old oil palm trunks as promising feedstock for biofuel and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Old Oil Palm Trunks as Promising Feedstockfor
Biofuel and Bioplastics
JIRCAS
4th BMWS 2007.11
In collaboration with University of Science Malaysia
and Forest Research Institute Malaysia
Yutaka Mori
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Problems occurred by introduction of bio-ethanol fuel
n Competitionwith food
n Shortage of feedstock
n Price hike in grain and
feedstock
Feedstock: corn, wheat, cassava, sugar cane, molasses
Second-generation ethanol thatdoes not compete with food
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
1963
/196
419
65/1
966
1967
/196
819
69/1
970
1971
/197
219
73/1
974
1975
/197
619
77/1
978
1979
/198
019
81/1
982
1983
/198
419
85/1
986
1987
/198
819
89/1
990
1991
/199
219
93/1
994
1995
/199
619
97/1
998
1999
/200
020
01/2
002
2003
/200
420
05/2
006
2007
/200
8
100
0t
Source:USDA PSD Online 2008
Worldwide Palm Oil Production
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
国
1000t
Palm Oil Production in Each Country (2007)
Source:USDA PSD Online 2008
Indonesia
Malaysia
Country
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n 1911: Introduced from Africa
n 1917: Commercial Production started
n Exports: 2007
36,292M RM=13 billion US dollars
n Employment: more than 500,000
n Cultivation area: 430M ha (2007: 13% of total land)
peninsula(236Mha), Saba(128Mha), Sarawak(66Mha)
n Palm oil production (2007): 17.7M ton
n Kernel oil production (2007): 2M ton
n Productivity: 3.4-4.9 ton/ha (palm oil)
0.7-1.2 ton/ha (kernel oil)
Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia
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Re-plantation of Old Oil Palm
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Plywood Production from Old Palm TrunkYoung’s Modulus
2 4 (GPa)
16 7 62 43
11
10
9
15
14
13
Young’s Modulus
2 4 (GPa)
16 7 62 43
11
10
9
15
14
13
16 7 62 43
11
10
9
15
14
13
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Moisture Content of Oil Palm Trunk
A
B
CBark
Inner part of the stem
MoistureA
(core)83%
B(middle)
75%
C(outer)
68%
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HPLC Profile of Sugar Analysis on Sap
Sucrose
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose
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A B C
Sucrose 20.6 23.6 22.1
Glucose 68.4 60.8 54.7
Fructose 23.3 27.0 30.9
Total sugars 113 112 108
Sugars contained in oil palm sap(g / L)
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0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time, h
Redu
cingsugar,%
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
EtO
H,%
Reducing sugar, %
EtOH, %
Ethanol production from oil palm sap
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Lactic Acid Production from Oil Palm Sap
○,●:sap □,■:reference
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 12 24 36 48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Glu
cose
,
Lactic
acid,
g/L(●
,■)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 12 24 36 48
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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5inches
2ft
Uppermost
(centre)
half
half
5inches
5inches
5inches
8ft
Sugar content andcomposition atdifferent height
n Same amount andcomposition throughout theheight except uppermostpart
nApproximately 20% less atuppermost part
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0 1 3 7 15 30 60 90 120
days
2’’
2’’
2’’
2’’
Accumulation of sugars during storage of OPT
2inches
L
1/2L
1/2L
ABC
We found out:
sugars in the sap increase significantly during storage.
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Comparison of Oil Palm Trunk with Sugar Cane
SugarCane
Oil Palm Trunk( after proper aging)
A (中心) B (中間) C (外層)
Moisture content70% 83% 75%
68%×0.8
Sugar content in juiceor sap
16% 16% 14% 15%
Amount of sugarscontained
112g/kg 95.4g/kg ⇒ 107.8 kg/trunk
Cane or trunkproduced per area
60-90ton/ha
154-168 ton/ha(136-148 trunks/ha)
Possible ethanol yield 4.5-7.2kL/ha
9.5-10.3kL/ha
SugarCane
Oil Palm Trunk( after proper aging)
A (Core) B (Middle) C (Outer)
Moisture content70% 83% 75%
68%×0.8
Sugar content in juiceor sap
16% 16% 14% 15%
Amount of sugarscontained
112g/kg 95.4g/kg ⇒ 107.8 kg/trunk
Cane or trunkproduced per area
60-90ton/ha
154-168 ton/ha(136-148 trunks/ha)
Possible ethanol yield 4.5-7.2kL/ha
9.5-10.3kL/ha
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Oil palm sap squeezing system
Trunk
Sap Tank
Fermentation
water
Plywood material
Shredder Squeezer
Peeler
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right side
Prototype Shredding machine
Shredded oil palm trunk
trunk
Capacity; 550 kg/h
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Squeezer
Specs:
3 roller hydraulic press
Size of roller:φ240mm, 340 w
Capacity: 500kg/h
7.5kw x 2 (AC415Vx50Hz)
8RPM variable
2450 x 2030W x 1800H
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Parenchyma Vascular bundles
Solid residues of sap-squeezed trunks
Cross-section
55% 45%
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Ethanol production from parenchyma hydrolysate
0
1
2
3
4
0 10 20 30 40
time, h
Glucose,%
0
0.5
1
1.5
EtO
H,%
A5
A6
A7
A8
Ethanol yield A8) 86%control: 80%)
A5 hydrolysateA6 hydrolysate + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yest extract
A7 hydrolysate + 1% (NH4)2SO4
A8 hydrolysate + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract
Control glucose + 1% polypeptone, 0.5% yeast extract)
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Parenchyma separating equipment
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Parenchyma and vascular bundlesseparated by the separator
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Possible amount of ethanol and lactate produced from oil palm trunk
Heatetc.
Fermentable sugars:16.8kg(core)39.7kg(middle)51.3kg(outer)
From one trunk
Solids(317kg)
Parenchyma(174kg)
Vascular bundles(143kg)
Fermentablesugars
(63.9kg)
Fermentablesugars
(59.6kg)
Fermentable sugars(107.8kg)
Ethanol 69.8L
41.4L
Diameter:38cmLength:10msp. gr.:1.0
Sap
Lactate: 107.8kg
63.9kg
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Characteristics and advantages of the OPT as theresource for fuel ethanol and lactic acid production
• Large amounts of sap
• High sugar content
• Easily degradableparenchyma
Promising feedstock for ethanol and lactic acid
• Constantly discharged waste
• Very large amount
• Available all year around
Potential: Malaysia (4.3M ha) 2.7M kL (1.7M kL ) ethanol /year
4.2M ton (2.6M ton) lactate /year
Indonesia (7.0M ha)* 4.4M kL (2.8M kL) ethanol /year
6.8M ton (4.3M) lactate /year