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INTRODUCTION AND STRUCTURE

Omega-3 FAs are polyunsaturated, meaning

they contain more than one double bond

They are called omega-3, because the first

double bond counting from the methyl end of

the fatty acid is located at the third carbon

atom

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CLASSIFICATION

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Eskimos from Greenland.

High intake of fat from fish but low rates ofheart diseases.

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The scientific abbreviation is 18:3n-3, The first part (18:3) suggests that ALA is an 18-

carbon fatty acid with 3 double bonds The second part (n-3) tells you that ALA is an

omega-3 fatty acid It is required for health, but cannot be synthesized

in humans ALA is considered a plant-derived omega-3 fatty

acid

Humans can synthesize other omega-3 fatty acidsfrom ALA: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): 20:5n-3 Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): 22:6n-3

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The scientific abbreviation for DHA is 22:6n-3.

Found in very high concentrations in the cell

membranes of the retina

This is considered as a marine- derived

omega-3 fatty acid

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The scientific abbreviation for EPA is 20:5n-3

Marine derived

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Canola oil Fish liver oils, Fish eggs Human Milk Organ meats

Fish : salmon, tuna, halibut, shrimp, cod, sardines,halibut

Other seafood : algae and krill

Plants :

soybeans, tofu, kale, collard greens, winter squash Nuts and oils :

flax seeds and walnuts

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Nutrient Interactions

Vitamin E, the primary fat-soluble antioxidant,protects omega 3 fats from oxidation. Oxidationis a chemical process that produces free radicals.

Guidelines issued by the Workshop on theEssentiality of Recommended Dietary Intakes(RDI) for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in 1999 sponsoredby the National Institutes of Health (NIH):

People must consume at least:

-2%of their total daily calories as omega-3 fats.

e.g: person consuming 2000 calories per dayshould eat sufficient omega-3-rich foods toprovide at least 4 grams of omega-3 fatty acids.

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DRUG-NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS

Fish oil supplements containing high amounts ofomega 3 fatty acids have been shown to reducehigh blood pressure in people takingcyclosporine, an immunosuppressive drug used

to prevent rejection oftransplanted organs. In addition, a high dietary intake of omega 3 fats,

especially from fish, may decrease blood pressureand thin the blood. People taking prescription

blood pressure medications and/oranticoagulants should consult with theirphysician before taking fish oil supplements.

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ON CELL MEMBRANES

Important for integrity.

Cell to cell communication

Nutrients

Inhibits pro-inflammatory enzyme : cyclo oxygenase 2

Activates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

increases the expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2, tumorsuppressor genes that help repair damage to DNA, thus

helping to prevent cancer development. Maintains the fluidity of cell membranes.

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ON PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCTION

Omega 3 fats play an important role in theproduction of powerful hormone-likesubstances called prostaglandins.

Prostaglandins help regulate many importantphysiological functions including bloodpressure, blood clotting, nerve transmission,the inflammatory and allergic responses, thefunctions of the kidneys and gastrointestinaltract, and the production of other hormones.

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ON INFLAMMATIONS

EPA has a direct anti-inflammatory role.

RESOLVIN: a lipid product, is made from EPA and has ananti inflammatory effects on joints and improves bloodflow.

Resolvins, which have been shown to reduceinflammation in animal studies, are made from EPA byour cellular enzymes, and work by

-inhibiting the production and

-regulating the migration of inflammatory cellsand chemicals to sites of inflammation.

Comparison with anti-inflammatory drugs, such asaspirin, ibuprofen and the COX-2

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ON JOINTS

Arthritis is actually a health condition thataffects countless older adults. It's generallybrought on by inflammation that arisesaround the fluid in the joints. This nutrient

has been shown to reduce inflammation,which might help prevent arthritis fromtaking place.

Fats help to lubricate the joints and keepeverything moving smoothly

This is especially true, and important forathletes and runners

Promotes joint health

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ON THE EYES

IMPT ROLE IN EYE SIGHT Omega 3 is an essential

constituent of the retina, out ofwhich DHA comprises up to 93%.

DHA deficiency in thephotoreceptor cells spoils thefluidity in the cellular membranesand upsets its functioning.

DHA supplements effectively

address disorders such as maculardegeneration, retinitis pigmentosaand cataracts [evidentiarysupport.

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ON SKIN

Free radicals are elements which

are naturally identified in the body.

Whenever these compounds build

up in excess, they can result in

damage to the skin as well as other

parts of the body.

This nutrient can help cut down the

amount of free radicals in the body,

which can help slow down theaging process.

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ON BLOOD

Keeps blood from clotting excessively

Decreases platelet aggregation prevents

excessive clotting.

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ON BLOOD VESSELS

inhibits thickening of the arteries by decreasing

endothelial cells production

increases the activity of another chemical derived

from endothelial cells (endothelium-derived nitricoxide), which causes arteries to relax and dilate

reduces the production of messenger chemicals

called cytokines, which are involved in theinflammatory response associated with

atherosclerosis

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ON LIPID PROFILE

lowers the amount of lipids (fats such as

cholesterol, vLDL, and triglycerides) circulating

in the bloodstream.

Comparison of omega 3 and omega 6.

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ON HEART Omega 3 is acknowledged as the most important heart health related

discovery of the 21st century. They lower blood pressure and levels of cholesterol, which will help protect

against heart disease.

In addition, this nutrient also helps prevent blood clots from being created

DHA supplements help to keep the triglyceride levels in check. They arealso attributed for increased HDL (good cholesterol) levels. In essence thisnutrient can help you maintain the overall health of your cardiovascularsystem.

Heart transplant recipients

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ON THE BRAIN brain contains between 60 to 70 percent

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), an omega-3fatty acid.

This may be the reason it is so beneficialfor mental health.

Fish oil supplements, which

provide this fatty acid, are oftenrecommended for prevention andmanagement of various mental

disorders.

They are also considered to be helpful by

some experts in treating several cognitiveand other mental disorders such asdepression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer'sdisease, dementia, ADHD and bipolardisorder.

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ON NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS . People who obtain the recommended amount of this nutrient are much

less likely to get Alzheimer's disease and dementia

Docosahexaenoic Acid Promotes Neurite Growth in Hippocampal Neurons

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ON STROKE

Also helps in prevention of stroke

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ON OBESITY

reduces the risk of becoming obese and improve

the body's ability to respond to insulin by

- stimulating the secretion of leptin, a

hormone that helps regulate

- food intake

- body weight and

- metabolism,

and is expressed primarily by adipocytes (fat cells)

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ON DIABETES

Cell membrane and its receptivity to insulin

Improves bodys ability to respond to insulin

by the stimulation of secretion of leptin.

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ON KIDNEYS AND RENAL DISEASE

EFAs can modulate cellularproduction of interleukins.

Dialysis patients: observed for 5 yrs.

Beneficial effect on immunoglobulin

A nephropathy which is cause ofglomerulosclerosis in the worldprogressive renal disease--- renalfailure.

Alters production of eicosanoidsand inflammatory mediators.

Manipulation of dietary fatty acids --- therapeutic influence---- on cells,receptors, disease pathways.

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ON CANCER

Slowing cancer cell mitosis

Increasing cancer cell death

Altering estrogen metabolism

Inducing differentiation

Suppressing angiogenesis

Eating foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids seems to reduce the risk ofcolorectal cancer. n3 fatty acids accumulate in biologicalmembranes and may initiate signal-transduction processes or

modify membrane structure. Prostrate cancer

Lung cancer

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ON PREGNANT MOTHERS For pregnant mothers, it may support the exchange of nutrients and oxygen between mother

and child.

It also may also help prevent the development of preeclampsia. This occurs when a pregnantmother has high blood pressure.

Taking omega-3 fatty acid supplements may help manage blood pressure for the pregnantmother.

Can prevent early labor, and may even help to prevent post-partum depression (PPD). DHAdecreases throughout pregnancy in the mother, particularly in the third trimester, as it istransferred to the fetus. When a mother is lacking in sufficient DHA and redistribution of DHA

occurs to ensure optimal fetal brain, eye, immune and nervous system development, thedepletion of the DHA can result in post partum depression. For this reason, nutritionalexperts advise pregnant women to consume omega-3 fatty acids which will help not onlyreduce the risks of health problems for the mother and baby before and after birth, but alsoensure proper development of the fetal neurological system.

In addition, mothers who supplement with omega-3 from fish oil while they are breastfeeding can improve the early development of a newborn's brain, motor function, and visualsystem.

supplementation of fish oil during pregnancy reduces the risk of a newborn developing theskin condition eczema. When DHA and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) go through the cellmembrane, they suppress inflammation that could possibly lead to skin reactions anddifferent allergies that can occur during early childhood development. These findings wereconcluded after a study of seven hundred pregnant women revealed that expecting motherswho took fish oil supplements were compared to a placebo which showed that motherstaking fish oils has less incidences of infant eczema.

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INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

supporting proper brain development.

Studies show that it may also help increase

the intelligence of a child as well as improve

memory.

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PREVENTION OR TREATMENT

Alzheimer's disease Asthma

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Bipolar disorder

Cancer

Cardiovascular disease

Depression

Diabetes Eczema

High blood pressure

Migraine headaches

Multiple sclerosis

Obesity

Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis Psoriasis

Rheumatoid arthritis

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SIDE EFFECTS

The source of some omega-3 fatty acids may be a health concern.

People who are allergic to fish may have serious reactions to fish oil.

Possible side effects such as belching, nausea, diarrhea,

bloating, and intestinal gas.

Very high doses may cause a fishy body odor and/or "fish breath".

In some people, fish oil supplementation has been reported to increase

cholesterol LDL levels.However, others have reported that taking garlicsupplements can counteract this effect.

Diabetes:taking large amounts of fish oil may make it more difficult to

control blood sugar levels.

Fish oil may have a blood-thinning effect, it is recommended that anyone

taking anticoagulant medications (blood thinning medications) such as

Coumadin or taking any over-the-counter blood thinners such as aspirin,

consult with a physician before taking any supplements. Cod liver oil contains both vitamin A and D, and consuming

excessive amounts of these two vitamins can cause toxicity

and dangerous side effects.

Flaxseed oil may cause mild gastrointestinal symptoms as diarrhea.

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

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CONCLUSION

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