omi science team meeting 2008 using a-train synergy to determine the potential impact of volcanic...

OMI Science Team Meeting 2008

Using A-Train synergy to determine Using A-Train synergy to determine the potential impact of volcanic the potential impact of volcanic

degassing on climatedegassing on climate

S.A. Carn1, J. Wang2, N.A. Krotkov3, K. Yang3, A.J. Krueger1

• Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (JCET), UMBC, Baltimore, MD

• Dept. of Geosciences, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE

• Goddard Earth Science and Technology (GEST) Center, UMBC, Baltimore, MD


OverviewOverviewOverviewOverview

• Aura mission foci – ozone, air quality and climate

• Volcanic eruptions – important natural climate forcing

• OMI and A-Train – unprecedented observations of

volcanic SO2 and aerosol

• Combined satellite data/modeling study – direct radiative

forcing of volcanic sulfate aerosol


Motivation for SOMotivation for SO22 measurements measurementsMotivation for SOMotivation for SO22 measurements measurements

• Climate impacts• Volcanic and aviation hazards• Air quality and environmental hazards

Source: IPCC, 2001

Tropospheric aerosols(Lifetime ≈ 1-3 weeks)

Passive SO2 H2SO4

Indirect Effects on

Clouds

Explosiv

e

NET COOLING

Stratospheric aerosols(Lifetime ≈ 1-3 years)

Ash

Effectson cirrusclouds

absorption (IR)

IRHeating

emission

emission

IR Cooling

MoreDownward

IR Flux

LessUpwardIR Flux

forward scatter

Enhanced Diffuse FluxReduced

Direct Flux

Less TotalSolar Flux

Heterogeneous Less O3 depletion Solar Heating

H2SSO2

NET HEATING H2SO4

CO2

H2O

backscatter

absorption(near IR)

Solar Heating

More ReflectedSolar Flux

Effects of volcanic emissions on the climate system

Tropopause(8-17 km)

TROPOSPHERE

STRATOSPHERE


Impacts of historic volcanic eruptions on climateImpacts of historic volcanic eruptions on climateImpacts of historic volcanic eruptions on climateImpacts of historic volcanic eruptions on climate

• Laki (Iceland), 1783-84; ~120 Tg SO2

– ‘Dry fogs’ across Europe– Severe winters across Asia and North America in 1783-84

• Tambora (Indonesia), 1815; ~60 Tg SO2

– Global average cooling of 0.5-0.7ºC for 3 years– ‘Year without summer’ in 1816, summer frosts and snowfall in

North America

• Krakatau (Indonesia), 1883; ~40 Tg SO2

– Global average cooling of 0.3-0.4ºC for >1 year

• Pinatubo (Philippines), 1991; ~20 Tg SO2

– Global average cooling of ~0.5-0.7ºC– 7% reduction in total column Ozone


TOMS Volcanic SOTOMS Volcanic SO22 Emissions Inventory Emissions InventoryTOMS Volcanic SOTOMS Volcanic SO22 Emissions Inventory Emissions Inventory

• Only Pinatubo (1991) and El Chichon (1982) linked to measurable climate impacts

El ChichonPinatubo

OMI


Global SOGlobal SO22 burden from OMI: burden from OMI: Sep 2004 - Oct 2007 Sep 2004 - Oct 2007Global SOGlobal SO22 burden from OMI: burden from OMI: Sep 2004 - Oct 2007 Sep 2004 - Oct 2007

Sierra Negra

Soufriere Hills

Nyamulagira

Rabaul

P. Fournaise

Manam

Anatahan

Bottom-up inventory of global sulfur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulfur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulfur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulfur emissions

Volcanic

Marine and terrestrial DMS

Biomass burning

Fossil fuel use and industry

Explosive (E) Passive (P)

[Graf et al., 1997; Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998]


Long-range transport of SOLong-range transport of SO22 clouds: clouds: Soufriere Hills, May 2006Soufriere Hills, May 2006Long-range transport of SOLong-range transport of SO22 clouds: clouds: Soufriere Hills, May 2006Soufriere Hills, May 2006

HYSPLIT trajectory (13 days at 20 km)

[Carn et al., ACPD, 2007]

Soufriere Hills,Montserrat


OMI average SOOMI average SO22 for 2005: for 2005: W. Pacific/S.E. Asia W. Pacific/S.E. AsiaOMI average SOOMI average SO22 for 2005: for 2005: W. Pacific/S.E. Asia W. Pacific/S.E. Asia

Anatahan (CNMI)

Ambrym (Vanuatu)

Manam (PNG)

Bagana (PNG)

China


Comparing emission inventories with measurementsComparing emission inventories with measurementsComparing emission inventories with measurementsComparing emission inventories with measurements

• Data for 1970s-1997 from GEIA database [Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998]

• OMI measurements improve on current SO2 emission inventories

GEIA - 1997 OMI - 2005

OMI - SO2, aerosols, BrO

TES - SO2, HCl

MLS - strat. SO2, HCl

MODIS - SO2, ash, sulfate

AIRS - UTLS SO2, aerosols, SO2 profile?

CALIPSO - cloud height, aerosol type

Exploiting A-Train synergy for volcanic cloud studies


Aura/OMI – Aura/MLS: Aura/OMI – Aura/MLS: Manam (PNG), Jan 2005Manam (PNG), Jan 2005Aura/OMI – Aura/MLS: Aura/OMI – Aura/MLS: Manam (PNG), Jan 2005Manam (PNG), Jan 2005

OMI SO2MLS SO2

Manam

MLS SO2 profile

MLS HCl profile

• Estimate stratospheric chlorine input


AIRS 19:55 UT

Aura/OMI - Aqua/AIRS:Aura/OMI - Aqua/AIRS: Sierra Negra (Galapagos) 2005Sierra Negra (Galapagos) 2005Aura/OMI - Aqua/AIRS:Aura/OMI - Aqua/AIRS: Sierra Negra (Galapagos) 2005Sierra Negra (Galapagos) 2005

OMI 20:10 UT

S. Negra S. Negra

Lower tropospheric SO2

• Sierra Negra (Galapagos) eruption, October 24, 2005• OMI-AIRS synergy indicates SO2 concentrated in the lower troposphere

F. Prata, NILU


OMI - Aqua/AIRS - CALIPSO:OMI - Aqua/AIRS - CALIPSO: Chaitén (Chile), May 2008Chaitén (Chile), May 2008OMI - Aqua/AIRS - CALIPSO:OMI - Aqua/AIRS - CALIPSO: Chaitén (Chile), May 2008Chaitén (Chile), May 2008

[Carn et al., EOS, in prep.]

Chaitén

AIRS SO2

May 7, 0442 UT

OMSO2May 6, 1925 UT

OMSO2May 7, 1650 UT

16 kmCALIPSO

May 7, 0430 UT


Proposed EOS data – modeling studyProposed EOS data – modeling studyProposed EOS data – modeling studyProposed EOS data – modeling study

• A Combined EOS Data and GEOS-Chem Modeling Study of the Direct Radiative Forcing of Volcanic Sulfate Aerosols– NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) program 2008– PIs: J. Wang (UNL), S.A. Carn

• Rationale– Direct radiative forcing of volcanic sulfate aerosol poorly understood,

particularly its spatiotemporal variability [IPCC, 2007]– Negative forcing of anthropogenic origin will decline– Large uncertainties on composition, phase and size of sulfate particles

in mid- and upper troposphere [IPCC, 2007]

– OMI and A-Train: unprecedented volcanic SO2 observations

– New iterative OMI SO2-O3 algorithm for large eruptions

– GEOS-Chem: 3D global atmospheric chemistry model– Updated sulfate aerosol module implemented in GEOS-Chem


Sulfate aerosol phase transition and radiative forcingSulfate aerosol phase transition and radiative forcingSulfate aerosol phase transition and radiative forcingSulfate aerosol phase transition and radiative forcing

solid

aqueous

Phase transition Radiative forcing• Sulfate radiative forcing dependent on composition, phase and RH

• Aircraft data indicate neutralization of sulfate by NH3 above 5 km

• Sulfate phase transition module implemented in GEOS-Chem [Wang et al., 2008] – disregarded by most GCMs/CTMs

Crystallization RH Deliquescence RH


ApproachApproachApproachApproach

• Use OMI volcanic SO2 data to drive GEOS-Chem CTM

– New top-down volcanic SO2 emission inventory for CTM community

– Include SO2 loading and altitude

– Include TOMS SO2 data for 1979-2005

• Supplement OMI SO2 data with AIRS and MLS SO2 data

– Information on SO2 vertical profile; nighttime eruptions

• Use GEOS-Chem to model sulfate aerosol distribution, phase, composition and optical properties– Calculate direct radiative forcing of volcanogenic sulfate aerosol

• Compare model results with aerosol data from OMI, MODIS, CALIPSO, MISR– Validate model using eruption case studies

– Refine SO2 emission inventory


Aqua MODIS: Oct 7

Eruption example:Eruption example: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 7, 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 7, 2006Eruption example:Eruption example: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 7, 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 7, 2006

Oct 7

Oct 8

Oct 9

Total SO2: ~0.3 Tg


GEOS-Chem simulation:GEOS-Chem simulation: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 9, 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 9, 2006GEOS-Chem simulation:GEOS-Chem simulation: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 9, 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 9, 2006

OMSO2: 9 Oct

• Eruption on Oct 7


Aerosol data: Aerosol data: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 2006Aerosol data: Aerosol data: Rabaul (PNG), Oct 2006Rabaul (PNG), Oct 2006

Aqua MODIS AOT: 8-9 Oct

CALIPSO Backscatter: 14 Oct

MISR AOT: 8-9 Oct

OMAERO: 8 Oct

OMSO2: 8 Oct


SummarySummarySummarySummary

• Volcanic eruptions are a major cause of natural climate forcing– Major climate forcing eruptions occur ~1-2 times per century– Background of frequent smaller eruptions

• OMI and the A-Train are providing unprecedented measurements of volcanic SO2 and aerosol – Near 100% detection rate during normal operations – A-Train synergy provides altitude information

• Sulfate particle phase transition incorporated in GEOS-Chem model– Accurate simulation of sulfate phase and optical properties

• Unique opportunity to study the direct radiative forcing of volcanic sulfate aerosol– New top-down SO2 emission inventory will be developed for the CTM

community

Bottom-up inventory of global sulphur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulphur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulphur emissionsBottom-up inventory of global sulphur emissions

Volcanic

Marine and terrestrial DMS

Biomass burning

Fossil fuel use and industry

Explosive 0.5-4 % Moderate

Passive 5-10 % Low

18 % Low

2 % Low

66 % Moderate

TOTAL: ~100 Tg/yr

LOSU[Graf et al., 1997; Andres & Kasgnoc, 1998]

36

25

2

37

Sulfate burden


Detection of passive degassing with OMI: SW PacificDetection of passive degassing with OMI: SW PacificDetection of passive degassing with OMI: SW PacificDetection of passive degassing with OMI: SW Pacific

Mariana Is

Papua NewGuinea

Solomon Is

Vanuatu

Volcanic SO2 plumes in PBL


Aura/OMI - CALIPSO lidar: Aura/OMI - CALIPSO lidar: Soufriere Hills, May 2006Soufriere Hills, May 2006Aura/OMI - CALIPSO lidar: Aura/OMI - CALIPSO lidar: Soufriere Hills, May 2006Soufriere Hills, May 2006

• May 20 eruption on Montserrat• SO2 tracked for 3 weeks• Cloud altitude ~20 km• Aerosol layer non-depolarizing• Sulfate dominant, not ash

[Credit: CALIPSO Team, NASA Langley]

[Carn et al., ACPD, 2007]

CALIPSO ‘first light’ - 7 June 2006

OMI SO2 - 7 June 2006

omi science team meeting 2008 using a-train synergy to determine the potential impact of volcanic...

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