Oklahoma State UniversityMechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Graduate Research SymposiumOctober 28, 2017

https://mae.okstate.edu/symposium

SponsorsOSU Graduate College

OSU Office of the Vice President for ResearchOSU School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan

(Chair)Dr. Christian Bach Dr. Craig Bradshaw

ORGANIZERS

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering

Graduate Activities Committee

Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan

(Chair)

Dr. Christian Bach Dr. Craig Bradshaw

Dr. Rushikesh Kamalapurkar Dr. James Manimala

Dr. Charlotte Fore (ex officio)

Beth Powers (staff)

Graduate Student Council

Manikantam Gaddam

(President)

Omer Sarfraz

(Vice President)

Drew Schmidt

(Treasurer)

Vigneshwaran

Krishnamurthy

(Secretary)

Table of Contents

Program……………………………………………………………………………………………………1

Abstracts of talks………………………………………………………………………………………....4

Abstracts of Posters………………………………………………………………………………..…...13

Participants……………………………………………………………………………………….....…..17

Judges……………………………………….………………………………………………………...…18

Volunteers……………………………………………………………………………………………..…18

Notes…………………… ………………………………………………………………………………..19

NRC 108 (Talks)

NRC Atrium (Posters)

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PROGRAM

October 28, 2017; Noble Research Center (NRC)

Advisors are listed as the last authors in all the abstracts NRC 108 (Talks) Presenting author is underlined in list of authors NRC Atrium (Posters)

08:30 - 09:00 Registration and Breakfast

09:00 - 09:15 Welcome remarks by Drs. Fisher, Fore, and Santhanakrishnan

09:15 - 10:15 Talks: Session 1 Session Chair: Omer Sarfraz Judges: Dr. Hadi Noori, Dr. Shuodao Wang and Thrupthi Konanur Srikanta

09:15 – 09:30 Drew Schmidt and Dr. Craig Bradshaw; Development of a Compressor Load Stand for the Investigation of Compressor Performance Using Low-GWP Refrigerants 09:30 – 09:45 Mansoor Ahmed, Dr. Christian Bach and Dr. Omer San; CFD Analysis of HVAC Duct Design and Fittings

9:45 –10:00 S. Habib Alavi and Dr. Sandip P. Harimkar; Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Laser Drilling: Experimental and Finite Element Analysis

10:00 - 10:15 Jordan Daugherty, and Dr. He Bai; Orbiting Intruder Passive Ranging for Small UAS Detect-and-Avoid

10:15 - 10:45 Posters: Session 1 & Coffee Break Judges: Dr. Hadi Noori, Dr. Shuodao Wang and Thrupthi Konanur Srikanta

Tian Jing Tang, and Dr. Christian Bach; Integrating Sensors into Microcontroller for Experimental Use

Vishwa Teja Kasoju, Mitchell Ford, Skyler Jacob and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan; Leaky Flow Through Bristled Wings of the Smallest Flying Insects

Eranda Ekanayake and Dr. Jerome Hausselle; Muscular Co-contractions in Relation to Osteoarthritis

Yasaman Farsiani and Dr. Brian R. Elbing; Modification of Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer Within a Drag Reducing Polymer Solution

10:45 - 11:45 Talks: Session 2 Session Chair: Manikantam Gaddam Judges: Dr. Aurelie Azoug, Dr. Shuodao Wang and Dr. Aditya Jayadas

10:45 - 11:00 Mason Kincheloe, and Dr. Christian Bach; Design and Construction of a Coil Testing Facility for Commercial Size Heat Exchanger Coils

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11:00 - 11:15 Christopher Petrin and Dr. Brian Elbing; Velocity Fluctuations in the Long-Age Wake of Two Simplified Model Helicopter Hubs

11:15 - 11:30 Sandesh Thapa and Dr. He Bai; Cooperative Aerial Load Transportation

11:30 -11:45 Omer Sarfraz and Dr. Christian Bach; Update to Measurements of Office Equipment Heat Gain Data

11:45 - 13:00 Lunch

13:00 - 14:00 Talks: Session 3 Session Chair: Drew Schmidt Judges: Dr. Imraan Faruque, Dr. Daniel Fisher and Melissa White

13:00 - 13:15 Juseok Lee, Dr. Craig R. Bradshaw and Dr. Christian Bach; Experimental Validation of Refrigerant Charge Models in Coils for Residential Split Systems 13:15 - 13:30 Milad Samaee and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan; Diastolic Vortex Alteration under Varying Left Ventricular Wall Stiffness and Geometry

13:30 - 13:45 Himabindu Kasturi and Dr. Sandip Harimkar; Amorphous Materials- Processing, Applications and Limitations

13:45 - 14:00 Shahrouz Mohagheghian and Dr. Brian Elbin; Bubble Size Distribution under High Amplitude Vibration

14:00 - 14:30 Posters: Session 2 & Coffee Break Judges: Dr. Richard Gaeta, Dr. Kaan Kalkan and Dr. Winyoo Chowanadisai

Kien Leong Heng and Dr. Christian Bach; Modeling and Control Strategies Investigation of Ground Source Heat Pump with Dual Thermal Storage Tanks

Romit Maulik and Dr. Omer San; Subfinal Recovery for the Turbulence Modeling of Large Eddy Simulations Using Sparse Regression for Blind Deconvolution

Navin Sakthivel and Dr. Sandip Harimkar; Microstructure Evolution and Thermal Phenomenon During Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM)

14:30 - 15:45 Talks: Session 4 Session Chair: Vigneshwaran Krishnamurthy Judges: Dr. Balaji Jayaraman, Dr. Ehsan Moallem, Pamela Covington Reynolds

14:30 - 14:45 Sam Allison and Dr. He Bai; Trajectory Modeling for Quadrotors with Unknown Control Architecture

14:45 - 15:00 John Franke and Dr. Craig R. Bradshaw; Glycol Conditioning Loop for Coil Testing Facility

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15:00 - 15:15 Manikantam Gaddam and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan; Pore Water Pumping by Upside-Down Jellyfish

15:15 - 15:30 Sourabh Biswas, Linqi Zhang, S. Habib Alavi, A. Kaan Kalkan and Dr. Sandip P. Harimkar; Effect of Trace Addition of Graphene in Wear Behavior of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Laser Surface Textured Stainless Steel 15:30 - 15:45 Md Yeam Hossain and Dr. Christian Bach; Effect of Inlet Duct and Damper Design on ASHRAE 37/116 Fan Performance and Static Pressure Measurements

15:45 - 16:00 Closing remarks by GSC

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ABSTRACTS OF TALKS

Advisors are listed as the last authors in all the abstracts Presenting author is underlined in list of authors

Session 1: 9:15 - 10:15

Development of a Compressor Load Stand for the Investigation of Compressor Performance Using Low-GWP Refrigerants

Drew Schmidt and Dr. Craig Bradshaw

Development of a Compressor Load Stand for the Investigation of Compressor Performance using Low GWP Refrigerants Popular hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-134a and R410A are in the process of being phased out due to the high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of these fluids. A large variety of low-GWP refrigerants are being considered as replacements. As a result of high efficiency standards for HVAC&R equipment, the choice of refrigerant has a large impact on the design of a compressor to maximize its efficiency. Therefore, changing the most common refrigerants will require significant design changes to compressors and test environments to support re-design activities such as a hot-gas bypass compressor load stand. The hot-gas bypass style is a common method used to test compressors due to the many benefits it provides. A thermodynamic model of the load stand has been developed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to represent the operating principles of the vapor compression cycle. The compressor load stand will be capable of testing the performance of different compressors over a range of operating conditions. This information can then be used to optimize the compressor efficiency using low-GWP refrigerants. This presentation will explain the process of designing a hot-gas bypass load stand, and the methods and standards applied to correctly size the system and its components.

CFD Analysis of HVAC Duct Design and Fittings

Mansoor Ahmed, Dr. Christian Bach and Dr. Omer San

Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is widely used to investigate the turbulent flow characteristics to predict pressure loses, sources of noise and dissipations in duct-

flow systems. Pressure losses through ductwork systems affect HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) equipment energy efficiency and performance. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (ASHRAE, 2013) provides detailed design guidelines for HVAC ductworks. In this work, CFD analysis will be conducted to predict the pressure losses related to the duct design and fittings. Three dimensional rectangular duct with vertical offset is selected for this study with different other parameters e.g.; number of elbows used in the duct, types and location of elbows, number of turning vanes and their profiles. Moreover, the effect of damper’s location on pressure lose will also be studied. In addition to these, the influence of different flow conditions at duct inlet on the pressure loses will also be a part of this study. The purpose of this study is to suggest the best duct configuration for HVAC ductworks.

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Ultrasonic Vibration- Assisted Lase Drilling Experimental and Finite Element Analysis

S. Habib Alavi and Dr. Sandip P. Harimkar Incomplete expulsion of the melt during the conventional pulsed laser drilling can

potentially deteriorate the quality of the drilled holes and affect the efficiency of the drilling process. In a novel ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser drilling, high intensity vertical ultrasonic vibrations are used to facilitate the expulsion of the melt. It has been previously shown that the simultaneous application of ultrasonic vibrations (frequency of 20 kHz and vibration displacement of 23 µm) during continuous wave (CW) CO2 laser surface melting results in melt expulsion and formation of surface holes. In this study, geometric features and quality parameters of holes with laser irradiation time (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.35, 0.75, and 1.25 s) for the ultrasonic vibration-assisted CW CO2 laser surface drilling of AISI 316 stainless steel are investigated. High speed imaging (8000 fps) of the drilling process shows that the explosion of the droplets when the molten pool reaches to a critical volume. A multi-step finite element analysis of the drilling process, based on the necessity of critical volume of the melt for the initiation of expulsion, is performed to predict the volume of holes.

Orbiting Intruder Passive Ranging for Small UAS Detect-and-Avoid

Jordan Daugherty and Dr. He Bai We investigate the orbiting intruder passive ranging problem, where an ownship aircraft is moving with a constant velocity and the intruding aircraft is conducting an orbiting maneuver. We assume that the ownship measures the bearing angles to the intruder aircraft. We approach the problem utilizing a filter bank algorithm parameterized with respect to the range, the heading of the intruder, and the angular velocity. We test the performance of the filter bank algorithm using two different system models. The first system model comprises of the relative position in Cartesian coordinates and velocities in polar coordinates. The second system model is the modified polar coordinates. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations and utilize the root mean square error over time to determine the best parameterization of the filter algorithm for both system models. The results show that the system model in Cartesian coordinates performs better when estimating the range while the modified polar coordinates achieves better estimates for the heading of the intruder.We find that the filter in the modified polar coordinates exhibits more divergent behavior than the system in Cartesian coordinates. Both models show robustness with respect to ownship velocity noise and measurement bias.

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Session 2: 10:45 – 11:45

Design and Construction of a Coil Testing Facility for Commercial Size Heat Exchanger Coils

Mason Kincheloe and Dr. Christian Bach

Heat exchanger coils are used to provide heating and cooling in conditioning equipment. Testing of coils is necessary to evaluate how design changes, such as refrigerant distributer, fin type, and circuitry, affect heat exchanger coil performance. The current design status of the psychrometric coil testing facility, which allows this performance testing, will be discussed. The closed loop facility will contain various equipment to condition the air including heating/cooling coils, electric heaters, and a steam injection system. The tested heat exchanger coil may be up to 20 nominal tons of cooling capacity and will be housed in a 7 ft wide by 8 ft tall test section that can supply a maximum air flow rate of 8000 CFM. The facility will be able to operate over a temperature range of -10°F(-23°C) to 140°F(60°C). The design phase is complete and the facility is ready for construction. The design is ASHRAE standards compliant, the most notable being Standards 37 and 41.2 which aided in designing the airflow measurement apparatus and louvered air mixers, respectively. Future work to be completed includes construction of the coil testing facility and developing a LabVIEW controls interface to be integrated upon tunnel completion.

Velocity Fluctuations in the Long-Age Wake of Two Simplified Model Helicopter Hubs

Christopher Petrin and Dr. Brian Elbing

The flow around a helicopter rotor hub is responsible for up to 30% of the vehicle’s parasite drag. This is because the hub is a group of rotating bluff-body shapes exposed to high-velocity flow, thus producing hub revolution-dependent flow structures in the hub wake, which propagate downstream and interact with the tail, producing drag and impacting stability and performance. So far, a few hubs of specific helicopters have been studied, but their complex shapes have limited further computational and experimental validation. The objective of this study is to characterize the long-age wake of a geometrically simple helicopter hub. Two scale models were examined, each with features representing important large-scale hub geometry. The models were mounted in the Experimental Flow Physics Laboratory Large Water Tunnel, and tested at a hub diameter-based Reynolds number of 7.6 × 105 . Phase-averaged velocity measurements were taken 7 hub radii downstream of the hub. Similar trends to previous works were observed, including predominant 2-per-revolution, 4-per-revolution and 6-per-revolution fluctuations. This study contributes to a better understanding of hub flow physics by establishing a baseline case to which further parametric variations can be compared.

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Cooperative Aerial Load Transportation

Sandesh Thapa and Dr. He Bai This paper presents a group of aerial manipulators collaboratively transporting a

flexible payload. Each aerial manipulator (AM) is a combination of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) with a two-degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator (RM) attached to it. A full dynamic model of an aerial manipulator is developed based on Euler-Lagrange formulation. A minimal representation of end-effector kinematic model is derived from the system dynamics. Contact forces between agents (aerial manipulators) and the payload is modeled as the gradient of nonlinear potentials that describe the deformation of the payload. Decentralized control laws are developed for cooperative payload transportation without explicit communication between agents which eventually maintains a constant velocity among the agents and the contact forces are regulated. We successfully demonstrate our methods on a group of aerial manipulators via simulation.

Update to Measurements of Office Equipment Heat Gain Data (ASHRAE 1742-RP)

Omer Sarfraz and Dr. Christian Bach

The HVAC community focuses on improving the energy efficiency of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and on developing better building envelope systems. In the past years, this has substantially reduced heating and cooling loads as well as the associated electricity and heating fuel consumption. Plug loads are now one of the main contributors to overall modern building power consumption and account for almost 5% of the US total primary energy consumption (NREL 2011). It is important to assess the energy consumed by plug loads accurately since overestimation can result in oversized HVAC systems increasing capital and operating cost while undersized systems can result in thermal comfort problems for occupants. The ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook’s heat gain and load factor tables were last updated in 2009. Since then, equipment’s power management capabilities improved tremendously and new types of office equipment were introduced. ASHRAE, therefore, funded research project RP- 1742 to update heat gain and load factor tables. This presentation outlines the experimental methodology used in RP-1742 to measure heat gain values for various office equipment. It also explains the procedure adopted to calculate diversity factors and load factors for various office spaces.

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Session 3: 13:00 – 14:00

Experimental Validation of Refrigerant charge models in Coils for Residential Split Systems

Juseok Lee, Dr. Craig R. Bradshaw and Dr. Christian Bach The purpose of my research is to provide reliable refrigerant charge and oil retention

data for heat exchangers. It is necessary to optimize the amount of refrigerant in the air conditioning systems to achieve proper performance and efficiency. But, it is difficult to predict the optimal amount of refrigerant when the same outdoor coil is connected to indoor coils with different sizes since indoor coils’ internal volume varies. Particularly, in the case of a heat pump, when the outdoor units are operated at a low temperature, the outdoor coil contains more oil compared to normal operation conditions due the lower pressure and temperature in that operating mode. Oil starvation will substantially reduce a compressor’s life time. Thus, it is crucial to have high quality data for oil retention and refrigerant charge of diverse heat exchangers. In this study, we will develop a specially designed heat exchanger sample unit and experiment in a realistic operating conditions. Then, we will determine the amount of refrigerant and oil in the sample by instantaneously isolating and weighing the sample. This data will help manufacturers and researchers to validate their simulation models, ultimately allowing to predict the amount of refrigerant and oil in heat exchangers.

Diastolic vortex alteration under varying left ventricular wall stiffness and geometry Milad Samaee and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan Increased left ventricle (LV) stiffness and thickness are major mechanisms causing

LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in over 50% of heart failures (HF). Numerous studies have observed the formation of an intraventricular filling vortex during the filling (diastole) phase of the cardiac cycle. However, alterations to the intraventricular filling vortex with increasing LV stiffness and thickness have not been previously examined. We hypothesized that increased LV stiffness and thickness will cause reduction of the intraventricular filling vortex strength (circulation). Three flexible LV physical models of varying wall stiffness and one with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were tested in a flow circuit driven by a programmable piston pump across 3 HRs of 70, 100, and 110 bpm. 2D time-resolved particle image velocimetry measurements were acquired to visualize intraventricular filling flow. The setup was tuned to obtain physiological hemodynamics for the least stiff LV model. Peak circulation was largest for the least stiff model across all HRs and decreased with increasing LV stiffness and thickness in HCM model. These results show the potential diagnostic value of the peak intraventricular filling vortex circulation in tracking pathological changes to LV stiffness and thickness in LVDD.

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Amorphous materials- processing, applications and limitations

Himabindu Kasturi and Dr. Sandip Harimkar Amorphous alloys/ bulk metallic glasses are a new class of materials that are known

to exhibit excellent corrosion and wear resistance along with high strength. These characteristics are primarily due to the microstructure of amorphous alloys, where in unlike conventional metals, there is no well-defined arrangement of particles. Therefore, the processing of these alloys is important to retain the amorphous structure to the maximum extent possible. However, these alloys are also plagued by their own limitations, with high brittleness being one. For example, Fe based amorphous alloys, although known for their corrosion and wear resistance, are also extremely brittle which prevent their use in structural applications. In a bid to improve these properties, development of bulk metallic composites has been extensively studied. Addition of external reinforcements to form these composites, that can improve the plasticity of these materials and the effective processing technique to fabricate these composites is the scope of this presentation.

Bubble Size Distribution under High Amplitude Vibration

Sharouz Mohagheghian and Dr. Brian Elbing

Vertical vibration is known to account for bubble breakup, clustering, and, retardation in gas-liquid system. These characteristics can be disastrous for pumping systems

inside of a liquid propulsion space vehicle. However, in a contact reactor vibration increases the mass transfer ratio by increasing the residence time and phase interfacial area. There is a minimum body of research on the topic and the physics is far from understood. This work uses a custom made vibrating bubble column setup to investigate the effect of gas flow rate and vibration characteristics on the bubble size distribution (BSD). Here vibration frequency and amplitude was tested in the range of 8-12Hz and 1-10mm; while, superficial gas velocity was varied from 7 to 55 mm/s. Additionally, fluid dynamics behavior of the bubble under different vibration conditions was studied. BSD was measured using ImageJ by evaluation of the bubbles area from images taken by highspeed camera. This work marks three distinct bubble behavior pattern corresponding to the increase of shaker input power. Pseudo-levitation of bubble clusters was observed over certain test conditions. In addition, results suggest that higher order statistics are good indications of regime change.

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Session 4: 14:30 – 15:45

Trajectory Modeling for Quadrotors with Unknown Control Architecture

Sam Allison and Dr. He Bai Quadrotors are already widely used in a number of fields, such as film-making and surveying. However, a lack of reliability and predictability necessitates close

supervision by a trained pilot. This prevents many of their potential uses as autonomous systems from being leveraged. One of the most important requirements that must be met before allowing the use of autonomous quadrotors in crowded environments is ensuring that they are able to consistently follow a desired trajectory. In order to test this capability, accurate models need to be used in order to test the quadrotors’ responses to disturbances, namely wind, and to determine the most appropriate methods to mitigate the disturbances. However, since the controllers and exact specifications for many commercially available quadrotors are not available to the public, it is difficult to develop accurate models. My work is focused on using machine learning to determine the quadrotor models and using control techniques such as iterative learning control (ILC) to better reproduce desired trajectories. Initial findings indicate that ILC will generate a set of waypoints that, after a few tens of iterations, will converge a nearby set of waypoints to a set that results in the desired trajectory.

Glycol Conditioning Loop for Coil Testing Facility

John Franke and Dr. Craig R. Bradshaw A commercial heat exchanger test facility is being built in the ATRC lower basement.

This facility is divided into a test section and a conditioning section. The most important requirement for the facility to function properly is a prompt and accurate conditioning section. When the tested heat exchanger coil is in operation, the psychrometric properties of the air in the test section change. In order to accurately measure the performance of the tested coil, the air entering the test section must be held at constant specified psychrometric properties. The conditioning loop is composed of four heat pumps connected to four fluid-to-air heat exchangers in the conditioning section. This equipment is used to restore the air to the conditions desired for the test section. The majority of research involved in this project was material selection for the piping. The current status of the project is approximately 75% of the design process is complete with requisite parts in hand awaiting construction. The remaining design work involves connecting the campus chill water from the building to the experimental conditioning loop. This research can be very easily translated to nearly any scientific field.

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Pore-Water Pumping by Upside-Down Jellyfish

Manikantam Gaddam and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan

Cassiopea medusae, commonly called upside-down jellyfish, are found in sheltered marine environments with low-speed ambient flows. These medusae exhibit a sessile and non-swimming lifestyle. They orient with their bells attached

to the substrate and oral arms point towards sunlight. Pulsations of their bells are used to generate currents for suspension feeding and fluid exchange. Their pulsations have also been proposed to generate forces that can release sediment locked nutrients into the surrounding water. The goal of this study is to examine pore water pumping by Cassiopea individuals in laboratory aquaria, as a model to understand pore water pumping in unsteady flows. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements were conducted to visualize the pore water release via bell motion, using fluorescent dye which was placed underneath the substrate. 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were conducted on the same individuals to correlate PLIF-based concentration profiles with the jets generated due to medusae pulsations. The effects of varying bell diameter on pore water release and pumping currents will be discussed.

Effect of Trace Addition of Graphene in Wear Behavior of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Laser Surface Textured Stainless Steel

Sourabh Biswas, Linqi Zhang, S. Habib Alavi, A. Kaan Kalkan and Dr. Sandip P. Harimkar

Material loss and surface damage have often been cited to reduce the life of contacting structural components, and therefore, the lubrication of the components have been one of the most popular research topics. In this investigation, a unique manufacturing approach was used that involved using a high power laser to texture a steel substrate with microscopic holes while the substrate was simultaneously vibrated with ultrasonic vibrations. The textured substrates were subsequently studied using wear testing with trace addition of graphene (a solid lubricant). It was concluded that increasing the ultrasonic vibration amplitude increases the depth of the holes, increasing the efficiency in storing graphene, thereby reducing the friction and wear damage. Furthermore, the structural transformations of graphene was studied using Raman spectroscopy that indicated that the severe shear stresses experienced by the graphene triggered formation of disordered graphene.

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Effect of Inlet Duct and Damper Design on ASHRAE 37/116 Fan Performance and Static Pressure Measurements

Md Yeam Hossain and Dr. Christian Bach ASHARE and AHRI provides various standards for designing a test setup for HVAC systems, but none of those specify the effect of inlet ductwork or damper positions on the performance of the fan. This study will evaluate the performance of fan in a HVAC system for various design parameters like geometry of inlet duct, elbow types, positions and numbers, length of straight section, position of dampers. The load on the fan, air flow profile and pressure loss across the fan and the system are also to be observed. The experimental set up includes HVAC system of various capacities. For the experimental purpose, we are considering 1.5 ton, 3 ton and 5-ton split system air handlers. We will consider straight duct and duct with elbow. The dimensions and length of the HVAC system will also be varied. The preliminary test plan includes 90-degree square corner and round shape corner elbows, as well as dampers operated at different opening degrees. Static pressures will be measured at the beginning and end of an elbow section, also at the inlet and outlet of the fan section to observe the pressure drop in the system and across the fan. Finally, the experimental results will be used to validate CFD simulations of the inlet ductwork.

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ABSTRACTS OF POSTERS

Advisors are listed as the last authors in all the abstracts Presenting author is underlined in list of authors

Session 1: 10:15 -10:45

Integrating Sensors into Microcontroller for Experimental Use

Tian Jing Tang and Dr. Christian Bach In determining the performance of building thermal systems, one of the main issues

is that the actual end-use-efficiency of building thermal systems [1] cannot be determined due to financial constraints. In order to determine end-use efficiency, the temperature and air flow rate needs to be measured at each diffuser, leading to very high costs if using conventional airflow measurement devices. If conventional airflow measurement devices are used, the costs of the whole research project are going to be very high. You might have thought that real-world performance of HVAC system have been exhaustively studied. In reality, the studies of real-world performance that actually measure the system performance are actually close to none. A similar statement or definition of the sentence mentioned before is that car owners tried to compare fuel efficiency by looking at how much gasoline they used over a year instead of counting the miles per gallon. To measure the end-use efficiency or system performance, instead of using conventional airflow devices, the same can be achieve by using sensors and microcontroller, and the cost is also a magnitude lower than conventional airflow measurement devices.

Leaky flow through bristled wings of the smallest flying insects

Vishwa Teja Kasoju, Mitchell Ford, Skyler Jacob and Dr. Arvind Santhanakrishnan Tiny insects with body lengths under 1 mm, such as thrips, use fringed/bristled wings for flapping flight at Reynolds number (Re) on the order of 10. These tiny

insects have been observed to use wing-wing interaction via the clap and fling mechanism. In this study, we examine how varying the gap or spacing between a pair of bristles (G) relative to bristle diameter (D) impacts the forces and flow structures generated during wing-wing interaction. The bristle gap to diameter (G/D) ratios in a number of thrips species were quantified from published data. Physical models of Bristled wing pairs with G/D in the range of 5-17 and a geometrically equivalent solid wing pair were developed for this study. These physical models were tested using a dynamically scaled robot that was programmed to execute clap and fling kinematics. Non-dimensional lift and drag coefficients were estimated from strain gauge measurements of time-varying forces. Phase-locked particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were used to examine flow through the bristles. Chordwise PIV measurements were used to visualize leading and trailing edge vortices formed over the wings during flapping. The results show that both lift and drag forces reduce with increase in G/D. However, leaky flow through the bristles reduce the drag force by a larger proportion relative to the reduction in lift force, thus increasing the lift to drag ratio (aerodynamic efficiency) of flapping flight.

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Muscular co-contractions in relation to osteoarthritis

Eranda Ekanayake and Dr. Jerome Hausselle

Introduction: Age-related joint degeneration is a burden for the patients, their families, and the entire healthcare system. Osteoarthritis, which is a disease characterized by cartilage disappearance, may arise from excessive muscular co-contractions that produce higher-than-normal joint contact forces. As a first step towards assessing agerelated effects, we quantified muscular co-contractions of young subjects during gait. Methods. We recruited thirteen healthy subjects (18-25 years old) and measured the electrical activities (EMG) of eight lower limb muscles during a 10-minute walk at a selfselected speed. EMG signals were filtered, rectified, smoothed, and summed to obtain the total EMG activities of the quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemii, and tibialis anterior muscles. We defined co-contraction indices as the duration of the gait cycle when flexors and extensors muscles were activated at the same time. Results. Co-contractions of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles ranged from 24% to 57% of the gait cycle, whereas co-contractions of the gastrocnemii and tibialis anterior muscles ranged from 4% to 43%. Conclusions. Our findings highlight large inter-individual co-contraction indices, even amongst young subjects. Higher-than-normal muscular co-contractions relate to various risks of long-term knee and ankle joint degeneration thus, to prevent long-term joint issues, we must develop efficient rehabilitation programs to correct muscle imbalances.

Modification of Flat Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer within a Drag Reducing Polymer Solution

Yasaman Farsiani and Dr. Brian R. Elbing Addition of a small amount of very large polymer molecules to a liquid can

dramatically reduce the energy dissipation it exhibits in the turbulent flow regime by showing decrease in skin friction drag by over 80%. This has been utilized in many applications including oil pipelines (successful in 800 miles Alaska pipelines), surface ships, fire hoses and even drug delivery. In spite of these numerous applications there still remain unsolved fundamental issues and unclear drag reduction mechanism. One significant open area of research is the proper scaling of the mean and fluctuating velocity profiles within a polymer modified turbulent boundary layer (TBL) at high-Reynolds numbers. In the current study functional dependence of the polymeric velocity profiles on flow and polymer properties and assessing its sensitivity to each parameter is executed which results in understanding of how polymer solution modifies turbulence that could facilitates new applications or another scale in studying the turbulence. Current presentation focuses on baseline measurements (non-polymeric) of velocity distribution and TBL features near the wall using particle image velocimetry. A floating plate type skin friction sensor is being established and preliminary data on scaled polymeric velocity profiles and its parameter studies will be presented.

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Session 2: 14:00 -14:30

Modeling and Control Strategies Investigation of Ground Source Heat Pump with Dual Thermal Storage Tanks.

Kien Leong Heng and Dr. Christian Bach

A large number of heat pump system concepts were proposed and studied during the past decade in hopes of finding an efficient low cost heating and cooling system. The present study proposes a new heat pump system concept with two thermal storage water tanks for daily energy storage, combined with a ground loop for seasonal storage. Investigation of control strategies of the heat pump is part of this modelling project. The system will provide room heating and cooling by using fan coil units with water from two tanks, as well as domestic hot water. The two water storage tanks act as heat sink or source, depending on the operation of the heat pump and the connected users. The ground source heat exchanger serves as heat sink or source once the short term tanks capacities’ are exhausted. Modeling and simulation of the system be done in Dymola, a Modelica language base simulation software to investigate different control strategies for the switch between the tanks and the ground loop. A compressor model was already built using manufacturer data. A stratified tank model was built using the multi-node model from Kleinbach, Beckman & Klein (1993). Other component models including a model for the fan coil unit and for the ground source heat exchanger will be selected from Modelica Building Library.

Subfilter recovery for the turbulence modeling of large eddy simulations using sparse regression for blind deconvolution.

Romit Maulik and Dr. Omer San

We present a data-driven sparse regression framework for the blind deconvolution of flow variables from their coarse-grained computations such as those encountered in large eddy simulations. In our context, a sparse regression algorithm is utilized to obtain a functional relationship which represents the inverse filtering procedure for subfilter recovery. Mathematically, the logic of sparse regression stems from the fact that any functional form that captures our inverse filtering must exist in an extremely large space of functions making an L1-norm search for our solution feasible. We stress that the deconvolution procedure proposed in this investigation is blind, i.e. the deconvolved field is computed without any pre-existing information about the filtering procedure or kernel. This may be conceptually contrasted to the celebrated approximate deconvolution approaches where a filter shape is predefined for an iterative deconvolution process. We demonstrate that the proposed blind deconvolution network performs exceptionally well in the a-priori testing of two-dimensional Kraichnan, three-dimensional Kolmogorov and compressible stratified turbulence test cases. It is also seen that the deconvolution performance of this framework is universal, wherein the implicit knowledge of the inverse filtering procedure may be leveraged for flows existing in completely different physical regimes. Our results are promising and lay the foundation of a physics-augmented data-driven closure for the Navier-Stokes equations.

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Microstructure evolution and Thermal phenomenon during Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENSTM)

Navin Sakthivel and Dr. Sandip Harimkar

Laser Engineered Net ShapingTM is one of the methods of Additive Manufacturing (AM), which falls under the AM classification of Direct Energy Deposition (DED). It is

one of the most significant methods to manufacture metal based components. The parts manufactured through LENS method are highly dense and are comparable to forged parts in density. This advantage of minimal porosity make LENSTM method as the most suitable method of Additive Manufacturing for producing metal parts. In addition, LENSTM offer a very important advantage versus other methods in repair of parts thus facilitating employment in MRO (Maintenance, Repair and Overhauling) industry. Having delineated the above applications and importance of LENSTM, quality attributes like strength, dimensional accuracy, precision, repeatability, surface finish etc. remains to be challenging to achieve defect free components. Hence, it is important to study the characteristics, processing conditions to controll the microstructure evolution and the thermal behavior phenomenon for the application of LENSTM in development of metal alloys, composites and their processing conditions to employ LENSTM in the light of complex applications of repair in MRO. Literature analysis depicts a paucity of a comprehensive review article, which consolidates the various phenomena of LENSTM to furnish as a guideline for comprehending the dynamics of controlling the properties of components manufactured through LENSTM process by understanding the thermal phenomenon and the evolution of microstructure of various alloy systems. Thus in the direction of bridging the gap, this review article encapsulates the various aspects of LENSTMprocess to cater as a consummate endeavor to facilitate the research community in developing high quality metal components with precision and accuracy and perform appropriate metallurgical repair applications through LENSTM process.

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PRESENTING AUTHORS

Mansoor Ahmed mansoor.ahmed@okstate.edu

Sam Allison sam.allison@okstate.edu

S. Habib Alavi habib.alavi@okstate.edu

Sourabh Biswas sourabh.biswas@okstate.edu

Jordan Daugherty Jordan.daugherty@okstate.edu

Eranda Ekanayake eekanay@okstate.edu

Yasaman Farsiani yasaman.farsiani@okstate.edu

John Franke john.franke@okstate.edu

Manikantam Gaddam manikantam.gaddam@okstate.edu

Kien Leong Heng kienlh@okstate.edu

Md Yeam Hossain yeam.hossain@okstate.edu

Vishwa Teja Kasoju vishwa.kasoju@okstate.edu

Himabindu Kasturi himabindu.kasturi@okstate.edu

Mason Kincheloe mason.kincheloe@okstate.edu

Juseok Lee abraham.lee@okstate.edu

Romit Maulik romit.maulik@okstate.edu

Shahrouz Mohagheghian mohaghe@okstate.edu

Christopher Petrin cepetri@okstate.edu

Navin Sakthivel nsakthi@okstate.edu

Milad Samaee milad.samaee@okstate.edu

Omer Sarfraz sarfraz@okstate.edu

Drew Schmidt drew.schmidt@okstate.edu

Tian Jing Tang tj.tang@okstate.edu

Sandesh Thapa sandesh.thapa@okstate.edu

,

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JUDGES

Dr. Aurelie Azoug, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Winyoo Chowanadisai, Assistant Professor, Department of Nutritional Sciences Dr. Imraan Faruque, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Daniel Fisher, Professor and Head, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Richard Gaeta, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Aditya Jayadas, Assistant Professor, Department of Design, Housing and Merchandising Dr. Balaji Jayaraman, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Kaan Kalkan, Associate Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Ehsan Moallem, Lecturer, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hadi Noori, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Pamela Covington Reynolds, Proposal Editor and Writer, CEAT Research Administration Thrupthi Konanur Srikanta, Instructional Support Specialist, ITLE Dr. Shuodao Wang, Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Melissa White, Proposal Development Specialist, CEAT Research Administration

VOLUNTEERS

Manjari Allu maallu@ostatemail.okstate.edu

Phanidar Chiluka pchiluk@ostatemail.okstate.edu

Manogna Jambhapuram mjambha@ostatemail.okstate.edu

Himabindu Kasturi hkastur@ostatemail.okstate.edu

Matt Mitchell matt.s.mitchell@okstate.edu

Sabiju Valiya Valappil svaliya@ostatemail.okstate.edu

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NOTES