I. TYPES OF ADVERBS (CAÙC LOAÏI ADVERBS):

1. Adverbs of manner

Adverbs chæ theå caùch (laøm

nhö theá naøo)

carefully, honestly, slowly, rapidly, easily, difficultly, lovely, lively,

hard, fast…

2. Adverbs of place

Adverbs chæ nôi choán there, here, abroad, nearby, away, upstairs,

downstairs…

everywhere, somewhere, nowhere, anywhere3. Adverbs of time first, then, before, after, later, when, while, until =

till 4. Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs chæ söï naêng xaûy ra always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom,

hardly, scarcely, never5. Adverbs of degree

Adverbs chæ möùc ñoä extremely, highly, very, really,

nearly, almost, quite, fairly, rather (kha khaù),

a little bit, a bit (moät chuùt), slightly (hôi hôi)

IV. USE and POSITION (Caùch söû duïng vaø vò trí cuûa ADVERBS)

ADVERBS OF MANNER EXAMPLES

1. Sau verb maø noù muoán boå

nghóa (khoâng coù object)

The children sat. The children sat quietly.

He behaved. He behaved badly.

The prince and princess live. The prince and princess live

happily.

She danced at the party. She danced beautifully at

the party.

You know that I can’t drive. You know that I can’t drive

well.

2. Sau verb maø noù muoán boå

nghóa coù object ngaén

(short object)

short obj

He speaks English. He speaks English well.

He played football. He played football badly.

They decided to leave the town They decided to leave the

town secretly.

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3. Tröôùc verb maø noù muoán boå

nghóa coù object daøi hay laø

cuïm töø (long object/

phrase)

The man was arranging all the flowers he’d just cut the

garden.

phrase

The man was cheerfully arranging all the flowers he’d just

cut the garden.

She picked up all the bits of broken glass.

phrase

She carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass

4. Tröôùc adjective maø noù boå

nghóa.

adj

The price was cheap. The price was reasonably cheap.

The exam was easy. The exam was extremely easy.

5. Tröôùc adverb khaùc maø noù boå

nghóa

adv adv adv

They played well. They played fairly well.

They worked hard. They worked incredibly hard.

ADVERBS OF PLACE EXAMPLES

1. Sau verb He lived abroad.

I don’t like sitting around.

The children walk to school. It is nearby.

The students were walking downstairs.

2. Sau object I looked for my keys everywhere. Put your legs across.

obj obj

I’d like to visit the Paradiso Club. My husband sang old-time

songs there.

ADVERBS OF TIME EXAMPLES

Ñöùng cuoái caâu We’ll see you later. See you soon. BUT: We’ll soon be

there.

He arrived home and found noboddy. They’d left home 10

minutes before.

She left home with a broken heart. Her life was

heartbreaking then.

He started his business and earned a fortune. He married her

afterward.

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ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

EXAMPLES

Sau verb to be He’s always early. I am rarely ill. Children are usually playful.

Sau modals He will never make such a mistake. I’ll always tell.

Tröôùc ñoäng töø thöôøng He never comes late. Michael usually hurts anyone he is not

fond of.

Tröôùc used to vaø have

to

I never used to get up late. You always have to come early.

Moät soá advers (often,

usually, occasionally,

once, twice;

sometimes) coù theâÛ

ñaàu caâu hay cuoái

caâu.

He often walked home. Often he walked home. He walked

home often.

Usually people think of themselves before thinking of others.

Once he disguised as a police officer.

I ate at the new Italian restaurant twice.

100% 0% always usually often sometimes occasionally seldom rarely never

THÖÙ TÖÏ TRONG CUØNG MOÄT CAÂU CUÛA ADVERBS OF MANNER, PLACE, AND TIME

Thöù töï thoâng thöôøng:

Adverb of manner + Adverb of place +

Adverb of time

Thôøi gian coù theå ñöùng ôû ñaàu caâu khi

nhaán maïnh

He lived happily in Paris for a year.

manner place time

Every day he stood silently at the bus stop.

time manner place

Sentence Adverbs (Adverbs boå nghóa cho caû caâu)

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Nhöõng Adverbs sau ñaây coù caùc vò trí khaùc nhau khi boå nghóa cho

caû caâu (a whole sentence)

actually; really; in fact (thaät söï ra, thaät vaäy)

undoubtedly; definitely; certainly; surely (chaéc chaén)

evidently; obviously; clearly; apparently (roõ raøng, hieån nhieân)

presumably; probably; perhaps; possibly (coù theå)

(un)fortunately, (un)luckily (xui/ heân / may maén)

frankly, honestly (thaønh thaät/ thaúng thaéng…)

generally, specifically.... (nhìn chung, moät caùch cuï theå…)

He foolishly answered the questions.

He answered the questions foolishly.

He is obviously intelligent.

Obviously he’s intelligent.

He actually lives next door.

Actually, he lives next door.

He lives next door actually.

Surely you could pay £1?

You could pay £1, surely?

Surely you could pay £1?

You could pay £1, surely?

a/ an goïi laø indefinite articles (maïo töø khoâng xaùc ñònh) ñi vôùi danh töø ñeám ñöôïc, ôû soá ít.

a / an +

singular noun

countable noun

a book, a chair, a man, a country

an ice-cream, an umbrella, an ostrich

The goïi laø definite articles (maïo töø xaùc ñònh) ñi vôùi danh töø ñeám ñöôïc hoaëc khoâng ñeám ñöôïc, ôû soá ít hay soá nhieàu.

the + singular noun

plural noun

countable noun

uncountable noun

the book, the chair, the country, the umbrella

the books, the chairs, the countries the bread, the news, the advice, the oil

a/ an ñöôïc söû duïng khi danh töø ñöôïc ñeà caäp laàn ñaàu tieân, sau ñoù thì söû duïng the.

When we were on holiday, we stayed at a hotel. In the evenings,

sometimes we had dinner at the hotel, sometimes in a restaurant.

I saw a film last night. The film was about a soldier and a beautiful

girl. The soldier was in love with the girl but the girl loved a teacher.

So the soldier shot the teacher and went to prison.

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a/ an ñöôïc söû duïng khi danh töø ñöôïc ñeà caäp chöa xaùc ñònh, duøng the neáu ñaõ xaùc ñònh

(There are two doors and both are open.)

“Close a door please.” “Close the doors please.” “Close the door next to you please.”

“Is there a post office near here?”

“Where is the post office near here?”

“I need to sign this and I have no pens. Can I borrow a pen please?”

(You see a nice pen on a desk. You want to see it) “May I see the pen please?”

(There is one blackboard in the classroom) “Now everybody! Look at the blackboard!”

Sau ñaây laø moät soá quy luaät veà danh töø coù hay khoâng coù söû duïng articles

Khoâng duøng article vôùi danh töø noùi chung hay khoâng xaùc ñònh cuï theå (general reference).

Salt is necessary for life.

I love music.

Books are expensive.

Rats can carry diseases.

Men are lazy at home.

Roses are my favorite flowers.

Giraffes are tall animals.

** Danh töø ñeám ñöôïc phaûi ôû soá nhieàu

Duøng the vôùi danh töø coù moät giôùi haïn naøo ñoù hay xaùc ñònh roõ giöõa ngöôøi nghe vaø ngöôøi noùi trong moät tình huoáng cuï theå (specific reference)

Can you pass the salt please?

Please turn down the music.

Put the book on the desk.

The rats may carry diseases. Don’t keep them.

The men you are talking about are lazy at home.

The roses in this vase are quite nice.

The giraffes in this painting are lively.

Khi ñeà caäp moät loaøi caây, ñoäng vaät, sinh vaät... noùi chung tuy khoâng xaùc ñònh, coù theå duøng the + danh töø soá ít

The rose is my favorite flowers. (Hoa hoàng laø loaøi hoa yeâu thích cuûa toâi)

The giraffe is tall animals. (Höôu laø loaøi ñoäng vaät cao)

Trong moät soá caùch noùi (expressions), vieäc danh töø coù the hay khoâng coù the coù theå taïo söï khaùc bieät veà yù nghóa

ngöôøi noùi dieãn ñaït. Sau ñaây laø moät soá ví duï:

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WITHOUT ARTICLE WITH ‘the’

watch television xem truyeàn hình

on television treân (chöông trình) truyeàn hình

look at/ repair the television nhìn/ söûa caùi TV

(the cat is) on the television (con meøo) treân caùi TV

go to school ñi hoïc; tôùi tröôøng (ñeå hoïc)

go to hospital ñi (chöõa beänh ôû) beänh vieän

go to church ñi leã nhaø thôø

go to prison ñi tuø (vì coù toäi)

go to sea (thuyû thuû) ñi bieån

go home veà nhaø

go on holiday ñi nghæ maùt

go to the school ñi tôùi tröôøng

go to the hospital ñi tôùi beänh vieän

go to the church ñi tôùi nhaø thôø

go to the prison ñi tôùi nhaø tuø

go to the seaside/ the beach ñi bieån chôi

live by the sea soáng gaàn bieån

go to the countryside ñi veà mieàn queâ

go to the doctor’s ñi baùc só khaùm beänh

go to the dentist’s ñi nha só chöõa raêng

giôùi töø + danh töø chæ phöông tieän vaän chuyeån:

by air by plane

by sea by ship, by boat

by railway by train

by road by car

by land on foot / on horseback

the + danh töø chæ phöông tieän truyeàn thoâng, giaûi trí

go to the cinema ñi xem phim

go to the theatre ñi xem haùt

go to the concert ñi xem hoaø nhaïc

listen to the radio nghe phaùt thanh

look onto the Internet xem treân maïng

at + danh töø haøm yù moät hoaït ñoäng (activity)

at sea ñang ôû ngoaøi bieån

at school (hoïc) ôû tröôøng

at work ñang laøm vieäc

at home ñang ôû nhaø

at + the + danh töø chæ nôi choán

at the office ñang ôû vaên phoøng

at the cinema ñang ôû raïp chieáu phim

at the market ñang ôû chôï

play + danh töø chæ chôi caùc moân theå thao

play football, tennis, badminton, chess etc.

play + the + danh töø chæ moät nhaïc cuï

play the piano / the drums / the violin etc.

Danh töø chæ ngoân ngöõ hay quoác gia / quoác tòch

speak English, Vietnamese, Spanish

the + teân quoác gia ôû soá nhieàu hoaëc laø Kingdom

the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands,

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live in Vietnam, Singapore, China, Spain

They’re British. He’s French. I’m Vietnamese.

the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Thailand

giôùi töø at/ by + danh töø chæ caùc buoåài thôøi gian

at night, at midnight, at noon, at dawn

by day, by night

giôùi töø in + the + danh töø chæ caùc buoåi thôøi gian

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,

in the night

CAÙC TRÖÔØNG HÔÏP KHAÙC

Articles khoâng söû duïng vôùi danh töø chæ

teân moân hoïc study mathematics, chemistry, physics etc.

teân caùc böõa aên* nhöng duøng a khi coù tính töø ñöùng tröùôc:

have breakfast, have lunch, have dinner, have supper

have a nice dinner, have an enormous breakfast

teân hoà Lake Superior, Lake Xuan Huong

teân thaønh phoá (city),

ñöôøng phoá (street, road, avenue. . .),

quaän (district),

tænh (province),

tieåu bang (state), county

Hochiminh City, London, New York

Tran Hung Dao Street, Main Road

Guangdong Province, Long An Province

District 5, Binh Thanh District

California, Texas, Cornwall

teân ngoïn nuùi (mount) Mount Everest, Mont Blanc, Mount Fuji

teân hoøn ñaûo Phu Quoc Island / Manhattan Island

Article the söû duïng vôùi danh töø chæ

teân cuûa bieån, ñaïi döông the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the North Sea

teân sa maïc, soâng, keânh ñaøo

the Sahara, the Thames, the Nile River, the Panama Canal

teân cuûa raëng nuùi the Himalaya, the Alps, the Truong Son

teân quaàn ñaûo (group of islands)

the Philippines, the West Indies

teân . . . + of + teân . . . the Gulf of Mexico, the Cape of Good Hope (Muõi Good Hope)

the Bay of Ha Long (Ha Long Bay),

the University of Oxford, the Isles of Wight

teân söï vaät ñöôïc cho laø duy nhaát

the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the world,

the equator (xích ñaïo), the universe (vuõ truï), etc.

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teân baùo chí the Times, the Washington Post

naêm thaäp nieân, theá kyû the 1970s, the 1990s, the 20th century

danh töø chæ quoác tòch taän cuøng laø –sh, -ch, -ese ñeå chæ ngöôøi ôû soá nhieàu

the British = British people the French = French people the Vietnamese = Vietnamese people

tính töø taïo danh töø soá nhieàu

the rich = rich people

the deaf = deaf people

Treân ñaây laø caùch söû duïng cô baûn vaø thoâng thöôøng cuûa articles. Ngoaøi ra articles ñöôïc söû duïng trong nhieàu tröôøng hôïp khaùc nöõa, maø khoâng theå lieät keâ heát ôû ñaây. Khi gaëp danh töø vôùi article hay khoâng coù article, ta neân töï hoûi taïi sao, quy luaät naøo vaø ghi nhôù.

I/. SHORT ADJECTIVES:

Adjectives with one syllable or two syllables ending with –y

(tính töø coù moät vaàn, hoaëc tính töø coù hai vaàn vôùi vaàn thöù hai taän cuøng laø ‘y’)

Comparative

Examples

Adjective + -er cheap

warm

cheaper

warmer

Country life is cheaper than city life.

Santiago is warmer than Chicago in February.

Gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm neáu tröôùc noù laø nguyeân aâm

hot

big

hotter

bigger

Saigon is hotter than Hanoi.

Egypt is bigger than Kenya.

Theâm r, neáu taän cuøng laø -e

large

nice

larger

nicer

Canada is larger than Vietnam.

Spring is nicer than summer.

Ñoåi –y thaønh -i

dirty

noisy

dirtier

noisier

His shoes are dirtier than mine.

Big cities are noisier than small towns.

Irregular Adjective Tính töø baát quy taéc

good

bad

far

better

worse

farther

further

Warm weather is better than cold weather.

Cold weather is worse than warm weather.

Her house is farther/ further than mine.

I’d like to get further information.

CHUÙ YÙ:

(1) “than” SAI: Michael is tall. Peter is taller than.

ÑUÙNG: Michael is tall. Peter is taller.

OR Peter is taller than Michael.

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(2) “than” coù theå ñi vôùi

objective pronoun: He is taller than me.

clause: He is taller than I (am).

She is uglier than she was two years ago.

word or phrase: Today is warmer than yesterday.

My mind in the morning is sharper than in the evening.

II/. LONG ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with more than one syllable (tính töø coù hôn moät vaàn)

more nhieàu hôn

less ít hôn

The city is more expensive than the country.

The country is less expensive than the city.

The city is more exciting than the country.

The country is less exciting than the city.

The country is more peaceful than the city.

The city is less peaceful than the country.

These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: -er / more

(Nhöõng tính töø sau nay coù hai daïng –er hay more)

angry, clever (thoâng minh), common (thoâng

thöôøng), cruel (aùc), friendly, gentle (hieàn),

handsome, narrow (heïp), pleasant (deã chòu),

polite (lòch söï), quiet, simple, sour (chua).

This disease is more common in men than in women.

This disease is commoner in men than in women.

He was more clever than we thought.

He was cleverer than we thought.

I like Alex. He is more friendly than the others.

He is friendlier than the others

I/. SHORT ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with one syllable or two syllables ending with –y

Positive

Superlative

Examples

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Add -est deep

long

deepest

longest

The Pacific is the deepest ocean in the world.

Giraffes have the longest necks of all animals.

Gaáp ñoâi phuï aâm neáu tröôùc noù laø nguyeân aâm

wet

thin

wettest

thinnest

July is usually the wettest of all months.

Amanda is the thinnest of all of us.

Theâm r, neáu taän cuøng laø -e

wise

large

wisest

largest

My birthday party was one of the nicest times in my life.

The blue whale is the largest living animal in the world.

Ñoåi –y thaønh -i

easy

lazy

easiest

laziest

This was the easiest questions of the test I’ve taken.

He is the laziest student in the class.

Irregular AdjectivesTính töø baát quy taéc

good

bad

far

best

worst

farthest

furthest

My trip to Hawaii was one of the best experiences I’ve ever had.

My score was one of the worst scores in the whole school.

Pluto is the farthest planet from the sun in our solar system.

II/. LONG ADJECTIVES: Adjectives with more than one syllable (tính töø coù hôn moät vaàn)

most (… nhaát)

least (ít… nhaát)

The Tal Mahal is one of the most beautiful buildings I’ve ever known

Sometimes I feel like I am the least intelligent person in the class.

These two-syllable adjectives have two forms: -est or most

angry, clever, common,

cruel, friendly, gentle,

handsome, narrow, pleasant,

polite, quiet, simple, sour.

Fred is the most friendly guy of them.

the friendliest

I think Tom Cruise is one of the most handsome actors in Hollywood.

the handsomest

Adverbs boå nghóa cho Verbs cuõng theo nguyeân taéc so saùnh gioáng vôùi Adjectives

Positive

Comparison

Examples

Theâm –er hoaëc –est

hard harder

hardest

Alex works hard. I work harder. Sin works the hardest of us.

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cho adverbs coù moät vaàn

fast faster

fastest

A dog runs fast.

A mouse runs faster than a dog.

A cat runs the fastest of the three.

Irregular AdverbsBaát quy taéc

well better

best

Siu sings well. Black sings better than Siu (does).

White sings the best of all.

badly worse

worst

I play the guitar badly. He plays worse than I do.

She plays the worst of all.

far farther,

further

farthest, furthest

Theo lives far away from school. Deo lives farther than Theo.

Leo lives the farthest of all.

Theâm more

the most

& less

the least

cho adverbs taän cuøng baèng -ly

She speaks quietly. Her mother speaks more quietly than she does / she / her.

Her father speaks the most quietly of all.

He has done the job more effectively than I have / I / me.

He has done the job the most effectively of all of us.

Kim sews beautifully. Chi sews less beautifully than Kim did / Kim / her.

Vai sews the least beautifully of all.

Adverbs chæ möùc ñoä

a lot / much

so saùnh:

more

the most

a litte

so saùnh:

less/ the least

She tried a lot. Tina, her friend tried more than she did. Luke tries the most of all.

You spent much in Las Vegas. An spent more than you did. I spent the most of all.

I love my mother, you and myself. I love you less than (I love) my mother.

I love myself the least of the three.

At the party last night, I didn’t eat much. I ate less than I drank. I drank less than I talked.

Of all the things I did, I ate the least.

Xuan and Ha read books a little. Thu reads less than them. Dong reads the least of all.

Ted is as old as Sam is/ Sam.

Sam is not as young as Mark is/ Mark.

She wasn’t as rich as I am now.

Francoise is as beautiful as a picture.

Ngu is as stuppid as an ox.

He didn’t play as well as we expected.

I ran as far as he did (he / him).

She’s writing as carefully as I am ( I / me).

Try to study as much as you can.

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I felt as high as a kite after the exam.

Call me back as soon as possible.

Spend money as little as I can.

Repeating a ComparativeSo saùnh ‘ngaøy caøng…’

When I get nervous, my heart beats faster and faster.

(Khi toâi hoài hoäp, tim toâi ñaäp ngaøy caøng nhanh)

Buses leave and arrive later and later.

When you blow up a balloon, it gets bigger and bigger.

My English is getting better and better.

He got more and more furious.

You are growing more and more beautiful.

They live more and more happily.

I earn less and less money.

I love you more and more .

Double ComparativesSo saùnh ‘caøng… thì caøng…’

short word + short word

The fruit is fresh. It tastes good.

If the knife is sharp, it is easy to cut things.

The fresher the fruit is, the better it tastes.

(Traùi caây caøng töôi, noù coù vò caøng ngon)

The sharper the knife is, the easier it is to cut things.

(Con dao caøng beùn, caét ñoà caøng deã)

short word + long word

Bill talked very fast.

I became confused.

The faster Bill talked, the more confused I became.

long word + long word

The country is affluent.

People are delighted.

The more affluent the country is, the more delighted people are.

Mixed She grows up a lot.

She becomes beautiful.

You shout loudly.

She hates you a lot.

She loves him a little.

He loves her a lot.

He has a few problems.

He is happy.

They have many children.

They live miserably.

I study a lot. I find

The more she grows up. The more beautiful she becomes.

The more loudly you shout, the more she hates you.

The less she loves him, the more he loves her.

The fewer problems he has, the happier he is.

The more children they have, the more miserably they live.

The more I study, the more stupid I find myself.12

myself

stupid a lot.

So saùnh ñaëc bieät

The bigger , the better. (Caøng böï caøng toát)

The more , the merrier. (Caøng ñoâng caøng vui)

The sooner , the better. (Caøng sôùm caøng toát)

Gerunds can be used as subjects (Gerunds coù theå laøm chuû ngöõ)

Spending time with friends is very important to me. Learning a new language takes time.

S V S V

Gerunds can be used as objects

I like going to the cinema. She is considering buying a new house.

V O V O

VERBS THOÂNG THÖÔØNG THEO SAU LAØ GERUND

avoid traùnh She avoided answering my questions.

admit thuù nhaän He admitted stealing the money.

allow = permit cho pheùp She doesn't allow smoking in her house.

consider = think about

xem xeùt; caân nhaéc

I'm considering going to Hawaii.

delay = postpone trì hoaõn; hoaõn laïi

Why have they delayed opening the school ?

discuss = talk about

thaûo luaän; noùi veà

They discussed buying a new car.

deny phuû nhaän, choái He denied knowing anything about it.

detest / dislike khoâng thích; gheùt I detested writing letters.

We dislike flying.

enjoy thích thuù; höôûng I enjoy working in my garden.

finish xong; keát thuùc… Bob finished studying at midnight.

imagine töôûng töôïng; nghó I can’t imagine doing anything else.

involve ñoøi hoûi; caàn The job involves traveling

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keep = go on tieáp tuïc Keep working , don't stop.

mind phieàn Do you mind working long hours?

miss boû lôõ I missed meeting her yesterday.

practise / practice

thöïc taäp; thöïc haønh

We practise speaking English.

quit = give up; stop

David quit smoking.

recollect hoài töôûng She can recollect meeting the King.

risk ruûi ro; coù nguy cô If you don’t study hard now, you risk failing your final exams.

suggest / recommend

ñeà nghò I suggest going there by car.

GERUNDS WITH SOME EXPRESSIONS (Gerund ñöôïc söû duïng trong moät soá thaønh ngöõ)

can't help

can't stand

get/ be used to

get/ be accustomed to

look forward to

It… no good

It… no use

It… a waste of time

(be) worth

(be) busy

khoâng theå khoâng/ nhòn

khoâng theå chòu ñöïng

quen vôùi

mong ñôïi

chaúng coù ích gì

phí thôøi giôø

ñaùng

baän roän

I can't help laughing.

She can't stand doing chores.

You get used to working with famous people.

I’m accustomed to wearing light clothes.

I look forward to seeing you next week.

It was no good talking to him about it.

It is no use learning what you don’t need.

It’s a waste of time explaining it to him.

That book is worth reading.

My father is busy doing a scientific research

GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES?

Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with no real change in meaning:

(Moät soá Verbs theo sau Infinitive hay Gerund khoâng thay ñoåi yù nghóa.)

begin He began to shout / shouting at them.

start Suddenly the rain started to fall / falling.

14

continue We continued to rehearse / rehearsing the chorus after the break.

prefer I prefer to ride / riding. I prefer riding to walking.

like She likes to hike / hiking

hate The old man hated to use / using email.

NOTES:

* would like / would prefer theo sau bôûi infinitive: I’d like to visit Paris. I’d prefer to have beef.

Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with a difference in meaning.

(Moät soá Verbs theo sau Infinitive hay Gerund vôùi coù thay ñoåi yù nghóa.)

STOP

stop + verb-ing = ngöøng moät haønh ñoäng ñang laøm

stop + to-verb = ngöøng moät haønh ñoäng ñang laøm naøo ñoù ñeå laøm moät haønh ñoäng khaùc

He was driving. He stopped. He got some petrol.

He stopped driving. He stopped to get some petrol.

She was playing the guitar. She stopped. She changed a string.

She stopped playing the guitar. She stopped to change a string. TRY

try + verb-ing thöû laøm gì (xem coù ñöôïc khoâng)

try + to-verb coá gaéng laøm gì

When you have hiccups, try taking 7 sips of water.

I tried everything but the baby still wouldn’t stop crying. I tried holding him. I tried

feeding him. I

tried burping him. I tried changing his diapers. Nothing worked.

The window was jammed. He tried to open it.

We always try to study hard.

REMEMBER

remember + verb-ing = recall hoài töôûng laïi haønh ñoäng trong quaù khöù

15

remember + to-verb nhôù laøm moät nhieäm vuï, moät boå phaän, moät ñieàu caàn thieát.

I always remember meeting him for the first time. He was wearing shabby clothes and long hair down to the shoulders.

We remember living in the peaceful countryside long time ago. At that time we were really happy.

I remember putting enough salt into the soup but I don’t understand why it is tasteless.

When I leave my motorcycle on the street, I always remember to lock it.

I always remember to turn off the computer after using it.

Remember to put salt in the soup before you take it out of the cooker.

FORGET I never forget kissing my wife at church on my wedding day. (I kissed her)

He forgot having dates with me for a long time after he fell in love with a new girl.

My wife was upset because I forgot to kiss her before leaving for work this morning. (I didn’t kiss her)

He forgot to ask her telephone number so he couldn’t contact her.

REGRET

regret + verb-ing hoái haän veà vieäc ñaõ laøm hay khoâng laøm

regret + to-verb laáy laøm tieác phaûi laøm gì

He didn’t go to school when he was younger. He regrets not going to school when he was younger.

She didn’t like school. Going to school was boring. She regrets going to school.

I regret to inform that you can’t take the job.

He doesn’t want to leave his home country. He regrets to leave.

The girl regretted to say goodbye to them.

Her mother regrets to sell their loving house.

Go on

go on + verb-ing tieáp tuïc (vieäc ñaõ laøm tröôùc ñoù)

go on + to-verb tieáp theo (laøm vieäc gì khaùc)

I’m working too hard. I can’t go on working like this.

She’s studying in the library. She will go on studying until the library closes.

I’ve made two big cakes. I will go on to make ice-cream.

(Toâi laøm 2 caùi baùnh roài. Tieáp theo toâi seõ laøm kem)

After introducing her proposal, she went on to explain the benefits for the company

(Sau khi ñöa ra ñeà xuaát, tieáp theo coâ aáy giaûi thích lôïi ích maø cty coù ñöôïc töø ñeà xuaát ñoù)

Mean

16

mean + verb-ing coù nghóa laø (giaûi thích ñieàu tröôùc ñoù)

mean + to-verb coù yù ñònh (laøm gì)

We could take the ferry to France, but that will mean spending a night in

a hotel.

Money is important. It doesn’t mean trying to earn a lot of money by

any means despite bad results.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

Have you meant to let him stay here in our house?

EXERCISE: Gerund or infinitive?

1. I always remember (turn) ………………… off the lights before I leave my house.

2. I can remember (be) ………………… very proud and happy when I graduated from university

3. Please remember (give) ………… Jake my message. It is very important.

4. I remember (play) ………… dolls when I was a child.

5. What do you remember (do)….…. when you were a child?

6. I can’t never forget (watch) ………………… our team score the winning goal in the last seconds of the game to capture the national championship.

7. Don’t forget (do) ………… your homework tonight!

8. When a student asks a question, the teacher always tries (explain) …… the problem as clearly as possible.

9. The room was hot. I tried (open) …………………the window, but that didn’t help. So I tried (turn)………… on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner.

10.Sally reminded me to ask you to tell Bob to remember (bring) ………………… his soccer ball to the picnic.

11.Could you please stop (whistle) …………………? I’m trying (concentrate) ………………… on my work.

12.What am I going to do? I forgot (bring) ………………… my calculus text, and I need it for the review today.

13.I don’t remember (tell) ………………… of the decision to change the company policy on vacations. When was it decided? (use passive voice)

14.I haven’t been able to get in touch with Shannon. I tried (call) …………………. Then I tried (write) ………………… her a letter. I tried (leave) ………………… message with her brother when I talked to him. Nothing worked.

15.I always try (pay) ………………… my bills on time, but I’m a little late.

16.My roommate says I have a terrible voice, so I stopped (sing) ..………… in the shower.

17.The cashier always remembers (count)………… the money in her cash register each day before she leaves work.

18.Don’t forget (call) ………………home as soon as you arrive as your destination.

19.I told the mail carrier that we would be away for two weeks on vacation. I asked her to stop (deliver) ……………… our mail until the 21st.

20.Would you please remember (put) ………………… away all the tapes when you’re finished listening?

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Infinitives (Ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu coù to) ñöôïc söû duïng trong nhöõng caáu truùc caâu sau ñaây:

1. Subject + Verb + (not) + to Infinitive

Subject

Verb (not) + to Infinitive

HeTheyI They

promised decided refusedagreed

to come.not to go.

to sell my shares.

to help me.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY TO-INFINITIVE (Nhöõng ñoäng töø theo sau bôûi TO-INFINITIVE)

afford coù ñuû (tieàn, khaû naêng)

I can’t afford to take a taxi.

They afforded to pay for the large bill.

agree ñoàng yù The leaders have agreed to meet in London in July.

aim plan – döï kieán They are aiming to reduce unemployment.

appear coù veû nhö They appeared not to know what was happening.

arrange plan - saép xeáp They have arranged to provide a new flat for you.

bother maát coâng/ maát thôøi gian

Don’t bother to meet me at the airport. I’ll take a taxi.

claim tuyeân boá; khaúng ñònh

I don’t claim to be an expert.

She claimed to be related to the Queen.

decide quyeát ñònh Tadworth Council have decided to build a new by-pass.

demand yeâu caàu, ñoøi hoûi She demanded to go there on her own.

determine

decide – nhaát quyeát

The young man determined to succeed in life.

endeavor

try – coá gaéng They endeavored to arrive on time.

expect mong ñôïi Ben Doe expects to win the Olympic gold medal.

fail khoâng …. ñöôïc She failed to keep her words. (Coâ ta khoâng giöõ lôøi höùa)

I failed to see the signs. (Toâi khoâng thaáy baûng hieäu)

guarantee

baûo ñaûm; höùa chaéc

The company guaranteed to pay its debt.

happen tình côø You happened to know his name, didn’t you?

hasten haáp taáp, voäi vaøng

She saw his frown and hastened to explain.

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hesitate do döï; löôõng löï Don’t hesitate to ask us.

hope hy voïng They were hoping to speak to Mrs Florence Hamilton.

intend coù yù ñònh The Duke of Mercia has intended to marry Lady Diana.

learn hoïc He is learning (how) to dance.

long troâng; mong I’m longing to see you again.

manage coù theå The pilot managed/ was able to escape in the fighter crash.

mean coù yù I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to hurt him.

need caàn I need to do my housework before my mother comes back.

offer ñeà nghò The salesman offered to wrap the gift for me.

plan döï kieán The Council are planning to build four 20-storey blocks of flats.

pretend giaû vôø She pretended not to listen to me when I spoke to her.

proceed tieáp theo (laø)

He took out some papers and then proceeded to read aloud.

promise höùa Jack promised not to be late for the wedding.

propose plan – ñeà xuaát

What do you propose to do now?

prove to be

hoùa ra; thaønh ra

The promotion proved to be a turning point in his career.

(Vieäc thaêng chöùc hoùa ra laïi trôû thaønh böôùc ngoaët trong söï nghieäp cuûa anh ta)

refuse töø choái The factory workers, who are sitting in, have refused to move.

resolve determine He resolved not to tell the enemy the truth.

seek, sought

try – coá gaéng

The host sought to make the guests comfortable.

seem coù veû, döôøng nhö

You seem to be in good mood today.

strive, strove, striven

try - ra söùc; coá

Newspaper editors strive to be first with a story.

Caùc toaø baùo ra söùc laø tôø baùo ñaàu tieân ñöa moät tin naøo ñoù)

tend coù khuynh höôùng

Women tend to live longer than men.

threaten ñe doïa Miners’ leaders have threatened to strike on.

19

trouble baän taâm; coá coâng

He rushed into the room without troubling to knock

(Noù chaïy aøo vaøo phoøng khoâng theøm goõ cöûa).

He didn’t trouble to check the figures

(Anh ta khoâng coá coâng kieåm tra laïi soá lieäu)

undertake

ñaûm nhaän He undertook to finish the job by Friday.

would likewant

muoán I’d like / want to visit the Great Wall in China.

2. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + (not) + to-Infinitive

Subject

Verb Direct Object

(not) + to-Infinitive

He

I

She

They

wants

asked

told

warned

me

them

the servant

the children

to come.

not to do it.

to open the window.

not to make noise.

Nhöõng ñoäng töø coù caáu truùc treân:

advise khuyeân The doctor advised the patient to have a lot of exercise

allow = permit

cho pheùp We don’t allow anyone to smoke in the office.

ask yeâu caàu Don’t ask children to cheat.

cause sai; khieán The poor harvest caused prices to increase.

challenge thaùch thöùc The boy challenged his brother to climb the tree.

command ra leänh He commanded his men to retreat.

drive khieán Poverty drove her to steal. (Caùi ngheøo khieán coâ ta sinh troäm caép.)

enable laøm... coù theå The software enables you to access the Internet in seconds.

(Phaàn meàm naøy khieán anh coù theå truy caäp Internet trong vaøi giaây)

encourage khuyeán khích My parents encouraged my sister to study further.

embarrass gaây ngöôïng nguøng

It embarrassed him to take her hands.

expect mong muoán Her husband expected her to serve him dinner.

forbid; ban caám I forbid my children to ride motorcycle to school.

force eùp buoäc My parents forced us to go to the college.

get nhôø; khieán I got my brother to do chores.

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induce thuyeát phuïc Nothing induces him to take that job.

inspire truyeàn caûm; gaây caûm xuùc (cho ai)

The singer inspired the audience to clap their hands while he was singing.

instruct chæ; daïy My father instructed me to drive.

invite môøi He invited his friends to come around his house.

lead; led; led

khieán What led you to believe it true?

order ra leänh The robber ordered everybody to lie on the floor.

persuade thuyeát phuïc He didn’t like it, but we persuaded him to take it after all.

prompt khieán; nhaéc nhôû

The accident prompts her to renew her insurance.

remind nhaéc nhôû Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.

stimulate kích thích; thuùc ñaåy

Reading books stimulates children to imagine better.

teach daïy Nobody teaches birds to fly.

tell keå, baûo (ai) Please tell her not to use the office phone for personal call.

tempt caùm doã; duï doã

Nothing would tempt me to live there.

warn caûnh baùo They warned drivers not to enter into that way.

would likewant

Would you like me to do it?

Do you want James to come with us?

would prefer

thích. . . hôn I’d prefer you to go out.

I’d prefer you not to tell the truth.

3. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + (to be) + Complement * Thaønh phaàn “to be” coù theå boû ñi

* Complement – danh töø hay tính tö,ø boå nghóa cho Direct Object (khoâng phaûi cho verb)

* Nhöõng Verbs coù caáu truùc naøy: believe (tin raèng); consider (coi nhö/ xem nhö… laø…); prove (chöùng minh…)

Subject Verb Direct Object

(to be) Complement

They

I

He

We

believed

consider

considered

proved

him

her

it

them

(to be)

(to be)

(to be)

(to be)

innocent

the best student in the class.

a shame.

wrong

4. NOUNS / PRONOUNS / ADVERBS + TO-INFINITIVE

21

Noun to-infinitive

I’ve got three shirts to pack.

There’s another pair of shoes to get in.

Where’s the airline label to put on the suitcase?

Pronoun/ adverb to-infinitive

There’s nothing to worry about.

Is there anywhere to put your toilet bag?

I don’t know where to put them.

He can’t decide what to buy.

PRONOUNS: nothing, something, someone, somebody, what. . .ADVERB: where, anywhere, somewhere, when. . .

5. Subject + Verb + Adjective + to-Infinitive Nhöõng tính töø chæ taâm traïng: glad (vui); happy; upset (buoàn); angry; delighted (vui); sad; sorry… thöôøng duøng caáu truùc naøy

Subject

Verb

Adjective

to-infinitive

WeThey I

arewerefelt

gladupsetangry

to see you again.to know about your accident.to find out the truth.

6. It + Verb + Adjective/ Noun + to-Infinitive

It Verb Adjective/ Noun

to-infinitive

It

It

It

It

is

isn’t

is

was

dangerous

easy

fun

a shame

to ride with a drunk driver.

to climb to the top of a mountain.

to ride a horse.

to tease the disabled man.

* Nhöõng caâu trong caáu truùc treân coù theå vieát laïi vôùi To-infinitive laøm Subject

Subject Verb Adjective/ Noun

To ride

To climb

To ride

To

with a drunk driver

to the top of a mountain

a horse

the disabled man

is

isn’t

is

was

dangerous

easy

fun

a shame

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tease

7. It + (take) + time + to-Infinitive

It (take) (somebody)

time to-infinitive

It

It

It

It

takes

took

has taken

will take

us

them

me

all of us

time

5 hours

5 minutes

5 years

to learn a new language.

to get there.

to find out the answer for that question.

to finish the project.

It takes us time to learn a new language ñöôïc dòch laø: Hoïc moät thöù tieáng môùi chuùng ta phaûi maát thôøi gian

Thaønh phaàn (somebody) coù theå khoâng ñöôïc ñeà caäp.

ENOUGH adjective + enough + to-infinitive

Jimmy isn’t old enough to go to school.

Are you rich enough to take a taxi?

Is he good enough to be a champion?

enough + noun + to-infinitive

I don’t have enough money to buy that bike.

Did you have enough time to finish the test?

We didn’t have enough people to do that work.

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(much) too + adjective + (for …) + to-infinitive

A piano is much too heavy to lift.

She is much too young to get married.

My grandfather’s much too old to work.

This hat is much too expensive to buy.

That ceiling is much too high for me to touch.

She is much too young for him to get married.

The coffee is much too hot for Kim to drink.

These shoes are much too big for Jim to put on.

These cakes are much too hard for them to chew.

‘much’ duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh theâm cho Adjective. YÙ nghóa cuûa nhöõng caâu treân laø phuû ñònh. A piano is much too heavy to lift (Moät caây ñaøn piano quaù naëng khoâng nhaác noåi.) That ceiling is much too high for me to touch (Traàn nhaø cao

quaù toâi vôùi khoâng tôùi.) thaønh phaàn ‘for…’ coù theå khoâng ñöôïc ñeà caäp

1. Subject + Verb + Bare Infinitive * Bare Infinitive – ñoäng töø nguyeân maãu khoâng coù “to” * Thöôøng caùc modals ñöôïc theo sau bôûi Bare Infinitive tröø ra ought (neân) ñi vôùi to-infinitive (He ought to do it)

Subject

Verb Bare Infinitive

I

They

She

should

would rather

will

do it.

go.

do the work.

2. Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Bare Infinitive

Subject

Verb Direct Object

Bare Infinitive

ITheySheWeI

madelet will have sawheard

himmesomeonehimthem

do it.go.do the work.come in.sing.

Nhöõng Verb söû duïng caáu truùc treân:

let ñeå; cho (ai laøm gì)make khieán; baéthave nhôø; khieán (ai

hear * nghenotice * ñeå yù thaáysmell * ngöûilisten to * laéng

24

laøm gì)see * thaáywatch * quan saùt; xem

nghe feel * caûm thaáy

Bare infinitives or present participle? Nhöõng verbs (coù daáu *) chæ veà giaùc quan hay coù lieân heä tôùi giaùc quan (verbs of perception) coù hai caáu truùc caâu tuøy theo ngöõ caûnh :

I saw a man cross the road.

She heard us sing beautiful songs in the theatre.

I feel my heart beat fast whenever I see her.

haønh ñoâng cuûa bare infinitive laø troïn veïn (complete action)

When I looked up, I saw a man crossing the road.

When she entered the room, she heard us singing cheerfully.

Hearing her voice, he felt his heart beating fast.

haønh ñoâng cuûa present participle laø ñang dieãn tieán (in progress)

3. It + (be) + adjective + (that) + subject + bare infinitive Moät soá Adjectives sau ñaây söû duïng trong caáu truùc naøy that coù theå boû ñi

It + (be)

adjective (that)

subject bare infinitive

It is

It is

It is

It was

It is

It is

important

necessary

essential

vital

imperative

critical

that

that

that

that

that

that

he

everyone

pollution

no one else

she

the P.M.

be careful in his writing.

not arrive here late.

be controlled.

know about the secret.

return home immediately.

address those sensitive issues.

4. Subject + verb + (that) + subject + bare infinitive

Subject

Verb (that) subject bare infinitive

I

Mr. Lee

They

suggested

insists

requested

that

that

that

he

she

students

see a doctor.

lock the door.

not wear jeans.

Nhöõng Verb söû duïng caáu truùc treân:

25

demand yeâu caàu; ñoøi hoûi

insist khaúng ñònh; khaêng khaêngask yeâu caàu

suggest ñeà nghòrecommend

ñeà nghò

advise khuyeân

propose ñeà xuaát

but vaø except (for) neáu laø töø noái (conjunctions) coù nghóa laø ‘ngoaïi tröø’, ‘tröø ra’, thöôøng ñi sau caùc baát ñònh töø

all, none, every, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing, nobody, not… any, anything, anybody, anywhere

Nobody came but Mary. (Khoâng ai ñaõ ñeán tröø Mary)

She took all the money but a twenty-dollar bill. (Coâ ta laáy heát tieàn tröø tôø 20 ñoâ la))

I couldn’t see anything except for trees. (Toâi khoâng thaáy gì heát ngoaøi nhöõng caùi caây ra)

Hình thöùc ñoäng töø (Verb forms) theo sau but vaø except (for) seõ laáy daïng verb–ing hay to-infinitive hay bare

infinitive tuøy theo caáu truùc caâu cuûa ñoäng töø trong meänh ñeà ñi tröôùc.

She isn’t interested in doing anything but skiing

(She isn’t interested in doing anything but interested in skiing)

I look forward to doing nothing except going on holiday.

I look forward to doing nothing except forward to going on holiday.

He could do nothing but stand and watch her leave.

The girls did nothing but talk during their spare time.

He did everything except work.

Yesterday we did everything but change the lamp in the bathroom.

She has no choice but to sign the contract

(She has no choice to make but the choice to sign the contract)

He had no alternative but to go to see her.

(He had no alternative to do but alternative to see her)

Participle Adjectives laø Adjectives ñöôïc hình thaønh töø Verbs theâm –ing hoaëc –ed. Nhöõng Verbs loaïi naøy thöôøng

dieãn taû xuùc caûm, traïng thaùi tinh thaàn (emotions, spirits)

adjectives past participle present participle

26

adjectives adjectives

excite (gaây) phaán khích; phaán khôûi; thích thuù

excited (about/ by) exciting

amuse (laøm) vui, khuaây khoûa, giaûi trí

amused amusing

interest (gaây) thích thuù; hay; thuù vò

interested (in) interesting

fascinate

thu huùt; haáp daãn fascinated fascinating

bore (gaây) chaùn, buoàn bored (with) boring

disappoint

laøm thaát voïng; laøm naûn loøng

disappointed disappointing

frustrate

laøm böïc boäi; gaây böùc xuùc

frustrated frustrating

worry gaây lo laéng worried (about) worrying

shock gaây choaùng shocked (at/ by) shocking

frighten laøm ai sôï haõi frightened (of) frightening

terrify gaây kinh haõi terrified (of) terrifying

amaze gaây kinh ngaïc amazed (at/ by) amazing

surprise laøm ngaïc nhieân surprised (at/ by) surprising

encourage

khuyeán khích; khích leä encouraged encouraging

embarrass

gaây xaáu hoå; ngöôïng nguøng

embarrassed embarrassing

Past Participle Adjectives taän cuøng –ed mang nghóa bò ñoäng (passive)

Present Participle Adjectives taän cuøng –ing mang nghóa chuû ñoäng (active)

VERBS Past Participle Adjectives Present Participle Adjectives

Ghost stories frighten her.

She is frightened of ghost stories.

Ghost stories are frightening.

Football interests most people.

Most people are interested in football.

Football is interesting

Non-fiction films bore them.

They are bored with non-fiction films.

Non-fiction films are boring.

The party surprised him.

He was surprised by / at the party.

It is a surprising party.

Participle Adjectives cuõng coù theå moâ taû haønh ñoäng cho danh töø chöù khoâng dieãn taû veà xuùc caûm.

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I saw a sleeping child (ñöùa treû ñang nguû) on the bench in the park.

The overloaded truck (xe taûi chôû haøng quaù möùc) was stopped down the halfway road.

The policeman chased the guys in the stolen car (chieác xe bò aên caép) across the bridge.

Modifying Phrases laø nhoùm töø baét ñaàu baèng present participle (verb-ing) boå nghóa cho töø hay cho caâu:

1. Modifying Phrases boå nghóa (modify) cho moät danh töø ñöùng tröôùc

Simon is the boy sitting in the corner. The girl wearing the black dress is Sarah.

2. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán ñoàng thôøi vôùi haønh ñoäng cuõng ñang dieãn tieán khaùc.

She was carrying a heavy shopping bag walking along the road,

They were going down the hill talking and laughing cheerfully.

Ann was sleeping on the sofa snoring softly.

3. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán khi haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra

Hiking through the woods yesterday , we saw a lot of animals.

When we were hiking through the woods yesterday, we saw a lot of animals.

Driving along the road , he swerved his car to avoid a dog.

When he was driving along the road, he swerved his car to avoid a dog.

Sitting in class , Ann fell asleep.

While she was sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.

4. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñang dieãn tieán thì bò giaùn ñoaïn bôûi haønh ñoäng khaùc.

I had an accident driving to work . (Toâi bò tai naïn khi ñang laùi xe ñi laøm)

I had an accident while I was driving to work.

He fell off his bike going round the corner, . (Anh ta teù xe khi ñang queïo goùc ñöôøng)

She cut herself peeling an orange with a sharp knife . (Coâ aáy bò ñöùt tay khi ñang goït cam vôùi con dao beùn)

5. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng laø nguyeân nhaân gaây ra haønh ñoäng thöù hai.

Touching a bare electric wire, he was shocked. (Chaïm daây ñieän traàn, anh ta bò ñieän giöït)

Because he touched a bare electric wire…

Kicking the ball too hard, Tom sprained his ankle. (Ñaù traùi banh quaù maïnh, Tom bò traëc chaân)

Because he kicked the ball too hard…

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6. Modifying Phrases dieãn taû haønh ñoäng ñaõ xaûy vaø chaám döùt tröôùc khi moät haønh ñoäng khaùc xaûy ra.

Finishing his homework, he went to bed. After he had finished his homework…

Completing her shopping, she took a taxi. After she had completed her shopping,…

Picking up the apples in the garden, we had dinner. After we had picked up the appales….

* Trong tröôøng hôïp naøy Modifying Phrases coù theå ôû hình thöùc perfect: having + past participle

Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

Having completed her shopping, she took a taxi.

Having picked up the apples in the garden, we had dinner.

someone / somebody

duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh

anyone / anybody

duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø caâu hoûi

duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh coù nghóa laø ‘baát kyø’

Someone is standing at the door.

I can’t see anyone. Does anyone see him?

Anyone who wants to come is welcome.

Give it to anybody there.

something

duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh

duøng trong caâu yeâu caàu hoaëc caâu môøi

anything

duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø

caâu hoûi

duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh

coù nghóa laø ‘baát kyø’

There’s something in my eye.

Would you like something to drink? (Caâu môøi)

May I ask you something? (Caâu yeâu caàu)

He doesn’t have anything in his pocket.

Do you know anything about computers?

Use anything that can help.

somewhere

duøng trong caâu khaúng ñònh

anywhere

duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø caâu hoûi

He lives somewhere in London.

I don’t want to go anywhere.

Is there anywhere to have lunch?

everyone / everybody / everything / everywhere

Everyone is here. Everything is OK.

I’m looking for it everywhere.

no one = nobody

not ... anyone No one wants to live in poverty.

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not ... anybody He works for nobody .

He doesn’t work for anybody.

nothing not ... anything She liked to do nothing

She didn’t like to do anything.

nowhere not ... anywhere He had nowhere to go.

He didn’t have anywhere to go.

none - khoâng coù ai, khoâng coù gì

none of

Verb ôû soá ít hay soá nhieàu, tuøy danh töø sau of laø soá ít

hay soá nhieàu

Did anyone receive the bonus? None (Nobody)

What did you take? None (Nothing)

None of us received the bonus.

None of the employees are sacked

None of the money is mine.

None of the chairs are theirs.

Reflexive pronouns

–self chuû ngöõ soá ít

–selves chuû ngöõ soá nhieàu

I myself

You yourself

It itself

He looked at himself in the mirror.

She herself

You yourselves

We ourselves

They themsleves

Reflexive pronouns (Ñaïi töø phaûn thaân) laø nhöõng ñaïi töø thay theá cho ngöôøi hay vaät nhaän söï taùc ñoäng cuûa

I don’t love anyone else. I love myself.

Nobody taught the student. He taught himself.

You don’t need to turn on/ off the electric fan. It turns on/ off itself.

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haønh ñoäng do chính ngöôøi hay vaät ñoù laøm.

Help yourself.

Juliet killed herself. Romeo killed himself. They killed themselves.

by + reflexive pronouns

coù nghóa laø alone (moät mình)

My mother can prepare a 30-person party by herself.

The evidence proved that the criminal couldn’t have done it by himself.

Maria and I travelled to Paris by ourselves.

Some students are living by themselves in this big city.

Reflexive pronouns

duøng ñeå nhaán maïnh,

ñi ngay theo sau ngöôøi

hay vaät maø noù nhaán

maïnh hoaëc ôû cuoái caâu

neáu khoâng gaây roái

nghóa.

The actor made the stunts in the movie.

The actor himself made the stunts in the movie.

The actor made the stunts in the movie himself.

His parents offered him a sport car on his birthday. He sold the car itself.

(Anh ta ñem baùn chính chieác xe ñoù)

Sometimes the parents spoil their children.

Sometimes the parents themselves spoil their children.

WRONG : Marry loves myself. Marry loves me.

WRONG : Because nobody could help herself, the girl cried. Because nobody could help her, the girl cried.

Reciprocal pronouns (Ñaïi töø töông taùc) laø nhöõng ñaïi töø thay theá cho ngöôøi hay vaät nhaän söï töông taùc qua laïi/ laãn nhau

each other one another

Juliet loved Romeo. Romeo loved Juliet. They loved each other.

I kissed my daughter. She kissed me. We kissed each other.

The man taught the woman. They woman taught the man. They taught

each other.

This is your opportunity of saving us. This is our opportunity of saving you.

This is our opportunity of saving one another.

(Ñaây laø cô hoäi ñeå chuùng ta cöùu laãn nhau)

Possessive reciprocal pronouns

chæ söï trao ñoåi sôû höõu

each other’s

one another’s

The fugitive (keû ñaøo taåu) put on the guard’s uniform (ñoàng phuïc cuûa baûo

veä) and then put the prisoner’s clothes on the guard.

They wore each other’s clothes. (Hoï maëc quaàn aùo cuûa nhau)

006 spy (ñieäp vieân) sold the secret documents he found to Z5 spy. So did

Z5. They sold each other’s secret documents. (Hoï baùn taøi lieäu maät cuûa laãn nhau)

I spend my money but sometimes I spend theirs. So do they. We spend

one another’s money. (Chuùng toâi xaøi tieàn cuûa laãn nhau)

I owe them my life. They owe me their lives. We owe one 31

another’s lives.

(Toâi mang ôn cöùu maïng cuûa hoï. Hoï mang ôn toâi. Chuùng toâi mang ôn laãn nhau)

WRONG: They worked each other. They worked for each other.

We walked to school each other. We walked to school together.

Pit and Linda met together two years ago. Pit and Linda met each other two years ago.

Töø chæ soá löôïng (an expression of quantity / quantifier) ñöùng tröôùc noun. Moät soá quantifiers chæ ñi vôùi countable nouns, moät soá khaùc chæ ñi vôùi uncountable nouns, moät soá khaùc nöõa thì ñi ñöôïc vôùi caû hai.

NHÖÕNG TÖØ CHÆ SOÁ LÖÔÏNG

ÑI VÔÙI COUNT NOUNS

ÑI VÔÙI UNCOUNT NOUNS

oneeach every

one appleeach appleevery apple

two botha couple of threea fewseveralmanynumber of

two applesboth applesa couple of

applesthree

applesa few

apples several

applesmany

applesnumber of apples

a littlemucha great deal of

a little ricemuch ricea great deal of rice

not any/ nosomea lot of lots ofplenty ofmostall

not any/ no applessome

applesa lot of

appleslots of

applesplenty of applesmost applesall apples

not any/ no ricesome ricea lot of ricelots of riceplenty of ricemost riceall rice

Moät soá töø chæ soá löôïng bò giôùi haïn trong caùch söû duïng ôû caùc theå khaúng ñònh, phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán

‘many’ coù theå ñi vôùi taát caû caùc theå loaïi caâu, nhöng a lot of/ lots of khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh, ‘much’ chæ duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh vaø nghi vaán.

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a little / a few coù theå ñi vôùi caâu khaúng ñònh, khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh, vaø nghi vaán.

Affirmative Negative Question

Count Nouns

There are some apples.

Ø Ø

Ø There aren’t any apples.

Are there any apples?

There are many apples.

There aren’t many apples.

Are there many apples?

There are a lot of apples.

Ø Are there a lot of apples?

There are a few apples.

Ø Ø

Uncount Nouns

Ø There isn’t much rice. Is there much rice?

There is a little rice. Ø Ø

A few & few and a little & little

Count Nouns Uncount Nouns

a few

few students

a few moät ít (ñuû ñeå laøm gì ñoù)

few quaù ít (khoâng ñuû)

- I have a few books at home.

- He has few books to do his research. He

has to

borrow more from the library.

- A few graduate students find jobs easily.

- There were few students so the class was

cancelled.

a little

little work

a little : moät ít (ñuû ñeå laøm gì ñoù)

little : quaù ít (khoâng ñuû)

- We have a little flour. That’s enough to

make a cake.

- We have little flour. We can’t make any

cakes

- A little rain made the garden fresh and

cool.

- There was little rain. Most plants became

dry.

Using ‘of’ in expressions of quantity

Moät soá töø chæ soá löôïng theo sau coù ‘of’: plenty of, a number of, a great deal of, a lot of

Moät soá töø khaùc coù hoaëc khoâng coù ‘of’, Tuy nhieân khi ñi vôùi pronouns (it, you, us…) thì taát caû phaûi coù ‘of’

Non-specific Nouns (Danh töø khoâng xaùc ñònh

trong caùch noùi chung khoâng

Specific Nouns (Danh töø xaùc ñònh söû duïng trong tröôøng hôïp

rieâng bieät naøo ñoù. Danh töø theo sau thöôøng ñi

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tröôøng hôïp rieâng bieät naøo) vôùi töø chæ ñònh the, these, those, my..)

Most books are interesting.

Most women love having

children.

Most men like drinking beer or

wine.

Most food is nutritious.

Most of these books are mine.

Most of my books are in English.

Most of the book I’m reading is good.

Most of them are kind.

All children need education.

All students must have identity

cards.

He wants all money in the

world.

All the children in this poor family are

illiterate.

All of the children in this poor family are

illiterate.

All of us wish for happiness.

I need all your money.

I need all of your money.

NHÖÕNG TRÖÔØNG HÔÏP KHAÙC

Both (Caû hai) khoâng duøng trong caâu phuû ñònh

Either (moät trong hai)

Both boys needed punishment.

Both the boys needed punishment.

Both of the boys needed punishment.

Both of them needed punishment.

You can stay at either hotel. Both of them are good.

(Baïn coù theå ôû moät trong hai khaùch saïn. Caû hai ñeàu toát)

You can stay at either of the hotels.

You can stay at either of them.

Neither (Caû hai ñeàu khoâng) Both

Neither = not . . . either

I like neither player. I don’t like either player.

(Toâi khoâng thích caû hai ngöôøi chôi)

I like neither of the players. I don’t like either of

the players.

I don’t like either of

them.

Half (moät nöûa) half a kilo (of apples) / half an hour/ half a dozen/

half a mile

Half my work is finished.

Half of my work is finished.

They spent half of the time looking for parking

space.

They spent half the time looking for parking

space.

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You are a student. So am I. He doesn’t like going shopping. Neither does she.

(Baïn laø sinh vieân. Toâi cuõng vaäy) (Anh aáy khoâng thích shopping. Coâ aáy cuõng vaäy)

So/ neither vaø too/ either thöôøng söû duïng trong tình huoáng khoâng trònh troïng cho nhöõng caâu ñaùp ñoàng yù

(agreeing) ruùt goïn.

I. SO & TOO Khi toû söï gioáng nhau vôùi moät caâu noùi khaúng ñònh (toâi cuõng vaäy…), söû duïng maãu ruùt goïn vôùi:

So + Verb + Subject = Subject + Verb … too

Verb

‘to

Be’

Linda is from England. So am I

So is Tom

So are you

So are we.

I am, too.

Tom is, too.

You are,

We are, too.

Linda was here yesterday. So was I

So was he

So were you.

I was, too.

He was, too.

You were, too.

Mod

al V

erb

s

Linda can speak French. So can I

Linda could swim when she was 5. So could you

Linda would like to come. So would he

Linda will go on a diet. So will she

Linda must wear a uniform. So must we.

I can, too.

You could, too.

He would, too.

She will, too.

We must, too.

Pre

sen

t Perf

ect

Linda has been to Paris. So have I

So have you

So hasshe

So have my parents

I have, too.

You have, too.

She has, too.

My parents have, too.

Sim

ple

pre

sent Linda knows Peter. So

do I

So do you

So do my parents

So does he

I do, too.

You do, too.

My parents do, too.

He does, too.

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Sim

ple

past

Linda went out yesterday. So did I

So didyou

So did my parents

So did he

I did, too.

You did, too.

My parents did, too.

He did, too.

II. NEITHER & NOT … EITHER . Khi toû söï gioáng nhau vôùi moät caâu noùi phuû ñònh (toâi cuõng khoâng…), söû duïng maãu ruùt goïn vôùi :

Neither + Verb + Subject = Subject + Verb not + …. either

Verb

to B

e

Bill isn’t from Paris. Neither am I.

Neither is he.

Neither are you.

He isn’t, either.

She isn’t, either.

You aren’t, either.

Bill wasn’t sick yesterday. Neither was I. Neither was

she.

Neither were you.

I wasn’t, either.

She wasn’t, either.

You weren’t, either.

Mod

al V

erb

s

Billcan’t speak Chinese. Neither can I.

Billwouldn’t like to come. Neither would she.

Billwon’t go on a diet. Neither will he.

Billmustn’t chew gum. Neither must we.

I can’t. either.

She wouldn’t, either.

He won’t, either.

We mustn’t, either.

Pre

sen

t Perf

ect

Bill hasn’t been to Miami. Neither have I.

Neither have you.

Neither has he.

Neither have my parents.

I haven’t, either.

You haven’t, either.

He hasn’t, either.

My parents haven’t, either.

Sim

ple

p

rese

nt

Bill doesn’t like Mary. Neither do I.

Neither do you.

Neither does he.

Neither do my parents.

I don’t, either.

You don’t, either.

He doesn’t, either.

My parents don’t, either.

Sim

ple

past Bill didn’t go to university. Neither did

I.

Neither did you.

Neither did my parents.

I didn’t, either.

You didn’t, either.

My parents didn’t, either.

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