omsi science pub - chile earthquake

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27 February 2010 South Central Chile Earthquake Professor Scott Ashford Oregon State University Professor Jack Moehle University of California at Berkeley Professor Pedro Arduino University of Washington

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Page 1: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

27 February 2010South Central Chile

Earthquake

Professor Scott AshfordOregon State University

Professor Jack MoehleUniversity of California at Berkeley

Professor Pedro ArduinoUniversity of Washington

Page 2: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

2April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Acknowledgments for this broad collaborative effort funded primarily by the National Science Foundation• Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)• Jack Moehle, Team Leader

• Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER)• Jon Bray, Team Leader

• Broad participation from Chilean Faculty and Students• Pontifica Universidad Catolica de Chile• University de Chile

• Over 100 other volunteers from around the world

Page 3: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

movie

Page 4: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

2010 Chile earthquake

3:34 am local time27 February 2010

Mw 8.8

Fault rupture 100km x 500 km

Population affected > 8M*

521 confirmed deaths**

190000 homes severely damaged or destroyed

~800,000 homeless

~$30B damages

* ACHISINA**USAID, 3/25/10

Page 5: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw 4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillán

foca

l dep

th, k

m

100 km

Note: The superimposed rectangle has dimensions 600 km by 200 km.

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw 4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillán

foca

l dep

th, k

m

100 km100 km

Note: The superimposed rectangle has dimensions 600 km by 200 km.

Page 6: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10

(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillánfo

cal d

epth

, km

100 km

Note: The superimposed rectangle has dimensions 600 km by 200 km.

Main shock and aftershocks, Mw4+, 2/27/10 to 3/27/10

(earthquake data after USGS)

Epicenter

Santiago

Concepción

Talca

Valparaíso

Talcahuano

Temuco

Los Ángeles

Constitución

Curicó

Rancagua

Viña del Mar

Chillánfo

cal d

epth

, km

100 km100 km

Note: The superimposed rectangle has dimensions 600 km by 200 km.

Pacific Northwest

Page 7: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 8: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Concepcion

Page 9: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Talca (AP Photo)

Page 10: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)

Page 11: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Pelluhue (AP Photo)

Page 12: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Learning from Chile

Geological and Geotechnical Aspects

27 February 2010South Central Chile

EarthquakeJune 28, 2010

Page 13: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Typical Subduction Zone

Page 14: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Previous Events - Seismic Gap

1960-M9.5

1985-M8.0

Recent Seismic Events

Page 15: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Measured (GPS) Coseismic Horizontal Displacements

Concepcion moved ~3m towards west

Page 16: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Coseismic Vertical Displacements

Uplift up to ~2m was recorded in Lebu

Page 17: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Uplift Evidence

Page 18: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Uplift Evidence

Page 19: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Tsunami

Page 20: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Ground Failure Overview• Ground Failure

– Site effects & strong shaking– Liquefaction– Lateral spreading– Landslides

• Infrastructure impact:– Dams, tailings dams.– Ports & harbors– Buildings– Transportation (roads & bridges)

20

Page 21: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

SITE EFFECTSGround Failure

21

Page 22: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Site Effects: Vespucio Norte & Ciudad EmpresiarialSite Effects: Vespucio Norte & Ciudad Empresiarial

Gravel, Sandy Gravel, Sandy gravelgravelGravel, Sandy Gravel, Sandy gravelgravel

Silty Clay, Silty Silty Clay, Silty SandSandSilty Clay, Silty Silty Clay, Silty SandSand

CollapseCollapseNo collapseNo collapseNo collapseNo collapse

H/V peaks: 0.5-2sec (Bonnefoy et al, 2008)

Damage to 5 to 20-story buildings

QQfnofno: Silt & Clay Layers: Silt & Clay LayersQQfnofno: Silt & Clay Layers: Silt & Clay Layers

Localized Damage – Site Effects?

AAAABBBB

AAAA

BBBB

Page 23: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

LIQUEFACTION &LATERAL SPREADING

Ground Failure

23

Page 24: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Lateral Spreading

Lateral spreading near river banks due to liquefaction

Page 25: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Gas Station - Concepción

25

Page 26: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

LANDSLIDES & DAMS/TAILING DAMS

Ground Failure

26

Page 27: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Landslides

Few deep seated slides were observed

Page 28: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Dams

Most dams performed well

Page 29: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Approximate area of failure and flow direction

Tailing DamsLas Palmas tailings dam failure

Page 30: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Las Palmas Tailing Dam failure (cont)

Besides this case, most tailings dams performed well

Page 31: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

PORTS & HARBORS CASE STUDIES

Impacts of Ground Failure

32

Page 32: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Ports & Harbors• Provide important means for importing &

exporting goods in Chile 95% of exports & 90% of imports are

conducted through ports Country has 35 operational ports (10

state owned, 25 privately owned). 2 are military ports

4 ports were inspected in the period 3/13 to 3/18 by GEER team: Valparaiso, San Antonio, Talcahuano & Coronel

Information & Assistance was provided by EERI team and local engineers.

33

Page 33: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

34

Page 34: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Valparaiso: Outward quay wall movement and pavement cracks

35

Page 35: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

San Antonio: Damaged dock

36

Page 36: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

St Vincente Port

Fishing Wharf

Fish Packaging Facility

Petroleum Facilities

N

Talcahuano Port Area 37

Page 37: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

38

Page 38: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

178m24m42m N

Documented extent of lateral spread

Fishing Pier 39

Page 39: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

N

Approx extent of lateral spread

40

Page 40: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Lateral Spreading Effects on Industrial FacilitiesLateral Spreading Effects on Industrial Facilities

Fish Packing Facility, San VicenteFish Packing Facility, San Vicente

Page 41: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

N

Fish Packaging Facility

Petrobas Gas Facility

Water rise

Petrobas Gas Facility 42

Approx extent of lateral spread

Page 42: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Coronel: Lateral spread displacements

43

Page 43: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Coronel: Sinkholes (2.2m deep, 3.5m in diameter)

44

Page 44: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Coronel: Rotation of pile due to lateral spreading (not a raked

pile!)

45

Page 45: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

EMBANKMENT FAILURESImpacts of Ground Failure

46

Page 46: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Embankment Failures along Highway 5Embankment Failures along Highway 5

Possible liquefaction of thin seams in foundation soils led to translational failures of highwayembankments

Page 47: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Talca

Page 48: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Talca

Page 49: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Valparaiso, UNESCO Heritage City

Page 50: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Talca

Page 51: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 52: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

FestivalViña del Mar, 14 Stories

Page 53: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

MA

SSEQ

Page 54: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Page 55: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Page 56: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Page 57: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

MA

SSEQ

Page 58: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 59: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Concepcion (AP Photo)

Page 60: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 61: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Collapsed building in Concepcionop

en

ing

s

solidtypical

unit

Tower underconstruction

park

ing

Plan

A BSection A

Section B

Page 62: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 63: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Page 64: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Page 65: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Airports

Page 66: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Hospitals and health care

Page 67: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

US$2 billion annual sales

Approx. 1 billion liters

70% exported 80,000 full-time

workers

Chilean Wine Industry

Page 68: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 69: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Stainless steel tanks

Page 70: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

Thank You

Page 71: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

72April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Santiago (AP PHOTO/Carlos Espinoza)

Page 72: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

73April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Bridge Team Members

Mark Yashinsky, Team Leader•Caltrans

Rodrigo Oviedo•Universidad Catolica de ChileScott Ashford•Oregon State UniversityLuis Fargier-Gabaldon•Universidad de los Andes, Merida.Matias Hube•Universidad Catolica de Chile

Traveled over 2000 km from Santiagoto Temuco and back over 5 days

Nazca Plate

200 mi

Valparaíso

South America Plate

Temuco

Talca

Ruta 5

Ruta 5

Santiago

Page 73: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

shear key

Temporary shoring of the

beam

Page 74: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

75April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Vert

ical

axis

Rotation or

twisting of the deck

Abutment

Deck

Lateral displacement

Page 75: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

76April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Failed shear key

Seismic barsUndamaged shear key

Page 76: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

77April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Tubul Bridge

Eight span simply supported steel girders on

pier walls. Collapsed attributed to unseating of

beams

Page 77: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

78April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Page 78: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake
Page 79: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

80April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Summary of Observations on Bridges

• Structures with less continuity generally suffered more damage

• Localized damage suggests the importance of local site effects

• Significant liquefaction and lateral spreading along coast greatly impacted mobility

• Widespread fill settlement was easily repaired, but adversely affected traffic.

Page 80: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

81April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Summary of other Lifeline Performance

• Electric Power• Immediate blackout to 90% of Chile’s population• Transmission capability to provide power within 24 hours• Distribution system service restored with two weeks

• Telecommunication• Both landlines and wireless service serverly affected• Most cell sites ran out of battery power within 3 hours of

quakes, eliminating communications with repair crews and hospitals

• Most services restored within seven days

• Water and Wastewater severely impacted along coast

Page 81: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

82April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Pelluhue (AP Photo)

Page 82: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

83April 9, 2023Presentation title

• Maximum inundation 10m

• Maximum run-up 30m• Loss of life limited

thanks to local awareness and good signing

• Most tsunami-related deaths from tourists

Tsunami

Page 83: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

84April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

NOAA Tsunami wave heights for Feb. 27, 2010, 8.8 EQ

Page 84: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

85April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

NOAA Tsunami wave heights, May 22 1960, 9.5 EQ

Page 85: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

86April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

1500 homes destroyed in Dichato from tsunami;only 17 residents killed

Page 86: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

87April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

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88April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

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89April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

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90April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

Where do we fit in?The Pacific “Ring of Fire”

Page 90: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

91April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

200 mi

Juan de Fuca Plate

Casc

ad

ia S

ub

du

cti

on

Z

on

e

OregonOregon

WashingtonWashington

CaliforniaCaliforniaGorda Plate

Pacific Plate

North America Plate

Seattle

Portland

Corvallis

Salem

Redding

Medford

Vancouver

I-5

I-5

Nazca Plate

200 mi

Valparaíso

South America Plate

Temuco

Talca

Ruta 5

Ruta 5

Santiago

Page 91: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

92April 9, 2023Presentation title

Chile

Haiti

Finite fault models by Gavin Hayes, USGS National Earthquake Information Center

Comparison of Haitiand Chile earthquakes

• Haiti was:• Magnitude 7.0• Shallow Strike-Slip under

urban area• Vulnerable infrastructure

• Chile was:• Magnitude 8.8• Subduction Zone EQ

covering huge area• Over 500 more powerful• Last 6 times as long• Less vulnerable

infrastructure

Page 92: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

93April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

What are the implications for Oregon?

• 2010 Chile Earthquake• Peru-Chile Subduction

Zone• Magnitude 8.8• Shaking and Tsunami• Modern Building Codes• $30B damages• About 500 dead• 7 EQ M=8.0+ in past 100

yrs• Last M=8.0 in 1995• Occur about every 15 yrs

• Future CSZ Earthquake• Cascadia Subduction Zone• Magnitude 9.0• Shaking and Tsunami• Modern Building Codes• Damages estimated at

$30B*• Estimated up to 5000 dead*• No M=7.0 is past 100 years• Last M=9.0 in 1700• Occur about every 300 yrs

*Source: DOGAMI 2010

Page 93: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

94April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

What can you do?

Take personal responsibility• Have several days of emergency supplies• Earthquake proof your home • Have a plan

Support earthquake preparedness efforts• Participate in earthquake education • Continue to support State efforts

• DOGAMI tsunami hazard mapping to be completed by 2013• Seismic mitigation of public schools not complete until 2032• ODOT Phase I and II seismic retrofits

Support higher education• Innovative solutions through research and next-generation

engineers

Page 94: OMSI Science Pub - Chile Earthquake

95April 9, 2023Science Pub: Chile Earthquake Briefing

THANK YOU!

For more information:

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute• www.eeri.org

Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance• www.geerassociation.org

Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries• www.OregonGeology.org