08

Casein 3.072±0.04 3.09±0.07

Whey Protein 0.71±0.01 0.72±0.02

Water 86.33±0.28 86.19±0.37

Total Solids 13.79±0.25 13.97±0.32

Solids-not-fat 9.02±0.20 9.24±0.28

Fat 4.77±0.13 4.74±0.17

Ash 0.74±0.03 0.80±0.03

Table 3: Effect of time of milking on milk compositionof Jakhrana Goats

Constituents Morning (46) Evening (46) Over All (92)

Protein 3.90±0.07A 3.70±0.05B 3.80±0.04

Casein 3.17±0.06A 3.00±0.04B 3.09±0.04

Whey Protein 0.74±0.01A 0.70±0.01B 0.72±0.01

Water 87.33±0.18a 85.24±0.34b86.29±0.22

Total Solids 12.77±0.14a 14.92±0.27b13.85±0.19

Solids-not-fat 8.63±0.16a 9.54±0.26b 9.09±0.16

Fat 4.15±0.09a 5.35±0.13b 4.75±0.10

Ash 0.78±0.03 0.73±0.03 0.76±0.02

A & B– Significant at 5%, a&b-Significant at 1%

Table 4: Effect of morning and evening milking onpaneer yield and composition of Jakhrana goats

Constituents Morning Evening Over All

Yield 14.10±0.53a 16.38±0.49b 15.24±0.46

Moisture 41.85±0.75a 48.47±0.81b 45.09±0.72

Fat 27.03±0.32a 23.70±0.44b 25.43±0.36

Protein 20.23±0.86* 20.42±0.33* 20.34±0.42

Ash 3.40±0.21* 3.74±0.41* 3.58±0.23

Table 6: Effect of stage of lactation on milk Composition of Jakhrana goat

Stages of Protein Casein Whey Water TS SNF Fat Ashlactation protein

Early (20) 4.02±0.10 3.26±0.08 0.76±0.02 87.18±0.22 12.79±0.22 8.70±0.30 4.14±0.150.81±0.05

Middle (9) 3.69±0.15 3.00±0.12 0.70±0.03 86.94±0.25 13.06±0.25 8.59±0.22 4.47±0.200.64±0.10

Late (14) 3.93±0.12 3.19±0.10 0.74±0.02 87.78±0.42 11.67±0.93 7.95±0.66 4.01±0.150.79±0.05

Over All(43) 3.92±0.07 3.18±0.06 0.74±0.01 87.33±0.18 12.48±0.33 8.43±0.26 4.17±0.100.77±0.04

Table 5: Effect of season on milk composition ofJamunapari goatsSeason Specific Fat S.N.F. Total

gravity SolidsWinter 1.030 3.84 8.76 12.60(46) ±0.00a ±0.09 ±0.05a ±0.12a

Summer 1.026 3.55 7.76 11.28(23) ±0.00b ±0.05 ±0.15b ±0.16b

Over All 1.028 3.74 8.43 12.16(69) ±0.00 ±0.07 ±0.08 ±0.12

Table 7: Sensory Score for Flavoured goat milkTreatment Appearance & Colour Flavour Sweetness Over All AcceptabilityT1 3.91 3.45 3.45 3.45 IVT2 3.82 3.45 3.82 3.82 IIT3 4.08 3.58 3.92 4.08 IT4 4.00 3.75 4.17 3.58 III

qualities i.e. appearance and colour,flavour, sweetness and overall acceptabilityby a panel of 12 Judges. The product

containing 3% Strawberry flavour was likedmost by the panelists and scored high ascompared to other 3 treatments.

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Goat Health DivisionGoat Health DivisionGoat Health DivisionGoat Health DivisionGoat Health DivisionGH 15.24:Evaluation of medicinal plants

for the control of neonataldiarrhoea in goats

Ashok kumar, R. Rana, V. S. Vihan and S.Barua (up to May, 2006)Antibiogram of plant extracts: Antibiogramproperty of some new plant coded extracts(CIRG-35, 36, 37, 38, 39) were evaluatedagainst isolated and characterizedpathogenic ETEC Escherichia coli, alongwith other potential extracts at theconcentration of 12.5, 6.24, 3.12, 1.56, 0.78and 0.39 mg/disc by disc diffusion test.Result revealed that zone of inhibition ofCIRG-35 (20, 18, 16, 10, 8, 6 mm), CIRG-2B (20, 18, 16, 12, 10 mm), CIRG-15 (18,16, 12, 10, 8, 6 mm), CIRG-18 (15, 12, 6, 0,0, 0 mm), CIRG-20 (18, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0 mm),CIRG-33A (18, 10, 6, 0, 0, 0 mm) and CIRG-36 (8, 6, 0, 0, 0, 0), rated good in activity intheir chronological order at differentconcentrations. While, CIRG-37, 10B,26,38,34,39 and 17B did not show activityat any concentration used by the samemethod (Fig 1).

Antibacterial activity of fractioned plantextracts by bioautography: Test methanolicplant extract was dissolved in methanol andapplied 5 µl on thin layer plate (Aluminumsilica plate) at the concentration of 0.35 gm/ml and subjected to run in Toulene: Ethylacetate (70:20) solvent system. AutoclavedMueller Hinton agar was prepared andseeded for 24hrs. Broth culture of E.coli wasincorporated with dehydrogenase-activity-detecting reagent (a tetrazolium salt).Seeded, incorporated MHA overlaid ondeveloped TLC plate 24-36hr incubationwas followed. Clear Zones of inhibitionwere obtained against a colored backgroundof grown bacteria on TLC plate. After 36hrs incubation, silica gel plate looked like

Fig. 1: Antibiogram of CIRG-15 and CIRG-33A

pink due to reaction of tetrazolium blue withbacterial colonies (E. coli). Result revealedthat CIRG-19 did not show antibacterialactivity in crude plant extract but onfractionation for both alkaloid and flavinoidsresulted to five and two antibacterial spotrespectively. Out of tested plant extracts bythis method CIRG-19, CIRG-10A, CIRG-21exhibited different spot of antibacterialactivity in alkaloid and flavinoids, whichfurther showed their potential as anti E coliactivity (Fig 2). The potential candidates forfurther study were selected on the basis ofthree methods adopted for antidiarrhoeal

30

activity. Bio-autography was found betterand suitable technique for antibacterialactivity on crude and fractioned plantextract.

Antidiarrhoeal property of plant extractsin laboratory animals: Antidiarrhoealproperties of some selected plant extracts(CIRG-15, 22,2B, 17A, 25) were tested incastor oil (0.5 ml/kg body weight) induceddiarrhoea in rats. The diarrhoeal episodes(fecal droppings) were observed at 1,2,3,4and 5-hr interval in comparison to controlgroup and standard drug therapy ofdiphenoxylate and atropine sulphate orallyat the dose rate of 24 mg/kg body weight ofrat. The tested plant extract wasadministered at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight). The average diarrhoealepisodes were 1.4 and 1.2 at 200 and 100mg/kg body weight of extract concentrationas compared to control (6.6) and standarddrug group (0.8), indicated drug dependentanitidiarhoeal response in CIRG –15. InCIRG-22, fecal droppings were reduced to

1.8 and 3 at two doses in comparison tocontrol (6) and standard (0.8). In CIRG-17A,the reading was 1.2 and 2.6 in comparisionto control group (5.8) and standard druggroup (1.0). In rest of the two plant extracts,CIRG-17A and CIRG-25, the readings were2 and 2.8; 1.0 and 2.0 at two dose levelrespectively, in comparision to control (4.4,5.4) and standard drug therapy (1.2, 1.0)respectively. The overall result suggestedthat CIRG-25, CIRG-2B and CIRG-15showed higher efficacy as compared toCIRG-22 and 17 A. No mortality and sideeffect was observed during experiment inany group.

Clinical efficacy/safety trial: Therapeuticefficacy of the extracts was evaluated inclinical cases of diarrhoea (colibacillosis) injuvenile kids at the dose of 10 mg/kg bwtfor 1-2 days orally and observed degree ofrecovery (score) and recovery days.However, before conducting in vivoefficacy, safety trials were done in 4 healthykids below 1 month age at the same doserate for two days. During experiment, nountoward toxic reaction was noticed in anykid and also no significant clinicallyimportant changes were observed inbiochemical parameters (glucose, totalprotein, albumin, phosphorus, creatinineand AST) estimated 3 days post therapy.Plant extract appeared safe for furtherclinical trial. In clinical trials (6 kids),pretreatment values of appetite (Good 1,Low 2, No appetite 3), fecal consistency(Watery 1, Semi solid 2, Loose ball 3,Normal 4) and dehydration (+1, +2, +3,+4) were recorded on score basis on thebasis of their severity. Rectal temperaturewas recorded in both the groups. Recoveryscore recorded as (Poor 1, Partial 2,Moderate 3, and Complete 4). In CIRG-35,mean recovery score was 3.8±0.19 and

Fig. 2: Antibacterial activity of CIRG-19 (Flavinoidand alkaloids) by bioaotography

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mean recovery days were 2.0±0.19 days,which indicated therapeutic effect. In CIRG-2B, on same dose rate mean recovery scorewas 3.8±0.19 and mean recovery dayswere 1.0±0.00. In CIRG-15, mean recoveryscore was 3.67±0.22 and mean recoverydays were 1.67±0.22 at the similar doserate for two days. In CIRG-22, meanrecovery score was 3.33±0.35 and meanrecovery days were 1.83±0.18, whereas inCIRG-25, mean recovery score was3.00±0.48 and mean recovery days were1.83±0.33 and in CIRG-17A, meanrecovery score was 2.8±0.36 and meanrecovery were 2.2±0.19 days. The resultsindicated that all plant extracts showed anti-diarrhoeal activity in clinical cases ofcolibacillosis in kids with little variation.

GH 15.25: Development of MolecularDiagnostic for the control ofmycoplasmal mastitis/agalactia in goats

Rajneesh Rana, V.S. Vihan, P.K. Rout,Ashok Kumar and S. Barua (up to May,2006)Processing of Milk samples, DNAextraction and PCR: Sixteen clinicallysuspected milk samples were inoculated inthe above-mentioned liquid medium. From16 samples, 06 Mycoplasma species couldbe isolated. As the direct inoculation/

isolation method is long and timeconsuming so to overcome the longincubation phases as well as other necessarysteps involved viz. forward and reversalpassages in liquid media for 14 days, theattempt was made to extract the microbialDNA directly from 118 milk samples as perMiserez et al. (1997) and Woubit et al.(2004) with some major modifications.Only 05 DNA extracts (using NEWprotocol) exhibited PCR reaction.Out of 05genomic DNA, one STANDARD exhibitedan AMPLICON of 715 bp, which is a desiredresults, indicating the working ability of thisnewer protocol.Rest 04 genomic DNAexhibited the amplicons which were nearerto the size of the standard amplicon. Theresults were found to be encouraging butneed further refinement.

Synthesis of Primers for “Cluster specific”,MmLC/capri specific and M. putrefaciensspecific:(a) Cluster specific:F-REAP 5’-GAAACGAAAGATAATACCGCATGTAG-3’R-REAP 5’-CCA CTT GTG CGG GTC CCC GTC-3’Amplicon Length: 785 bp(b) LC/capri:MMMLC2-L 5’-CAATCCAGATCATAAAAAACC T-3’MMMLC1-R 5’-CTCCTCATATTCCCCTAGAA-3’Amplicon Length:1049 bp.(c) M. Putrefaciens:Mput F 5’-AAATTGTTGAAAAATTAGCGCGAC-3’MputR5’-CATATCATCAACTAGATTAATAGTAGCACC-3’Amplicon Length: 316 bp

Fig 1: A PCR product of size 316 bp exhibiting anamplification of genomic DNA segment of M.

putrefaciens

100 bpDNA ladder

316 bp

Fig. 2: Amplification of PCR product of size 785 bpexhibiting “Cluster specific” specificity of the

Mycoplasma spp.

100 bpDNAladder

316 bp

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Preparation of PCR reaction mixture: Forthe specific detection, the reaction mixturesfor all 3 sets of PCRs were prepared in afinal volume of 50 µl. 2 µl of genomic DNA(80-100ng) was taken in PCR tube, underice. Later master mixture was preparedadding all the reaction components and wasadded in PCR tubes. These PCR tubes werekept in a pre-programmed Thermocycler(MJ Research, USA) for amplification.

Amplified PCR products: 316 bp wasobserved in M. putrefaciens (Fig. 1) and1048 bp was observed in LC/capri specificprimers (Fig. 2). While application of varioussets of primers viz. P4/P6, GPO & MGSO,Cluster specific F’REAP/R’REAP, Mput F’/Mput R’ and MMMLC L/MMMLC R, it wasobserved that:One isolate was confirmed asM. mycoides subsp capri.One isolate wasconfirmed as M. mycoides subsp mycoidesLC.Two isolates were found to be positivefor the “Cluster group”.Two isolates do notbelong to the cluster group of organisms.

DST Project:Development of novel herbalectoparasiticidal productV.S. Vihan, Amit Agarwal, Ashok Kumar,D.K. Sharma, M. Deepak, J. Joshua and K.VenkateshwarluIn vivo evaluation of different prototypesin natural tick and lice infestation indifferent species of animals:Evaluation on cow calves:Prototypes 1-8: 8 coded prototypes (1 to 8)were tested on naturally tick B. microplusand Hyalomma spp. infested cow calves.Mortality was recorded at 30 minutes, 1, 2,4, 6 hrs and 7 days post topical spray.Excellent ectoparsiticidal effect was notedin Prototype No. 1, 2 and 3. The averagepercent reduction ranged from 78.66-84.14% at 30 minutes post application and 100% at 2 hrs interval in sample No 1 and 3,

however, in sample No. 2, it was also98.86%. No adverse reaction on appliedarea was noticed in prototypes No. 1 and 2but hyperemia was noted in prototypes No3 immediately after application andpersisted for 2-3 hours and disappearedwithin 4 hours. Prototypes No 1 and 2stained greenish to skin, which wascompletely disappeared on next dayobservation. In Prototype No 4, 5, and 6,the ectoparsiticidal activity was very poor,as average percent reduction ranged from2.90-6.03 % at 4 hours post application.Hyperemia was noticed in sample No. 6and subsequently disappeared within 4hours post application. Prototype No. 7 and8 showed moderate activities againstparasite, where mortality ranged from 59-74%.

Evaluation on cow calves:Prototypes 1&2: The drug samples weresprayed over heavily infested area andpercent reduction of ticks were recorded at30 min, 1, 2, 4 hrs and 24 hrs respectively.In prototypes-1, mortality was 10 and 21%at 24 hrs in 50 and 100% concentrationsrespectively and prototypes-2 showed100% mortality of ticks at 4 hrs in 100%concentration but resulted vesiculareruption in all animals, which was appearedprominently at 24 hrs, however subsideswithin 2-3 days but in lower concentration(50, 25 & 10%) of prototypes-2 did notexhibit any adverse skin reaction.

Prototype 18-23: Six prototypes (No. 18,19, 20, 21, 22 & 23) were tested on tickinfested cases of cow calves as singleapplication therapy. Tick mortality wasobserved at 30 mts, 1 hr, 2 hr and 4 hrsintervals. Prototype 22 and 23 showedmarked efficacy 53.0 and 57.25 % at 1 hrinterval and further increased to 55.14 and

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58.16 % at 4 hr interval. There was nostaining and skin reaction observed duringstudy. Prototype 22 and 23 also showedalmost similar reduction percent in sheep(52.4 and 50.97%) and goats (41.01 and44.33%) at 2 hrs interval, however stainedgreenish to skin.

Evaluation on Goat kids:Prototypes 1&2: In vivo clinical trial ofprototypes-2 was conducted on naturallylice infested kids of 2-4 months of age atfour different concentrations (100, 50, 25,and 10%) as single application. Resultshowed that 100% mortality was observedat 100, 50, 25% concentrations at 30minutes interval, however, at 10%concentration of drug exhibited 100%mortality at 4 hours interval. Adverse skinreaction was noted at two concentrations(100 and 50%) only in the form of vesiculareruptions (pustules) after 72 hrs ofapplication. Average detachment time oflice population was 24 hrs anddepolarization of skin took 24 hours.

In vivo evaluation of final (Alquit)prototype: Prototype 26 (Aerosol spray NE/EP/03) was evaluated in clinically ticksinfested dogs, which showed remarkablereduction percent at 1 hr (47.90%) and(69.33%) at 2 hrs interval without any skinreaction. However, prototype temporarilystained skin of white coat fur dogs whichcompletely disappeared 2-4 hrs later.Similarly, this prototype also showedexcellent reduction of 52.30, 70.50 and94.80% ticks at 1, 2 and 4 hrs intervalsrespectively. Prototype also showed similarstaining property in cow calves for fewhours. A different prototype No 36 as scrubsolution was evaluated in different speciesof dogs with tick infestation, as singleapplication retained for 45 minutes and

finally bath with plain water. This prototypeshowed moderate reduction efficacy at 4hrs interval (24.0%) and maximum efficacy(41.5%) at 24 hrs intervals. As similar to allprevious this also imparted greenish tingeto skin, which disappeared in later hours.No Skin reaction was observed (Table 1, 2and Fig.1).

Toxicity studies:Acute and chronic oral toxicity on albinorats: Oral toxicity was also performed toevaluate safety in laboratory animals at fourdifferent concentrations (100%, 50% 25%& 10%) in 3 rats in each group along withthe control group. Results indicated thatthere were no symptoms of either acute orchronic toxicity by oral administration ofprototype 2 on rats.

Dermal toxicity on albino rats: The dermaltoxicity was observed in four differentconcentrations (100, 50, 25 and 10%) inthree rats in each group. The result showedthat the irritating index was 0.99 at 100%concentration, where vesicular erythemawas observed 24 hrs post application. Otherconcentrations (50%, 25% & 10%) did notexhibit any skin reaction. The resultindicated that the highest concentration isshowing toxic effect to skin.

Dermal toxicity on adult goats: Dermaltoxicity studies also conducted on adultgoats by using four different concentrations(100, 50, 25 & 10%) of prototype-2. Skinreaction was also monitored as similar tolaboratory animals. The calculated irritatingindex was 0.99. This reaction showedhistamine like activity of prototype-2. Theurticaria disappeared after 48 hrs ofdevelopment. No skin reaction was notedin remaining three concentrations.

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Dermal toxicity on kids: Similar experimentwas also conducted on kids of (2-3 months).Vesicular eruptions were appeared at 24 hrspost application in 100% concentration.The irritating index was 0.99 on Driazyscale. No skin reaction was noted at (50,25 & 10%) concentration. The resultsindicate that prototype-2 having counterirritant effect.

Testing for Histamine like activity: The testwas performed to test the histamine likeactivity of plant extract in comparison tostandard histamine. After 5 minute onhistamine injected site, congestion wasdeveloped where as no congestion wasnoticed in drug injected area. This indicatedthat both drugs are not having histamine likeactivity and no blue spot was observed after1-hour post injection at injected site.

Analytical chemistry of final product(drug):ALQUIT: NR/EP/03:The raw materials ofAnnona squamosa (A. squamosa) andCalotropis gigantea (C. gigantea) weresubjected for physicochemical and Thin

Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis. Thetests such as thin layer chromatography andphysiochemical analysis were performed.The result showed that it passes theidentification test by thin layerchromatography. It possesses moisturecontent 8.4, total ash 6.19, acid insolubleash 15.0, alchohal soluble extractive value15.0 and water soluble extractive value 23.6% w/w respectively. The TLC profile ofsample is similar to that of standard.Theresult of physicochemical and Thin LayerChromatography (TLC) analysis ofCalotropis gigantea (C. gigantea) revealedthat it passes the identification test by thinlayer chromatography. It possesses moisturecontent 7.8, total ash 14.3, acid insolubleash 1.8, alchohal soluble extractive value17.2 and water soluble extractive value 31.9% w/w respectively. The TLC profile ofsample is similar to that of standard. Theexcipient used was Talc in the formulationof A. squamosa and C. gigantea. Analysis ofTalc has been carried out as per IP. Extraparameters tested include untapped andtapped bulk density material passing through30, 60 and 80 mesh.Based on the

Table 1: In vivo trial of prototype 26 (Aerosol spray) (NR/EP/03) in calvesCoat Total % Reduction Staining Anycolor Tick adverse

count in ½ hr 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs effectmarked

areaBrown 22 12.00 40.00 50.00 80.00 + -

Black 65 20.00 50.00 60.00 100.0 + -Brown 60 23.00 45.00 55.00 90.00 + -Brown 13 35.00 55.00 70.00 100.0 + -White 39 20.00 60.00 80.00 90.00 + -Brown 14 24.00 70.00 80.00 100.0 + -White 21 27.00 50.00 75.00 100.0 + -

White 23 19.00 45.00 80.00 100.0 + -White 45 20.67 55.00 80.00 90.00 + -White 39 28.19 53.00 75.00 98.00 + -

Mean 22.88±1.98 52.30±2.70 70.50±3.61 94.80±2.19

35

comparative thin layer chromatography,isolation of compounds unique to A.squamosa and C. gigantea is conducted forstandardization of the formulation.Fingerprinting analysis of the methnolicextracts of A. squamosa, C. gigantea (NR/EP/03) extract and (NR/EP/03 5%) powder (finalformulation) was done by infra red spectrum.

Conclusion: Ectoparasiticidal productALQUIT for the control of ectoparasites(Ticks & lice) in the livestock has beendeveloped and commercialized.The TradeMark in the name of ALQUIT by industryM/S Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd. Bangalorehad applied. Further an application hasbeen submitted to the department ofAYUSH, Karnataka state for obtaining amanufacturing license. At first instance, theproduct (Alquit) was developed andcommercialized for dog in view of themarket demand. Two different formulationsforms of the composition were developedkeeping in mind that the pet ownersgenerally bath their pets once in 10 or 15days. The first one is a powder spray meantfor daily application. This aerosol powderspray is perhaps the first of its kind in the

country. The 2nd one is shampoo basedliquid for the bath of the pets (Fig. 1). Theproduct for other livestock (Cattle, Buffalo,Goat & Sheep) will be marketed by thecompany in due course of time aftersuccessful marketing of the product for pets.The IPR shall be owned by CIRG,Makhddom (IRI) and M/S Natural RemediesPvt. Ltd. Bangalore (ICP) jointly. Theincome/royalty shall be shared by IRI/DST& ICP. The IRI and DST will share themoney thus received in the ratio of 75:25,i.e. 75% to IRI and 25% to DST.

Table 2: Clinical trial of prototype 36 (Scrub solution) against tick infestation in Dogs.Animal Coat Total count % Reduction Staining Anyspecies colour in marked adverse

area ½ hr 1 hr 2 hrs 4 hrs 6 hrs 24 hrs effectGSD Brown 11 0.0 0.0 18.18 18.18 27.27 45.45 + -GSD Brown 10 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 + -N D Brown 12 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.67 16.67 33.33 + -N D Brown 22 0.0 0.0 13.63 13.63 13.63 31.81 + -N D Brown 7 0.0 0.0 0.0 42.85 42.85 57.14 + -N D Yellow 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.18 18.18 36.35 + -Pom White 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 37.50 + -Pom White 9 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.22 22.22 33.33 + -Pom White 6 0.0 0.0 16.67 33.33 50.0 50.0 + -Pom White 10 0.0 20.0 30.0 30.0 50.0 50.0 + -Mean 0.0 2.0 9.84 24.0 29.6 41.5

±0.0 ±0.61 ±3.53 ±2.84 ±4.27 ±2.74

Fig. 1: Lane 1, 10: DNA ladder (1 Kb), Lane 2: Std.Ovine pattern (sheep isolate), Lane 3: Bovine pattern(Cattle isolate), Lane 4: Std. Bison pattern (Bisonisolate), Lane 5,6: Bison pattern (Indian caprineisolate), Lane 7,8: Bison pattern (Indian ovine isolate),Lane 9. Std. M. avium pattern.

36

UP CST Project: Molecular Diagnosis ofJohne’s disease of Goats by PCR and DNAProbesS.V. SinghCharacterization of minute colonies ofMycobacterium paratuberculosis by IS900PCR (A new method): A new physical, easy,rapid, cost effective and non chemicalmethod of DNA isolation and subsequentcharacterization by specific IS900 PCR wasdeveloped first time in India. This methodsuccessfully recovered DNA from evensingle tiny and stunted colony of Map (table1).

Table 1: Comparison of two methods for recovery ofDNA and subsequent IS 900 PCR

Concentration DNA Range of IS 900of total DNA isolation DNA PCRrecovered concentration positivesNew method 100% 4.0-10.0 100%

(20/20) ng/µl (20/20)Classical DNA 15% 2.5-4.0 15%isolation (3/20) ng/µl (3/20)Method**Van Soolingen et al. 1991.

Diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goat herdsusing PCR, culture and ELISA: The 51.7%goats were positive for Map by culture,whereas, ELISA and PCR detected 46.5%each. Prevalence in farmer’s and farm goatswas, 65.2 and 42.8%, respectively (Table2). In farmer’s herds, 47.8 and 34.8%animals were positive by culture of MLNand intestine, respectively. In farm herds,34.8 and 31.4% goats were positive byculture of the MLN and intestinal tissues,respectively (Table 3). Using IS 900 PCRfor JD diagnosis directly from tissues, 52.1and 42.8% prevalence JD was seen infarmer’s and farm herds, respectively.Detection of Map infection in tissues (MLNand intestine) by PCR showed 34.8 and39.1% tissues positive for JD in farmer’sherd and 28.6 and 22.8% in farm herds,respectively. On screening of the goatsbelonging to farmer’s and farm herds byELISA kit, the sero-prevalence was 65.2 and34.3%, respectively. Comparativeevaluation of direct tissue PCR with culture(Gold standard) exhibited 41.2% goats were

Table 2: Screening of goats by Tissues Culture, IS 900 PCR and ELISA kit for JD

Herds Number of Samples PositivesTissues Culture IS 900 PCR ELISA kit

Farmer’s 23 15 (65.2) 12 (52.1) 15 (65.2)Farm 35 15 (42.8) 15 (42.8) 12 (34.2)Total 58 30 (51.7) 27 (46.5) 27 (46.5)Figures in parenthesis are percent

Table 3: Status of Map in target tissues (MLN & Intestine) of goats by Culture, IS 900 PCR and ELISA kitHerds/Number of goats Tissues Number of Positives

samples tested Tissues Culture IS 900 PCR ELISA kitFarmer’s-23 MLN 23 11 08 15

Intestine 23 08 09Total 46 19 17 15

Farm-35 MLN 35 10 10 12Intestine 35 11 08

Total 70 21 18 12

58 116 40 35 27

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positive and 43.1% were negative(irrespective of farmer’s and organized herd)by both test. While 16.3% goats were notdetected by PCR, however 5.2% goats weredetected as positive by PCR. Kappa statisticswas applied to estimate agreement between‘Gold standard’ culture test and direct PCR(from tissue). The agreement was almostperfect (kappa value = 0.69, proportionagreement = 0.84) between the 2 tests.Comparative evaluation of plate ELISA kitwith culture of tissues exhibited thesensitivity and specificity of ELISA kit as 66.6and 75.0%, respectively (Table 7). ELISAshowed substantial agreement with tissueculture (kappa value=0.415 and proportionagreement=0.7). ELISA test also showedsubstantial agreement with PCR (kappavalue=0.514 and proportion agreement=0.75) and showed better sensitivity andspecificity as 74.0 and 74.0%, respectively.

Assessment of comparative efficacy oftissues with respect to Culture and ELISAfor the diagnosis of Johne’s disease inSheep: Culture of MLN and intestine tissuesrevealed 33.3 and 35.9% prevalence ofMap in farmer’s flocks, respectively. PCRshowed 30.8% prevalence in farmer’s flocksfor both target (MLN and intestine) tissues.Sero-prevalence of Map was 23.1% in ELISAkits. Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA withrespect to tissues culture was 69.5 and87.5%, respectively. Applying the kappascores to estimate agreement between Goldstandard culture method and direct PCRfrom tissue, Agreement was nearly, almostperfect category (kappa value-0.591,proportion agreement-0.79). ELISA kit

showed substantial agreement with IS 900PCR (kappa value =0.229 and proportionagreement = 0.61) and showed 57.8%sensitivity and 65.0% specificity.

Diagnosis of Map in un-pasteurized rawmilk and commercial pasteurized milk andmilk products: Of 43 (16 un-pasteurized,and 18 pasteurized milk sample and 9 milkproducts) processed by culture, ELISA andPCR, 58.1, 04.6 and 23.2% were positivefor presence of Map, respectively.Prevalence of Map in the un pasteurizedand pasteurized milk samples (34) was 58.8,5.8 and 50.0% using culture, ELISA andPCR, respectively. Whereas, in 9 milkproducts prevalence of Map was 55.5, 0.0and 22.2% by culture, ELISA, and PCR,respectively. All Map cultures from unpasteurized, pasteurized milk and milkproducts were detected positive (confirmedas Map) by milk PCR. PCR was alsoperformed for screening of decontaminatedpellets (Fat and sediment) of milk.

Diagnosis of Map in cattle herds (feces andserum): Prevalence of Map was 20.8 and28.3% by ELISA kit and fecal culture,respectively. Sensitive and specificity ofELISA kit was 50.0 and 90.6% respectively.Fecal culture was more sensitive than ELISAand all cultures were characterized as Map.

Screening of field samples for JD onpayment: Diagnostic service was providedto outside agencies for screening of serumsamples of goat, sheep, buffalo and cattleorigin using ELISA kits developed at CIRG,Makhdoom.

Sero-prevalence of Map in serum samples of cattle and buffaloes using ELISA kit

Region Herd Species Samples Positive Demanding OrganizationMathura UP Farm Cattle 120 20.8% Dept. of Microbiology, Vet. Univ.

MathuraBareilly UP Farm Cattle & buffaloes 40 30.0% CADRAD, IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly

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Fig. 2: Schematic diagram showing the location of C/T polymorphismat 223 bp in ‘Bison type’ isolates (most prevalent isolates of India)which is similar as reported by Whittington et al., 2001 and differentto other isolates (Cattle and Sheep isolate) Assessment of sensitivityand specificity of all diagnostic tools for diagnosis of Johne’s diseasein goats: field application

Fig. 3: Molecular phylogeny of Indian Map ‘Bison type’ isolate based on the G Repeat Analysis (DNA Parsimonyalgorithm, version 3.6a2.1)

Characterization of mostprevalent Indian isolates of MAPinfecting animals: Of the17 DNA,11 (64.7%) were amplified usingspecific IS 900 PCR. Map fromJuvenile Capri Paratuberculosis(JCP), was characterized as ‘Bisontype’ on the basis of IS 1311 PCR-REA, first time in India. In IS1311PCR-REA Indian isolatesappeared to be Map ‘Bison type’,but the genomic RLFP patternwere totally different from the‘Bison’ isolates from Montana,USA and other isolates reportedin other parts of world. The 12Map isolates were processed forcharacterization and geno-typing.

39

Characterization of M. avium paratuber-culosis based on genome wide markersStrain IS 900 IS 1311 MAP 02 SSRs LSPsMAP K10 17 7 6 Different repeat Same repeatInternational fully number for two number forsequenced reference train strains two strainsMAP ‘Bison type’ 17 7 6Indigenous isolates

S. No. Accessed Loci Accession S. No. Accessed Loci AccessionNumber* Number*

1 IS900 Locus 1 EF514818 22 IS1311 Locus 6 EF5148392 IS900 Locus 2 EF514819 23 IS1311 Locus 7 EF5148403 IS900 Locus 3 EF514820 24 ISMAP02 Locus 1 EF5148414 IS900 Locus 4 EF514821 25 ISMAP02 Locus 2 EF5148425 IS900 Locus 5 EF514822 26 ISMAP02 Locus 3 EF514843

6 IS900 Locus 7 EF514823 27 ISMAP02 Locus 4 EF5148447 IS900 Locus 8 EF514824 28 ISMAP02 Locus 5 EF5148458 IS900 Locus 9 EF514825 29 ISMAP02 Locus 6 EF5148469 IS900 Locus 10 EF514826 30 G Repeat SSR EF51484710 IS900 Locus 11 EF514827 31 GGT Repeat SSR EF51486511 IS900 Locus 12 EF514828 32 LSP2 (5’ End) EF514866

12 IS900 Locus 14 EF514829 33 LSP2 (3’ End) EF51486713 IS900 Locus 15 EF514830 34 LSP4 (5’ End) EF51486814 IS900 Locus 16 EF514831 35 LSP4 (3’ End) EF51486915 IS900 Locus 17 EF514832 36 LSP12 (5’ End) EF51487016 IS900 Locus 13 EF514833 37 LSP12 (3’ End) EF51487117 IS1311 Locus 1 EF514834 38 LSP15 (5’ End) EF514872

18 IS1311 Locus 2 EF514835 39 LSP15 (3’ End) EF51487319 IS1311 Locus 3 EF514836 40 LSPA20 (5’ End) EF51487420 IS1311 Locus 4 EF514837 41 LSPA20 (3’ End) EF51487521 IS1311 Locus 5 EF514838 42 LSPA4II EF514876

(Flanking Region)

1. Title: Genetic Characterization of ‘Bison type’ S5 strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp.paratuberculosis of Indian Origin

All Map isolates from India were identifiedas ‘Bison type’ strains regardless of whetherthey were of bovine, ovine or caprine origin(Fig. 1). The DNA sequences obtained fromthe amplified products were matchedexactly with those, reported earlier for‘Bison’ strains. It was found that all Indiancaprine and ovine PCR products sequence

possessed a T in all copies at 223 positions(Fig. 2).

Accession with GenBank:Sequencing of different loci of IS 900, IS1311, MAP 02 and LSPs has been completedfor some loci and 59 nucleotide sequenceswere submitted to NCBI GenBank.

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CIRG-DSIR: Collaborative Project:Development of inactivatedvaccine using native isolate ofMycobacterium aviumsubspecies paratuberculosisagainst Johne’s disease ingoats and sheep

S.V. Singh and V.K. GuptaTrial III: Kids (93) were distributedrandomly into 3 groups belonging tofarmers flocks(Rajasthan) and organizedherds (CIRG, Makhdoom).General Body Condition:Physical Health: Appreciable improvementwas observed in the health of vaccinatedgroups over the sham-immunized groupafter 1st and 2nd challenge.

Body Weights: Nine months postvaccination, there has been no significantdifference in the live body weights betweenvaccinated (Bison and Gudair) and sham-immunized groups. After vaccination, goatswere challenged on 75 DPV and 270 DPV.Body weights gained per animal was higherprior to challenge and decreased in post-challenged animals. In pre and post 1st

challenged, the body weights gained peranimal were higher in ‘Bison group’ andthere was not much difference in Gudairand Sham-Immunized groups. But after 2nd

challenged, the body weight gained in‘Bison’ and ‘Gudair’ groups were similar buthigher than in ‘Sham Immunized’ group(Table 1).

Table 1: Body weight gain during pre and post (I andII) challengeGroup Pre- After Ist After

Challenged InfectionIInd Infection(Nov 05- (Feb 06- (Aug 06-Jan 06) Aug 06) Feb 07)

Bison 6.3±0.69 4.0±0.52 3.46±0.73Gudair 5.37±0.58 3.28±0.41 2.72±0.72

Sham- 5.32±0.64 3.44±0.53 2.31±0.90Immunized

Body Weight (Sex and Breed-wise): Sexwise, the differences in body weights wereobserved in response to vaccination (Table2). Body weights gained were higher inmales and females of Bison group. The rateof body weights gained was considerablydecreased in post challenge males. But therate of body weight gain was increased infemales of both vaccinated group (Bison andGudair group), but the increase was less inGudair group compared to Bison group.Barbari and cross Jakhrana males performedbetter in ‘Bison’ than ‘Gudair’ and ‘Shamimmunized’ after 2nd challenged (Table 2).

Morbidity and Mortality in Goatsa. Morbidity: The number of animals insick and treatment days were less in bothvaccinated group than sham-immunizedindicating better protection to disease invaccinated group.

b. Mortality and causes of deaths: Mortalityrate due to JD is significantly higher in sham-immunized groups of animals incomparison to both vaccinated group (X2

= 6.659, df=1, p= 0.05). After secondchallenge, mortality increased in Gudairvaccinated group as well as in sham-immunized group whereas in bison groupthe rate was comparably low. Three animals(kids) were died at the first month of trialdue to extreme cold temperature ofenvironment. Bison vaccine verysignificantly support to reduce the mortalityin comparison to sham-immunized group(X2 = 6.249, df=1, p= 0.05). Althoughmortality due to JD in Gudair group is verylow than sham-immunized but notsignificantly (X2 = 2.865, df=1, p= 0.05).

Cellular Immune Response: At 0 DPV thestimulated indexes of PBMCs of animalsfrom 3 groups were similar (Fig. 1) but after

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Table 2: Sex and Breed-wise body weights gained pre challenge, after Ist and IInd challengedPre-challenge (Nov 05-Jan 06)

Bison group Gudair group Sham-ImmunizedMale Female Male Female Male Female

Breed Average wt gain/animal (kg) & Average wt gain/animal (kg) & Averagewt ain/animal (kg) &No. of animals gained wt. No. of animals gained wt. No. of animals gained wt.

Jakhrana 7.4 (2/2) 5.4 (4/4) 10.17 (3/3) 4.5 (2/2) 7.18 (4/4)Cross Jakhrana 9.54 (10/10) 7.53 (8/8) 8.09 (7/7)Barbari 3.0 (6/6) 2.67(3/3) 3.05 (4/4) 2.56 (7/7) 2.3 (4/4) 1.48 (4/5)Marwari 6.0 (1/1) 7.0 (1/1) 2.8 (1/1)

Jamunapari 6.8 (1/1) 4.15 (2/2) 7.3 (2/2)Sirohi 6.6 (1/1)

After Ist challenged (Feb 06-Aug 06)Breed Bison Gudair Sham-Immunized

Male Female Male Female Male FemaleAverage wt gain/animal (kg) Average wt ain/animal (kg) Average wt gain/animal (kg)& No. of animals gained wt. & No. of animals gained wt. & No. of animals gained wt.

Jakhrana 4.5 (2/2) 6.25 (4/4) 4.33 (3/3) 3.75 (2/2) 6.25 (4/4)CrossJakhrana 3.0 (9/9) 2.13 (6/8) 2.93 (5+1*/7)Barbari 1.5 (4+2*/6) 5.16 (3/3) 3.0 (4/4) 3.71 (7/7) 0.38 (2/4) 2.5 (5/5)Marwari 11.5 (1/1) 7.5 (1/1) 4.0 (1/1)Jamunapari 6.0 (1/1) 3.5 (2/2) 4.75 (2/2)Sirohi 8.5 (1/1)

After IInd challenged (Aug 06-Mar 07)Breed Bison group Gudair group Sham-Immunized

Male Female Male Female Male FemaleAverage wt ain/animal (kg) Average wt gain/animal (kg) Average wt gain/animal (kg)

& No. of animals gained wt. & No. of animals gained wt. & No. of animals gained wt.Jakhrana 4.85 (2/2) 2.5 (2/2) 1 (1/2) 3.9 (2/2) 3.85(3/4)Cross Jakhrana 5.11 (9/9) 4.2 (7/7) 4.66 (1/2)Barbari 2.4 (4/5) 4.2 (2/2) 2.35 (4/4) 3.15 (5/6) 0.7 (3/3) 0.66 (2/3)Marwari -1.8 (0/1) 2.4 (1/1)Jamunapari 2.0 (1/1) -1.3 (1/2) 0.1 (2/2)Sirohi 1.6 (1/1)

that PBMCs from vaccinated animals of twogroups (‘Bison type’ and Gudair group) hadgreater stimulation to protoplasmic Mapantigen than sham-immunized throughouttrial. In case of sham-immunized group theresponse was always higher when the cellswere stimulated with mitogen.

Humoral Immune Response: High rates ofsero-conversion were observed invaccinated goats (Bison and Gudair) ascompared to sham-immunized (Table 4). Allthe animals in vaccinated groups becamepositive for anti-Map antibodies 2 monthspost vaccination. They retained high titer

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of antibodies till the vsccination trial. Therewas very low sero-conversion (40%) ofsham-immunized animals even after the firstexperimental challenge when compared tovaccinated groups where all animalsretained high antibodies titer. Sero-conversion rate again boost up at time ofsecond experimental challenge in 2vaccinated groups.

Determination of Map shedding by fecalculture: Fecal samples were collected at 6months post vaccination (Three and halfmonths post challenge) and were cultured

Fig.1: LTT for CMI response (Stimulation Index) inBison, Gudair & Sham-Imm. groups

Table 3: Morbidity rates in experiment III animalsGroup Total Animals Number of treatment days

Animal sick Total Diarrhea/ Weakness/ Cold/ Others/Ani Ani Ani. Ani.*

Bison Type 30 15 35 11/4 5/2 12/4 7/5Gudair 31 18 32 14/7 6/4 6/3 6/4Sham Imm. 29 22 80 25/8 34/9 5/2 16/3*Others diseases: Pneumonia, fever, mange, lameness, wound and gid.

Table 4: Percent ELISA reactors at monthly intervals (pre and post challenged)

DPV Percent ELISA ReactorsSham Immunized Bison Group Gudair Group

Pre-ChallengeO Day 0/25 0/30 0/301 Month 16. 0 (4/25) 80.0 (24/30) 73.3 (22/30)2 Month 12. 0 (3/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)

After Ist Challenge3 Month 40.0 (10/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)4 Month 40.0 (10/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)5 Month 36.0 (9/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)6 Month 48.0 (12/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)7 Month 28.0 (7/25) 96.6 (29/30) 86.6 (26/30)

8 Month 32.0 (8/25) 100 (30/30) 86.6 (26/30)9 Month 20.0 (5/25) 96.6 (29/30) 90.0 (27/30)After IInd Challenge10 Month 28.0 (7/25) 100 (30/30) 100 (30/30)11 Month 20.0 (5/25) 96.6 (29/30) 90.0 (27/30)15 Month 20.0 (5/25) 90.0 (27/30) 80.0 (24/30)

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on HEYM to check the excretion of Map infeces. Fecal culture of animals from the 3groups was performed three and halfmonths post challenge. At the sampling timevaccination had a significant effect on thereduction of number of animals becomingpositive for fecal shedding. Only 16.6% (5)and 26.6% (8) animals among thevaccinated animals of Bison and Gudairgroups, respectively, became positive forMap fecal culture (Table 5). In the sham-immunized group 56% (14) animalsbecame positive for the excretion of Mapin feces. In the view of extent of the Mapexcretion in feces, none of animal among

vaccinates yielded multi-bacillary culture,but 14.2% (2) animals of sham-immunizedgroup yielded multi-bacillary culture.

Carcass evaluation of the sacrificedanimals:Body weight gain rate decreasedafter the challenge in all group of animals.However, even after the challenge(post=challenged) rate of body weightincrease was still higher in ‘Bison’ group ofvaccinated animals as compared to Gudairor sham Immunized groups.

Table 6: Comparisons of body weight gain in thesacrificed animals (200 DPV)Groups Av. wt. gain (kg) Av. wt. gain (kg)

0 DPV-0 DPI 0 DPI-125 DPI(75 DPV) (4 months)

Bison type 7.5±0.675 4.8±0.553Gudair 6.9±0.872 3.0±0.761Sham-Immunized 7.7±0.493 3.9±0.342

DPV-days post vaccination DPI-days post infectionor challenged

i. Statistical evaluation of data recordedfrom sacrificed animals: All parameters likeexternal, physical and internal traits in terms

Fig.2: Humoral response (% positive reactors) for raised antibody specific to MAP

Table 5: Animals screened for Map in fecal culture3.6 months post challengeGroup No. of Positive Pauci- Multi-

Animals Animals bacillary bacillaryBison Type 30 5 3 Nil

(10.0%) (100%)Gudair 30 8 8 Nil

(26.6%) (100%)Sham-Immun. 25 14 12 2

(56.0%) (85.7%) (14.2%)

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of body conformation, carcasscharacteristics, organs weight, body fat,body condition etc. were noted forcomparative evaluation of animalssacrificed in the 3 groups (Table 7).

ii. Conclusion of Slaughter analysis: Loinwidth, Loin eye area, Cod fat, BFT and Girthmeasurements were significantly differentin 3 groups (Table 7). Bison group was betterin its effect on animal growth and othercarcass components. In other carcass andnon-carcass components were notsignificantly different among groups butBison group showed improved performancethan animals in other groups. Bison vaccinealleviate the factors responsible for positiveimpact on normal growth, muscling andoptimum productivity.

iii. Humoral immune response ofsacrificed animals:Antibody titers weremonitored in sacrificed animals pre and postchallenged (Table 8). Greater sero-conversion rate was observed in 2vaccinated groups than ‘sham-immunized’throughout the trial period. ‘Bison group’gained protective humoral response earlierthan ‘Gudair group’. At 90 dpv when allthe animals were challenged, all sacrificedanimals sero-converted to the positive. Moreanimals of Bison group were in strongpositive category than Gudair and sham-Immunized.

iv. Histopathogy, tissue culture anddirect microscopic examination: Tissues(MLN & Intestine near ileo-cecal junction)were collected for histopathological studyas well as for culture and its directmicroscopic examination. Tissues werefixed in formalin then embedded in paraffin,sections were cut (13 animals), stained withH and E and Ziehl Neelsen. Histo-pathology

Table 7: Evaluation of different parameter concerningto sacrifice of experimental animalsS. Parameter One way StatisticalN. analysis (ANOVA) in 3

groups for significancetrait at 5% level ofsignificance

1. Leg circumference Not significant(Live) (Bison group > Gudair

g r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

2. Leg circumference Not significant(Carcass) (Bison group > Gudair

g r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

3. Loin Width (Live) SignificantBison and Gudair groups> Sham-Imm. group

4. Loin Width (Carcass) SignificantBison > Gudair andSham-Imm. groups

5. Chest Circumference No significance(Bison group > Gudairg r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

6. Loin Eye Area SignificantBison and Gudair groups> Sham-Imm. Group

7. Carcass Yield Not significant(Bison group > Gudairg r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

8. Edible organ Not significant(Spleen, Kidney, (Approximately equal)Liver, Heart)

9. Cod fat SignificantBison group > of Gudairand Sham-Imm. Groups

10.Omental fat Not significant(Bison group > Gudairg r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

11.Kidney fat Not significant(Bisongroup > Gudairg r o u p > S h a m - I m m .group)

12.B.F.T Significant(back fat thickness) Bison group > of Gudair

and Sham-Imm. Groups13.Girth Measurement Significant

Bison and Gudair groups> Sham-Imm.group

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studies of Vaccination. Reduced theextension of lesions, limited the severity oflesions in intestine and mesenteric lymphnodes. Vaccinated goats showed normalhisto-pathological picture of MLN andintestine. Modified lesions to regressivegranulomatous to few epitheloid cells.

Histo-pathological lesions of tissues collected at the time of scarifying the goats of vaccinated group and

Normal germinal center Typical granuloma Typical giant cells

Fussed epitheloid cells Excess edematous fluid Earliest lesion

Microscopic Examination: Number ofbacilli were less (MLN and Intestine) inBison and Sham-Immunized groups thanGudair. The H/P methods and samplingtechniques employed have showed a highefficiency to detect and to evaluate theinitial and focal lesions.

Table 8a: Classification of lesions:Lesion type LesionType 1 Focal lesions, small granulomas of

epitheloid cells located only in the inter-follicular ares of Peyer’s patches

Type 2 Small granulomas located in Peyer’spatches and in mucosal lamina propriarelated

Type 3 Diffuse granulomatous lesions involvingintestinal mucosa in different degrees

Table 8b: Extension of lesions after 1st challenged: Vaccinated goats and Challenged Non-vaccinated Non-vaccinated

Challenged Non-ChallengedBison group Gudair group Sham Immunized In contact Control

No lesions 3 2 0 0Focal lesions 1 1 1 1Diffused lesions 0 1 3 0

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Table 8c: Individual animal –wise lesions in 3 groupsGoat no. Tissues Lesions in Sham Immunized group and in-contact controlK-15 MLN Increased number of epitheloid cells in the medulla of lymph node Edema in the

medullary partIntestine Preponderance of epitheloid cells. Epitheloid cells in Peyer’s patches

6857 MLN Preponderance of epitheloid cells. Epitheloid cells in medullary region. Granulomasseen in medulla and less in cortex and edema also seen.

Intestine Chronic catarrhal enteritis, hyperplasia of goblet cells, mucinous denegation seen.RJK 849 MLN Collection of epitheloid cells at many places

Intestine Chronic catarrhal enteritis, hyperplasia of goblet cells,6839 MLN Heavy presence of epitheloid cells and edema seen

Intestine Granuloma present and epitheloid cells prepondernace399 MLN Epitheloid cells present

Intestine Epitheloid cells present

Animal no. Tissues Lesions in Gudair groupK 22 MLN Edema and epitheloid cells present

Intestine Heavy accumulation of epitheloid cells6723 MLN Few epitheloid cells

Intestine NormalRjk 836 MLN Normal and very few epitheloid cells

Intestine Few epitheloid cells in the wall of intestine6859 MLN Few granuloma

Intestine Normal

Animal no. Tissues Lesions in Bison groupGH 62 MLN Normal but slight edema present

Intestine NormalGH 64 MLN Very few epitheloid cell

Intestine NormalRjk 825 MLN Normal

Intestine NormalK 37 MLN Few granulomas seen

Intestine Few Epitheloid cells seen

Tissues culture of vaccinated and sham immunized groups, challenged and sacrificedTissues culture showed that vaccinated group had lowered rate of infection of tissues

as compared to ‘Sham immunized’ and in vaccinated ‘Bison group’ had lowered rate ofinfection of tissues.

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Table 8d: Colonies in MLN and Intestine of vaccinated, challenged and sacrifice goatsS.No. Groups No. of Colonies

MLN IntestineI Bison group

1. K-37 No growth No growth2.GH 64 No growth 1 Colony3.RJK 835 No growth No growth4.GH 62 2 Colonies No growth

II Gudair group1. K-22 No growth 2 Colonies2.B 6823 No growth 4 Colonies3.RJK 836 No growth No growth4.B 6859 No growth

III Sham-Immunized1. K-15 3 Colonies 4 Colonies2.B 6839 6 Colonies 1 Colony3.RJK 849 No growth 4 Colonies4.B 6857 2 Colonies 3 Colonies

Table 9: Detection of AFB in tissues of sacrificed animals by direct microscopy.Animals No. AFB in Tested MLN AFB in Tested Intestine

Bison Group

K-37 By tissue impression (++) (++)By HPC treated tissue (++) (++)

GHB-64 By tissue impression (+++) (+++)By HPC treated tissue (++) (++)

RJK 835 By tissue impression (++) (++)By HPC treated tissue (++) (++)

GHB-62 By tissue impression (++) (++)By HPC treated tissue (++) (++)

Gudair Group

K-22 By tissue impression (++) (++)By HPC treated tissue (thick, atypical) (++++) (++++)

B 6823 By tissue impression - -By HPC treated tissue (++) (++)

RJK 836 By tissue impression (+++) (+++)By HPC treated tissue (++++) (++++)

B 6859 By tissue impression (++++) (++)By HPC treated tissue (thick, atypical) (++++) (+++)

Sham-Immunized Group

K-15 By tissue impression ND NDBy HPC treated tissue (++) (+++)

B-6839 By tissue impression ND NDBy HPC treated tissue (++++) (++)

RJK-849 By tissue impression (++++) (+++)By HPC treated tissue (+++) (++++)

B-6857 By tissue impression ND NDBy HPC treated tissue (+++) (+++)

*ND-Not Done, ++-Low Numbers of AFB, +++-High Numbers of AFB ++++-Very High Numbers of AFB

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Extension Education and SocioExtension Education and SocioExtension Education and SocioExtension Education and SocioExtension Education and SocioEconomic SectionEconomic SectionEconomic SectionEconomic SectionEconomic Section

TOT Project: Multi-Disciplinary Projecton Transfer of Technologyfor sustainable goatproduction.

N.P.Singh (Co-ordinator)Four villages namely Pohpa Burj, Pauri

Shajadpur, Jalal and Barka Nagla wereadopted under transfer of technologyprogramme of this institute. On the basis ofbenchmark survey, the goat farmers wereidentified and the technologies developedand tested in the institute were transferredto the field to see the impact of varioustechnologies of breeding, nutrition,reproduction, management and health.Scientists are visiting and interacting withthe individual farmers regularly besidesarranging the camps for awareness amongthe goat farmers for the adoption of newtechnologies. The institute is also providingthe superior bucks to progressive goatbreeders for breeding preventive andcurative health care in terms of vaccinationand deworming, demonstration for paneerpreparation from goat milk, housing feedingpractices etc. for development of asustainable and economic viable goatproduction system.

1. Extension Education Component:R.L.Sagar, Braj Mohan and Khushyal Singh

During the year 2006-07 the data werecollected on the socio-economic aspects ofgoat farmers in all four adopted villages i.e.Pohpa Burj, Pauri Shahjadpur, Jalal andBarka Nagla. The data were coded, scored,compiled and tabulated.

It was observed that the highestnumber of goat farmers were marginal 77(58.78%) followed by landless 50 (38.17%) and small 4 (3.05%). The maximum goat

farmers were found in Pauri Shahjadpur 45followed by Pohpa Burj 32, Jalal 30 andBarka Nagla 24. It was revealed thatbackward castes (74.05%) were theprominent goat farmers followed by thescheduled castes (22.90%). The goatfarmers of general caste were very less innumber (3.05%). In case of villages, PauriShahjadpur had the maximum number ofgoat farmers (34.35%) followed by PohpaBurj(24.43%), Jalal (22.90%) and BarkaNagla(18.32%). It was indicated that themajority of goat farmers in the adoptedvillages belonged to 31-40 years (42.75%)and 41-50 years (29.77%) of age groups.The goat farmers upto the age of 20 yearswere very few in number (1.53%). The agegroup of 21-30 years and above 51 yearsfarmers were observed 12.21 and 13.74 %,respectively.

According to educational status of 131goat farmers 53.43% were illiteratefollowed by primary (16.79%), middleschool (14.50%), high school (10.69%),graduate(2.29%) and can read andwrite(1.54%). On the whole, it shows thatthe majority of goat farmers in the villageswere illiterate. The prosperity of villagerscan be partially assessed from its housingpattern in terms of material used forconstruction of the houses. In all 90 of thehouses were pucca, 25 of mixed type and13 were kutcha. Only three huts were foundin all four adopted villages. Ninety-sixhouses had concrete roofs while 16 hadthatched roofs, 14 mudded and 4 tiled roofs.

It was revealed that twenty-eightlandless goat farmers families had puccahouses, 14 mixed typed, 5 kutcha housesand only 03 huts. More than 75 percent ofthe marginal category of the goat farmershad pucca houses, 11 mixed typed housesand 8 kutcha houses. All the four smallcategory of goat farmers had pucca houses

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Table 1: Family size of the goat farmers in the adopted villagesS. Villages No. of No. of Children upto Effective OverallNo. family members in 4 years of family family

the family age size size1. Pohpa Burj 32 181 03 5.65 5.75

2. Pauri Shahjadpur 45 312 37 6.11 6.933. Jalal 30 175 08 5.57 5.834. Barka Nagla 24 167 22 6.04 6.96

Total/Average 131 835 70 5.84 6.37

Table 2: Housing pattern of the goat farmersS. Village Type of house Type of roofNo. Pucca Mixed Kutcha Hut Concrete Tile Mud Thatch1. Pohpa Burj N=32 21(65.63) 9(28.13) 1(3.12) 1(3.12) 25(78.13) 2(6.25) 3(9.38) 2(6.25)2. Pauri Shahjadpur 33(73.33) 4(8.89) 8(17.78) - 30(66.67) 1(2.22) 8(17.78) 6(13.33)

N= 453. Jalal N= 30 25(83.33) 2(6.67) 2(6.67) 1(3.33) 24(80.00) - 4(13.33) 2(6.67)4. Barka Nagla N=24 11(45.83) 10(41.67) 2(8.33) 1(4.17) 17(70.83) 1(4.17) - 6(25.00)

Total N=131 90(68.70) 25(19.08) 13(9.92) 3(2.29) 96(73.28) 4(3.05) 15(11.45) 16(12.21)

PercentageFigures in the parentheses indicate the percentage

Table3: Major job engagement of the goat farmersS. Occupation Villages Total Per centNo. Pohpa Pauri Jalal Barka

Burj Shahjadpur Nagla1. Goat Rearing 1 8 4 5 18 13.74

2. Goat Rearing+Agril. Labour 4 10 9 11 34 25.953. Goat Rearing + 2 5 1 1 9 6.87

Agril labour + Farming4. Goat Rearing + Farming 22 14 16 4 56 42.755. Goat Rearing + Service 1 1 - 2 4 3.056. Goat rearing + Business 2 5 - 1 8 6.117. Goat Rearing + Farming+ - 2 - - 2 1.53

Service+ Business

Total 32 45 30 24 131 100.00

in the adopted villages. In all 90 puccahouses followed by 25 mixed type, 13kutcha houses and only 3 huts were foundin all the four adopted villages. There were16 material items indicated of which 9material items were found to be inpossession with the families of the goat

farmers in all four adopted villages. Amongthese items, the number of bicycles werehighest (106). It was also noticed that themaximum bicycles were found withmarginal goat farmers (64) followed bylandless (38) and small goat farmers (4).Only one kerosene stove which was

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possessed by a marginal goat farmer. Further,45 families of which 31 marginal 11 landlessand 3 small were having hand pumps and44 of which 32 marginal, 9 landless and 3small goat farmers families had televisionsets. Seven marginal, one each landless andsmall goat farmers had 9 scooters/motorcycles. Out of 8 sewing machines in thevillages 4 each were found with landless andmarginal categories of goat farmers. It wastaken into notice that 5 storage bins, 3 LPG(cooking gas) were found to be in possessionwith the marginal goat farmers. Radios/transistors were possessed by 3 marginal and1 landless goat farmer.

It was revealed that most of the goatfarmers (42.75%) in the adopted villagesreported that community hand pumps areavailable for drinking water. The remaining(34.35%) goat farmers had own hand pumpand (22.90%) depended on community wellfor their drinking water requirements. It wasfurther observed that majority (75.00%) ofthe small goat farmers followed by marginal40.26% in the adopted villages had theirown hand pump. Only one small goatfarmer used community hand pump for hisdrinking water requirement, whereas 58.00percent of the landless and 33.77 percentmarginal goat keepers reported that

Table 4: Land distribution among the goat farmers in the adopted villagesS.No. Villages Land distribution (ha) Total (ha) Percentage of

Irrigated Non-irrigated total land1. Pohpa Burj 13.34 - 13.34 33.592. Pauri Shahjadpur 15.74 - 15.74 39.643. Jalal 7.82 - 7.82 19.694. Barka Nagla 2.81 - 2.81 7.08

Total 39.71 - 39.71 100.00

Table 5: Goat farmers’ category wise distribution of land in the villagesS.No. Category Land distribution (ha) Total (ha) Percentage Percentage of

of irrigated total landIrrigated Non-irrigated land

1. Landless - - - - -2. Marginal 34.00 - 34.00 100.00 85.623. Small 5.71 - 5.71 100.00 14.38

Total 39.71 - 39.71 100.00 100.00

Table 6: Income classifications of the goat farmersS.No. Category Villages Total Per cent

Pohpa Pauri Jalal BarkaBurj Shahjadpur Nagla

1. Rs. Up to 10000 3 9 6 - 18 13.742. Rs. 10001-20000 13 19 17 12 61 46.56

3. Rs. 20001-30000 12 5 5 7 29 22.144. Rs. 30001-40000 3 4 1 - 8 6.115. Rs. 40001-50000 1 - - - 1 0.766. Rs.50000 and above - 8 1 5 14 10.69

Total 32 45 30 24 131 100.00

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community hand pumps were available fordrinking water. The rest of the landless 20% and marginal 25.97 % were dependedon community well.

It was observed that 65.63 percentgoat farmers in Pohpa Burj village hadelectricity facility in their houses followedby Jalal (56.67%) and Barka Nagla(33.33%). The goat farmers of PauriShahjadpur had minimum electricity facility(24.44%) in their houses. Out of 131 goatfarmers 57 had electricity facility in theirhouses. It was observed that small categoryof goat farmers had maximum (75.00 %)electricity facility in their houses followedby marginal (49.35 %) and landless(32.00%).

The major source of irrigation in allfour adopted villages was diesel pump only.Diesel pump which alone provides waterfor 100% of the irrigated area. Diesel pumpis the main source of irrigation in thesevillages. It is clear that marginal and smallcategories of goat farmers used diesel pumponly for the irrigation of their crops.

2. Breeding and ManagementComponent

M.K. Singh, B. Rai and D. SinghMore than fourty visits were

performed to four adopted villages duringthe period from June, 2006 to July, 2007.Five Barbari breeding buck and 43 Barbarigoats were provided to goat keepers ofadopted villages. These bucks used toprovide services to 34, 39, 28 and 31 goatsin Pauri, Popha, Jalal and Bar Ka NaglaVillages. TOT team in each adopted villageconducted eight health camps, two each forthe vaccination of FMD, ET, PPR and HS.Free training cum awareness programmesof two days were conducted for the womenof adopted villages in the institute. GoatFarmers from other villages, districts, states

were also educated/aware about improvedgoat rearing practices. Effectiveness of TOTprogrammes motivated three new personsto set up commercial/goat farming inadopted villages and many others insurrounding villages of the institute. Somesmall goat farmers also have increased theirflock size. The impact of buck distributionincreased the percentage of Barbari/Barbaritype young kids from 42% to 92.3% in Jalal,from 0 to 30.82% in Bar ka Nagla, from22.7% to 72.7% in Popha Bhurj and from31.6 to 72.4% in Pauri-Sahjadpur. The bodyweight of goats was recorded with respectto breed/type, type of birth, sex andmanagement system. The overall bodyweight of goats belong to Jalal village was2.63±0.05, 8.03±0.15, 14.90±0.36,16.89±0.81, 19.43±1.09 and 24.12±0.51kg at 3d, 3, 6,9,12 and >18 months of ages,respectively. The corresponding estimatesin Bar-Ka-Nagla village were 2.90±1.04,

Breed Composition and Impact of BuckDistributionAttribute Jalal Bar Ka Popha Pauri

Nagla Bhurj SahjadpurNo of goat 26 22 28 30keepersAverage Flock 7.2 12.6 5.4 5.9size (Goats)Range 1-72 1-80 1-12 1-14

Goats bred by 28 31 34 39Institutebuck (No).Breed Composition (%) before buck distribution tovillagesBarbari - - - 4Barbari type 52.3% 7.6 22.7 27.6Non-descript 47.28% 92.4 72.3 68.4Breed Composition (%) among kids after buckdistributionBarbari 4.5 12.06Barbari type 92.30% 30.82 68.2 60.34Non-descript 7.69% 69.18 27.3 27.6

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8.56±0.79, 13.83±0.99, 17.75±2.03,23.33±180 and 28.45±0.89 kg,respectively. The corresponding estimatesin Popha-Bhurj were 3.55±0.09,8.86±0.24, 14.14±0.35, 17.95±0.91,22.08±0.73 and 30.11±0.91 kg,respectively. The corresponding estimatesin Pauri-Sahjadpur were 3.34±1.54,8.73±0.92, 15.73±0.95, 22.51±1.27,27.66±1.88 and 29.64±1.01 kg,respectively.

3. Health componentAshok Kumar and H A Tiwari

In a survey on morbidities andmortalities in goats on a prescribed formatin all four adopted villages with theinteraction of goat farmers revealed thatdiarrhoea, pneumonia, contagious ecthymaand ectoparasitic infestations in both adultand kid are important clinical conditions/diseases and of economic importance. Inincreasing chronological orders highermortalities (%) were due to PPR, ET,diarrhea, pneumonia and internal parasiticinfestations; and morbidities werecontagious ecthyma, ectoparasiticinfestations, PPR, ET, Diarrhoea,pneumonia, FMD, anorexia, endoparasiticinfestations, mastitis, abortion and otherreproductive diseases (Fig. 1). In kidsparticular, major morbidities were due todairrhoea (45.3%), pneumonia (37.3%),

ecthyma(13%) and weakness(2.6%).Diarrhoea and pneumonia are importantcauses of mortality in kids. However,farmers have poor knowledge of actualname of diseases except FMD and ecto-endoparasitic infestations.

A total 455 clinical registries wererecorded during the year for the treatmentof different goat diseases. The proportionalmorbidities were highest (Fig. 2) indiarrhoea and followed by respiratory tractinfection/pneumonia, anorexia, ecthyma,weakness/emaciation, tympany/bloat,mastitis and others (lameness, septicwounds, endoparasitic infestations,abortion, skin infections). Theseproportional morbidities were highest in themonth of June (27.25), July(23.30), andAugust (25.70) and lower in September(6.81), October (1.76), November (3.30),December (1.98) and January (9.89),indicating the vulnerable periods for thegoat diseases.

The Hemogram was studied in normalanimals, which were in normal range of allfigures.

The EPG levels revealed that August,September and October have higher EPGrange (266-3500) in comparison toNovember to January (100-840), whichindicated that rainy season is conducive forinternal parasitic infections (Fig. 3). Thebehavior of EPG in adopted villages showed

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that Bar Ka Nagla had comparatively higherlevel in comparision to three other villages,which was correlated with poor drinkingwater facility and management practicesand were also communicated to the farmersto improve the system.

In all four villages, the goats werevaccinated and dewormed timely andstressed on the importance of the massoperation and health technologies. Thesegoats were vaccinated against FMD, PPRand ET in Bar ka nagla (207, 242, 102), Jalal(84, 138, 166), Pauri shahzadpur (92, 94,102) and Pohpa burz (68, 106, 100)respectively, which covered 80%population. Similarly, goats weredewormed with anthelmintic in Bar ka nagla(125), Jalal (94), Pauri shahzadpur (117) andPohpa burz (92), covering 86.66%population. No outbreak was experiencedduring this period. Farmers cooperated inall mass operations.

4. Socio-economics componentShalandar Kumar

In order to understand the goatproduction system, economics andmarketing of goats in the adopted villages,an in-depth survey was conducted covering41 goat farmers from the four villages

namely, Jalal, Nagla Bar, Pohpa Burj andPouri–Shahajadpur. The size of flock ofbreeding goats in different villages variedbetween 2 and 6 goats. However thedistribution of breeding bucks was veryskewed, even one of the villages had nobuck (Table 1). Only 52 % of the goatkeepers had agricultural land and all of themwere marginal and small farmers. Majorityof the goat keepers (71 %) were agedbetween 30-50 years. The young generationhad little interest in goat rearing.Interestingly about 23 % farmers had takengoat rearing very recently in the last 5 years.Most of the farmers were illiterate. Goatrearing was mainly a subsidiary occupation;only 26 % farmers had adopted it as theirmain occupation. Goat rearing was theresponsibility mainly (on 87 % households)of women and children in the family. Thegoats were better equitably distributedamong different social groups as 95 % ofthe goat keepers belonged to OBC and SCcategory. The farmers have evolved asuitable feeding system using locallyavailable resources. Among these practices,84 % farmers sent their goats for grazing,74 % used Saani (moist wheat straw + flourof wheat/barley/cake), 44 % used treelopping and 48 % farmers fed their goats

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Table 1: Flock Size of goats in adopted villagesVillages Adult Adult Kids Total

male female flock sizeJalal 0.11 3.89 4.56 8.56

Nagla Bar 0.63 6.25 6.00 12.88Pohpa Burj 0.00 2.33 2.33 4.66Pouri- 0.09 3.46 5.00 8.55ShahajadpurPooled 0.23 4.16 4.87 9.26Average 2057 1786market price

Table 2: Total cost of goat rearing (Rs./annum/farmer)Villages Total Value Cost of Total

fixed of adult feeding costcost goat died

Jalal 895 570 1570 3035Nagla Bar 1408 1578 1530 4516Pohpa 687 — 1424 2111BurjPouri- 883 383 2108 3374ShahajadpurOverall 1003 598 1700 3301

Table 3: Returns from goat rearing (Rs./annum)Villages Value of Value Value Gross Net Net

sold/added of of returns returns/ returns/kids milk manure flock goat

Jalal 4722 884 238 5844 2809 722Nagla Bar 6738 2284 581 9603 5087 812Pohpa Burj 3433 893 167 4493 2382 1022Pouri-Shahajadpur 6155 1102 327 7584 4210 1217Overall 5636 1324 351 7499 4198 1009

Table 4: Farmers’ perceptions on prospects of commercial goat farming

Items Particular % FarmerAdoption of commercial goat farming Interested to increase the flock size 51.61

Not interested 48.39Support required Easy access to credit at reasonable cost 48.39

Prevention & control of diseases 19.35Market information and marketing 12.90

Training on goat farming 9.68Superior breeding stock 6.45

Other constraints Lack of space at proper place 3.23Social inhibitions 3.23Can not take high risk 3.23Present work of donkey rearing for draft purpose ismore stable income source 3.23

Satisfied as agricultural labour 3.23

mustard oil and salt. The major capitalinvestment was made on purchasing thebreeding stock (Rs. 6432) followed by valueof shed (Rs. 423) and equipments (Rs. 102).The total fixed cost per annum was workedout to be Rs. 1003/farmer and Rs. 241 per

goat. Moreover the mortality in adult goatswas also considered as depreciation andwas estimated to be Rs. 598/farmer/annum.Major component of the actual cost incurredby farmer was on feeding goats. That wasworked out to be Rs. 1700/farmer/annum

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and Rs. 409/goat. The total cost of rearing agoat was Rs. 794 per annum (Table 2). Thenet returns/goat/annum were estimated tobe Rs. 1009. However the net returns froma goat varied from Rs. 722 (in Jalal village)to Rs. 1217 (in Pouri) (Table 3). Manyfarmers of Pouri village had higherawareness and followed the suggestedmarketing strategy. On our persuasion, 17% farmers reared/fattened male kids forfestive (Eid) sale and realized better prices.The net returns from goat rearing could befurther increased simply by reducingmortality in goats, which caused losses tothe tune of Rs. 1359/annum. It was observedthat most of the farmers sold their live goatsin the village itself to the traders/butchersand farmers. Though the farmers sold theiranimals as and when they need cash,however, majority of them sold their goatsin winter season on account of better pricesand feed scarcity. Fellow farmers and villagetraders were the major source of marketinformation, however, the majority of goatkeepers felt that lack of market informationand distress sale are main reasons for lowprice of their goats. The reasons observedfor sale of early age kids were risk ofmortality, urgent cash needs and non-awareness of optimum age of sale. It wasalso observed that income from goats wasmainly used to fulfill the family needs,replacing goats, etc. About 52 % goatfarmers were interested to increase the flocksize of goats to make it a self-sustaining unit(Table 4). However they needed support inthe form of easy access to credit atreasonable cost, preventive and control ofdiseases in goats, access to marketinformation, etc.

5. Animal Nutrition ComponentR.S. Upadhyaya

All the goats are maintained ongrazing land, the grazing period start at

about 10 AM because it is believed thatgoats might suffer from a condition called“MOHMA” if they are allowed to graze inearly morning hour when the plant biomassis covered with dewdrops. Goats are givenSani consisting of wheat straw mixed withwheat or barley flour and some amount ofwater. In none of the villages balancedconcentrate mixture was being fed to thegoats. On the other hand, goats are providedwith home grown grains i.e. Bajra, Barleyand Wheat, the amount of grain offered togoat may vary from 100 to 300g/h/d. Allthe goat farmers take due care that goat aregiven sand/soil free straw. One farmer inJalal village was seen filtering Bajra Kadbiusing a large size sieve. The growing kidssuckle mother upto 3 months of age andgoat milk usually is not collected for largescale human consumption. Some of the goatfarmers feed about 50ml of mustured oilmixed with pinch of common salt and blacksalt at weekly interval. One lady told thatwheat chapatti containing Heeng is goodfor curing Tympani in goats. The stallfeeding of goats is practiced during rainyseason and extreme winter, when it is notpossible to allow goat in grazing area.Despite the fact that goats are not givenbalanced concentrate mixture in the fouradopted villages almost all the goatsappeared healthy. It was observed thatfarmers harvest grasses and dry them oncots, before feeding to goats. All the farmerswere advised to feed common salt, mineralmixture and Khadia to goats. Thepreparation of balanced concentratemixture was demonstrated in the villageJalal to a small group of farmers. The studyreported above is not complete and greaterefforts are required to rationalize the feedingsystem of goats in the villages.

A feeding trial was conducted fornutritional evaluation of Sani prepared fromwheat straw, wheat bran and water

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supplemented with 100g each of Laha cakeand green grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). The DMintake (% body weight) was 2.58±0.19 kg.and digestibility(%) of dry matter was60.06±1.19.

6. Products Technology ComponentR.B. SharmaExisting practices related to Goat milkadopted in the villages:1. Unhygienic milk production: Existinggoat genotype is low yielding type. Theproportion of Barbari, Barbari type and Non-descript goats is around 25%, 25% and50%, respectively in all the 4 villages.Inability to feed goat adequately throughoutthe year is a critical constraint for most ofthe goat farmers. System of management ismixed i.e. extensive and intensive type.Goats are allowed to breed as early as 5-6months of age having lower body weight(10-12 kg). Goats are raised under zero orlow input system. Farmers in all fouradopted villages do not produce Goat milkhygienically. The utensils, hands of milkerand teats of goats are also not washedproperly before milking.2. Consumption of goat milk: This is acommon practice in all adopted villages tofeed goat milk first to kids. Then the goatsare milked after 2-3 months of kidding. Themilk is utilised to make tea, drinkingpurpose and the milk is rarely available forprocessing.3. Sale of goat milk: Only few farmersare selling goat milk @ Rs 8/-per litre eitherto villagers or to vendors. Vendors aremixing the goat milk with cow or buffalomilk and selling at a higher rate toconsumers/dairies/Halwais.4. Processing of goat milk: In general,hardly 1 litre of milk is available with onefamily during flush season for processing

purpose. This milk is converted into kheerand khoa following traditional methods bymost of the goat keepers. Some are makingdahi also. Only 7 families occasionallymake paneer from goat milk.5. Work Carried Out:

1. Goat keepers were motivatedregarding clean milk production,medicinal value of goat milk andgoat milk processing.

2. Farmers were motivated anddemonstrated paneer makingtechnology from goat milk as thetechnology does not requiremuch infrastructure and inputs.A total of 05 demonstrationswere conducted in adoptedvillages.

3. Created awareness aboutMarketing of goat milk

7. Reproduction componentA.K. GoelServices Provided in Terms ofReproductive Techniques:Mating of Goats in Operational Area byBarbari Bucks: Farmers were emphasizedto breed oestrous goats at appropriate stageof oestrus (heat) for increased pregnancyrate. A total of 134 goats were covered indifferent villages either by Institute Barbaribuck (101) or village Buck (33).

Pregnancy Diagnosis in goats: Goats ofdifferent villages were diagnosed for theirgestational stage by abdominal palpationaround 2½ to 3 months of post mating. Thiswas done for profitable goat production. Inall 78 goats were screened for pregnancystatus. Goat owners were taught for care andmanagement of does before, during andafter kidding and importance of timelyfeeding of colostrum.

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Diagnosis and Treatment of ReproductiveDiseases in Goats:

Reproductive health care of affectedgoats of different adopted villages wasundertaken. In total forty-five cases ofspecific reproductive ailments werediagnosed and appropriately treated in allfour villages. Caesarean sections in threegoats were performed to relieve dystocia/facilitate kiddings. The incidence of variousdiseases was of moderate degree (Table 1).

Reproduction Rate and Multiple births inVillage Goats:Kidding rate (litter size) is animportant reproductive trait deciding thelifetime production in goats. Kidding rate islargely determined by ovulation rate but isalso modified by fertilization and embryonicand foetal losses. In total 168 kiddingsoccurred in different adopted villages. The

incidence of twinning was 42.85%,indicating good prolificacy. A few goats(2.38%) also kidded with triplets. Kiddingrate in different villages ranged 1.36 to 1.47(average: 1.41) as shown in Table 2.

8. Extension EducationKhusiyal SinghTraining programmes organizedOn campus1. An on campus training programme

was organized on 2.5.2006 for thegoat farmers of Pohpa Burj and PauriShahjadpur adopted villages. The goatfarmers were educated throughdiscussions and interaction. Thefarmers were suggested to adopt thetested technologies for higherproductivity.

2. Another on campus trainingprogramme in scientific goat rearingwas also organized on 12.5.2006 forthe goat farmers of Barka Nagla andJalal adopted villages. Lectures weredelivered by the scientists anddiscussed the problems of the goatfarmers and solved their problems.

3. Two days on campus trainingprogramme on scientific goat rearingwas organized on 16-17.10.2006 forthe goat farmers of Jalal adoptedvillage. In this training 33 farmers andfarmwomen participated and they

Table2: Kidding rate and multiple births in goats in adopted villages

Village Name Multiple Births Total Kids Born KiddingTwin Triplet Kiddings Male Female Total rate

1. Pauri Shahjadpur 9 - 19 13 15 28 1.472. Popha Burg 22 - 43 39 24 63 1.463. Jalal 11 - 33 24 21 45 1.364. Barka ka Nagla 30 4 73 58 43 101 1.38

Total No. 72 4 168 134 103 237 1.41Per cent 42.85 2.38 54.76

Number of kids born per doe per year: 1.41

Table 1: Occurrence of Reproductive Diseases inAdopted Villages

Disease No.1. Anoestrus 18

2. Abortion (3-4 M) 93. Abortion followed by Retention 1

of Placenta4. Retention of Placenta 55. Pre mature birth 26. Parturition failure 57. Dystocia 5

Total 45

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weregiven exposure visit of thefarmers.

Off campusOne day off campus training

programme was organized on scientific goatrearing on 25.4.2006 at Pohpa Burj. In thistraining Director, CIRG, four HODS, ninescientists, one Senior Veterinary Officer,four Technical Officers, three TechnicalAssistants, one Stockman from FarahVeterinary hospital and about 100 goatfarmers/farm women from Pohpa Burj andPauri Shahjadpur participated in scientistfarmers interaction.

Field dayA Field day cum health camp on

25.4.2006 was organized jointly in PauriShahjadpur and Pohpa Burj at Pohpa Burj.In this health camp about 200 goatswere drenched and treated against variousdiseases.

Goat farmers visits:1. A visit for the farmers/farmwomen of

Pohpa Burj and Pauri Shahjadpuradopted villages was organized on2.5.2006 to show research extensionand development activities of theinstitute to make them aware ofbenefits of scientific goat rearing. Inthis visit, 13 goat farmers and 11farmwomen were present.

2. Another visit-cum-on campus trainingprogramme on scientific goat rearingwas also organized on 12.5.2006 forthe goat farmers of Barka Nagla andJalal adopted villages. In this visit, 31farmers and farmwomen participatedand were given exposure visit to thegoat farms of the Institute besidesinteraction with the Scientists.

AP CESS Project: Commercialisation ofGoat Farming and Marketing of Goats inIndiaShalander KumarCommercial Goat Farmers: The goatfarming using improved managementpractices undertaken for maximization ofreturns from the enterprise has beenconsidered as ‘commercial goat farming’ inthe present context. A detailed analysis wascarried out of the data collected from 18commercial goat farms spread over UttarPradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra andMadhya Pradesh. Preliminary data collectedfrom another 6 goat farms from Tamilnadu,Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh andHaryana were also analyzed. The farmershave mainly adopted the breeds of goat,which are locally available in the tract oftheir goat farm. However the Sirohi, Barbariand Jamunapari have been widely rearedby the farmers outside their home tract (Fig.1). In farmers’ perception the Sirohi breedhas been the best adapted outside theirhome tract particularly in the semiaridregions of the country. To study theprospects and production system oncommercial goat farms the efforts weremade to analyze their initial and currentflock size, capital investment, land holdingsize, occupation structure, type of goatproduction system adopted, educationalstatus of entrepreneurs, social acceptabilityof goat enterprise, access to training on goatfarming and problems faced by thecommercial goat farmers in the initial stages.The major problem faced in the initial stageswere Police harassment duringtransportation of breeding stock, huge lossesdue to sudden deaths and mortality onaccount of diseases in goats, difficulty insourcing good quality breeding stock fromreliable sources, non-availability of criticalinputs like vaccines and feeds. Before

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building up reputation by the commercialgoat farmer as a producer of quality animals,the butchers purchase animals on very lowprice that act as discouragement for abeginner.

The economics of goat production wasworked out for each commercial goatfarmer. The annual net returns per goat oneach farm have been presented in Fig. 2. It

was revealed that the 72 percent of thecommercial goat breeders were earningpositive net returns. The annual net returnsper goat ranged from Rs. 8 to Rs. 2069. Atthe same time the 28 percent of the goatfarms were in loss. The main causes of losseswere high mortality in goats due to poorawareness and accessibility to vaccines,selection of poor breeding stock, negligence

Fig. 1: Distribution of goat breeds on commercial farms in different states

Fig. 2: Annual net returns per goat on commercial farms

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in management and poor efforts for bestmarketing.

Marketing of goats: To study the goatmarketing system followed by traditionalgoat farmers in Rajasthan, the data werecollected from 120 traditional goat farmersfrom Jaipur and Ajmer districts of Easternsemiarid zone of Rajasthan. It was revealedthat the farmers have poor awareness andno bargaining power on account ofilliteracy, small scale of market surplus,poverty, lack of market information andunorganized nature of trade. For majorityof the goat farmers in Rajasthan, the majorobjective of goat rearing was milkproduction. Most of the male kids are soldafter weaning at the age of 2.5 to 3.5months. The farmers get a price of Rs. 300to 700 for each kid. The females are soldwhen they become old and unproductive.In this study, efforts were made to analyzethe existing marketing system, sale pattern,marketing channels, price spread andconstraints in marketing of live goats. Aspart of the broad study, the goat marketingsystem followed by traditional goat farmersin Uttar Pradesh was studied. In that orderthe data were collected from 120 traditionalgoat farmers from Agra and Mathura districtsof southwestern semiarid zone of UttarPradesh. It was revealed that the middlemencornered the major share of profit in the saleof goats. Farmers’ poor awareness andbargaining power, illiteracy, poverty, lackof market information, distress sale andunorganized nature of trade are the mainreasons for un-remunerative prices. Theprice of animals in Rajasthan was mostlydecided through ‘Under cover’ method.However in Uttar Pradesh the ‘Openauction’ method of sale for deciding theprice of goats was also adopted (Table 1).

The margin of the middlemen rangedfrom Rs. Rs. 118 to Rs.1000 per goat on

each transaction. The existing marketingsystem, sale pattern, marketing channels,price spread and constraints in marketingof live goat were also analyzed.

Table 1: Method of price fixationMethods of No. of market functionaries(%)price fixation Rajasthan Uttar PradeshOpen action 10 39.13

Under cover 90 60.87

AICRP on Goat ImprovementN.P. Singh and B.Rai

The AICRP on Goat Improvementprogramme is based on involving the flocksmaintained at the Institutional farms (nucleusherd) and village flocks maintained by thefarmers. The farm units consisting ofInstitutional flocks maintained underorganized farm conditions includeJamunapari, Barbari and Sirohi breeds.Improvement was carried out in field unitswith active participation of the farmers undervillage management system in their nativehome tracts and included Jamunapari,Marwari, Sirohi, Sangamneri, Surti, BlackBengal, Malabari and Ganjam breeds. Theresults accrued from different Units during2006-07 are summarized below.

Sirohi Goat Unit is located at CSWRI,Avikanagar, Rajsthan. The opening balancewas 140 males and 392 females totalling532 animals. The additions during the yearwere due to births of 94 males and 95females. The closing balance was 154 malesand 373 females totalling 527 animals. Thebody weight at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 monthsof age were 3.22±0.04, 11.51±0.38,15.31±0.29, 18.32±0.27 and 23.02±0.30kg, respectively. Heritability of birth weightwas found to be moderate. The milk yieldof doe’s of test progenies up to 90, 150 daysand total lactation milk yield was

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77.75±2.52, 101.84±2.05 and102.19±1.98 lit respectively. The tuppingand kidding percent on the basis of doesavailable were 93.13 and 72.69%,respectively. Sirohi elite breeding bucks (48)and does (84) was supplied to the farmersand other agencies for genetic improvementof goats for meat and milk.

Black Bengal Goat Field Unit is located atWBUA&FS, Kolkata. Socio-economicsurvey, management practices and housingpattern were studied among adoptedvillages. The closing balance of BlackBengal goats including all centers was 1342,with a population growth of 50.14%. Thebody weights of Black Bengal goats at birth,3, 6 and 9 month of age were 1.17±0.01,5.28±0.06, 7.82±0.09 and 10.91±0.15kg, respectively. The average weekly milkyields for first, second and fifth week were1.58±0.13, 1.66±0.14 and 0.97±0.18 kgrespectively. The parity-wise milk yieldindicated that milk yield static up to 4th

lactation. This breed is highly prolific andhaving 83.72% multiple birth. The kiddingrate was 1.80, which is highest among allthe goat breeds of the country. The age andweight at first kidding was 378±2.12 daysand 13.52±0.22 kg. The overall mortalitywas 7.86% under field conditions. TheSocio-economic studies revealed that in theNadia district of West Bengal State, the goatrearing proved more beneficial to the goatkeepers having basic knowledge of animalhusbandry. The annual income of a familywas Rs. 2384.06 from goat rearing.

Ganjam Goat Field Unit is located atOUA&T, Bhubaneshwar. The informationregarding production and reproductionparameters were collected from 1453 goatsin the adopted area. The average bodyweights of male kids at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12

months of age were 2.93±0.05,7.86±0.06, 10.82±0.18, 14.16±0.11 and18.35±0.21 kg respectively. The averagedaily milk yield was 416 ml with total milkproduction of 75.01±3.22 ltrs in 180 daysof lactation. The kidding percentage on thebasis of does tupped was 73.18, which washigher than the previous year. The Socio-economic studies revealed that in theGanjam district of Orissa state the goat is aprimary source of income of tribals (Gola).The goat rearing contributed 61.54 percentof their annual income.

Sangamneri Goat Field Unit: As pre thetechnical programme baseline informationon growth, production, reproduction andmanagement practices were recorded. Theoverall least squares means for 1,2,3,9 and12 months body weights were 4.89±0.06(1014), 8.60±0.18 (927), 12.65±0.31(266), 16.68±0.53 (145) and 19.71±0.95(90) kg, respectively.The least squaresmeans for milk yield in Sangamneri goatsfor morning, evening and daily milk yieldwere estimated for 90 days as 0.453±0.003(731), 0.416±0.003 (731) and0.869±0.0007 (731) lit., respectively. Theleast squares means for reproduction traitsviz; age at estrus, age at first conception,age at first kidding, no. of kids/kidding,gestation period and kidding interval inSangamneri goats under field conditionwere, 231.48±1.59 (219), 275.09±2.58(224), 418.05±2.95 (214), 1.64±0.03(890), 146.81±0.13 (526) and269.81±1.80 (459) days,respectively.Economic gain throughincrease in body weight for 3 and 6 monthsof age were Rs. 42.40 and 30.40,respectively. Similarly economic gainthrough increase in milk production was Rs.176.40 for 90 days estimated milk yieldduring 2006-07.

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Surti Goat Field Unit is located at NavasariAgriculture University, Navsari (Gujarat).The survey work on the Surti goats wasconducted in 3 centres of the Bharuchdistrict. The closing balance was 145 duringthe year 2006-2007. The body weight at 3and 6-month age was 9.79±0.6 and16.50±0.00 kg for male kids respectively.The pooled milk yield for 90 and 120 dayswas 151.16±6.79 and 213.22±10.52liters. The improvement of 15.10 percentwas observed at 3 month body weight dueto use of elite bucks under field condition.

Malabari Goat Field Unit is located at KAU,Trichur.In the three village centres 658females were registered during 2006-2007.A total number of 18 bucks were selectedfrom the population under recording during2005-06. The average body weights ofMalabari goats under field conditions arefound to be 2.26±0.11, 4.00±0.28,9.70±0.42, 14.05± 0.86, 19.740.911 and27.56±1.42 Kg at birth, 1 month, threemonths, six months, nine months and oneyear of age respectively. The correspondingaverages of the progeny are 2.447±0.56,4.88±0.36, 9.85±0.98, 17.35±2.24,23.06±1.28 and 28.42±1.28 Kg,respectively. The peak daily milk yieldrecorded was 850.80±62.91 ml. Theheritability of body weight at different ageswas found to be 0.201±0.182,0.356±0.223, 0.248±0.187, 0.126±0.2000.242±0.363 and 0.132±0.296 at birth,one month, three months, six months, ninemonths and one year of age respectively.The average gestation length, age at firstkidding and inter-kidding interval werefound to be 149.34±1.49, 381.36±18.33and 263.13±15.62 days.

Sirohi Goat Field Unit is located atLivestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar,MPUA&T, Udaipur (Rajasthan). The

population growth of the flock was 64.93%and total strength of Sirohi goat was 984during 2006-07. The average least squaresmeans for body weights at birth, 3, 6, and 9month of age were 2.55±0.05,12.82±0.33, 16.92±0.49 and 22.90±1.10kg respectively. The milk yield of does at90 and 150 days and total lactation yieldwas 61.30±1.02, 90.12±1.67 and90.99±1.78 lit, respectively. The age andweight at first kidding and kidding intervalwere 586.37±19.07 d, 30.44±0.28 kg and361.26±8.61 d respectively. The breedingefficiency on the basis of does kidded was112.66 which was lower than previous year.

Marwari Goat Field Unit is located atRajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner.The overall means for body weight at birth3, 6 and 12 months of age were2.58±0.011, 12.88±0.12, 19.89±0.42and 26.81±0.45 kg, respectively. Milkproduction for 30, 60 and 90 days was43.00±0.57, 92.84±1.07 and130.51±1.52 lit., respectively under thefield condition. The overall kidding percentwas 75.25% along with a twinning percentof 5.54% in Marwari goats. Twenty fiveyoung bucks were selected, purchased anddistributed to different centres for breeding.Two training camps of three days wereorganized in which 50 breeders/farmersparticipated. Under extension activitiesthree field demonstrations and two AnimalHealth camps were organized.

AICRP on SheepAICRP on SheepAICRP on SheepAICRP on SheepAICRP on Sheep

Genetic Evaluation and Improvement inMuzaffarnagari Sheep for Meet and WoolProduction.Gopal Dass and Hari Prasad

Muzaffarnagari is one of the heaviestand largest sheep breeds of India and iswidely distributed in semi-arid region of

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western Uttar Pradesh near Muzaffarnagar,Meerut, Bulandshahar, Saharanpur andBijnor and in the some parts of Delhi andHaryana. The breed is famous for goodgrowth rate and adaptability than otherIndian breeds. The Institute is maintaininga flock of Muzaffarnagari sheep underNetwork Project on Sheep Improvement onMuzaffarnagari sheep with the aim toimprove the breed for mutton and carpetwool through selective breeding. Data onvarious parameters like growth, meatquality, reproduction, greasy fleece yieldrecorded in Muzaffarnagari sheep atinstitute flock as well as in its home tractwere collected and analysed.

Management practices: Flocks weremaintained under semi-intensive system offeeding management. However, some of thelambs at their weaning age (2 month) wereput under the intensive system of feedingup to 6 and 9 month of age. During intensivefeeding, they were provided with 800 g ofgrowth ration daily, consisting of 72% TDNand 16% DCP. Essential ingredients of thisration were maize (15%), barley (20%),ground nut cake (35%), wheat bran (20%),molasses (7%), mineral mixture (1.5%) andsalt (1.5%). Dry and green fodders weregiven ad libitum and the lambs were notallowed to graze. The remaining animalswere maintained under the semi-intensivesystem under which they were provided400 g of growth ration, 6 hrs grazing anddry and green fodders. Ewes of 100 daysonwards pregnancy and during lactationwere provided supplementary ration, whereas dry ewes were fed only maintenanceration. The ewes were bred during May-Juneand October-November followed bylambing in the months of October–November and March-April, respectively.The lambs were weaned at 2 months of age

due to poor milk production as well shortlactation period of their dams. All the shedsand corrals were disinfected frequently withlime. Regular treatment and strictprophylactic measures were practiced forvaccination against Enterotoxaemia, Footand Mouth Disease, Sheep Pox, H.S., PPRetc. De-worming with differentanthelmintics was practiced at pre-monsoonand post monsoon seasons and as and whenrequired. Dipping was done after 15-20days of each shearing.

Growth performance: The overall least-squares means of body weights of lambs atbirth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 month age were3.20±0.04, 14.81±0.30, 19.76±0.53,22.79±0.63 and 29.13±0.89 kg,respectively during the year under report.The effect of sex was highly significant(P<0.01) on all body weights. Male lambsgained higher weights as compared tofemale lambs at all stages. The low bodyweights at 6, 9 and 12 month age were dueto outbreak of sheep pox disease whichmade animals off feed and under treatmentfor a longer period.

Average daily weight gain (ADG) and meatquality attributes: The average daily gainof Muzaffarnagari lambs during 0-3, 3-6 and3-12 months were 128.18±3.13,59.26±3.41 and 53.61±2.52g under semi-intensive feeding management. Similar tobody weights, male lambs showed higherADG than female lambs for all age groups.The overall means of average daily gain andfeed conversion efficiency were 168.97 and18.86 up to 6 month age and 146.49g,12.33% up to 9 month age in the malelambs maintained under intensive feedingmanagement.

A total of 28 male lambs wereslaughtered for analyzing meat attributes of

64

Muzaffarnagari sheep. Out of 28, 14 eachwere maintained under intensive and semi-intensive feeding management. Out of 14,7 from each system were slaughtered at 6month and remaining 7 at 9 month age. Theoverall mean for weight at slaughter, carcassweight, dressing on slaughter weight basis,dressing on empty weight basis, fat andbone were 35.27 kg, 15.78 kg, 44.75%,54.38%, 3.54%, 28.02 % and 22.53kg,9.11kg, 40.53%, 52.82%, 2.25%, 32.35%at 6 month age respectively in the lambsmaintained in intensive and se-intensivesystem. The figures for these traits were40.93kg, 19.33kg, 47.00%, 57.29%,6.48%, 27.27% at 9 month age in theintensive system.

Reproductive performance: Tupping,lambing on ewes available basis andlambing on ewes bred basis were 74.5,52.2, 76.2% and 73.9, 59.1, 82.2% in firstand second season, respectively. The annualtupping, lambing on available basis,lambing on bred basis and twinning were85.9, 66.8, 78.9 and 5.9%, respectively.The least squares means for weight at firstservice, age at first service, age at firstlambing and ewes’ weight at lambing were32.88±0.60 kg. 560.96±15.89 days,698.46±13.94 days and 32.86±0.45 kg,respectively.

Greasy fleece yield: The overall leastsquares means for lambs 1st and 2nd sixmonthly and adult annual clips werecalculated to be 409.15±20.32,444.54±34.39 and 1128.75±20.63g,respectively. The effect of sex was foundhighly significant (P<0.01) on all lambs andadult clip. The males produced significantlyhigher greasy fleece yield than females inall the clips, which might be due to largersurface area for wool growth in males ascompared to females.

Culling and mortality: The overall cullingon in lambs between 0-3 age group was nil,while in 3-6, 6-12 age groups and in adultsit was 2.61, 4.13 and 25.29%. The overallculling in all age groups on health groundbasis was 2.27%. The mortality wasrecorded to be 16.90, 16.01, 21.90 and52.37% in the 0-3, 3-6, 6-12 and adultsrespectively. The overall culling andmortality was 19.49 and 53.80%. Heavymortality during this year was mainly dueto sheep pox outbreak in all the flocks. Theoverall culling on health ground was 2.21%.

Replacement rate: The replacement rate forthe breeding ewes was 25.2%

Genetic and phenotypic parameters: Theh2 estimates of birth, 3, 6-month bodyweight and first six monthly clips were0.179±0.087, 0.269±0.106, 0.482±0.147and 0.280±0.108, respectively. The h2 ofbody weights tended to increase withincrease in age. All the genetic andphenotypic correlations of body weightsand greasy fleece weight were positive. Thegenetic correlations between and amongbody weights were relatively higher ascompared to phenotypic correlations. Thephenotypic correlations of body weight withbody weights and fleece yield with bodyweights decreased with the increase in age.

Selection of breeding rams: The selectionof breeding rams was done on the basis of6 months body weight and first 6 monthlygreasy fleece yield. The selection differentialfor the traits under selection were 4.0kg and120g. Ranking of rams for selection wascarried out using the following index:

Index= 0.11029*6-Month bodyWeight + 0.00176 * FirstShearing Wool Yield.

65

Distribution of rams: A total of 19 breedingrams were supplied to field for breedimprovement in farmers flocks through StateAgric. Univ., State Govt. farm andprogressive farmers.

Field survey: Survey was conducted in themonth of October, 2006 in the breedingtract of Muzaffarnagari sheep to recordimportant traits of the breed. Muzaffarnagarisheep are generally reared by Pal/Gadariaand Khatik communities belonging to low-income group. Flocks are raised onextensive production system in whichanimals are grazed for 6-8 hours grazing onthe common grazing land or on the roadand canal sides with zero supplementaryfeeding. The animals are taken for grazingat 10.00-11.00 AM and return with sunset.The distance traveled for grazing varies 5-15 Km/day. In some cases, animals also getopportunity to graze on Partiland toconsume post harvest crop residues. It wasobserved that grazing land is rapidlydecreasing due to availability of irrigationfacilities and practicing of intensivecropping system. In general the animals arekept in thatched sheds erected on Kuchchafloor and fenced with thorny/woodenmaterials and muddy walls. However, somebreeders had sheds made up of bricks andcement along with Kuchcha/bricks flooring.Rams and ewes are grazed and housedtogether and usually one breeding ram iskept in a flock. The lambs below 2 monthsof age are kept loose with their dams duringnights and left behind at the home duringthe daytime. The lambs are kept in housefor about 15 days after birth and thereafterjoin the flock for grazing. The animals aregenerally brought to the water points (canal,ponds, tube wells) to drink water twice orthrice a day during the summer season.

Breeding takes place throughout theyear as breeding rams stay with flock everytime. However, majority falls in the monthof April-June and September-Novemberwith lambing in September-November andFebruary-April. Muzaffarnagari sheep isprimarily maintained for mutton purpose,although it also produces fleece from 800-1000g/annum. The fleece of this breed iscoarse hence not suitable for carpetmanufacture. The price of wool varied fromRs. 15-25/kg. The shearing is conducted twotimes in a year in the months of October/November and May/June. Some of thefarmers shear the animals thrice a year inthe month of March, June and September.The shearing is carried out either by farmer’sthemselves or by their relatives and usuallysold locally or to the traders of Panipat City.Sheep are vaccinated against Haemorrhagicsepticemia and sheep pox throughDepartment of Animal Husbandry of U.P.state. No de-worming is practiced infarmers’ flock. Dipping in ordinary water isdone twice a year. The medical cover isgenerally provided by Veterinary Hospital.

The overall least squares means ofbody length, height at withers, chest girthand tail length were 25.64±1.46,34.19±0.85, 36.76±0.65 and 22.45±0.63cm., respectively in the lambs of age group0-1 month. The corresponding figures forthese body measurements were52.43±0.91, 57.59±0.87, 56.82±0.96,37.20±0.92 cm in 1-3 month, 57.37±0.82,61.04±0.86, 63.73±0.66, 43.98±0.58 cmin 3-6 month, 66.78±1.10, 70.10±1.06,70.58±1.09, 43.31±1.11 cm in 6-9 month,81.70±0.95, 75.97±0.86, 79.67±0.62,51.90±0.88 cm in 9-12 month and82.93±0.46, 83.87±0.42, 85.06±0.49and 53.29±0.52cm in adult animals.

66

The overall least squares averages forbody weights during 0-1, 1-3, 3-6, 6-9, 9-12 month and adult age groups were6.18±0.71, 14.61±0.50, 19.58±0.42,22.73±0.58, 25.58±0.56 and 42.61±0.82kg, respectively. Sex showed highlysignificant (P<0.01) influence on 1-3, 6-9,

9-12 month and adult age groups whereasit was found significant (P<0.05) in 3-6month age group. Results indicated thatmales gained about 3 (1-3 month), 2.5 (3-6month), 3.6 (6-9 month), 5.6 (9-12 month)and 12 kg (adult group) more weight thanfemales.

67

TRAINING PROGRAMMES ORGANIZEDThe Institute imparts training on

different aspects of goat rearing. TheInstitute can organize the following trainingsfor groups of clients supported by nationalor international organizations for the benefitof farmers, extension workers or thoserelated to goat production work. The costsvary for each of these courses and Institutecan provide details for the period duringwhich training is requested by thesponsoring authorities.

National Training1. Ten days National Training

Programme on Commercial GoatFarming held from 03.07.2006 to12.07.2006 and total 30 traineesparticipated.

2. Ten days National TrainingProgramme on Commercial GoatFarming held from 04.10.2006 to13.10.2006 and total 16 traineesparticipated.

3. Ten days National TrainingProgramme on Commercial GoatFarming held from 15.01.2007 to24.01.2007 and total 16 traineesparticipated.

Sponsored Training Porgrammes1. Five days Sponsored Training

Programme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Etawah to 25 progressivegoat farmers from 06.11.2006 to10.11.2006.

2. Five days Sponsored TrainingProgramme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Kanpur to 25 progressive

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

goat farmers of Kanpur rural from20.11.2006 to 24.11.2006.

3. Five days Sponsored TrainingProgramme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Etah to 25 progressivegoat farmers from 04.12.2006 to08.12.2006.

4. Five days Sponsored TrainingProgramme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Mainpuri to 25progressive goat farmers from18.12.2006 to 22.12.2006.

5. Five days Sponsored TrainingProgramme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Auriya to 25 progressivegoat farmers from 04.01.2007 to08.01.2007.

68

6. Five days Sponsored TrainingProgramme by UP Animal HusbandryDepartment, Deharadun to 25progressive goat farmers from12.03.2007 to 16.03.2007.

Teaching and Guidance: Besides training,Institute scientists guided and supervisedPh.D. and M.Sc. students in differentdisciplines through Dr. B.R. AmbedkarUniversity, Agra and other Universities.During the year 26 students have been

admitted under Post-Graduate and Ph.D.Programme in different disciplines of goatproduction.

M.Sc. - 12Ph.D. - 14

Consultancy: Institute scientists alsoprovided consultancy services for (1)Knowledge on scientific goat rearing (2)Preparation of Project Documents fordeveloping commercial goat farms and (3)for monitoring of such projects.

69

1. Birth of IVF kidIn-vivo technique of embryo

production has got limitations because it isexpensive and less number of embryoproduction per donor. However a largenumber of embryos are required for thesuccess of embryo transfer programmewhich can be exploited through In-vitrotechnique of embryo production. Earlystages of embryo are also required formicromanipulation/microinjection studiesfor the production of identical/transgenic/sexed offspring. As the number of ovaobtained by superovulation is limited andthe response is unpredictable, the ability toutilized ovaries from slaughter house as asource of oocytes would greatly increasedthe in vitro production of embryo requiredfor the biotechnological experiments suchsexing, cloning and transgenesis.

Goat oocytes used in this techniquewere collected by follicle puncture methodfrom the ovaries brought from an abattoirlocated at Agra. Recovered oocytes weresubsequently cultured. Matured oocyteswere then co-incubated for 18 hrs withspermatozoa collected from Sirohi buckFertilized oocytes were finally transferred

SUCCESS STORIES

in to a surrogate goat of non-descript breedthrough surgical technique.

Following transfer, pregnancy wasinitially confirmed at day 28 andsubsequently at day 56 by ultrasonography.On 17th August 2006, this surrogate goatof non-descript breed delivered normally afemale kid weighing 3.15 kg after 146 daysof gestation. The weight of surrogate goatafter parturition was 42 kg. The kid washealthy and of brown color indicatinginheritance of Sirohi. The mother was ofBlack and White in color. IVF technique willgo a long way for improvement andconservation of goat breeds of India and hasopened new vistas for application ofbiotechnological tools for improvement ofdomestic animal industry in the country ingeneral and goats in particular.

2. Commercial Goat FarmingA farmer, Shri Rohan Singh resident

of Salimpur village in Farah, Mathura, UttarPradesh, who has been raising traditionalcrops, was encouraged and inspired by thescientists of CIRG, Makhdoom to take upthe goat farming activity for commercialproduction. Consequently he started a GoatFarm at his village in August 2006. Initiallythe farm started with 68 does and 2 bucksof Barbari breed. Later on, 33 does and 1buck of same breed were added to the flockafter 6 months. The objective of this goat-rearing project was to produce and marketpure breed 'Barbari' animals. The initialinvestment made on purchasing of breedingstock and construction of sheds andequipment was estimated to be only Rs.1.62 lakhs and another Rs. 10000 asworking capital. The goats on this farm have

70

been maintained under semi-intensivesystem of management (with 5-6 hours ofgrazing per day in common lands) by thetwo unemployed youths of the family.Besides grazing, the animals were providedsupplementary concentrate feeding, mineralmixture, tree leaves lopping and straw ofguar. Total expenditure incurred onsupplementary feeding of goats in a yearwas Rs. 10700. The prophylaxis scheduleincluding vaccination of Enterotoxaemia,PPR and FMD and twice prevention againstinternal and external parasites was followed.The annual cost of prophylaxis for the wholeflock was Rs. 2500 and Rs. 1000 fortreatment. Thus the total recurringexpenditure other than family labour for aflock of 104 goats was Rs. 14200.

During the last one-year 73 kids wereborn from 68 does. The present strength ofthe flock after sale of 50 grown up or adultgoats and mortality, is 105 goats. The returnsfrom sale of goats in one year were Rs.75000. Moreover the goat manure valuingRs. 4000 was produced and used in his own

agricultural farm. Thus the annual netreturns to the family labour from the goatfarm were Rs. 64800. It is interesting to notethat this farmer sold his almost all thesurplus animals (pure Barbari goats) forbreeding purpose to the goat farmers at therate of Rs. 100 per kg live body weight. Atthe same time the other traditional farmersof this area maintaining non-descript goatsget a market price of Rs. 60-65 per kg oflive body weight for their goats sold mostlyfor meat purpose. Hence rearing of purebreed goats (Barbari or any other breed)always gets incentive through better marketprices. Learning from his experiences andTransfer of Technology Programme ofCIRG, the farmer is now able better managehis farm reflected through zero percentmortality in his goats over the last 6 months.Moreover he has taken superior bucks anddoes from CIRG for breed improvement andhas established credibility of producinggood quality pure breed Barbari goats. Thefarmer is happy to start the goat businessand hopes to earn more profit in the future.

71

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72

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73

Dr N.P. SinghLife Time Achievement Award of the Bioved Research and Communication Centre,

Allahabad.

Dr. S.D. KharcheGaon Gyan Paritoshik Award-2006 of the Indian Association for Advancement of

Veterinary Research at College of Vety Sci & A. H, Bhubaneshwar, Orisa.

Best Poster Presentation Award:1. Manish Dubey, D. Dwivedi, K. Mahour, Ashok Kumar, R. Rana and V.S. Vihan (2007).

Evaluation of anti-microbial activity of some Indian plants against pathogenicEscherichia coli isolates of kids at National seminar on “Small ruminant, Emergingdiseases, containment under WTO regime”, Proceeding ISSGPU At CIRG, MakhdoomMathura (3-5 Feb., 2007).

2. Ranjeeta Kumari and V.K. Gupta (2007). PCR-RFLP for detection of Brucella Melitensisfrom goat tissues at National seminar on “Small ruminant, Emerging diseases,containment under WTO regime”, Proceeding ISSGPU At CIRG, Makhdoom Mathura(3-5 Feb., 2007).

AWARDS

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS(March, 2006 to February, 2007)

Month Max. Min. Mean Vapour Relative Rainfall Suntemp. temp. daily temp. pressure humidity (mm)/ shine(°C) (°C) (°C) (mmHg) (%) wet days (hr)

April 39.83 22.13 30.98 14.19 33.89 1.00 (1) 227.0

May 42.22 27.53 34.88 19.73 41.69 21.4(4) 173.7

June 39.75 27.38 33.57 20.73 50.43 45(3) 107.1

July 34.52 27.94 31.23 25.77 76.63 143(11) 82.9

August 34.45 26.52 30.48 25.28 74.91 40(8) 175.3

September 35.88 24.57 30.23 22.41 62.98 23(5) 140.0

October 35.45 19.69 27.57 17.17 54.83 nil 272.3

November 29.6 13.08 21.34 13.19 56.54 nil 225.3

December 24.08 10.19 17.14 10.33 63.62 1.0(1) 218.4

January 21.90 8.53 15.22 9.03 61.04 nil 226.2

February 24.23 14.57 19.40 12.50 70.96 26.4(5) 189.4

March 30.73 14.21 22.47 13.21 53.94 27.6(4) 289.3

Max. Temp. 47.5 °C on May 7, 2006Min. Temp. 2.0 °C on January 8 and 13, 2006Annual Rainfall328.4 mm in 42 days

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PUBLICATIONS

1. Arora N, Sharma SD, Vihan VS andKumar Ashok (2006). Seasonal changesin gastro intestinal parasitic infection ofgoats reared at an organized farm insemiarid zone. Indian Journal of smallruminants 12:37-41.

2. Bhatta R, Vaithiyanathan S, Singh NP,Shinde AK and Verma DL (2005). Effectof feeding tree leaves as supplementson the nutrient digestion and rumenfermentatioNPattern in sheep grazing onsemi-arid range of India-I. Smallruminant Research 60: 273-280.

3. Bhatta R, Vathiyanathan S, Singh NP,Shinde AK and Verma DL (2005). Effectof tree leaf as supplementation onnutrient digestion and rumenfermentatioNPattern in sheep grazingsemi arid range of India-II. SmallRuminant Research 60:281-288.

4. Bhusan S, Kumar S, Rajkhowa C andBujarbaruah K M. (2007). Status of theproductive traits of four strains of mithun(Bos frontalis) and their correlation.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 77(1): 113-115.

5. Bhusan S, Rajkhowa C, Bujarbaruah KM and Kumar S (2006). Growth of fourstrains of mithun (Bos frontalis) calves upto twelve months of age. Indian Journalof Animal Sciences 76 (9): 770-772.

6. Bhusan S. (2006). Body weight changesof Jakhrana goats in farmers field. IndianJournal of Small Ruminants 12 (1): 124-127.

7. Chaturvedi O H, Bhatta R, Verma D Land Singh NP (2006). Effect of flushingon nutrient utilization and reproductiveperformance of ewes grazing oncommunity rangeland. AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Sciences19 (4): 521-525.

8. Goel A K, Kharche S D, Jindal S K, andSinha N K (2006). Embryo productionand kids born through embryo transferin Jakhrana goats treated with p FSH.Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction27 (1): 75-76.

9. Gupta V K, kumari Ranjeeta, Verma DK, Singh Kalpana and Singh SV (2006).Detection of Brucella melitensis fromgoat tissue employing PCR. IndianJournal of Animal Sciences 76:793-795.

10. Gupta V K, Verma D K, Rout P K, SinghSV and Vihan V S (2006). Polymerasechain reaction (PCR) for detection ofBrucella melitensis in goat milk. SmallRuminant Research. 65:79-84.

11. Gupta V K, Verma D K, Singh K, KumariR, Singh SV and Vihan V S (2006).Single-step PCR for detection of Brucellamelitensis from tissue and blood ofgoats. Small Ruminant Research.66:169-174.

12. Gupta Vinod, Kumar Ashok, Vihan V S,and Sharma S D (2006). Effect on milkyield in subclinical ketotic goats rearedunder semi intensive systemmanagement. Veterinary Practitioner,7:110-111

13. Kharche S D, and Srivastava S K (2007).Fertility responses in repeat breederdairy crossbred cows treated withhuman chorionic gonadotropin. IndianJ. Anim. Science 77 (4): 297-299.

14. Kharche S D, Goel A K, Jindal S K andSinha N K (2006). In vitro maturation ofcaprine oocytes in differentconcentrations of estrous goat serum.Small Ruminant Research 64 (1–2):186–189.

15. Kumar Ashok, Mahour Kanhiya, GuptaVinod and Vihan V S (2006).Susceptibility and relative resistance in

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tick population against cypermethrin inorganized fram and field animals.Veterinary Practitioner. 7:41-43.

16. Kumar Shalander, Vaid R K And SagarR L (2006). Contribution of goats tolivelihood security of small ruminantfarmers in semiarid region. IndianJournal of Small Ruminants. 12(1): 61-66.

17. Kumar P, Singh SV, Bhatiya A K, SevillaI, Singh A V, Whittington R J, Juste R A,Gupta V K, Singh P K, Sohal J S andVihan V S (2006). Juvenile Capri-Paratuberculosis in India; Incidence andcharacterization of by six diagnostictests. Small Ruminant Research. 10.023.

18. Kumar Shalander and Singh NP (2006).Privatization and regulation ofveterinary services in India some issuesand implications. Indian Journal ofAgricultural Economics, 61(3) 560.

19. Kumar Shalander, Jain D K and SinghRajvir (2006). Increasing income andemployment through sustainablefarming systems in water scares regionof Uttar Pradesh. Agricultural EconomicResearch Review, 19(1): 145-157.

20. Kumar Shalander, Sagar R L and Vaid RK (2006). Harnessing productionPotential of goats; a need for clientoriented research. Journal of Agril. Res.& Dev. 2-7-14.

21. Kumar V, Bhatia A K and Singh SV(2006). Evaluation of efficacy of thespecies-specific antigens in thediagnosis of ovine and caprineparatuberculosis using plate ELISA.Journal Immunol. and Immunopathol.8: 48-53.

22. Mohan B, Singh D P and Thiagarajan R(2006). Extent of Technology AdoptioniNPrawNPeeling/Fish Pre-ProcessingSheds. Indian Research Journal ofExtension Education (1&2): 59-61.

23. Mohn B, Sagar R L and Singh K (2006).

Study on Evaluation of Training Needsof Goat Farmers. Indian Journal of SmalRuminants. 12(1): 21-25.

24. Nagpure N S, Kharche S D and Koul GL (2006). Comparative C-and G-bandingstudies in Hariana, Holstein Friesian andtheir crossbreds. Indian Journal Anim.Sciences. 76 (9): 652-774.

25. Phulia S K, Singh G, Upadhyay R C,Kumar Puneet and Misra R P (2007).Comparative study of haemograms andbiochemical constituents in kids andlambs. Indian Journal of AnimalSciences 77(1): 56-58.

26. Ramachandran N and Singh Dharm(2006). Study of relationships of wattleswith body weights in kids. IndianJournal of Small Ruminants. 12(1): 117-18.

27. Ramachandran N, Prasad S and Raju S(2006). A study on mortality pattern incrossbred dairy goats in semiarid India.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences.76(10): 843-846.

28. Sharma G Taru, Kharche S D andMajumdar A C. (2006). Vitrification ofin-vitro matured goat oocytes and itseffect on in-vitro fertilization. SmallRuminant Research 64 (1-2): 82-86.

29. Sharma G, Singh SV, Sevilla I, Singh AV, Whittington R J, Juste R A, Kumar S,Gupta V K, Singh P K, Sohal J S, VihanV S (2006). Evaluation of indigenousmilk ELISA with m-culture and m-PCRfor the diagnosis of Bovine Johne’sdisease (BJD) in lactating Indian dairycattle. Res. Vet. Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.03.014

30. Sharma N K, Beniwal B K, Gahlot G Kand Gopal Dass (2007). Economiclosses due to morbidity in Marwaribreed of sheep in arid zone of Rajasthan.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 77:92-98.

31. Shinde AK, Sankhyan SK, Singh NP andVerma DL (2005). Soil ingestion and its

77

effect on dry matter intake anddigestibility in sheep grazing on nativeranges of semiarid region of Rajasthan.Indian Journal Small Ruminants 11(1):37-42.

32. Singh NP and Prasad R (2005). Carcasscharacteristic of meat rabbits under farmfeeding management. Indian JournalSmall Ruminants 11(1): 58-61.

33. Singh S K and Sinha N K. (2006).Selection Indices for GeneticImprovement of body weight and woolyield in Muzaffarnagri Sheep IndianJournal of Animal Sciences. 76(6): 462-465.

34. Singh S K (2006). BRENDEX: Acomputer programme for estimation ofgeneral and restricted selection indicesfor genetic gain of individual traits.Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 76(7):546-548.

35. Singh SV, Singh A V, Shukla N, Singh PK, Sohal J S, Gupta V K, Vihan V S(2006). Sero-prevalence of Johne’sdisease iNProspective young bulls ofHaryana breed by indigenous ELISA kit,using protoplasmic antigen from ‘Bisontype’ genotype of Mycobacteriumavium subspecies paratuberculosis ofgoat origin. Indian Journal of AnimalSciences, 77(8): 7-9

36. Singh SV, Singh A V, Makharia G, NaserS A, Singh P K, Sohal J S, Gupta V K,Vihan V S (2006). Crohn’s disease andJohne’s disease: A comparison withreference to national and internationalperspective and public healthsignificance. Intas Polivet. Vol. 7: 275-300.

37. Singh SV, Singh A V, Singh R, Sandhu KS, Singh P K, Sohal J S, Gupta V K, VihanV S, (2007). Evaluation of highlysensitive indigenous milk ELISA kit withfecal culture, milk culture and fecal-PCRfor the diagnosis of bovine Johne’sdisease (BJD) in India (BJD) in India.

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 30(3): 175-86.

38. Yadav N K, Mandal A, Sharma D K, RoutP K and Roy R (2006). Genetic studieson faecal egg counts and packed cellvolume following natural HaemonchusContortus infection and theirrelationship with live weight inMuzaffarnagari sheep. Asian-AustralianJournal Sciences. 19 (11) 1524-1528.

Popular article1. Ajoy Mandal and Hari Prasad, (2006).

Bakri utpandan evam unnatikaran kekuch mahattopurna pehalu. Ajamukh,Aank: Astadasah.

2. Bhusan S.and Rai B. (2006). Study offirst week milk production of Jakhranagoats (In Hindi). Ajamukh, Aank:Astadasah, p. 4.

3. Bhusan S. (2006). Development ofBrahman cattle through Indigenousbreed. The Indian Cow 3(10):7-10.

4. Bhusan S. (2006). Variations in the birthweights of Jakhrana kids (In Hindi).Ajamukh, Aank: Saptadasah, p. 4-5.

5. Brajmohan, Sagar R L, Singh K andBhusan S. (2007). Breeding Managementof the goats. Pashu Dhan 22(2): 5-7.

6. Goel A K (2006). Bakariyan memmadkal mahtva evem upyogita.Ajamukh Aank: Astadasah, p. 3.

7. Gopal Dass (2006). Pugal bhedon kiupyogita. Ajamukh, Aank: Saptadasah,p. 3-4.

8. Gupta Vinod, Kumar Ashok and VihanV S (2006). Bakariyon mein swasthayaPrabhandhan. Kheti (February) 20-22.

9. Gupta Vinod, Kumar Ashok and Vihan,V S (2006) Bhed Bakariyon koAntparjiviyon se Kese bachayein. Kheti(March, 2006).

10. Kharche S D and Goel A K (2006).Bakarion mein kritrim garbhadan kab,kyon aur kaise. Ajamukh Aank:Saptadasah, p. 8-9.

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11. Sharma D K (2006). Bakariyon KaAakramak Vyavahar. Ajamukh, No. 18

12. Sharma D K (2006). BakariyonMeiNParjivee Rog Ka SamakalitPrabandhan. Ajamukh, Aank:Astadasah.

13. Sharma D K (2006). Rajbhasha PracharPrasar: Hindi Anubhagon Ki Bhumika.NGAGR SMARIKA, Karnal.

Lead Papers1. Ashok Kumar and Vihan V S (2007).

Alternative therapies for the treatmentof animal diseases. Book on Smallruminant, Emerging diseases,containment under WTO regime Leadpaper Proceeding ISSGPU seminar atCIRG, Makhdoom Mathura (3-5Feb,2007) pp385

2. Goel A K (2006). Current ReproductiveTechnologies for Augmenting Fertilityin Goats. National Seminar of ISSGPUon “Innovations and Recent Advancesin Reproduction for Augmenting SmallRuminant Production. Dec. 28-30,2006 at CSWRI Avikanagar (Rajasthan)pp. 85-95.

3. Dutta T K (2006). Nutrient requirementand forage availability for Jamunaparigoats. pp 17.

4. Gupta V K (2007). Molecularapproaches for diagnosis of infectiousdiseases. National Seminar on Emergingand reemerging diseases and theircontainment under WTO regime,ISSGPU, CIRG, Makhdoom, 3rd –5th Feb2007.

5. Kharche S D (2006). Reproductive toolsin conservation of Jamunapari goats. Ina seminar on Conservation of threatenedbreed-jamunapari goat organized byAnimal husbandary department of UPState from 27-28th September, 2006 atLucknow.

6. Singh NP, Vihan V S and Ashok Kumar(2007). Nutriional disorders associated

with macro and micro element in goats.Book on Small ruminant, Emergingdiseases, containment under WTOregime, Lead paper Proceeding ISSGPUSeminar at CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura(3-5 Feb,2007) pp 399.

7. Sharma D K (2007). Protozoan Diseasesof Small Ruminants. Small Ruminant:Emerging Diseases, Containment UnderWTO Regime, edited V.S.Vihan, AshokKumar, V K Gupta and NP SinghPublished by Satish Serial PublishingHouse 403, Azadpur, Delhi.

8. Singh S K (2006). Role of Goats insustainable livelihood of rural people inASIA. In 30th Animal HusbandryCommissioners of Asia and Pacific ofFAO (APHCA) meeting held at LunagPrabang. Lao PDR. 24-25 Oct., 2006.

9. Singh S K and Singh NP (2006). GoatGenetic Resources in India and theirImprovement. National Workshop onBiodiversity Awareness, Resource andConservation at NBAGR Karnal, April,22-23, 2006.

10. Sinha N K and Ramachandran N (2006).Cryopreservation of buck semen:Present status and future prospects.National Seminar on Innovations &recent advances in reproduction foraugmenting Small RuminantProduction, held at CSWRI, Avikanagaron Dec. 28-30, 2006 Compendium pp.114-119.

11. Vihan V S and Ashok Kumar (2007.Development and quality control ofherbal veterinary formulations foreffective health management. Book on“Small ruminant, Emerging diseases,containment under WTO regime Leadpaper Proceeding ISSGPU seminar AtCIRG, Makhdoom Mathura (3-5Feb,2007) pp 91

12. Vihan V S and Ashok Kumar (2007).Poisoning and toxicity in smallruminants and their management. Lead

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paper at Proceeding of NationalSymposium on Animal welfare andsustainable health through recenttherapeutic and diseases managementstrategies at GBPAUT Pantnagar (26-28Feb 2007)

13. Singh NP (2006). Goat Production inIndia –An Overview. Bioved Survey ofIndian Agriculture 2006. Published byBioved Research and CommunicationCentre, Allahabad (U.P.).

14. Singh NP (2006). TechnologicalAdvances in Goat production andManagement for uplifting Socio-economic Status of Rural Poor in India.Lead Paper. Proceedings of the XVAnnual Convention & NationalSymposium on Recent Technologies inUplifting the Socio-economic Status ofPeople through Livestock Productionand Management organized by theIndian Society of Livestock Productionand Management at GBPUA&T,Pantnagar on April 20-22, 2006.

15. Singh NP (2006). Diversity in GoatGenetic Resources and theirConservation. Lead Paper. Proceedingsof the Biodiversity AwarenessWorkshop on Animal GeneticResources and Conservation sponsoredby National Biodiversity Authority andorganized by National Bureau of AnimalGenetic Resources at NBAGR, Karnalon April 22-23, 2006.

16. Singh NP and Rai B (2006). GoatRearing for Meat and Milk Production:The Scenario of Eastern India. LeadPaper. Proceedings of the InteractiveMeet oNPresent Status and FutureProspective of Sheep, Goat and RabbitProduction in Eastern India organizedby OLDS and ISSGPU at OUAT,Bhuvaneswar on June 28, 2006.

17. Singh NP (2006). Ray of Hope forWeaker Sections. The Hindu Survey ofIndian Agriculture. 164-167.

18. Singh NP (2006). Feeding Strategies forSustainable Mixed Farming. Lead Paper.Proceedings of the VI BiennialConference of Animal NutritionAssociation held at Shere-e-KashmirUniversity of Agricultural Sciences andTechnology, Jammu on September 15-17, 2006.

19. Singh NP (2006). Nutrition for GoatHealth and Immunity. Compendium onAdvanced Short Course on ClinicalNutrition of Livestock and Petsorganized by the CAS in AnimalNutrition, IVRI, Izatnagar on November03-23, 2006.

20. Singh NP (2006). Role of smallruminants in arid ecology. Lead Paperpresented in the Indo-AfghanistanInternational Symposium organized byNAAS at New Delhi on November 19-22, 2006.

21. Singh NP and Jindal S K (2006).Nutrition in relation to reproduction ingoats. Lead Paper presented in theNational Seminar on Innovations andRecent Advances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction organized by ISSGPU atCSWRI, Avikanagar on Dec. 28-30,2006 Compendium pp 147-153.

22. Singh NP (2007). Goat HusbandryPerspective in India. Lead Paperpresented in the 9th Indian AgriculturalScientists and Farmers Congressorganized by Bioved Research andCommunication Centre at Prayag,Allahabad on Jan. 29-30, 2007.

23. Singh NP and Kumar S. (2007). Analternative approach to research forharmessing productioNPotential ofgoats. Lead Paper presented in the 4th

National Extension Education Congress-2005 organized by Society of ExtensionEducation at JNKVV, Jabalpur on March9-11, 2007.

24. Singh NP and Singh SV (2007). Johne’s

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Disease and Diagnostic Challenges.Lead Paper presented in the ASCADSymposium on “Strengthening ofDisease Diagnostic Facilities forSustainable Livestock Development”held at Udaipur, Rajasthan on March,10-11, 2007.

25. Singh NP (2007). Generic problems ofgrazing in forests: Goats the foe of theforest-Myth and realities. Lead Paperpresented in the India-IIASAinternational Workshop on Economic,Societal and Environmental benefitsprovided by the Indian forests held atNew Delhi on April 25-27, 2007.

26. Singh NP (2007). Vyabharic BakariPalan.Souvenir of the Seminar onConservation of Threatened Breed-Jamunapari Goat organized by theDeptt. of A.H. & Dairying, Govt. of Indiaat CIRG, Makhdoom on February 28,2007.

27. Srinivas B, Swain N and Singh NP(2006). Proceedings of the VI BiennialConference of Animal NutritionAssociation held at Shere-e-KashmirUniversity of Agricultural Sciences andTechnology, Jammu on September 15-17, 2006.

Technical FoldersEditors: N.P. Singh & N.K. Sinha1- pkjk laj{k.k&ßgsß cukuk &Mk0 ujsUnz iky

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Book/Book Chapter1. Drs VS Vihan, Ashok Kumar, VK Gupta

and NP Singh “Small RuminantEmerging diseases, containment underWTO regime” published by Satish SerialPublishing House, New Delhi 2007, pp410

2. Drs VK Gupta, VS Vihan and NP Singh“Laboratory Manual of molecular andimmunological techniques” publishedby CIRG, makhdoom Mathura, 2007pp126

3. Drs S Kumar and NP Singh. Marketingof goats and their products in India. AChapter in the Book “Marketing oflivestock and their products in India”published by ICFAI, University Press,Chennai, India, 2007.

Radio/TV Talk1. Puneet Kumar: Delhi Doordarshan

Channel 1 (DD1) recorded andtelecasted a talk on the topic “Care andmanagement of Goats in summer season” on May 11, 2006.

2. NK Sinha: Coordinated the Delhi DoorDarshan Team (DD1) in shooting andrecording the research activities of theInstitute in May 2006, which wastelecasted.

3. Ashok Kumar: Bakariyon ke rog andbachav-All India Radio Mathura July2006.

4. R Rana: Barsat mein bakrion ki swasth

81

raksha-AIR Mathura, on 21.8.2006.5. S Kumar: Krishi Jinson ki E-marketing on

AIR, Mathura on 22.8.2006.6. Goel AK: Krishi ke vividhikaran mein

bakri palan ka vyavsayik Mahatva-on AllIndia Radio, Mathura. Broadcasted on15.09.2006.

7. Dharm Singh: Adarsh bakri farm kisthapana-on All India Radio, Mathura.Recorded on 20.07.2006.

8. Dharm Singh: Vyavsayik bakri farm kisthapana-on All India Radio, Mathura.Recorded on 25.10.2006.

9. R Rana: Krishi Vividikaran me bakripalan-AIR Mathura, on 25.12.2006.

10. VK Gupta: Delhi Doordarshan Channel1 (DD1) recorded a talk onBiotechnological approaches fordiagnosis of goat and sheep diseases.Recorded on 5th Feb 2007.

Foreign VisitsDr. S.K. Singh, Senior Scientist attended 30th

Animal Husbandry Commissioners ofAsia and Pacific of FAO (APHCA)meeting at Luang Prabang Lao PDR fromOctober 24-25, 2006.

Participation in Seminars/Symposia/ConferencesA.K.GoelNational seminar on “Innovations and Recent

Advances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction from 28th-30th, December,2006 at CSWRI, Avikanagar (Rajasthan).

National seminar on “Emerging Diseases ofSmall ruminants and their Containmentunder WTO regime” from 3rd-5th,February, 2007 at CIRG Makhdoom,Farah (Mathura) UP.

A.K. DasNational Symposium oNProspect and

challenges in Indian meat Industry heldat IVVC Chenai on 27-29 July, 2006.

National Symposium on Small Ruminant

Production held at CSWRI, Avikanagaron 28-30 December, 2006.

A. MandalNational seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” held at CIRG,Makhdoom, from 03-05 Feb., 2007.

National symposium on “Role of animalgenetic resources in rural livelihoodsecurity” held at Ranchi College ofVeterinary Science & AnimalHusbandry, Birsa AgriculturalUniversity, Ranchi, from 08-09February, 2007.

Ashok KumarNational Seminar on emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime, held at CIRGMakhdoom, w.e.f. Feb 3-5, 2007.

Hindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoomw.e.f. 5-6 May, 2006

National seminar on “Innovations and recentadvances in reproduction foraugmenting small ruminantproductions” at CSWRI Avika nagar, 28-30 Dec., 2006

Bhagwan SinghNational seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” held at CIRG,Makhdoom, organized by IndianSociety for Sheep and Goat Productionand Utilization from 3-5 February, 2007.

Braj MohanHindi Karyashala held at Central Institute for

Research on Goats, Makhdoom on 5-6May, 2006.

A National Seminar on Emerging Diseases ofSmall Ruminants and their containmentunder WTO Regime on February 3-6,2007, held at CIRG, Makhdoom, Farah,Mathura.

82

Fourth National Extension EducationCongress-2007 held at Jawahar LalNehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,Jabalpur, M.P. on March 9-11, 2007.

B. RaiNational Symposium ISAPM on Recent

technologies in of rual peoples held atPantnagar on 20-22 April, 2006.

National Symposium Small Ruminantproduction held at Avikanagar on 28-30 Dec., 2006.

National Seminar on Emerging diseases atCIRG, Makhdoom from 3-5 February,2007.

D.K. SharmaNational Seminar on Emerging Diseases of

Small Ruminants and TheirContainment Under WTO Regime, heldat CIRG, Makhdoom, Mathura UP on3-5 February 2007.

Hindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on5-6 May, 2006.

D.K. NandyNational Seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” at Central Institutefor Research on Goats,Makhdoom,Farah, Mathura, U.P. fromFebruary 3-5, 2007.

Dharm SinghHindi Workshop organized by Central

Institute for Research on Goats,Makhdoom (Farah), Mathura on May 5-6, 2006.

XXXV Dairy Industry Conference held atSwabhmi, Kolkata (WB) on November23-25, 2006.

National seminar on “Emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime”, held at C.I.R.G.,

Makhdoom (Mathura) on February, 3-7, 2007.

One-day Seminar on “Conservation ofJamunapari goats” organized byDepartment of Animal Husbandry, Govtof Uttar Pradesh in collaboration withC.I.R.G., Makhdoom at C.I.R.G.,Makhdoom (Mathura) on Feb. 28, 2007.

Dori Lal GuptaNational Seminar on “Emerging diseases of


Gopal DassNational Seminar on Innovations and Recent

Advances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction held at CSWRI, Avikanagarorganized by Indian Society for Sheepand Goat Production and UtilizationDecember, 28-30, 2006.

National Seminar on emerging diseases ofSmall Ruminants and TheirContainment Under WTO Regime” heldat C.I.R.G, Makhdoom, Mathura, (U.P)organized by Indian Society for Sheepand Goat Production and UtilizationFebruary 3-5, 2007.

H.A. TiwariNational Seminar on emerging diseases of


Hari PrasadNational seminar on “Emerging diseases of


83

National Seminar on Innovations and RecentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction December, 28-30, 2006CSWRI, Avikanagar organized by IndianSociety for Sheep and Goat Productionand Utilization.

Scientist Meet on Network Project on SheepImprovement held at NTRS Gadsa ofCSWRI between Sept. 11-12, 2006.

H.S. SisodiyaHindi Karyashala held at Central Institute for


National seminar on “Emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime”, held at C.I.R.G.,Makhdoom (Mathura) on February, 3-7, 2007.

H.K. HimkarNational Seminar on emerging diseases of


Khushyal SinghHindi Karyashala held at Central Institute for

Research on Goats, Makhdoom on 5-6May 2006.

National Seminar on Innovation and recentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantsProduction on December 28-30, 2006held at C.S.W.R.I., Avikanagar(Rajasthan).


M.K. SinghNational Seminar on Innovations and Recent

Advances in Reproduction for

Augmenting Small RuminantProduction December, 28-30, 2006CSWRI, Avikanagar organized by IndianSociety for Sheep and Goat Productionand Utilization.

National Seminar on emerging diseases ofSmall Ruminants and TheirContainment Under WTO Regime”February 3-5, 2007. C.I.R.G,Makhdoom, Mathura, (U.P) organizedby Indian Society for Sheep and GoatProduction and Utilization.

National Symposium on ISAPM held at GBPant University Pantnagar 20-22 April,2006.

M.P. AgrawalNational seminar on “Emerging diseases of


N.K. SinhaHindi Workshop-Organized at CIRG,

Makhdoom on May 5-6, 2006.National Seminar Organized by ISBD (Indian

Society for Buffalo Development) onBuffalo for rural upliftment held at Vet.College, Mumbai on May 27-30, 2006.

National Seminar on Innovations and RecentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction, held at CSWRI, Avikanagaron Dec. 28-30, 2006.

National Seminar on Emerging Diseases ofSmall Ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime, held at CIRG,Makhdoom on Feb. 3-5, 2007,Organized by Indian Society for Sheepand Goat Production and Utilization.

Seminar on Conservation of Jamunaparibreed-held at CIRG, Makhdoom on28.02.2007.

84

N.P. SinghHindi Workshop-Organized at CIRG,

Makhdoom on May 5-6, 2006.National Symposium on Buffalo for Rural

Upliftment and Annual Convention ofIndian Society of Buffalo DevelopmentBoard held at Bombay VeterinaryCollege, Mumbai on May 27-30, 2006.

NAIP Workshop held at NDRI, Karnal onAugust 26, 2006.

Scientist Meet of AICRP on SheepImprovement held at NTRS, Garsa (HP)on Sept. 11-12, 2006.

Seminar on Conservation of ThreatenedBreed-Jamunapari Goat in U.P. held atLucknow on Sept. 27-28, 2006.

India-Afganistan International Symposium onDeserts and Desertification held atNASC on Nov. 20-21, 2006.

National Symposium on Innovations andrecent advances in reproduction foraugmenting small ruminant productionheld at CSWRI, Avikanagar on Dec. 28-30, 2006.

IX Indian Agricultural Scientists and FarmersCongress organized by Bioved Researchand Communication Centre at Prayag,Allahabad on Jan. 29-30, 2007.

National Seminar on Emerging and re-emerging diseases of small ruminantsand their containment under WTOregime organized by ISSGPU and CIRGat Makhdoom on Feb. 2-4, 2007.

ASCAD Symposium on strengthening diseasediagnostic facilities for sustainablelivestock and poultry development heldat Udaipur on March 10-11, 2007.

3rd International Conference on linkingmarkets and farmers organized by ISAPat New Delhi on March 12-13, 2007.

N. RamachandranNational seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” held on February3-7, 2007 at CIRG, Makhdoom.

P.K. RoutHindi workshop held during May 5-6, 2006

at CIRG, Makhdoom.Workshop on “DNA sequencing and Real-

time PCR technology”, July 20-21,2006, Applied Biosystem, Lab India,Gurgaon.

Refresher course on “Information technologyin agriculture for effective decisionsupport, October 4-24,2006, NAARM,Hyderabad.

National Seminar on Innovations and RecentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction held at CSWRI, Avikanagarorganized by Indian Society for Sheepand Goat Production and Utilization onDecember, 28-30, 2006.

National Seminar on emerging diseases ofSmall Ruminants and TheirContainment Under WTO RegimeFebruary 3-5, 2007 at C.I.R.G,Makhdoom, Mathura, (U.P) organizedby Indian Society for Sheep and GoatProduction and Utilization.

Seminar on “Improvement and conservationJamunapari goat in its home tract” heldon February 13, 2007, Etawah, UP.

Puneet KumarNational Seminar on Innovations and Recent

Advances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction at Central Sheep and WoolResearch Institute, Avikanagar, ViaJaipur Rajasthan-304 501 from 28-30December 2006

National Seminar on “Emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” at Central Institutefor Research on Goats,Makhdoom,Farah, Mathura, U.P. fromFebruary 3-5, 2007

P.K. SahooWorkshop on appication of MATLAB &

85

Teaching Research on April 29-30 atHindustan College, Farah, Mathura.

6th Indian Veterinary Congress held OUAT,Bhubneshwar on 6-7th April, 2007.

6th Bienial Conference of Animal NutritionAssociation from 15-17 September,2006 held at Jammu.

National Symposium on Small RuminantProduction held at CSWRI, Avikanagar28-30 December, 2006.

National Seminar on “Emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” at Central Institutefor Research on Goats,Makhdoom,Farah, Mathura, U.P. fromFebruary 3-5, 2007.

Prabhat TripathiNational Seminar on “Emerging diseases of


R.L. SagarHindi Karyashala held at Central Institute for



R. RanaXIII annual conference of IAAVR, held at

Orissa Veterinary College,Bhubaneshwar, Orissa w.e.f. 6-7 April,2006.

Hindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoomw.e.f. 5-6 May, 2006.

National Seminar on emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime, held at CIRGMakhdoom, w.e.f. Feb 3-5, 2007.

R. RoyHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National seminar on “Emerging diseases of


National symposium on “Role of animalgenetic resources in rural livelihoodsecurity” held at Ranchi College ofVeterinary Science & AnimalHusbandry, Birsa AgriculturalUniversity, Ranchi, from 8-9 Feb., 2007.

R.P. MishraHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National Seminar on “Emerging diseases of


R.S. UpadhyayaHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.6th Bienial Conference of Animal Nutrition

Association from 15-17 September,2006 held at Jammu.

National Seminar on “Emerging diseases ofsmall ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” at Central Institutefor Research on Goats, Makhdoom,Farah, Mathura from Feb. 3-5, 2007.

R.B. SharmaHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National Conference on Dairy Association at

Calcutta on 23-25 November, 2006.National Symposium on Small Ruminant

Prodcution held at CSWRI, Avikanagaron 28-30 December, 2006.

86


Saket BhusanHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime”, from February 3-5, 2007 at CIRG, Makhdoom organizedby Indian Society for Sheep and GoatProduction and Utilization.

Shalander KumarHindi Karyashala held at Central Institute for


National Seminar on Innovation and recentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantsProduction on December 28-30, 2006held at C.S.W.R.I., Avikanagar(Rajasthan).


S.D. KharcheHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.Annual convention of ISBD and National

symposium on Buffalo for Ruralupliftment from 27th-30th May, 2006 atBombay Veterinary college, Parel,Mumbai.

Seminar on “Conservation of threatenedbreed-jamunapari goat” organized byAnimal husbandary department of UPState from 27-28th September, 2006 atLucknow.

National seminar on “Innovations and RecentAdvances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction from 28th-30th, December,2006 at CSWRI, Avikanagar.


S.K. JindalHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National seminar on “Innovations and Recent

Advances in Reproduction forAugmenting Small RuminantProduction from 28th-30th, December,2006 at CSWRI, Avikanagar (Rajasthan).


S.K. SinghHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National Workshop on Biodiversity

Awareness, Resource and Conservationat NBAGR Karnal, April 22-23, 2006.

Workshop on Application of MATLABTechniques in Research. At HindustanCollege of Science and Technology,Farah, Mathura, held on April. 29-30,2006.

Scientist Meet on Network Project on SheepImprovement held at NTRS Garsa ofCSWRI, Sept. 11-12, 2006

30th Animal Husbandry Commissioners ofAsia and Pacific of FAO meeting heldat LAO, PDR, October 24-25, 2006.

S.V. SinghHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.

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Seminar on Conservation threatened breed ofJamunapari from 27-29 September,2006 at Lucknow.


T.K. DuttaHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.Seminar on Conservation threatened breed

Jamuna-pari on 27-29 Sepetember, 2006at Lucknow.


V.K. GuptaHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom

w.e.f. 5-6 May, 2006.National Symposium on Buffalo for rural

upliftment and Annual Convention ofIndian Society of Buffalo Development.Bombay Veterinary College, 27th-30th

May 2006.National Seminar on Patenting in

Biotechnology, NRDC, New Delhi 19th

Oct 2006.National seminar on “ Innovations and recent

advances in reproduction foraugmenting small ruminantproductions” at CSWRI Avikanagar, 28-30 Dec 2006.


Vinod K.GuptaHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National Seminar on emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containment

under WTO regime, held at CIRGMakhdoom, w.e.f. Feb 3-5, 2007.

V.S. VihanHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom

w.e.f. 5-6 May, 2006.National seminar on “Innovations and recent

advances in reproduction foraugmenting small ruminantproductions” at CSWRI Avika nagar, 28-30 Dec 2006.


National Symposium on Managementstrategies held Pantnagar on 26-28February, 2007.

U.B. ChaudharyHindi workshop held at CIRG, Makhdoom on

5-6 May, 2006.National Seminar on “Emerging diseases of

small ruminants and their containmentunder WTO regime” at Central Institutefor Research on Goats, Makhdoom,Farah, Mathura (UP) from Feb. 3-5, 2007.

BULLETINS PUBLISHED1. Singh SV and Singh NP. 2007.

Diagnosis of Para tuberculosis ELISA KITSERUM AND MILK for Goats, Sheep,Buffaloes and Human beings-a Bulletin.

2. Singh SV and Singh NP. 2007.Molecular diagnosis of Para tuberculosisCULTURE KIT (faeces, issues, milk,blood, vaginal secretions) Goats, Sheep,Cattle, Buffaloes, Blue Bulls and Humanbeings-a Bulletin.

3. Singh SV and Singh NP. 2007. MolecularDiagnosis of Mycobacterium aviumsubspecies Para tuberculosis (The causeof Johne’s disease in animals and Crohn’sdisease in human beings) IS 900 PCRfrom: Faeces, Tissues, Milk, Culture,Vaginal Discharges and Serum-aBulletin.

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PROGRAMMES PROPOSED FOR XI PLAN1. Evaluation, conservation and genetic improvement of goats through conventional

and molecular approaches.

2. Development of resource based feeding systems for goats.

3. Improving productive and reproductive efficiency through physiological and nutritionalinterventions.

4. Management of goat diseases using state of the art technologies.

5. Facilitating adaptation of goat to impending climate change.

6. Post harvest processing, value addition and marketing of goat products.

7. Technology showcasing, dissemination and adoption.

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RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE (RAC)1. Dr. A.T. Sherikar Chairman

Vice ChancellorMaharastra Animal & FisheryScience University, Nagpur

2. Dr. H.N. Singh MemberEx. Dean, Pt. Deen Dayal UP.Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwa VidhyalayEvam Go Anusandhan Mathura.

3. Dr. B.C. Pantnayak MemberEx. DirectorCSWRI, Avikanagar

4. Dr. P.S. Lonkar, Director (Extension) MemberMaharastra Animal & Fishery ScienceUniversity, Nagpur

5. ADG (AN&P) MemberICAR, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi

6. Dr. B.U. Khan, Ex. Director MemberCSWRI, Avikanagar

7. Shri Ashok Kale, Representative MemberAgricultural/Rural Interest

8. Shri Sayaed G.H. Rizwi, Representative MemberAgricultural/Rural Interest

9. Dr. N.P. Singh MemberDirector, CIRG, Makhdoom

10. Dr. N.K. Sinha Member SecretaryPS & I/C PME Cell

Fourteenth Research AdvisoryCommittee meeting was held on Dec. 26-27, 2006 and several important decisionswere taken. The RAC Meeting was heldunder the chairmanship of Dr. A.T. Sherikar,Chairman and other members including Dr.B.C. Patnayak, O.P. Dandha, H.N. Singh,Dr. P.S. Lonkar, Dr. B.U. Khan, Sh. AshokKale, Sayaed Garul Hassan Rizwi. Dr. N.P.Singh, Director CIRG and Dr. N.K.Sinhaacted as Member Secretary. The valuablerecommendations/suggestions toestablishmrnt four Regional Research

RAC, IRC, QRT MEETINGS

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Centres of the Institute to work on the goat breeds of different regions and a Model GoatFarm at the Institute where all the improved technologies developed by the Institute shouldbe demonstrated. Research on evaluation of goat milk, meat and skin quality as affected byage, feed and breed and development of value added products may be continued at theInstitute. Artificial insemination may be adopted as a routine practice for breeding thegoats maintained under different Projects at the Institute.The Transfer of Technologyprogramme of the Institute may be strengthened and a few Model Goat Villages may bedeveloped by saturating with the technologies developed by the Institute.

INSTITUTE RESEARCH COMMITTEE (IRC)The Annual SRC meeting for the year

2006-2007 was held to review the progress ofongoing research projects and discussion onproposed new projects on May14-19, 2007under the Chairmanship of Dr. N.P.Singh,Director, CIRG. Dr. N.K. Sinha acted as theMember Secretary. All the Scientists andTechnical Officers participated in the Meeting.The Chairman in his deliberation givenvaluable suggestions/recommendations on theongoing Projects.The new Project Proposals forXI Plan were presented, discussed andapproved. Suggestions were also given to modify some proposals in the light of discussion.

INSTITUTE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (IMC)1. Dr. N.P. Singh Director and Chairman2. Shri Ashok Kale External Member3. Shri Sayaed G.H. Rizwi External Member4. Dr. S.K. Garg Member (Ex. VC. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyay Pashu

Vigyan Vishwa Vidhyalay Mathura.5. Dr. N.K. Sinha Principal Scientist & I/C PME Section6. Dr. Dharm Singh Principal Scientist7. Dr. N. Kondaiah Director, NRC on Meat, Hyderabad8. Dr. A.L. Arora Principal Scientist, CSWRI, Avikanagar9. Shri S. Philipose F&AO, CIRG and Special Invitee10. Shri K.K.Hamza F&AO, IASRI, New Delhi11. Director, Animal Husbandry Member

Govt. of U.P., Lucknow12. Director, Animal Husbandry Member

Govt. of Uttaranchal13. Shri Kumar Vivek AO, CIRG & Member Secretary

The Institute Management Committee meeting was held on 27.01.2007. The meetingwas attended by most of the Members of the IMC and Chaired by Dr. N.P. Singh, Director,CIRG. Several important decisions were taken at the meeting and to review the progress ofongoing projects and other important matters related to the development of the Institute.The meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the Chair.

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Name DesignationDr. N.P. Singh Director

Goat Genetics and Breeding DivisionDr. R. Roy Principal Scientist & I/C, HeadDr. S.K. Singh Sr. ScientistDr. Gopal Dass Sr. ScientistDr. Saket Bhushan Sr. ScientistDr. P.K. Rout Sr. ScientistDr. M.K. Singh Sr. ScientistDr. A. Mondal Scientist (Sr. Scale)Dr. B. Rai Sr. ScientistShri Bhagwan Singh Technical Officer T-6Shri. M.P. Agarwal Technical Officer T-5

AICRP on GoatsDr. S.K. Singh Sr. Scientist (upto 11.02.2007)Dr. B. Rai Sr. Scientist (w.e.f.12.02.2007)

AICRP on SheepDr. Gopal Dass Sr. ScientistDr. Hari Prasad Technical Officer T7-8

Physiology, Reprolduction and Shelter ManagementDr. S.K. Jindal Principal Scientist & I/C, HeadDr. R.P. Misra Principal ScientistDr. N.K. Sinha Principal ScientistDr. Dharm Singh Principal ScientistDr. D.K. Nandy Principal ScientistDr. A.K. Goel Sr. ScientistDr. Puneet Kumar Sr. ScientistDr. S.D. Kharche Sr. ScientistMrs. Neeru (on deputation to UPCAR, Lucknow) Scientist (Sr. Scale)Dr. N. Ramachandran ScientistMr. H.K. Himkar Technical Officer T-5

Nutrition, Feed Resourfces and Product Technology DivisionDr. Nawab Singh Principal Scientist & I/C, Head

(Superanuated on Dec.31, 2006)Dr. R.S. Upadhayay Principal Scientist & I/C, Head

(wef Jan.1st, 2007)Dr. M.K.Agnihotri Sr. Scientist (on deputation to Min. of Agril.)Dr. U.B. Chaudhary Sr. ScientistDr. T.K. Dutta Sr. Scientist

PERSONNEL

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Dr. P.K. Sahoo Sr. ScientistDr. R.B. Sharma Sr. ScientistDr. Prabhat Tripathi Scientist (Sr. Scale)Dr. V. Rajkumar Scientist (on study leave)Dr. A.K. Dass Scientist (FOCARS training from 1st Jan. 2007)Mr. Dinesh Prasad Technical Officer T-6

Goat Health DivisionDr. V.S. Vihan Principal Scientist & I/C, HeadDr. D.K. Sharma Sr. ScientistDr. S.V. Singh Sr. ScientistDr. V.K. Gupta Sr. ScientistDr. Ashok Kumar Sr. ScientistDr. Rajneesh Rana Sr.ScientistDr. R.K. Vaid Scientist (Sr. Scale)

(Transferred to NRCVTC, HISSAR)Dr. Sanjay Barua Scientist (Sr. Scale)

(Transferred to NRCVTC, HISSAR)Dr. V.K. Gupta Veterinary Officer T-7Dr. H.A. Tiwari Veterinary Officer T-7

Extension Education and Socio-Economics SectionDr. R.L. Sagar Principal Scientist & I/CDr. Braj Mohan Sr. ScientistDr. Shalander Kumar Sr. ScientistDr. Khushyal Singh ScientistMr. Suresh Tiwari Technical Officer T-6Mr. U.C. Yadav Technical Officer T-5

Education and Research Coordination SectionDr. N.K. Sinha Principal Scientist & I/CDr. H.S. Sisodiya Technical Officer T7-8

Agriculture Research Information SectionDr. S.K. Singh Sr. Scientist & I/CMr. V.P. Singh Technical Officer, T-5

Human DispensaryDr. V.K. Gupta Sr. Medical OfficerMr. C.B. Pandey Technical Officer T-6

LibraryDr. Pratap Singh Technical Officer T-7

Agri. FarmDr. T.K. Dutta Sr. Scientist& I/CMr. Indra Pal Technical Officer T-6

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AdministrativeShri Kumar Vivek Administrative OfficerShri N.R. Verma Asstt. Admn. Officer

(Transferred to IGFRI, Jhansi)Shri H.S. Sharma Asstt. Admn. OfficerShri Ratan Singh Asstt. Admn. OfficerShri S.R. Achary Private Secretary

Audit & Accounts SectionShri S. Philipose Finance & AccountsOfficer

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Transfers:1. Mr. N.R. Verma AAO was transferred on promotion to IGFRI Jhansi.2. Mr. Patendeen Carpenter was transferred on request to IISR Luchnow.3. Dr. R.K. Vaid Scientist was transferred to National Research Centre for Vety. Type

Culture, Hissar.4. Dr. Sanjay Barua Scientist was transferred to National Research Centre for Vety.

Type Culture, Hissar.

Joinings:1. Mr. Manik Pal joined as Jr. Engineer (Civil).2. Mr. Pravesh Sethi joined as Jr. Computer Operator.3. Mr. Pushpendra Kumar joined as Security Officer.4. Mr. Bharat Rishi Kishore joined as Jr. Clerk.5. Mr. Arun Kumar joined as Jr. Steno.6. Mr. Gulab Singh joined as S.S.Gr.I.

Retirements:1. Dr. Nawab Singh, Pri. Scientist retired on superannuation on 31.12.20062. Mr. Laxman Babu, T4 retired on superannuation on 31.01.2007.

Assessment Promotions:1. Mr.Dori Lal Promoted from T4 to T5.2. Mr. Jagdish Singh Promoted T4 to T5.

PERSONNELIA

RESEARCH PROJECTS Sl. No.

Proj. No. Title of the Project Investigators Date of start

Date of completion

GENETICS & BREEDING DIVISION

1. GGB-1.09 Improvement of sire evaluation of Jamunapari goats for milk & meat production (AICRP-Jamunapari).

M.K. Singh and T.K.Dutta

1997-98 March 2002 (To continue)

2. GGB-1.10 Genetic improvement of Barbari goats for meat & milk production (AICRP-Barbari)

S.K. Singh and P.K. Rout


3. GGB-1.11 Conservation and improvement of Jamunapari goats in their home tract (AICRP-Field Unit).

P.K. Rout, S. Bhusan and R.Roy


4. GGB-1.16 Evaluation of flock dynamics, Production performance and management systems of Gohillwadi and Zalawadi goats in their home tract

M..K. Singh, B. Rai, S.K. Singh,

16.�. Kumar &

M.B. Simariya

July 04 March,2007

5. GGB-1.17 Genetic Evaluation and improvement of Jakhrana Breed through open Nucleus breeding system (ONBS)

S. Bhusan, S.K. Singh & B. Rai

June 2005 June 2010

6. GGB-1.18 Study of goat production systems in different agro-climatic regions in India.

B. Rai, M.K. Singh, Units of AICRP (G), R. Roy.

Sept. 2005 Sept. 2009

7. CIRG-2.10

AICRP on Sheep Improvement.

Gopal Das & Hari Prasad

1997-98 To continue

GOAT HEALTH DIVISION 8. GH-15.24 Evaluation of

medicinal plants for the control of neonatal dirrhoea.

A. Kumar, R. Rana and V.S. Vihan

Nov. 04 Nov. 07

9. DST Development of a novel herbal ectoparasiticidal product.

V.S. Vihan, A. Kumar and D.K. Sharma.

Aug. 03 March 2007

1

10. CST Molecular Diagnosis of John’s disease of Goats by PCR & DNA process.

S.V. Singh Nov. 2003 Oct., 2006

11. Collabo. CIRG-DSIR

Development of inactivated vaccine using native isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis against Johne’s disease in goats and sheep.

S.V. Singh and V.K. Gupta

Jan.,2005 Sept.2007

12 GH-15.25 Development of Molecular Diagnostic for the control of Mycoplasmal Mastitis/Agalactia in Goats.

R. Rana, V. S. Vihan, P.K. Rout and A. Kumar.

July 2005 March. 2007

PHYSIOLOGY, REPRODUCTION AND SHELTER MANAGEMENT DIVISION. 13. PRSM-

2.17 In-vitro production of caprine embryo their survival following fresh & frozen embryo transfer.

S.D. Kharche, A.K. Goel, S.K. Jindal and N.K. Sinha.

Oct. 2002 Sept. 2006

14. PRSM-2.18

Effect of Freeze-thawing of goat semen at different spermatozoal density on cell viability, keeping quality (storage), microbial contaminants and fertility.

N.K. Sinha, S.D. Kharche, V.K. Gupta and N. Ramachandran.

Oct. 2003 March, 2007

15. PRSM-2.20

Use of ultrasonography for ascertaining pregnancy related profiles in goats.

A.K. Goel, S.D. Kharche, S.K. Jindal & D.K. Nandy

Dec., 2004 March, 2007

16. PRSM-2.21

Effect of dietary restriction and realimentation on growth and carcass characteristics in kids.

Dharm Singh, N. Ramchandran, Puneet Kumar and R. B. Sharma

March, 2005

Feb., 2008

NUTRITION, FEED RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY DIVISION. 17. GN-4.14 Design and

development of machineries for fodder production, conser-vation and processing offeed for commercial goat farming.

P.K. Sahoo, R.P. Misra & TK. Dutta

Sept. 2001 Sept. 2006

2

18. GN-4.15 Nutritional evaluation of common goat feeds available in grazing area/range lands with special reference to discount factors and rumen metabolism.

R.S. Upadhyaya & P. Tripathi.

Dec. 2002

March 2007

19. AP Cess Fund

Development of supplementation strategies for goats under field condition.

T.K. Dutta, P. Trapathi & Nawab Singh.

Apr., 2004 Aug. 2007

20. AICRP AICRP on “Improvement of feed resources and nutrient utilization in raising animal production”.

U.B. Chaudhary, Nawab Singh and S.D. Kharche.

2004 Nov.2007

21. AP Cess Fund

Isolation & identification of efficient exotic fungi for improvement of pasture/fibre digestibility in goats.

U.B. Chaudhary & V.K. Gupta

Nov., 2004 Oct., 2007 Extend.for one year

22. GPT-6.04 Studies on milk composition in different breeds and its utilization for Paneer making.

R.B. Sharma & A.K.Das (6 Months)

July, 2005 March, 2007

23. GN-4.18. Studies on Agro-forestry system for sustainable goat production.

P. Tripathi, R.S. Upadhyaya & T.K. Dutta.

July 2005 March 2007

EXTENSION EDUCATION AND SOCIO ECONOMICS SECTION. 24. AP Cess

fund Commercialization of goat farming & marketing of goats in India.

Shalander Kumar & R.K. Vaid

Nov.,2004 March. 2007

25. TOT Proj. EESE/ 8.14

Multi-disciplinary Project on Transfer of Technology for sustainable Goat Production System.

N. P. Singh, Shalender Kumar, M.K. Singh, Dharm Singh, A.K. Goel, R.S. Upadhyaya, R.B. Sharma, A. Kumar, B. Rai, H.A. Tewari and Khushyal Singh

July, 05 March, 2009

3