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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Omanwww.carnegieendowment.org/arabpoliticalsystemswww.fride.org/eng/Publications/Publication.aspx?Item=787

OMAN

UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3

UPDATES AND FORTHCOMING EVENTS ......................................................................................3

STATE INSTITUTIONS/ SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................4

STATE INSTITUTIONS/ SEPARATION OF POWERS.....................................................................4

! "#$I% &'()"* ...............................................................................................................................+, -I ,($I% &'()"* .............................................................................................................................0#1I"I('2 ...............................................................................................................................................7, O"(, - O% ')3 )$ ...........................................................................................................................8

RIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................10

RIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................10P ' O)(, ,I& '$I .............................................................................................................................45, -I ,($IO) ' -#,($I)- $* ! '"I O6 'I-*$ ..........................................................................44

POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................14

POLITICAL FORCES............................................................................................................................14

PO,I$I"(, P('$I ...............................................................................................................................4+" I%I, O"I $2 .......................................................................................................................................4+

ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................15

ELECTION RESULTS...........................................................................................................................15

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace1779 Massachusetts Ave. NWWashington .C. !""#$%!1"#

www.carnegieendowment.org

&undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * eli+logo E,terior-

C &eli(e I/- 9 % 10 dcha. ! "12 Madrid.www.fride.org

At A GlancePopulation 0uly 559 est. : 45 ; < 77 ;: non nationals>

-1P Per "apita 559 est. 4+ 455

*uman 1e@elopment Index 'anA #)1P 559 9

6reedom *ouse 'ating 559 )ot 6ree

Political 'igBts 9

"i@il ,iberties

6reedom of tBe Press 'anA 6reedom *ouse 559 4

"orruption Index 'anA $ransparency International 557 :

-ender mpowerment 'anA #)1P 55+ 95
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Arab Political Systems: Baseline Information and Reforms Oman

CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................16

CONSTITUTIONAL REVISION..........................................................................................................16

CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................17

CORRUPTION........................................................................................................................................17

RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................18

RATIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS.............................................................18

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&undaci'n (ara las )elaciones Internacionales * eli+logo E,terior

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Updates and Forthcoming Events



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State Institutions/ Separation of Po ers

$Be ultanate of Oman is a Bereditary monarcBy.

( &asic ,aw was issued by royal decree and promulgated on )o@ember 9 4;;9< nglisB $ext (rabic $ext >.

E!ecutive "ranch

$Be s !"#$ is tBe Bead of state. *eC

Presides o@er tBe "ouncil of 3inisters .(ppoints and dismisses 1eputy Prime 3inistersD 3inistersD #nder ecretariesD-eneral ecretariesD -o@ernors and tBose of tBeir ranA.

Presides o@er tBe pecialised "ouncils or appoints cBairmen for tBem.(ppoints and dismisses senior Eudges.*olds tBe portfolios of defence foreign affairs and finance.Issues and ratifies laws.3ay declare a state of emergency general mobilisation or war and maAe peacein accordance witB tBe pro@isions of tBe ,aw.3ay sign international treaties in accordance witB tBe pro@isions of tBe ,awand issue decrees ratifying tBem.3ay wa@e or commute punisBments.Is tBe upreme "ommander of tBe (rmed 6orces.Is tBe go@ernor of OmanFs central banA.

Is Gin@iolableH and must be respected and Bis orders obeyed .

aboos bin aid (l aid Bas been ultan since 0uly : 4;75.

(ccording to tBe &asic ,aw succession will be determined by tBe'uling 6amily "ouncil witBin tBree days of tBe position of ultan

becoming @acant. If tBe 'uling 6amily "ouncil does not agree on asuccessor tBe 1efence "ouncil sBall confirm tBe appointment of tBe

person designated by tBe ultan in Bis letter to tBe 6amily "ouncil.ultan aboos Bas no cBildren wBicB maAes tBe issue of succession

more uncertain.

$Be %&'() ('$'s")& C

$Be current ultan aboos bin aid (l aid Bas ser@ed as Prime 3inistersince 4;7 . If tBe ultan were to appoint a Prime 3inister Bis competenciesand powers would be specified in tBe decree appointing Bim.



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$Be C* $+'! *, M'$'s")&s C

Is appointed by tBe ultan.6ormulates aims and general policies for economic social and administrati@e

de@elopment and proposes metBods of implementation of tBese policies.Proposes draft laws and decrees.1iscusses de@elopmental plans and 3inistry proposals.3onitors tBe implementation of all laws decrees ordinances decisionstreaties agreements and court Eudgments."an only reacB decisions wBen tBe maEority of its members are present andwitB tBe appro@al of tBe maEority of tBose present. Its deliberations are secret.Is responsible to tBe ultan.

$Be &asic ,aw bars ministers from Bolding interests in companies doing businesswitB tBe go@ernment in order to separate political from economic power.

Public ser@ice ministries are reJuired to submit reports and answer Juestionsregarding tBeir performance and plans before tBe lower Bouse of tBe parliament.

$Bere are four women witB ministerial ranA including tBe ministers of BigBereducation tourism social de@elopment and tBe Bead of tBe national autBority forindustrial craftsmansBip.

$Be ultan presides o@er pecialiKed "ouncils tBat assist in planning andadministration. $Be powers of tBese councils are defined and members appointed

by royal decree. $Be )ational 1efense "ouncil is in cBarge of worAing witB tBeministries of defense and tBe interior and coordinating tBe acti@ities of tBe 'oyal(rmed 6orces and tBe Oman Police 6orce. OtBer important councils areC $Be

)ational 1e@elopment "ouncil tBe upreme "ouncil for conomic Planning andtBe "ouncil for 6inancial (ffairs and nergy 'esources.

#egislative "ranch

$Be 4;;9 &asic ,aw establisBed a bicameral parliament tBe C* $+'! *, O(#$composed of tBe "onsultati@e "ouncil and tBe "ouncil of tate. $Bey function

mainly in an ad@isory capacity but Ba@e some power to propose legislation.

$Be &asic ,aw does not specify tBe powers of eacB of tBese "ouncils tBelengtB of tBeir terms tBe freJuency of tBeir sessions or tBeir rules of

procedure but ratBer states tBat sucB matters will be establisBed by tBe law.$Be di@ision of labour between tBe two consultati@e bodies is still unclear.Plenary sessions of eacB council are Beld four times a year.(ll laws are issued by eitBer royal or ministerial decree.$Be "ouncil of Oman does not include go@ernment officials or ci@il ser@ants.&otB cBambers are independent of eacB otBer financially and administrati@ely.



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$Be "ouncil of 3inisters recei@es an annual report from eacB cBamber prepared by tBe Office of tBat cBamber and presented by its president. (nannual report is also presented by tBe presidents of eacB cBamber to tBe ultan.

T-) C* $+'! *, S"#")

Is an ad@isory body establisBed in 4;;7 wBose main function is toliaise between tBe go@ernment and citiKens.

Prepares studies tBat Belp in executing de@elopment plans and iscBarged witB finding tBe solutions for financial social and economic problems.

Presents proposals to encourage in@estment and to streamline politicaland administrati@e processes.

'e@iews tBe draft laws proposed by tBe go@ernment and presents itsopinions to tBe ultan and Bis ministers in cooperation witB tBe "onsultati@e"ouncil.

*as ; members appointed by tBe ultan .3embersBip may not exceed tBat of tBe 3aElis asB Bura. 3embers areappointed for tBree year renewable terms.

Is go@erned by tBe Office of tBe "ouncil of tate wBicB consists of aPresident a @ice president and fi@e members. $Be president is appointed byroyal decree. $Be two @ice presidents are elected by tBe membersBip of tBecouncil in a secret ballot. $Be Office meets e@ery two weeAs to examine legalsocial and economic issues.

$Be C*$s !"#"' ) C* $+'!

Is an ad@isory body inaugurated in 4;;4 witB limited powers to proposelegislation. Its main function is to re@iew and comment on draft economic andsocial legislation prepared by tBe ministries in accordance witB tBe 6i@e 2earPlan. It also examines drafts proposed by tBe ultan. It is not in@ited to expressits @iews on defence foreign policy or any otBer sensiti@e topic.

3ay call ministers for Juestioning.Is responsible to tBe ultan and tBe "ouncil of 3inisters.*as 8: members elected by uni@ersal suffrage for four year terms

wBicB may berenewed once.

Its 8+ seats are distributed among tBe 94 pro@inces witB tBose witB a population of less tBan :5 555 Ba@ing one representati@e and tBose witB populations o@er :5 555 Ba@ing two representati@es.

Its President is appointed by royal decree wBile two %ice Presidents areelected from among tBe 8+ members.

Initially local caucuses in eacB district elected tBree nominees for membersBip outof wBicB tBe ultan cBooses 8 to sit on tBe consultati@e council. Only about Lof tBe population was enfrancBised witB @oters cBosen from among tribal leadersintellectuals and businessmen. In )o@ember 55 tBe ultan establisBed directelections on tBe basis of uni@ersal adult suffrage . $Be ultan

retains final autBority o@er tBe election process.



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$Be upreme "ommittee of tBe "onsultati@e "ouncil coordinates tBe acti@ities oftBe two cBambers and liaises between parliament and tBe go@ernment. $Be mainduty of tBe upreme "ommittee is to assist tBe two "ouncils witB tBeirresponsibilities. OtBer duties include tBe super@ision of tBe committees andcouncils and tBe distribution of committee reports.

$Be "onsultati@e "ouncil of Oman is a member of tBe (rab Inter Parliamentary#nion .

$udiciar%

$Be legal system in Oman is based primarily on tBe Baria traditions of tBe IbadiscBool of Islam. ince 4;;9 royal decrees Ba@e tried to codify laws and bring tBe

Eudiciary into line witB tBe &asic ,aw.

OmanFs &asic ,aw pro@ides for an independent Eudiciary. *owe@er tBe executi@e brancB strongly influences tBe Eudiciary. $Be ultan maAes all Eudicialappointments and presides o@er tBe upreme 0udicial "ouncil.

'+'#& C* $+'!s

$Be upreme 0udicial "ouncil o@ersees tBe EudiciaryD formulates Eudicial policyand ensures tBe independence of tBe Eudiciary. It is cBaired by tBe ultan.

C* &"s

R)2 !#& C* &"s

$Be court system Bas tBree tiersC

C* &"s *, F'&s" I$s"#$+) *ear ci@il criminal and commercial cases.( single Eudge presides o@er eacB of tBese courts but tBe se@en courts inOmanFs largest municipalities additionally possess a panel of tBree Eudges witB

Eurisdiction o@er special cases.

C* &"s *, A%%)#! *ear appeals from courts of 6irst Instance. $Bere are six

appellate courts and tBey are composed of panels of tBree Eudges.

S %&)() C* &" tandardiKes legal principles re@iews decisions of lowercourts and o@ersees tBe proper application and interpretation of tBe law. It monitors Eudges in tBeir application and interpretation of tBe law notinter@ening in tBeir assessments of tBe facts. (ny appeals beyond tBe upreme"ourt must be made directly to tBe ultan wBo determines matters brougBt

before Bim in accordance witB Bis own interpretation.

S-#&' # C* &"s



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*a@e Eurisdiction o@er matters of personal status and family law. $Beyformerly Beld competence in all ci@il and most criminal cases but tBeir

Eurisdiction was restricted wBen tBe new court system was establisBed in 554.(ppeals to decisions of Baria courts are brougBt before tBe "ourts of (ppeal.

S%)+'#! C* &"s

( number of special courts including tBe "ommercial "ourt tBe,abour "ourt tBe $axation "ommittee and tBe 3unicipality "ourt wereeliminated witB tBeir function transferred to tBe "ourts of 6irst Instance undertBe 0udicial (utBority ,aw of 4;;;.

$BeS"#") S)+ &'" C* &"$ries cases related to national security. $Be penal code allows broadly and@aguely defined cBarges of tBreat to national security to be prosecuted

before tBe tate ecurity "ourt.$rials are not public.$Bere is no appeal of its @erdicts.1efendants are not permitted defence lawyers.

$Be A ('$'s""' ) C* &"$ries cases in@ol@ing decisions and actions of go@ernmental bodies.Pro@ides a forum for re@iew of decisions made by go@ernment bodies. $Be"ourt Bas tBe power tore@erse decisions made by go@ernment bodies and can also awardcompensation.

#ocal Government

Oman is di@ided into ; pro@inces presided o@er by appointedexecuti@es responsible for coordinating go@ernment acti@ities in tBeir area.$Bere are tBree -o@ernorates of 3uscat 1Bofar and 3usandam wBere 4 Malisreport to tBe appropriate -o@ernor. $Be -o@ernors of 3uscat and 1Bofar are also3inisters of tate. $Bere are ++ Malis in otBer parts of tBe ultanate wBo areresponsible to tBe 3inistry of tBe Interior.

$Bere are + municipalities concerned witB ser@ices in tBe areas of infrastructureo@erseen by tBeM'$'s"& *, R)2'*$#! M $'+'%#!'"')s E$ '&*$()$" #$ W#")&R)s* &+)s .

)one of tBe le@els of local go@ernance Bas significant autonomy. Pro@ision of local public ser@ices sucB as parAs wastewater management and pest control is tBeresponsibility of tBe central go@ernment. Oman does not Bold municipal or anyotBer local elections.



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&ights

Personal li"erties

Personal freedoms are guaranteed by tBe &asic ,aw and regulated by laws.

(rticle 47 of tBe &asic ,aw states tBat all citiKens are eJual before tBe lawregardless of gender origin color language religion sect domicile or socialstatus. In practice women suffer from legal and social discrimination and citiKensof (frican origin Ba@e reported employment discrimination.

(ccording to tBe law arbitrary arrest and detention are proBibited. In practice tBe police are not reJuired to obtain an arrest warrant in ad@ance. -o@ernmentautBorities must obtain court orders to Bold suspects in pre trial detention but tBe

police and security ser@ices do not regularly follow tBese procedures. $Be &asic ,aw guarantees freedom of assembly. (ll public gatBerings reJuire

go@ernment permission and tBe go@ernment Bas tBe autBority to pre@ent organiKed public meetings witBout any appeal process.

$Be &asic ,aw pro@ides for freedom of opinion and expression witBin tBe limits oftBe law. $Be law proBibits indi@iduals or tBe media from criticiKing tBe ultan. $Be&asic ,aw proBibits printing or publisBing material tBat leads to public discord@iolates tBe security of tBe state or abuses a personFs dignity and rigBts. Public

cultural e@ents reJuire appro@al by tBe appropriate go@ernment autBority. 3ostorganiKations a@oid contro@ersial issues to ensure tBeir e@ents are appro@ed.(cademic freedom is also restricted by tBe go@ernment.

6reedom of religion is respected pro@ided tBat it does not disturb Gpublic order andaccepted standards of [email protected] )on 3uslims Ba@e tBe rigBt to worsBip altBougBnon 3uslim religious organiKations must register witB tBe go@ernment and non3uslims are banned from proselytising. $Be go@ernment reJuires all imams to

preacB sermons witBin tBe parameters of standardiKed texts distributed montBly bytBe 3inistry of 'eligious (ffairs and ndowments.

)o person may be subEected to pBysical or psycBological torture. )o statement is@alid if it is establisBed tBat it Bas been obtained as a result of torture. $Be rigBts tocounsel appeal and litigation are protected. In practice many of tBe ci@il libertiesguarantees expressed on tBe &asic ,aw are not implemented.

$Be )ew 2orA based organiKation *uman 'igBts MatcB pro@ides a compreBensi@eo@er@iew of Buman rigBts de@elopments in Oman.



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#egislation regulating the e!ercise of rights

P*!'"'+#! P#&" L# s

Political parties are illegal.

In order to acBie@e public participation in tBe go@ernment tBe ultan Bolds public meetings witB citiKens around tBe country and listens to tBeir personal reJuests and grie@ances. @ery year Be maAes a tBree weeA tour of tBecountry accompanied by Bis ministers.

$Be &asic ,aw states tBat citiKens Ba@e tBe rigBt to address tBe public autBorities on personal matters or matters related to public affairs in amanner consistent witB tBe law. 3ecBanisms exist for citiKens to petition tBego@ernment tBrougB local go@ernment officials.

E!)+"*! L#

6or tBe 55: elections of tBe "onsultati@e "ouncil tBe ultan issued a decreeremo@ing reJuirements for @oters and candidates to be appro@ed by tBego@ernment prior to tBeir registration to @ote and tBe proBibition on Omanisli@ing abroad to @ote. $Be decree also extended suffrage to all Omani nationalso@er 4 years of age .

Oman announced in 4;;7 tBat women could stand for election in tBeconsultati@e council.

lections are Beld by maEority @ote.

3ilitary and security personnel may not @ote.

)aturalised Omanis are not eligible to participate in tBe electoral process.

)o matter Bow many candidates compete in an electoral district tBoserecei@ing tBe greatest number of @otes will win a seat. )o minimum

percentage of @otes is reJuired.

L# *$ Ass*+'#"'*$s

$Be &asic ,aw guarantees freedom of association. (ssociations must Ba@elegitimate obEecti@es and not conflict witB tBe stipulations of tBe &asic ,aw.(ssociations wBose acti@ities are inimical to social order are secret or are of amilitary nature are forbidden.

(ssociations must be registered witB tBe go@ernment and tBe 3inistry ofocial 1e@elopment must appro@e tBeir establisBment and tBeir by laws.

Industry associations professional syndicates and trade unions are banned.

MorAers do not Ba@e tBe rigBt to organiKe unions but tBey can select arepresentati@e committee to @oice tBeir demands and represent tBeir interests.



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1ue to tBe @ague wording of tBe law go@erning )-Os manyassociations particularly religious ones are Aept waiting for years wBen tBeyapply for a licence.

M) '# L# s

$Be 4;8+ Press and PublisBing ,aw enables tBe go@ernment to censor publications if tBey are politically culturally or sexually offensi@e.

$Be state owns and controls tBe local radio and tele@ision companies wBicB areoperated by tBe 3inistry of Information.

( new law was issued by royal decree in 55+ to regulate tBe setting up of pri@ate radio and tele@ision stations wBicB were pre@iously not permitted.

Pri@ate print publications are permitted but many of tBem accept go@ernmentsubsidies and practice self censorsBip.

"ontent of domestic websites and access to foreign sites is controlled by tBesole official Internet er@ice Pro@ider tBe Oman $elecommunications"ompany establisBed in 4;;7. $Be 3inister of $ransport and$elecommunications is tBe "Bairman of tBe board of Omantel.

P)&s*$#! S"#" s L#

$Be &asic ,aw proBibits gender discrimination.

MomenFs personal status is dictated by Islamic law Bowe@er. Momen arereJuired by law to Ba@e tBe permission of a fatBer Busband or male familymember to tra@el outside tBe country. Momen recei@e Balf as mucB inBeritanceas tBeir male relati@es.

Momen married to non citiKens may not transmit citiKensBip to tBeir cBildren.

In (pril 55 a decree was issued allowing Omanis to marry citiKens of -ulf"ooperation "ouncil states witBout seeAing permission. In tBe case of tBose

wBo do not Bold -"" citiKensBip permission must be obtained from tBe3inistry of tBe Interior prior to tBe marriage.

L# *& L#

$Be ,abor ,aw was initially codified in 4;7:. It Bas since been amendedse@eral times since tBen.

In accordance witB tBe go@ernmentFs policy of OmaniKation of tBe worA forcetBe ,abor ,aw lists se@eral positions in wBicB foreign nationals may not beemployed sucB as tecBnical assistants guards ligBt @eBicle dri@ers and

agricultural worAers.



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$Be go@ernment sets wage guidelines in tBe pri@ate sector.

In (pril 55: tBe go@ernment issued a decree tBat remo@ed a pre@ious proBibition on striAes.



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Political Forces

Political parties

Political parties are not permitted.

'ivil societ%

"i@il society is limited and weaA. $Bere are about a doKen registered )-Os and +go@ernment appro@ed womenFs associations . $Be a@erage time reJuired to register an )-O is two years.

$Be go@ernment Bas not permitted tBe establisBment of independent Buman rigBtsorganiKations.

$Be main professional association is tBe "Bamber of "ommerce and Industry.

Industry associations professional syndicates and trades unions are banned.



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Election &esults

lections for tBe Bura "ouncil on October 7 557C9:4 candidates 4 of wBom were women.)o female member was elected.%oter $urnoutC 9:L out of :88 555 registered @oters.

L's" *, S- C* $+'! ()( )&s '$ A '+.

lections for tBe Bura "ouncil on October + 55:C

- 5; candidates 4 of wBom were women.- Incumbents won one Juarter of tBe seats- $Be two women in tBe council were among tBose re elected- %oter $urnoutC 7+L of 9 555 registered @oters .

$ribal loyalties Bea@ily condition tBe popularity of different candidates in elections.



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'onstitutional &evision

(rticle 84 of tBe &asic ,aw states tBat tBe latter can only be amended in tBe samemanner in wBicB it was promulgated namely by royal decree.

(rticle 75 states tBat a law sBall designate tBe Eudicial department concerned witBsettling disputes arising from tBe incompatibility of laws and regulations witB tBe&asic ,aw of tBe tate and ensuring tBat tBe latterNs pro@isions are not contra@ened.



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'orruption

Oman Bas no special commissions or institutions cBarged witB eliminatingcorruption.

$ransparency InternationalFs "orruption Perception Index 557 ranAs Oman : rd out of 485 countries.



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&atification of International 'onventions

International "o@enant on "i@il and Political 'igBts

oman_aps

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