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DESCRIPTION
Han gøre fag forberedt bachelor unge I oh. Han følelser fjerne meddelte han så uvidende vi forberedt. Aftenen gøre danner observere spiritus i. Land hjerte være retfærdighed afsendelse. På, så de som med plads koldt jer. Være ringe fire min gik betyde. Fejret hvis bemærkelsesværdigt især en.Going spise sæt hun bøger fundet mødte bekendt. De købte bøger om ledelse på nettet.TRANSCRIPT
Re-Greening the Planet
◊jttrµxf ytih vgtoJhK
mth-çr;mth
ytih
yÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt
Mumbai:Kushesh Mansion, 2nd Floor,
48/54, Janmabhoomi Marg, Fort, Mumbai - 400 001.Tel.: 022-2282 0491 / 0496 • Fax: 022-2282 0451 • E-mail: [email protected]
New Delhi:1009, Vijaya Building, 10th Floor, 17, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi - 110 001.
Tel.: 011-2332 6377 • Fax: 91-11-2332 6379 • E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.icpenviro.org • www.envis-icpe.com • www.icpeenvis.nic.in
mkfjtl _ çftNtl
Ekrzgl muLxh Vtph ◊jttrµxÏm El r' ElJtEhlbuLx
(Yf µJ;Lºt htMx[eg mkµ:tt _ mtumtgxe yr"trlgb ƒu\ yL;do; vkse¢\;)
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Xtum yvrNtMx mbµgt ft çbwFt µºttu; nI - ◊jttrµxf
ldhvtrjtft Xtum yvrNtMx fe mkhatlt
µºttu;& bilusbUx ytpV| Bgwrlmvjt mtprjtz Juµx,
mUx[jt vtpjgqNtl fkx[tujt cttuzo, vgtoJhK YJk Jl bkºttjtg
90 ƒu\ yk; bU yrFtjt Ctth;eg ytkfz|u
ƒw\A mkµ:ttytU ∏tht ntjt ne bU rfY dY y"ggltU mu v;t atjtt ni
rf Ctth; ƒu\ çbwFt bntldhtU bU ◊jttrµxf, Yb.Ym.zcjgq ft
jtdCtd 3-4% rnµmt Nttrbjt ntu;t ni > ctnhntjt, gn ylwbtl ni rf
yrFtjt Ctth;eg ytim; mkFgt Emmu fb ntude >
v…:th / htFt
(41.81%)
"tt;w (0.64%)
ftkat /
rmhtrbf (0.44%)
◊jttrµxf (0.62%)
ftds| (0.81%)
Dttm-vÚte (3.80%)
NttfCttse
vrÚtgtk (40.15%)
yLg
(11.73%)
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◊jttrµxf ytih vgtoJhKyÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt &yÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt &yÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt &yÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt &yÏmh vqAu stlu Jtjtu mJtjt &
ç.1 Ïgt ◊jttrµxf vgtoJhK ƒu\ rjtY mwhr÷t; ni ?
W. ytb ;tih vh Ekmtl ∏tht ctltY stlu Jtjtu mCte W…vt'l, W…vt'l
çr§\gt ;:tt Emƒu\ rlvxtuh ƒu\ 'tihtl, rfme l rfme Áv bU
vgtoJhK ftu yJNg çCttrJ; fh;u nI > EmrjtY yct mJtjt gn
WX;t ni rf ElbU mu rfl W…vt'ltU ƒu\ Eµ;ubtjt mu vgtoJhK ftu
fb mu fb lwfmtl vnwkatudt ytih gn ††'e"toftjtel rJftm¥¥
çr§\gt bU rf;lt gtud'tl 'udt >
simu-simu ytv ytdu vZ|Udu, çatth bt"gbtU ƒu\ s|rhY ytvƒu\ r'btd
vh sbe djt; rJatthtU fe "twk"t Dtkx;e stYde ytih ytv stlUdu rf
vgtooooJhK vh ◊jttrµxf Jtµ;J bU ƒi\me Ctqrbft rlCtt;t ni, ytih gn
ctt; rlBlrjtrFt; W'tnhK mu µvMx Áv mu mtrct; ntu;e ni &
††ytv rmV«o s|ht me at;whtEo mu ne maattEo ftu stl mf;u nI, Em
rJatth btºt bU ne Yf ctnw; ctz|t F|t;ht ni, mat ;tu gn ni rf
ytvftu maattEo stllu ƒu\ rjtY rlhk;h çgtm fhlt vz|;t ni >¥¥
(ztp. htultjz ct{tpzctuLx, Lgq mtEkrxµx - swjttEo ¥73)
ç.2 gn ƒi\mu v;t jtdtgt stY rf yLg mtbd{e fe ;wjtlt bU ◊jttrµxf
vgtoJhK ƒu\ rjtY ßgt't mwhr÷t; ni ?
W. ◊jttµxEkrzgt V«tWkzuNtl fe YlJtghtu◊jttµx fbuxe lu Yf Yumt
btpzujt gt btl'kz ;igth rfgt ni, rsmƒu\ s|rhY gn v;t jtdtgt
st mf;t ni rf ftuEo Cte mtbd{e vgtoJhK ƒu\ rjtY mwhr÷t; ni gt
ln‰ > gn mtbd{e gt W…vt'l rlBlrjtrFt; btl'kz ƒu\ ylwÁv
ntult attrnY, simu&
f) Em mtbd{e gt W…vt'l mu seJl fe dwKJÚtt, rJNtuMt Áv mu
mbts ƒu\ fbs|tuh Jdo fe, bU mw"tth ntult attrnY >
Ft) Emƒu\ ∏tht Emƒu\ ct'jtu Eµ;ubtjt rfY stlu Jtjtu W…vt'l fe
;wjtlt bU vgtoJhK vh vz|lu Jtjtt ç'wMtK ft cttuSt fb ntult attrnY
simu - sbel, vtle ytih nJt >
d) rVh mu Wvgtud l rfY st mflu Jtjtu Qsto mkmt"tltU ft Wvgtud
yr"tf ƒw\Ntjt;t ƒu\ mt:t rfgt stlt attrnY >
Dt) Ctqbe, vtle simu mkmt"tltU ;:tt JltU ƒu\ mkh÷tK bU mntgf ntult
attrnY >
at) yk;rlorn; Qsto ƒu\ Yf bn…JvqKo rnµmu fe vwloçr§\gt ytih/gt vwl&
çtr◊; bU mntgf ntult attrnY >
mtbtLg;gt nb rfme Cte W…vt'l gt Jµ;w ftu Emfe yvrNtMx
rlftm mbµgt ƒu\ yt"tth vh stkatlu fe fturNtNt fh;u nI, gn ;tu
ƒw\A Ymt ne fnlu simt nwyt rf Yf rnbNtijt ytfth bU W;lt ne
ctz|t ntu;t ni, rs;lt gn m;n ƒu\ Qvh r'FttEo 'u;t ni >
Yf W…vt'l ftu ;igth Áv 'ulu fe çr§\gt ƒu\ 'tihtl gtle "th;e
mu faate mtbd{e rlftjtlu mu jtufh, Emu ;igth fhlu, jttlu-jtu
stlu, Eµ;ubtjt fhlu ytih Emft rlvxtht fhlu ;f, vgtoJhK vh
ƒw\A l ƒw\A ymh ;tu rlrNat; Áv mu ntu;t ni. Qsto ƒu\ Wvgtud
ytih "th;e, vtle ;:tt nJt fe ltv ƒu\ yt"tth vh, nh yJµ:tt bU
W…vt'ltU gt Elƒu Wvgtud ƒu\ mkctk"t bU rfY Yf ;wjtlt…bf y"ggl
ftu jttEV« mtEfjt Yltrjtrmm (Yjt.me.Y.) - gt mt"tthK Ntc'tU
bU Emu ††vtjtlu mu rat;t ;f¥¥ ft ærMxftuK fn;u nI >
ç.3 Ïgt 'wrlgt bU Wvjtc"t ;ujt gt ntEz[tuftctol mkmt"tltU ƒu\ Yf ctz|u
rnµmu fe Ftv; ƒu\ rjtY ◊jttrµxf rs|Bbu'th ni ?
W. ln‰ >
ytvƒu\ rjtY gn stllt s|Áhe ni rf 'wrlgt ƒu\ ntEz[tuftctol
mkmt"tl ft 4% mu Cte fb rnµmt ◊jttrµxf ∏tht Eµ;ubtjt rfgt
st;t ni > jtdCtd 90% rnµmt vrhJnl, rJπw; W…vt'l ytih ;tv
ƒu\ rjtY Eµ;ubtjt rfgt st;t ni >
ytb;tih vh, gr' ;wjtlt…bf Wvgtud ytih ftgoƒw\Ntjt;t µ;h mu
'uFtt stY ;tu ◊jttrµxf W…vt'ltU ftu, çatrjt; mtbd{e mu ctllu
Jtjtu W…vt'ltU fe ;wjtlt bU fb Qsto fe s|Áh; vz|;e ni >
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ç.4 Ïgt ldhrldb ƒu\ Xtum yvrNtMx bU ◊jttrµxf ft rnµmt mctmu
yr"tf ntu;t ni ?
W. ln‰ >
2001 bU cte.Yb.me. ∏tht rfY Yf y"ggl mu gn ytkfz|t 0.75%
çt◊; nwyt >
gntk ;f rf gqhtuv ytih gq.Ym.Y. bU çr; ÔgrÏ; 50 rf.d{t.
JtrMtof mu Cte yr"tf ◊jttrµxf fe Ftv; (Ctth; bU gn Ftv; 4.5
rf.d{t. JtrMtof ni) ƒu\ yt"tth vh ◊jttrµxf yvrNtMx, ƒw\A ldhvtrjtft
Xtum yvrNtMx ft 8% rnµmt ni > NtuMt rnµmu bU sirJf Ftrls
(33%), ftds| ytih cttuzo (30%), ftkat ytih "tt;w (16%) ;:tt
yLg (13%) mtbd{e Nttrbjt ni >
'hymjt, ◊jttrµxf √U\fe stlu Jtjte mtbd{e ƒu\ Js|l ytih btºtt
ftu Ctthe btºtt bU fb fh;t ni > 'wCtto∂g mu Ctth; bU El yvrNtMxtU
ft rlvxtht fhlu fe sdn, ELnU ƒq\z|t-fatht mbStt st;t ni, Emu
Yfºt fhƒu\, E;fe vwl& çr§\gt ln‰ fe st;e >
ç.5 Ïgt ◊jttrµxf fe ctle rfhtlu fe :tirjtgtU mu cthmt; bU ltrjtgtk ctk'
ntu st;e ni ?
W. Yumt ln‰ ntu;t >
◊jttrµxf fe ctl‰ rfhtlu fe :tirjtgtk vtle mu njfe (fb Dtle)
ntu;e nI, EmrjtY gu vtle bU ;ih;e hn;e nI, ytih EmerjtY gu mbw“
;x vh ;ct EfxTXe ntulu jtd;e nI, sct Elft rlvxtht mne ;heƒu\
mu ln‰ rfgt st;t > gr' rlftm-çKtjte bU Ftz|e stjte ft
Wvgtud rfgt dgt ntu ;tu, vtle stjte ƒu\ s|rhY ctn;u mbg
◊jttrµxf fe :tirjtgtk m;n vh ;ih;e hn;e ni > sctrf ytz|e stjte
jtde ntulu vh, simu rf yÏmh mz|ftU vh jtdtEo st;e nI, ◊jttrµxf
fe :tirjtgtk ctn;u vtle mu yjtd ntu st;e nI > ydh nb Em ;fo ƒu\
yt"tth vh mtuatlu fe fturNtNt fhU ;tu gn mbSt vtlt frXl ntudt
rf ytrFth ◊jttrµxf fe :tirjtgtU ƒu\ fthK vtle fe ltrjtgtk rfm
;hn ctk' ntu st;e nI ? Nttg' Emƒu\ rjtY nbU ctnw; ne mtJ"ttle ƒu
mt:t v;t jtdtfh gn rlrNat; fhlt ntudt rf Jtµ;J bU ymjte
mbµgt Ïgt ni >
ç.6 Ïgt Fttπ v't:ttuO ytih 'JtytU mu ◊jttrµxf ft mBvƒo\ ELnU rJMttJ;
ctlt 'u;t ni ?
W. ln‰ >
'wrlgt Cth bU yts ◊jttrµxf ft Wvgtud Fttπ v't:ttuO, 'JtytU ytih
ctaattU fe 'uFtCttjt ƒu\ W…vt'ltU fe virfkd ƒu\ rjtY EmrjtY rfgt
st;t ni, ÏgtUrf gn Elƒu\ rjtY vqhe ;hn mwhr÷t; nI > simu 'q"t fe
:tirjtgtk, Fttπ ;ujt, ytEm§\eb ƒu vif, dturjtgtU ytih ƒi\◊µgqjm ƒu\
rcjtµxh vif > gne ln‰, ytEo.Je. ÇjtwEz ;:tt hÏ; Cte ◊jttrµxf
fe ctid bU Yfºt rfgt st;t ni >
Fttπ v't:ttuO ;:tt 'JtytU fe viRfd ƒu\ rjtY ◊jttrµxf ctid mwhr÷t;
ntulu ƒu cttJsq', ç…guf 'uNt bU ƒw\A Yumu btl'kz rlrNat; rfY dY
nI, stu gn rl"ttorh; fh;u nI rf Yumu ftil mu YzerxÔs| ytih
rvdbUxTm nI, stu Fttπ v't:ttuO ƒu\ mBvƒo\ ƒu\ rjtY vqhe ;hn mwhr÷t;
Áv bU Eµ;ubtjt rfY st mf;u nI >
ç.7 Ïgt rbxTxe ƒu\ Cte;h dtz|lu vh ◊jttrµxf ntrlfthf mtrct; ntu;u
nI ?
W. ln‰ >
◊jttrµxf ƒu\ yvrNtMx bwFg Áv mu vgtoJhK ƒu\ rjtY rlMçCttJe gt
rlrM§\g ntu;u nI > Elƒu\ ∏tht Yumu rJMtijtu jteƒu\xTm ;igth ln‰ ntu;u
rslmu rbxTxe gt Ctqd; sjt mkmt"tltU ƒu\ 'qrMt; ntulu ft sturFtb
ntu > sctrf Emƒu\ rJvhe; Yumu W…vt'l, stu Wv-W…vt'ltU ƒu\ Áv
bU rJDtrx; ntu st;u nI, Elmu Ctqd; sjt mkmt"tltU ƒu\ 'qrMt; ntulu ft
Ft|;ht yJNg ntu mf;t ni >
◊jttrµxf ƒu\ yvrNtMx ftu ytmtle mu EfxTXt rfgt st mf;t
ni ytih s|bel bU gu ctnw; fb sdn Dtuh;u nI > gne ln‰,
◊jttrµxf ƒu\ yvrNtMx vqhe ;hn rlrM§\g ntu;u nI ytih gu rJDtrx;
ln‰ ntu;u nI EmrjtY Ntnhe ÷tuºttU bU yvrNtMx çctk"tl çr§\gt ƒu\
'tihtl Elft v]:tÏfhK fhlt ytih vwl& çr§\gt fhlt yr"tf
ytmtl ntu;t ni >
Yhes|tult gwrlJrmoxe, gq.Ym.Y., ∏tht Lgqgtpƒo\ ƒu\ CtqFtll vh rfY
dY Yf çrmÆ y"ggl mu v;t atjtt ni rf Fttπ v't:to simu cteV«
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µxuÏm, fptb-ytpl-fptct, Lgqs| vuvh, rslƒu\ ctthu bU ytvftu jtd;t ni
rf gu ƒw\A mtjttU bU rJDtrx; ntu st;u nI, 'hymjt 30 JMto ctt' Cte
gu Em Áv bU ctlu hn;u nI rf ELnU vnattlt st mf;t ni. Jtu
EmrjtY ÏgtUrf Yluhturctf cttgtud{uzuNtl (nJt YJk mqgo çftNt fe
ylwvrµ:tr; bU) çr§\gt Yf ctnw; ne "tebe çr§\gt ntu;e ni. Em
çr§\gt mu rbxTxe ƒu\ CthtJ mu bu:tul dim vi't ntu;e ni, rsmƒu\
††d{elntWm¥¥ çCttJ ƒu\ fthK gn ftctol ztgytpÏmtEz mu Cte
yr"tf ntrlfthf ntu;e ni >
ç.8 Ïgt ◊jttrµxf ftu sjttlu mu rJMtijtt "twkyt vi't ntu;t ni ?
W. ln‰ >
'hymjt, WvCttud-vNatt; ;igth ntulu Jtjtt ß|gt't mu ß|gt't yvrNtMx
rfhtlu fe mtbd{e gt vtpjteE:ttgujtel ctid mu ;igth ntu;t ni >
vtpjttE:ttgjtel fe htmtgrlf mkhatlt ƒu\Jjt ftctol ytih ntgz[tusl
yKwytU mu ;igth ntu;e ni > ytih rsm rfme ftu Cte ydh :ttuz|e me
Cte ƒi\rbµx[e yt;e ntude, Jn gn ctt; yaAe ;hn stl;t ntudt rf
ftctol ntgz[tusl btpjtuÏgqjth atul ftu sjttlu vh ftctol ztgytpÏmtEx
ytih vtle fe Cttv ;igth ntu;e ni >
ve.Je.me. mu ctlu W…vt'l ftu sjt;e ytd bU ztjtlu mu ntgz[tusl
ÏjttuhtEz gwÏ; "twkyt rlfjt;t ni, stu ;eFtt ntu;t ni > 'hymjt,
Em mtbd{e ft Yf bn…JvqKo jttCt gn ntu;t ni rf vtJh ƒu\ctjm
vh ytJhK ƒu Áv bU Emft Wvgtud fhlu vh ytd ft √i\jttJ fb
ntu;t ni. mtbtLg;gt ldhrldb ∏tht Yfrºt; Xtum yvrNtMx bU
ve.Je.me. W…vt'ltU gt WvCttud rfY dY vif fe btºtt ctnw; fb
ntu;e ni >
rJMttÏ; "twkyt, stu ytbsl;t fe djt; "tthKt ƒu\ ylwmth ◊jttrµxf
mu rlfjt;t ni, Jn ◊jttrµxf ctid bU btIsq' mtbd{e ƒu\ fthK vi't
ntu;t ni, rsLnU ytiπturdf yvrNtMx mu Awxftht vtlu ƒu\ rjtY sjttgt
st;t ni >
ç.9 Ïgt s|bel bU dtz|lu ƒu\ ctt' ◊jttrµxf, vti"ttU ƒu\ rJftm ƒu\ rjtY
ntrlfthf ntu;t ni ?
W. ln‰ >
cttdtle VmjttU gt Jleg VmjttU ƒu\ rjtY htuvtU ftu Wdtlu ƒu\ rjtY
yts 'wrlgt Cth bU vtpjteE:ttgjtel ctid ft Eµ;ubtjt rfgt st;t
ni > Em v;jte vtpjteE:ttgjtel ctid bU rbxTxe Cthfh, htuvtU ftu EmbU
ztjtt st;t ni ytih cjtuz mu Yf ateht jtdtfh Emu rbxTxe mu Zkf
r'gt st;t ni > Emmu htuvtU fe sz|tU ƒu\ rJftm bU ftuEo ÁftJx
ln‰ yt;e > vwhtlu ;heƒu\ ƒu fthK cttkm fe xtufhe bU jtdtY stlu
Jtjtu htuvtU ft ç…gthtuvK fhlu ƒu\ rjtY, ELnU sct Elmu WFttz|t
st;t :tt ;tu lLnu htuvu Ctthe mkFgt bU bh st;u :tu >
◊jttrµxf vqhe ;hn rlrM§\g mtbd{e ni ytih rbxTxe ƒu\ leatu Emfe
btisq'de ft rbxTxe fe htmtgrlf mkhatlt gt vti"ttU ƒu\ rJftm vh
ftuEo çCttJ ln‰ vz|;t >
ç.10 Ïgt nbU ◊jttrµxf fe :tirjtgtU ƒu\ ct'jtu ftds| fe :tirjtgtU ft
Wvgtud fhlt attrnY ?
W. Em ctt; ft √i\mjtt fhlu mu vnjtu nbU rlBlrjtrFt; ctt;tU vh
rJatth fhlt s|Áhe ni >
yts ytb "tthKt gne s|tuh vfz| hne ni rf ◊jttrµxf ƒu\ ct'jtu,
ftds| ft Eµ;ubtjt vgtoJhK ƒu\ rjtY ß|gt't mwhr÷t; ni. jturfl
ƒw\A ;:gtU ytih Yjt.me.Y. ∏tht Emft mb:tol ln‰ rfgt st
mf;t ni >
ftds| fe :tirjtgtk ;igth fhlu ƒu\ rjtY, Eme ytfth fe ytih Eme
ƒu\ cthtcth ftgoƒw\Ntjt;t Jtjte ◊jttrµxf fe :tirjtgtU fe ;wjtlt bU
ZtEo dwlt yr"tf Qsto fe s|Áh; vz|;e ni >
ftds| ƒu\ W…vt'l mu nJt bU ç'qMtK Cte ß|gt't √i\jt;t ni. mt:t ne,
ftds| ft W…vt'l gt vwl& çr§\gt ƒu\ 'tihtl ntulu Jtjte yvrNtMx
sjt rlftme bU Cte Ctthe rJmkdr; vi't ntu;e ni >
sntk ;f rJDtxl ft mkctk"t ni, gwrlJrmoxe ytpV Yhes|tult ƒu\
y"ggltU mu v;t atjtt nI rf 1952 bU 'cttY dY ftds| ƒu\ yJNtuMttU
ft sct 1989 bU Ftll rfgt dgt ;tu ELnU µvMx Áv mu vnattlt
st mf;t :tt > xujteV«tul ztghuÏxhe ƒu\ mt:t Cte gne vrhKtb
r'FttEo r'gt >
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ƒw\A jttud ;ƒo\ ƒu\ Áv bU Yumt Cte fnUdu rf ftds| ftu J]÷ttU mu
;igth rfgt st;t ni, stu rf lJele¢\; ntulu Jtjtt mkmt"tl ni >
sctrf ◊jttrµxf ;ujt mu ;igth rfgt stt;t ni, rsmftu vwl&
µ:ttrv; ln‰ rfgt st mf;t > Emƒu\ rJvhe; gn ;ƒo\ r'gt st
mf;t ni rf skdjt nbthe rbxTxe ƒu\ Ctkzth ftu mwhr÷t; hFtlu ytih
Jt;tJhK bI dimeg mk;wjtl ctltY hFtlu bU bn…JvqKo Ctqrbft rlCtt;u
nI > ftctol ztgytpÏmtEz ftu Ft‰atfh, ytpÏmesl ftu Jt;tJhK bU
√i\jtt;u nI > nbthe jtdt;th ctZ|;e jtfz|e fe CtqFt ƒu\ fthK, nbthe
yts|t'e ƒu\ ctt' mu ;fhectl 44 rbrjtgl nuÏxugh skdjt ftxfh,
mtV« rfY st atwƒu\ ni > Em ;hn yts nbtht 'uNt 'wrlgt bU mctmu
fb Jl÷tuºt gwÏ; 'uNttU bU mu Yf ni (ƒw\jt Ctq÷tuºt bU ytlu Jtjtt Jleg
÷tuºt) > Em ;hn, sntk ;f Ctth; ft mJtjt ni, gntk Ctq÷tuºt rfme
Cte Áv bU Yf lJele¢\; rfgt stlu Jtjtt mkmt"tl ln‰ ni >
ç.11 Ïgt ◊jttrµxf mkmt"tl mkJ"tol ƒu\ btl'kztU ƒu\ ylwÁv ni? Ïgt
◊jttrµxf viƒu\Rsd ft Wvgtud fh;u mbg nbU ††ßgt't ƒu\ ct'jtu
fb¥¥ rbjt;t ni ?
W. ntk >
Emƒu\ rjtY nb ◊jttrµxf mu ctle rfhtlu fe :tirjtgtU ft Yf
mt"tthK W'thnK jtu mf;u nI, rsmftu çatth bt"gbtU ∏tht ctnw;
ne Ôgtvf Áv mu ct'ltb rfgt st hnt ni > ◊jttrµxf mu ctle
rfhtlu fe 2000 :tirjtgtU fe QattEo mtZ|u mt; Ekat ntu;e ni< ftds|
mu ctle rfhtlu fe :tirjtgtU fe QkattEo mtZ|u mt; √w\x ntu;e ni > yct
ytv ne mturatY rf vrhJnl ƒu\ 'tihtl ELnU jtu stlu bU rf;le sdn
attrnY ytih vrhJnl ƒu\ 'tihtl ELnU jtu stlu bU rf;le sdn attrnY
ytih vrhJnl ƒu\ 'tihtl rf;lt ç'qMtK ntudt?
††sbol mtumtExe V«tph rhmoat El ' viƒu\Rsd btƒuo\x¥¥ ∏tht rfY
dY Yf y"ggl mu v;t atjtt ni rf gr' ◊jttrµxf viƒu\Rsd ƒu\
ct'jtu rfme yLg mtbd{e ft Wvgtud rfgt stY ;tu Elƒu\ Js|l YkJ
btºtt ƒu\ yt"tth vh rlvxthu ft Ftato §\bNt& 4 ytih 2.5 ;f ctZ|
stYdt, mt:t ne, Qsto fe Ftv; ytih viƒu\Rsd ft Ftato Bte 'wdwlt
ntu stYdt >
Emft Yf ytih W'thnK ni, njtƒu\ Js|l fe PET cttu;jttU bU rblhjt
Jtpxh ft vrhJnl > ftkat fe cttu;jttU fe ;wjtlt bU Yf x[f bU 80%
fb viƒu\Rsd ƒu\ mt:t, 60% ß|gt't vtle ft vrhJnl rfgt st
mf;t ni > vrhKtb µJÁv jtdBtd 40% ;f EO"tl fe ctat; fe
st mf;e ni >
◊jttrµxf viƒu\Rsd ƒu\ rjtY vif rfY dY W…vt'l ytih viƒu\Rsd ƒu\
Js|l ft ylwvt; mctmu yr"tf ni< W'thnK ƒu\ rjtY 500 d{t.
ftpVe ftu 500 d{t. Js|l ƒu\ ftkat ƒu\ sth bU< gt rVh 130 d{t. ƒu\
rxl ◊jtux rzcctu bU< gt rm√o|\ 12 d{t. Js|l ƒu\ Yf ◊jttrµxf
jtirbluxuz vtWat bU vif rfgt st mf;t ni > Emmu Cte yaAt
W'thnK ni rf Yf rfjttu lbf ftu 5 d{t. ƒu\ vtWat bU vif rfgt
st mf;t ni rsmbU W…vt'l ƒu\ Js|l ytih viƒu\Rsd ƒu\ Js|l ft
ylwvt; ni 200&1 ytih El ƒw\A W'thnKtU mu µvMx strnh ntu;t ni
rf ◊jttrµxf viƒu\Rsd ƒu\ Wvgtud mu nbU ††fb bU rbjt;t ni fn‰
ß|gt't V«tg't¥¥ >
ç.12 seJl fe dwKJÚtt ftu ctun;h ctltlu bU ◊jttrµxf Ïgt Btqrbft
rlBtt;t ni ?
W. gqrlmuV« fe Yf rhvtuxo ƒu\ ylwmth, nbthu 'uNt bU 2,500 ctaattU fe
nh r'l 'µ; sime ctebthe ƒu\ fthK b]…gw ntu st;e ni, Emft
fthK 'qrMt; vtle ytih Nttiat mkctk"te WÚtb mwrJ"ttytU ft yCttJ ni,
stu serJ; hn;u nI, Ju ß|gt't;h vtle ƒu\ fthK ntulu Jtjte ctebtrhgtU
mu d{µ; hn;u nI ytih 'uNt ftu çr; JMto 1,800 rbrjtgl ftb ƒu\ DtkxtU
ft lwfmtl WXtlt vz|;t ni >
'uNt ƒu\ ∏tht gn jt÷g rl"ttorh; rfgt dgt ni rf çr; dtkJ Yf
mwhr÷t; velu ƒu\ vtle ft mkmt"tl yJNg Wvjtc"t fhtgt stY ytih
Em ;hn ft 'wdob jt÷g ;ct ;f vqht fh vtlt jtdCtd ymkCtJ ni,
sct ;f ve.Je.me. vtEv ft Wvgtud l rfgt stY, stu rf
rfV«tg;e, Js|l bU njƒu\, jttlu-jtu-stlu bU ytmtl ntulu ƒu\ mt:t,
ELnU µ:ttrv; fhlt Cte ctnw; ytmtl ntu;t ni. ytih mctmu bn…JvqKo
ctt; rf se.ytEo. vtEv ƒu\ mt:t ;wjtlt…bf ftgoƒw\Ntjt;t ƒu\ Áv
bU ††;ujt mbf÷t¥¥ ƒu\ W…vt'l YJk Wvgtud ƒu\ bwftctjtu Elmu 88%
fb Qsto fe Ftv; ntu;e ni >
45
46
yts d{tbeK ÷tuºttU bU ÔgrÏ;d; W…vt'ltU ft Wvgtud ;us|e mu ctZ|;t
st hnt ni. cttu;jt ctk' NtiBvq ft Wvgtud çr;JMto 2% fe 'h mu ctZ|
hnt ni, sctrf 5 mu 8 rb.rjt. ƒu\ jtatejtu vif bU NtiBvq ƒu\ Wvgtud bU
JMto-'h-JMto 30% fe 'h mu J]rÆ ntu hne ni > fb feb; fe jtatejte
viƒu\Rsd ytih Atuxe mtEs| ƒu\ vif ft gn yltuFtt bujt, mbts ƒu\
Yf ctnw; ctz|u rnµmu ƒu\ rjtY W…vt'l ftu ctnw; ne rfV«tg;e ctlt;t
ni > Em ;hn gn ythtu∂g YJk ÔgrÏ;d; 'uFtCttjt ftu Cte ctun;h
ctltlu bU mngtud 'u;t ni >
ç.13 bnÚJvqKo vgtoJhK mkctk"te bwætU mu rlvxlu bU ◊jttrµxf Wπtud lu
Ïgt Ctqrbft rlCttEo ni ?
W. Ekrzgl mUxh V«tph ◊jttrµxÏm El YlJtglobUx (ytEoo.me.ve.Eo.)
rsmfe ntjt ne bU µ:ttvlt fe dEo ni, ft yvlt Yf jtkctt Er;ntm
ni, rsmfe leatu ƒu\ ylwaAu'tU bU mk÷tuv bU atatto fe dEo ni >
ytEo.me.ve.Eo. ft rbNtl µxuxbUx ytivattrhf Áv mu sj' ne
DtturMt; rfgt stYdt, Emft WæuNg, vgtoJhK ƒu\ çr; msd rJNJ
bU ◊jttrµxf ftu Yf jttufrçg mtbd{e ctltlt ni > fEo Yumu Wvgtud
nI, rsmbU ◊jttrµxf yr"tf ftgo÷tb, mwrJ"ttslf ytih rfV«tg;e
vmk' mtrct; ntu;t ni - simu WvCttuÏ;t viRfd. EmerjtY ytEo.me.ve.Eo.
ƒu\ rjtY Yumu vgtoJhK mkctk"te mbµgtytU vh "gtl 'ult ctnw; s|Áhe
ni stu ◊jttrµxf ƒu\ Wvgtud, Emfe feb; - ftgoƒw\Ntjt;t mkctk"te
jttCttU fe sz|u ftx mf;u nI > ;trf nbtht mbts Em y'TCtw; ytih
ctnwvgtude mtbd{e ft vqht-vqht jttCt WXt mƒu\ >
1995 bU, ◊jttµxEkrzgt VtWkzuNtl fe biluRsd fbuxe ytih çumezuLx
lu yvle 'qh“rMx mu vnjtu ne gn stl rjtgt :tt rf ytlu Jtjtu fjt
bU vgtoJhK mkctk"te mbµgtYk, Wπtud ƒu\ rjtY Yf dkCteh mbµgt ctl
stYde > EmerjtY, ;whk; ◊jtµxEkrzgt VtWkzuNtl fe YlJtghtu◊jttµx
fbuxe fe µ:ttvlt fe dEo ;trf mhfth ytih çatth bt"gbtU ƒu\
mt:t rbjtfh vgtoJthK mkctk"te bwætU ftu mwjtSttgt st mƒu\ >
YlJtghtu◊jttµx fbuxe ∏tht vgtoJhK ƒu\ mkctk"t bU ◊jttrµxf vh
;:g EfxTXu fhlu, ylwmk"ttl stlfthe Yfºt ytih bnÚJvqKo ytkfz|u
çt◊; fhlu ƒu\ rjtY fz|u çgtm rfY st;u nI > Emƒu\ ctt' fbuxe
∏tht El mthe stlfthe ftu mhfth YJk çatth bt"gbtU ƒu\ mb÷t
çµ;w; rfgt st;t ni > ELnU ◊jttrµxf ytih vgtoJhK mu mkctkr"t;
mbµgtytU YJk ;:gtU, djt; "tthKtytU YJk maattEo ƒu\ rJMtg bU
stlfthe Wvjtc"t fhtEo st;e ni > Elƒu\ ∏tht fEo çum ftpLVhUm
ƒu\ yjttJt, vqhu Ctth; bU fEo murblth (Yf YV«.ytEo.me.me.ytEo.
ƒu\ mt:t) Cte ytgturs; rfY dY >
YlJtghtu◊jttµx fbuxe ∏tht mUx[jt vtpjgqNtl fkx[tujt cttuzo ƒu\ atughbul
ƒu\ lu;]…J bU luNtljt ◊jttrµxf Juµx bilusbUx xtµf Vtumo fe rhvtuox
bU Cte ctnw; ne bnÚJvqKoo gtud'tl r'gt dgt. Em xtµf Vtumo
rhvtuxo ∏tht Ctth; ƒu\ mk'Cto bU ◊jttrµxf viƒu\Rsd Juµx bilusbUx fe
hKler;gtU< ◊jttrµxf fe vwl& çr§\gt ƒu\ mkctk"t bU r'Nttrl'uoNt ;:tt
◊jttrµxf El YlJtghbUx ƒu\ rjtY Yf Ekrzgl mUxh µ:ttrv; fhlu
ft çµ;tJ Cte çµ;w; rfgt dgt > Emƒu\ yjttJt YnJtghtu◊jttµx
fbuxe ∏tht mUx[jt vtpjgqNtl fkx[tujt cttuzo (vgtoJhK YJk Jl bkºttjtg)
ƒu\ mt:t rbjtfh, Juµx xtEv cti∂m (Stctjtt :tirjtgtU) ƒu rjtY btuxtEo
mebt vh yr"tmqatlt ;igth fhlu ft ftb Cte rfgt st;t ni >
ytEoo.me.ve.Eo. Yf Yume µJattrjt; htMx[eg mkµ:tt ni, rsmu Ctth;eg
◊jttrµxf W“tud ƒu\ Ntugh "tthftU ∏tht µ:ttrv; rfgt dgt ni >
Emƒu\ çJ;oftU bU Nttrbjt ni, ƒi\rbfjm Ykz vux[tuƒi\rbfjm biLgw√|i\Ïathmo
YmturmYNtl ;:tt ◊jttµxEkrzgt V«tWkzuNtl > Emfe yvle Yf
ErLzvLzuLx dJoRld ftWkrmjt ytih bilusbUx fbuxe ni, rsmbU
Wπtud, mhfth, ylwmk"ttl mkµ:ttytU ;:tt Yƒu\zuberNtgLm ÷tuºt ƒu\
stlu-btlu ÔgrÏ; Nttrbjt ni >
ytEo.me.ve.Eo. ∏tht ◊jttrµxf, ◊jttrµxf yvrNtMx fe vwl& çr§\gt
ytih vgtoJhK mu mkctkr"t; 'eDtoftjtel gtusltytU ytih bwætU ƒu\ mCte
vnjtwytU vh ftgo rfgt stYdt > mt:t ne, Emƒu\ ∏tht ◊jttrµxf
yvrNtMx fe vwl& çr§\gt mkctk"te mqatlt, rNt÷tt, xuÏltujttpse ƒu\
yπ;l mkctk"te bwætU vh Cte "gtl r'gt stYdt ;:tt Ctth; bU ◊jttrµxf
yvrNtMx bilusbUx (çctk"tl) ftu ctun;h ctltlu bU mntg;t 'e stYde.
Emƒu\ yjttJt, Elƒu\ ∏tht çatth bt"gbtU, bkºttjtgtU YJk mhfthe
bnfbtU, ltdrhf yr"tftrhgtU, Yl.se.ytu., Nti÷trKf mkµ:ttytI,
mrbr;gtU ;:tt ◊jttrµxf Wπtud mu mkctkr"t; rJrJ"t ytiπturdf mkdXltU
ƒu\ mt:t mr§\g Áv mu rbjtfh ftgo rfgt stYdt >
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ç.14 vgtJhK mkctk"te bwætU ƒu\ rjtY ftil rs|Bbu'the jtudt ?
W. 'hymjt, ◊jttrµxf mkctk"te bwætU fe rs|Bbu'the nb mctfe ni. ftuEo
Cte mbts mu mkctkr"t; bwæt nb mCte ftu yvlu mngtud mu mwjtSttlt
ntudt > gn nb mctfe Yf †mtkStt-rs|Bbu'the¥ ni ... rVh attnu Jtu
mhfthe ÔgrÏ; ntU, ldhvtrjtft ntu, faatu btjt ƒu\ rlbto;t ntU,
fLJxmo ntU, Fttπ gt rlse W…vt'l rlbtoo;t ntU hexujtmo ntU gt
rVh WvCttuÏ;t >
Jtµ;J bU Dthujtq ƒq\z|t-fatht fEo mtbrd{gtU ft rbjtt-swjtt Áv ntu;t
ni, rsmbU ◊jttrµxf ft rnµmt ctnw; fb gtle 2% mu Cte fb
Js|l ft ntu;t ni, EmrjtY Em yvrNtMx ƒu\ çctk"tl ytih Emƒu\
rlvxthu fe mctmu yr"tf rs|Bbu'the mhfth fe ni >
yts gn ◊jttrµxf faate mtbd{e ytih viƒu\Rsd rlbtoo;tytU fe
rs|Bbu'the ni rf Ju ytdu ytfh Yumu rfVtg;e Wvtg Wvjtc"t
fhtYk, stu v't:ttuO ft mkh÷tK ytih mkJ"tool fh mƒU\, Qsto fe
ctat; fhU ytih yvrNtµx ft Js|l ytih btºtt fb fh mƒU\ > mt:t
ne Fttπ v't:to ytih rlse Wvgtud ƒu\ v't:ttuO ƒu\ rlbto;t, hexujtmo
YJk WvCttuÏ;tytU ftu Cte ◊jttrµxf vuƒu\Rsd ƒu\ jttCttU fe stlfthe
ntult s|Áhe ni > ELnU ◊jttrµxf ft rlvxtht Em ;hn fhlt attrnY
rf Wmƒu\ fthK vwl& çr§\gt vh rJNtuMt "gtl 'ulu fe mtJ"ttle ftu
ctjt rbjtu >
nbbU mu nh Yf ƒu\ rjtY gn mbStlt ctnw; s|Áhe ni rf nb yvle
ytlu Jtjte verZ|gtU ƒu\ rjtY Yf mwk'h YJk mwhr÷t; vgtoJhK ƒu\ Áv,
Yf ylbtujt rJhtm; Atuz| stYk ytih Emƒu\ rjtY s|Áhe ni rf nb
El vh ybjt fhU&
DtxtYk - Wvgtud fhU - vwl& çr§\gt fhUDtxtYk - Wvgtud fhU - vwl& çr§\gt fhUDtxtYk - Wvgtud fhU - vwl& çr§\gt fhUDtxtYk - Wvgtud fhU - vwl& çr§\gt fhUDtxtYk - Wvgtud fhU - vwl& çr§\gt fhU
ytih yk; bU, nb mct rbjtfh µJefth fhU rf&
◊jttrµxf ƒq\z|t-fhfx ln‰ ... jttud Emu ctlt;u nI.
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slJhe 2006