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By:

Krishan Kumar Undergraduate Student of B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics 3rd Year

Under Supervision of

Dr. Mukesh Kumar Assistant Professor in Physics

at

Physics Department,

Swami Shraddhanand College,

University of Delhi

Swami Shraddhanand College

[University of Delhi]

Summer Research

Project Report (2015)

ON

“Innovative Energy Generation

from Vehicle’s Waste Wind”

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It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in

the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during

the course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Parveen Garg, Acting Principal Swami Shraddhanand

College, Alipur, Delhi-36 for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer training

Research Work and permitting me to use the resources available.

I am thankful to contemplative Assistant Professor Dr. Mukesh Kumar for his support,

cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration,

presence and blessings.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr Sunil who provided his valuable suggestions

and precious time in accomplishing my project report.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral

support and my tactful friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received

lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

Krishan Kumar BSc. Physics (H) [4181439017]

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Declaration

I, Krishan Kumar, student of Physics (H) Vth Semester, studying at Swami

Shraddhanand College, Alipur (University of Delhi ), hereby declare that the summer

research project report on “Innovative Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind”

is original work conducted by me.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my

knowledge.

This summer training report is not being submitted to any other University for

award of any other Degree, Diploma, Certificate and Fellowship.

Krishan Kumar

BSc. Physics (H)

[4181439017]

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Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi

Alipur, Delhi-110036

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this summer project report entitled

“Innovative Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind” is

a bonafide record of work done by “Krishan Kumar”, a

student of B.Sc. Physics (H), Vth Semester, university roll

number 4181439017 under the supervision of Dr. Mukesh

Kumar , Faculty Physics department, Swami Shraddhanand

College, from 3 June, 2015 to 20 July, 2015.

Dr. Mukesh Kumar

Supervisor

Summer Project

Dr. Parveen Garg

Acting Principal

Swami Shraddhanand College

PLACE: Delhi

DATE: 27 July 2015

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Table of Contents

1. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY …(6)

2. INTRODUCTION of the TOPIC …(6)

3. PROPOSED STUDY and SIGNIFICANCE …(11)

I. Review and Rationale of Study …(12)

II. Origin of Problem …(13)

III. Methodology …(15)

IV. Possibility and Significance of Study …(15)

4. INNOVATIVE ENERGY GENERATION …(16)

I. Innovative thought …(16)

II. Mathematical Model and Discussion …(18)

5. RESULTS and DISCUSSION …(22)

I. Feasibility of Model …(24)

6. FINDINGS-CUM-CONCLUSION …(25)

7. LIMITATIONS of STUDY …(26)

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY …(27)

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SUMMER RESEARCH PROJECT

1. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:

To study the Innovative Methods of Energy generation from Vehicle’s

Waste Energy.

2. INTRODUCTION :

It is the Energy which control whole universe and energy is the symbol of

importance . Energy is the need for everyone from our ancestor to our future

generation. There is much historical evidence which prove that many war took place

to gain more and more energy resources. In addition to energy resources, energy

conservation and energy use efficiency are also key factor for avoiding the

situation of energy deficiency. So everyone is looking for more efficient and long-

lasting techniques and more energy resources as well to feed the giant industries

which are working day and night for the luxury of citizens. Round the clock, the

consumption of energy is increasing leaps and bounds.

Fig 1.1 Increasing Trend of Carbon Emission World Wide

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The fig 1.1 clearly indicates the sharp increment in world energy consumption since 1960 [4]

[16]. Every corner of globe has seen a hike in energy consumption due to increasing

standards of people and using machines which required energy to operate. The scenario may

have been worsened by the only use of fossil / Non-Renewable sources of Energy which are

not going to last long. Further their increased exploitation is rigorously demolishing the

ecological balance and polluting the environment. Figure 1.2 shows the energy

consumption sector wise during the year 2013-14 and is about 882592 GWh enough to

shook the reservoir of Non-Renewable energy [4][16].

Their leaps and bounds increased use has forced us to look for an alternative to meet the cut-

throat energy demand of consumers. Basically, a non-renewable resource is a natural resource

that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption. Furtherfossil

fuels (Natural Gas, CNG, Coal, Petrochemicals etc.) consumptions are being about 85% of

total energy use [16]. But their rate of consumption cannot be compensated by the nature as

the rate is high enough to out power the re-building of fossils. The remaining amount of a

particular resource is often characterized by so-called Reserves-to-Production ratio (R/P)

[16]. In plain language, R/P basically gives us the length of time the reserves would last if

Fig 1.2 Energy Consumption in Different Sectors in India

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their usage continues at the current rate. Here are estimated world total R/P ratios for the

main conventional fuels:

Oil - 46 years,

Natural gas - 58 years,

Coal - 118 years.

Apart from being a finite source of energy, they also excrete some hostile by-products too as

Carbon Monoxide, CO2 and other hazardous gases. These emissions will certainly affect our

environment and has started showing the ill-effects in the form of skin Cancer, respiratory

problems etc.

In contrast, Renewable energy are generally known by the name of green energy and are

consistently being replenished by the nature. The environment is comparatively little affected

by their use then by conventional sources. The globe harness the Renewable Energy by

various sources as from Sun’s electromagnetic radiations, tidal winds, oceans, Earth’s

internal Heat and much more. Some of practically and efficiently used alternative energy

resources are:

Solar Energy: Manifested in sun in the form of light and heat and its radiation

can be converted to electricity on the basis of photoelectric effect .

Wind Energy: Natural conditions of climate and geography due to sun derives

the winds , whose energy is captured with wind turbines .

Biomass: The rain, sunlight causes plants to grow. They decay and form

biodegradable waste. Firewood, animal dung and biodegradable waste from cities

and crop residues- are source of energy when it is burnt.

Geo Thermal Energy: Derived from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs,

natural geysers, etc.

Hydro Energy: Water, a product of the evaporation caused by wind and sun’s heat.

Runoff from higher elevations to sea level can be used to generate electricity.

Ocean Energy: The temperature difference between surface of ocean and depth

cause by sun light can also be used to produce electricity.

One of another source of Non-Renewable energy is Nuclear Energy which comes from the

atom. The atoms are smallest particles and have almost no volume but have ironically

enormous source of energy. To get energy from atoms their bonds are broken which are

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founded in nucleus of atom, this breakout releases high amount of energy and further used for

thermal energy conversion purposes. Two most

efficient ways to break the bond of atom from it

nucleus are nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Nuclear

fission is a general process to harness energy from the

nuclei of atom by tearing it apart into pieces. Energy

gathered in this process is used worldwide to produce

electricity. On the other hand, nuclear fusion is the

binding process of nucleus to harness enormous

amount of Energy. This would generates enormous

heat that produces steam which then used to rotate

turbines for electricity generation. Nuclear energy is

not broadly used due to having control difficulties and uncontrolled explosion of this energy

may lead to some accidents. Some hostile mind mending incidents as Chernobyl disaster

(1986), Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (2011), and the Three Mile Island accident (1979)

will keep throating up the loss caused by Nuclear Energy to humanity.

The best possible technique is to shift the load from fossil / non-renewable energy sources to

controlled renewable energy resource with innovating sustainable development techniques.

Renewable resources are eco-friendly and have vast resources to cater the need of people.

One another reason for searching other energy long lasting resources is to not deprive our

coming generations of these fossil / nonrenewable resources.

The energy generation is not only problematic issue but also their efficient utilization and

their conservation. Various government agencies like MNRE, Bureau of Energy Efficiency

[3] etc. are taking various measures, activities for National Campaign on Energy production,

safety and their conservations. Indian Government is also emphasizing the use of eco-friendly

renewable energy by its various welfare schemes such as Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar

Mission (JNNSM) to generate 20,000 MW by 2022 [20]. Also government is also providing

LED’s to the citizens on EMI via electrical energy distributing companies to decrease the

energy load of individual house.

So today pertinent challenge is to find new energy resources to meet its energy demands, to

minimize energy wastage and environmentally safe resources for making our society as a

Figure 1.3

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sustained society. The increased pressure on natural resources and environmental degradation

is not a good situation for a responsible civilized society.

Hunt for efficient Renewable Energy sources in the recent years has emerged as a serious

research and policy agenda. Further there is also a need of people awareness from time to

time to focus on eco-friendly energy resources to make their progenitors future bright.

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3. PROPOSED STUDY & SIGNIFICANCE

The luxurious life of 21st Century people along with increased travel demands has not only

increased the number of vehicles on road but also a desire for more speed of the vehicle.

Most of the Indian cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai etc. have got busy

highways like other global cities leading to continuous and speedy road wave turbulence. The

figure 3.1 shows that the growth in number of vehicles in metro cities has outpaced the rate of

population growth [22]. On an average, though the population has increased by about 1.89

times during 1981-2001, but the number of vehicles has increased at a rate of 7.75 times

during the same period. It means that motor vehicles have seen almost four times faster

growth than population.

Like other parts of country, energy thrust of Delhiites is also growing leaps and bounds. If

we look for the geographical location of Delhi which enjoys a humid subtropical climate and

counters direct sunlight round the year. This graces a huge potential of solar and other

associated renewable energy power generation for Delhiites. Their daily increasing energy

demands forced city planner to look for other easily available energy resources. This must be

treated in dual ways, not only the more generation of energy but also to minimize energy loss.

This loss can be minimized by the use of efficient and modern systems. The increasingly

vehicle traffic on roads is also an indicator of the development and modern society. But

Fig 2.1 Percentage Growth in Number of Vehicles with growth in Population (1981-2001) in Metro Cities

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with this , increasing traffic also contribute a significant energy loss due to factors like

aerodynamic loss and friction etc.

With increasing global energy consumptions not only the global energy reservoirs are

decreasing but a huge amount of energy goes waste due to inefficient work-energy

conversion machine. Various private sector companies, NGO’s and Environmentalists are

joining their hands with various government agencies to reduce energy wastage.

The vehicles generally use combustible petrochemical products to supply energy to Engines

in order to produce work. But this vehicle fuel problem adds up to the inefficient nature of

internal combustion engine. Around 60 percentage of fuel's chemical energy is not converted

to useful mechanical energy thereby losing energy through engine friction and wasted heat.

Though the quality of fuel has increased in recent days but still the increased number of

vehicles has out powered this quality rise leading to excessive loss of fuel energy. These

speedy vehicles particularly trucks and other such heavy vehicles not only generates

airturbulence but also maximize the use of gasoline in vehicles is to overcome the resistance

due to atmosphere or aerodynamic Resistance.

This loss of vehicle energy in the form of heat, momentum impact can be managed by

nature if the quantity of loss is under nature tolerance limits. Increased number of vehicles

has powered out this quantity rise leading to excessive and some significant loss of energy

which in turn may adversely impact environmental health in the form of increased

environmental pollution, unbalanced ecosystem etc. This loss energy increment also

provides a scope of energy generation from waste energy and can be directly related with the

roadside use of energy consumption.

3.1 REVIEW AND RATIONALE OF STUDY

Few works are also being carried out around the globe for reutilization of this aerodynamic

drag. Many contemporary researchers like Christof Liebe, Reinhard Mahnke, Reinhart

Kuhne [2011], T.Morbito and his group [2010],Sinisa S and team [2009], E.H Wang and

team [2011] have done an exemplary work in explaining the working of aerodynamic drag

and their working in general condition.

Christof Liebe with his colleagues [5] in year 2011, described dynamics of Traffic Roads

and put forward a probabilistic model. They investigated the flux of mechanical energy so

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that balanced energy can be evaluated out of non-linear vehicular particles. On highways,

he calculated the Flow-Density Relationship.

William p. Robbins and his team in the year 2006 [36] also study wind energy

generation in a wind turbine from air wind with the help of piezoelectric membrane.

Inspire of using blades in turbine, they preferred to use flag-like membrane, called piezo

elements or bimorphs which are composed of flexible piezo electric material. Wind

breeze caused the membrane to flap, causing to generate bending stress inside the body,

which in turn generate electricity across the electrodes placed on the surface.

E H Wang [9] in the year also successfully converted the loss on highways into useful

gift. He emphasise on thermal waste rather than aero dynamical waste, still his

phenomenon to capture low grade waste heat on road via Organic Rankine Cycle will

help us a lot in final stage. Further it helped us to study the efficiency of Vehicle’s

Engine.

M .Kumar and Sagar Dahiya [17] in the year 2013 studied the vehicle heat emission

impact on environment and they have suggested the possible way of reducing the heat

impact through the use of Thermo Electric Generator.

T. Morbiato and his team [34] in the year 2010 did a great work in studying the wind

profiles generated by wind traffic. They have treated the vehicles soundings air as a

low viscous fluid and situation of vehicles movement in air is similar to vehicles

movement in water with higher viscosity fluid . They studied the aerodynamic drag of

both isolated trucks and flock of trucks. Their result shows the existence of quantified

drag coefficient distribution, the viscous phenomenon velocity losses generated by roof

and the changes in velocity distribution.

3.2 ORIGIN OF PROBLEM

The laws of conservation of energy, laws of thermodynamics and Bernoulli's theorem can

play a major role in studying the energy loss during conversion machine. From review and

rationale of related work done, the following important outcome related to energy generation

from waste energy come out:

Renewable Energy can solve our energy demands if it harness tactfully and wind

energy is a clean source of energy probably a good option for us ;

Wind Turbine help us to capture the wind kinetic energy and generate electricity ;

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Number of vehicle as well as speed of vehicles are increasing day by day , this

also increase vehicle energy consumption ;

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only its form can be changed.

The speedy vehicles particularly trucks and other such heavy vehicles not only

generate air turbulence but also maximize the use of gasoline in vehicles is to

overcome the resistance due to atmosphere or aerodynamic Resistance

From the previous study / work done by -

Christof Liebe who gave idea of variable air flow-flux density with varying

transformation of constellation of vehicles.

E. H. Wang and M. Kumar thought of energy generation from the waste vehicle’s

energy on highways.

T. Morbiato suggested that the energy wasted by vehicles is sufficient enough to

recapture them via wind turbine.

It is clear that wind energy can be a good option for to cut out these exponentially growing

energy demands. But wind turbine installation will be successful to those places where there

is high wind speed like costal area. The high wind speed required because rotation of

turbine blade require an adequate high initial momentum. The advancement in technology

has bring down the mass of blade, improvement in blade profile as well as

development of some other materials to capture wind impact for example piezoelectric

sensors.

On the other hand the number of vehicle, speed of vehicle are increasing with the

quality of the roads. Their speed can generate some wind turbulence which may affect

the air velocity otherwise this speedy wind goes waste in the environment.

In this work we try to co-relate these two important concept i.e. generation of electricity

from wind speed through wind turbine and speedy vehicle can generate air turbulence

which may affect turbine motion i.e. “Energy Generation from Vehicle’s Waste Wind ".

This is innovative because we are talking about generation of energy from the utilized energy

which is otherwise going to be waste.

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Figure 2.2

3.3 METHODOLOGY

On basis of problem related study and in view of our problem we have adopted

following step-wise methodology :

Stage 1 : First we are going to see the feasibility of using wind turbine in those

place where wind speed is not very high and which setup positions and

shape of turbine will be better for economical viable output.

Stage 2 : Next we make a mathematical model to compute the wind turbine output

power and this provide an estimate of generated power. This model must

demonstrate how generated power, turbine speed depend son vehicle speeds.

Stage 3 : In this stage we do model result analysis to check feasibility of setting such

wind turbine in practical life to capture vehicle loss energy.

Stage 4 : In last we study the limitations of the proposed model and suggestion of

modification in proposed model for better output, if any .

3.4 POSSIBILITY AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

If it is possible to utilize this vehicle waste energy which is being wasted in the form of

wind turbulence, then we are able to

generate energy from waste energy .

This can be possible because

according to the law of conservation

of energy - Energy neither be created

nor destroyed, only its form can be

change. If this change is economically

viable then this can help in satisfying

the unending greed of human

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encountering energy problems in their day-to-day life.

This could be possible by a tactful setup of wind energy capturing turbines, This power

generation can be increased if we take care of location, shape of turbine and with the use of

piezo sensor. If one locates turbine near to heavily accelerate traffic such as at flyovers, slip

downs, tunnels etc. more wind power can be generated. Fixed speed lanes can also produce

variable speed of vehicles so the variable speeds of turbine.

This study will be having a great importance because:

This study not only provided exact use of energy resources to minimize energy loss

but also came up with some innovate new techniques to generate energy to meet the

society's energy needs.

This study provides estimation and possibilities of vehicle driven wind power

generation.

This study provide a significant use air impact which in turn may adversely impact

environmental health in the form of increased environmental pollution, unbalanced

ecosystem etc.

The energy generation shall be at least sufficient for lightening roadside and this save

electricity which can be used for some other purpose.

This would also help government policy maker to get detail energy resources data for new

policy framework to develop Delhi as world class city or “Smart City.

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4. INNOVATIVE METHOD OF ENERGY GENERATION

I. Innovative Thought

A vehicle after consuming fuel energy in the form of petrol, CNG, diesels etc. perform an

inefficient task of speedy motion on the road. We are calling inefficient because no engine

have 100% efficiency, so some of the energy waste in form of heat and other by the

vehicle engine itself. We cannot save this waste but one can minimize it by using more

efficient engine. Vehicle engine perform the task of vehicle movement. Our vehicle is not

moving in isolation but surrounded by air pressure. One can correlate this vehicle

movement to movement of a body in high viscous fluid like water. The only difference

between two situations is density / viscosity of the medium. So a vehicle in motion creates

high wind turbulence or air drag on the road like a body movement does in water. The

wind power capturing by wind mills on sea area inspire us to set a wind turbines in the

path of high wind turbulence to captured air thrust and generate Energy. The laws of

conservation of energy and thermo-dynamical laws provided some scope for such

innovative techniques for energy generation from utilized energy wastage. This study

primarily tried to develop some new innovative method for conservation of energy and

regenerations of energy from waste energy.

This is innovative because we are talking about generation of energy from the utilized

energy. The amount of generation energy will be very less as compared to consume which is

otherwise going to be waste. Only thing that we have to do is to increase the amount of

generation. The speed of vehicle is limited to a certain range due to safety issue; only thing

that we can do is to increase capturing area for wind speed. This would involve some

vertically and horizontally turbines set-up in series at a certain distance from each other,

locations like depressions on roads, overpasses, tunnels etc. where the probable speed of

vehicle will be comparatively maximum. Bernoulli’s theorem can give answer to such issues

[1].

For ample and feasible capturing of waste mechanical energy by vehicles on road, one can

use both Horizontal Axis turbines and Vertical Axis turbine as well.

Horizontal Axis turbines [12] can be set in the middle of road with the help of axles while

Vertical Axis turbines can be put up on dividers as shown in the figure 3.2.

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The selection of a wind mill - Horizontal Axis turbines or Vertical Axis turbines depends on

how it will harness more and more energy from the aero dynamical loss of the system. In our

situation series of vertical axis turbines along the divider of two way lanes may be more

fruitful to us. Further Vertical axis turbine can also be easily set up in one way multi-lane

roads. These vertical axis turbines setup must be such that their blades get maximum expose

to these generated speedy winds. The some of the suggest road location are -

Sites near the downfall of a Fly-over ;

Expressways with minimum red lights and

sub-roads or dividers.

Exit points Tunnel roads where the wind

speed is at the consideration level.

In the middle of underpasses etc.

These are just few option, one can chose any

location but subjected to maximum expose to

these generated speedy winds and have a

considerable level of power generation.

II. Mathematical Model and Discussion

From the previous studies done by eminent scientist Albert Betz in 1919 (Book Published,

1926) [1] , we come to know the well-known equation of wind energy power P, harnessed by

Fig 3.2Multi-Directional Horizontal Axis Turbine [18] Fig 3.1 Vertical Axis series of Turbines at either side of roads [19]

Wind Turbine

Figure 3.3 Sort of type of Underpass on Highways

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wind turbine having blade cross- section area A due to wind velocity Vw in the air like

viscous medium of density ρ is

given by-

P = CpρAVw3 (4.1)

Here Cp is Betz Law limit

which is related to Power

Coefficient and it varies with the

tip speed ratio λ of the turbine in

honour of scientist Albert Betz.

Tip speed ratio is ratio of blade

tip speed to wind speed. The

variation of Cpwith tip speed

ratio λ is shown in fig. 3.4 [24].

This law concluded that no wind

turbine can convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into

mechanical energy turning a rotor.

The qualitative behaviour of air fluid can be understood by using the law of conservation of

energy and Bernoulli theorem. According to Bernoulli theorem lowering of air fluid pressure

may result in increased in the velocity of air flow.

Let us consider an isolated vehicle is moving on the highway with velocity Vv in the air

fluid and vehicle-air drag result in the

setup of air turbulence in the

surrounding air. In order to calculate real

air pressure variation due to vehicle

movement, let us assume a cylindrical air

tube of height h and radius R around

turbine (at least equal to Radius of

turbine) which absorbs all the kinetic

energy of wind turbulence generated.

This assumption lead to a laminar flow of velocity profile having no viscous losses and

turbulence. If there is no loss of air turbulence along curved surface of a cylinder and the

Fig 3.4 Comparison of lambda with respect to Power Coefficient

Figure 3.5

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air turbulence can only enter or exit at the circular face of the cylinder. Thus our

assumption indirectly leads to a relation between effective flow velocity and maximum

velocity i.e. Effective flow velocity is one half of the maximum velocity. The velocity of air

flow Va in cylindrical air tube is dependent on velocity of vehicle Vv and both may have

direct variation so

Va = αVv ... (4.2)

Where α is a correlation coefficient having value from 0 to 1 depending on surrounding area

and vehicle-air drag. A pressure difference is created at end of cylindrical air tube by running

of vehicle, which will result in drag force on wind turbine. The net drag force can be

correlated with cylinder faces pressures as

F = (P 2 − P 1) πR2

The pressure change can itself be related to medium density change Δ ρ and air profile

velocity Va by ½ ΔρVa2. Therefore resultant drag force on wind turbine due to imaginary air

column is

F = Δρ Va2πR

2 (4.3)

This is vehicle aerodynamic drag force and this drag force will perform work in rotating wind

turbine. So net power transfer by air profile will be

P = F.Va

= ΔρVa3πR

2

Or P = Δρ α3Vv

3πR

2 (4.4)

Our calculated eq. (4.4) is similar to previous workout equation by Albert Betz in 1926 and

T. Morbiato in 2014 for wind power P harnessed by wind turbine. The equation (4.4) is

similar to equation (4.1) in term of variation with respect to vehicle speed but having

different coefficient. The Betz law limit utilization of such wind power generated and state

that maximum usable power is only about 59.3%.Therefore wind profile usable power Pu is

Pu ≤ Cp P

Or Pu= 0.29 Δρ α3Vv

3πR

2 (4.5)

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The equation (4.5) gives power generated by a windmill due the velocity profile of a moving

vehicle. This show that

𝑃𝑢 ∝ 𝑉𝑣3

𝑃𝑢 ∝ 𝑅2

And𝑃𝑢 ∝ Δρ

So our mathematical calculation show that usable power is varies cubically with velocity of

vehicle, but same time limited by cubical variation of constants α and density difference.

It is velocity of wind 𝑣𝑎 which rotates the turbine or whose kinetic energy of wind is

transferred to rotational energy of turbine. The rotational speed of turbine having radius R is

given by

𝜔 = 𝐶 𝑣𝑎 / 𝑅

where C is dynamic constant which can be correlate to Betz constant having

maximum value 0.59. In view of this one can easily say that rotational speed of turbine

due a vehicle having speed 𝑣𝑣 is given by

𝜔 = 𝐶 𝑚𝑣

𝑚𝑎𝑅2+ 𝜌2−𝜌1 𝜋𝑅4ℎ

12

𝑣𝑣 (4.6)

The equation (4.6) show that for some optimal R some rotation speed can induced from

speedy vehicle .

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0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1

V=40km/h 0.42 1.94 5.33 11.34 20.69 34.16 52.48 76.39 106.65 144.01

V=60km/h 1.42 6.56 18 38.27 69.88 115.34 177.19 257.9 360.05 486.2

V=80km/h 3.3601 15.556 42.686 90.724 165.64 273.41 420.01 611.42 853.60 1152.5

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Po

we

r G

en

era

ted

(In

Jo

ule

s)

Power Generated Vs Radius of Turbine at constant α=0.5

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

From our observations and mathematical calculations it turn out that vehicle motion

through its velocity Vv induced some velocity to air-mass which can rotate wind turbine

of radius R. The maximum usable power in view of Betz limit is

𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 0.29∆𝜌𝛼3𝑉𝑣3𝜋𝑅3 (5.1)

Above equation shows that wind power generated varies cubically with the velocity of

vehicle but limited by the value of Betz limit Cp , correlation coefficient, α and density of

air, ρ.

Case 1: Characteristic of power generation with radius of turbine:

Above Graph 1 clearly states that with the increasing radius of the wind turbine, the ability

of turbine to capture the aerodynamic drag increases increasing the power generating

ability of system. The power generated ranges between 0.42 Joules at radius of turbine at

0.3 metres to 0.1kJoules with radii of turbine at 2.1 metres, for velocity of vehicle at

40km/h under most appropriate conditions. When the vehicles run via speed of 60km/h,

the range substantially increases from 1.43Joule to 0.2kJoules with the same range of

radii of turbine as stated. The power generated seems to be feasible at vehicles speed

80km/h. The range shifts as high to 1.42 joules to 0.5kJoules with the same described

limits of radii.

Graph 1: Power Generated Vs Radius of Turbine at various correlation coefficients

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Graph 2 Graph Between velocity of vehicle and that of power generated (in Watts) which seems to be cubic after neglecting external factors.

The useful power generated with Δρ = 0.1 Kg/m3 and R= 1 m for vehicle’s velocity in the

range 0 to 100 Km/h is shown in graph 2 having correlation coefficient 0.1, 0.5 and 1.

The useful power generated is found of few KW order.

For example useful power generated is 0.5kW for Vv = 60 km/h, Δρ = 0.1 Kg/m3, R= 1 m

and α = 0.5.

Above discuss power value is

maximum because we have

assume that no wind variation

along the column height and

complete air turbulence effect

the wind turbine. But in actual

practice most of wind

variation go useless due to

wide angle as shown.

Figure 4.1 Useful range of a vehicle

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FEASIBILITY of MODEL: The era of 21st century is switching from private use to

corporate use. So, the question of feasibility is a common one. Even it will be right to

state that a model is not being graded if the cost is more than the output.

From above study, it is clear that though the efficiency of our model is less, but it is

sufficient enough to produce an adequate amount of Energy if rented a favourable

condition. If we include energy loss factors like air resistance, friction factor etc. then

still we can use a minimum of 10% of maximum value, available for power generation

then still some significance value can be generated as shown in graph 2.

We can also place the small circular turbine or series of small circular turbines at regular

intervals, then these combined groups of turbines will certainly show a rise in the

efficiency by capturing the wind at larger scale.

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6. Findings-cum-Conclusion:

From above study, we find that a feasible amount of energy is generated which depends on

several factors as direction of wind flowing, speed of vehicle, radius of turbine. The power

generated shows parabolic increase with the blades of turbine and cubic relation with the

velocity of vehicle. Further we can also state that a huge amount of energy is being wasted

everyday on highways which can be re-harnessed to feed the increasing thirst of Human

Civilization for Energy.

One of the methods for feasibly re-generation from highways’ waste is setting wind turbines

at favourable positions. We can also use larger blades and compact design to capture the most

of Aero-Dynamic Drag. The highway lanes can be fixed to a certain optimum speed limit to

increase the efficiency of system. Lower density of material of turbine will enhance the

rotation.

Further, some other improvements can also increase the efficiency of model such as by using

piezo-electric material in place of blades of wind turbine, setting turbines near tunnels, etc.

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7. Limitations of the study :

The prime limitation of our model is that we did not test it on ground, everything is

theoretical. Further, we also neglected the usual drag of wind i.e. the wind that is flowing by

itself in atmosphere. Further, the value of Betz Limit taken by us is not experimental, it’s a

random value. So, the calculation may differ accordingly.

We have opted for random change in the density of air. The density of air will certainly

increase due to high level of dust particles and coke in the air, which is generally on Delhi

Highways. So, power generation will also increase to a meagre quantity. Overall, we have

taken a mid-way in selection of random values of mathematical terms, so that we can get the

lower limit of Power Generation.

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