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NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE.
i.
ON
THE
CHRONOLOGICAL
SEQUENCE
OF
THE
COINS OP
SYRACUSE.
Introduction.
It
is with no small hesitation
that I
venture to
publish
the
following
emarks
on the
history
f
the
coinage
of
Syracuse. So many celebratednumismatists nd scho-
lars have
already
written
n
this
subject,
hat t
may
with
some
reason
be
objected
that
little,
f
anything,
f
im-
portance
emains
o be
said
on
the matter.
Nevertheless,
fter
a
long
and
careful
study
of the
Syracusan
series
preserved
n our national
collection,
have
been
ed to
hope
that
n the
following
urvey
shall
be
able to
contribute
omething
f nterest
o the
student
of
Greek
numismatics,
more
especially
as
regards
the
chronological equence of the coins in question. It
appears
to
me that
a
great
drawback
to
the
usefulnessof
many
catalogues
s the
method
which
has
been
generally
adopted
of
keeping
the
metals
apart;
for,
when
gold,
silver,
nd
copper
re
separately
described,
we
lose
sight
of the minute
links,
uch
as
monograms,
ymbols,
&c.,
whereby
hope
to
be
able
to connect
the
issues in
the
different
etals,
nd
thus
to
fix
the date of
many
coins
which,
or
want of
comparison
with
other
pieces
the date
VOL.XIV.N.S. B
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2
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
of
which s
ascertained,
ave
usually
been
massed
together
under he
general eading
f
"
Autonomous,
f
Syracuse."
This
applies
more
especially
to the
many
varieties
of
copper
coins struck
during
o
long
a
period
of
Syracusan
history.
I
have,
herefore,
ivided
nto
periods
he
history
f
the
city, nd have assigned to each the coins of all metals
which
ppear
to
hang
together
n
groups
whenever,
rom
internal videnceor
analogy,
his
course
was
possible.
I
believe
that
by
the
adoption
of
this
plan,
the
date,
often
within a
few
years,
may
be
fixed
of
the issue
of
very
many
coins
which
t
would
be
otherwise
mpossible,udg-
ing
simply
from the
style
of
their
work,
to
attribute,
except
n a
very
general
manner.
The
above
remarks on
the
separation
of the metals
apply
with still
greater
force to the coins of the later
tyrants,
which
are often
described
by
themselves
t
the
end of the autonomous
eries. It will at
once
be
seen
how
mportant
re these
pieces
which
proclaim
their
own
history,
nd
tell
us
distinctly y
whom
they
were
issued.
These are
our
landmarks.
The
plan
which
I
here
sub-
mit
to the
consideration
f
students
s
to
take a
general
view
of
the
chronology
f
Syracusan
history
to
draw,
s
it were, map in outline, nd thento fill t in,first f all
by
placing
undertheir
respective
dates
such
coins
as
tell
their
own
story,
nd
then,
proceeding
y analogy
of
style,
similarity
f
type
and
fabric,
identity
of
monograms,
single
letters,
symbols,
nd
the
like,
to
complete
the
picture
by
the
attribution
f all
such coins
as,
taken
by
themselves,
ive
us
no
clue to
their
exact
place
in
the
historical
cheme.
It
is
surprising
how
few
of
the
autonomous
coins
of
Syracusewillnot thus fall into theirproper places,and
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ON
THE
COINSOF
SYRACUSE.
3
so
the
whole
series will
form
numismatic
ommentary
upon
the
history
f the
city
a
history
which
is
a conti-
nual
alternationbetween
free
popular
democracies
and
tyrannicalgovernments,
ucceeding
one
another at fre-
quent
intervals,
romthe
time
of
the
oligarchy
of
the
Geomori,
n
the
sixth
entury
.c.,
when
the earliest oins
were ssued,downto the siegeand captureof thecity by
Marcellus
n
b.c.
212,
after
which
date
Syracuse,
with
all
Sicily,
sank
into the
condition
f a mere
province
f the
great
Roman
Republic,
and
lost the
privilege
f
striking
money
in its own
name
at
any
rate
in the
precious
metals
for,
udging
from
the
style
of some of the
cop-
per,
t seems
to have
been
permitted
o
strike in that
metal
for
ome
considerable
ime after ts
capture.
The
coins
of
Syracuse,
when
thus
arranged
n
chrono-
logical
sequence,
will
provide
us with a valuable means
for
arranging
n a
similar
manner
those
of the
other
Greek cities
of
Sicily,
and
these,
on
the
other
hand,
will
be
a
sort
of check
on the
accuracy
of
the
arrangement
f
the
Syracusan
eries,
many
of
the
Syracusan
ypes
having
been
adopted,
on various
occasions,
by
other
cities
n
the
island,
which
occasionally
supply
us with
more
precise
chronological
ndications.
The coinsofAlexander nd Pyrrhosof Epirus,struck
in
Southern
taly
and
Sicily,
will
also
afford
s
valuable
data
for he
attribution
f certain
Syracusan
types,
which
bear a
marked
resemblance
o
them
n
style.
Alexander
was
in
Italy
between
the
years
332
and 326
b.c.,
and
Pyrrhos
in
Sicily
between
278
and
276.
Both
these
monarclis truck
coins
which,
n
account
of
their
tyle,
are
generally
cknowledged
o
be the
work
of Italian and
Sicilian Greeks.
When,
therefore,
e
find certain
yra-
cusantypes losely llied to thecoins of these twokings,
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4
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
we
are
ustified
n
attributing
he one
set
to
the
time of
Alexander nd the
other
to that of
Pyrrhos.
No less
apparent
s
the
influence
f
Corinth
on the
Syracusan
coinage
during
he
time
when the
Corinthian
Timoleon
was
occupied
in
the
emancipation
f
Syracuse
from
he
tyranny
f
the
successors f
Dionysios,
nd
also
ofall theGreek citiesofSicilyfrom heir everal yrants,
and from
the
Carthaginian
dominion.
Consequently,
about
this
period
we can
trace
in
the
coinage
of some
Sicilian
towns
a
community
f
type
and a
similarity
f
style
with that
of
Syracuse
whichmark
them s
belong-
ing
to
this
time
of
renewed
prosperity
nd
freedom,
when the
worship
of
Zeus
Eleutherios,
which
had
been
first f
all
established
at
Syracuse
in
b.c.
466,
on
the
restoration f
democracy
fter
he
exile of
Thrasybulos,
seems,
after the
lapse
of a
century
nd
more,
gain
to
have
called forth
he
religious
feelings
of
the
people
in
gratitude
or
liberty
nd
order
regained
after
so
long
a
period
of
tyranny
nd
anarchy.
The
history
f the
city
of
Syracuse
may
be
divided
nto
the
following
eriods
B.C.
I.
Oligarchy
f the
Geomori
.
.
6th
entury
II.
Gelon
485-478
III. Hieron 478 467
IY.
Democracy
efore
he
Athenian
iege
466
415
Y.
Democracy
fter
he
iege
.
.
412
406
YI.
Dionysios
nd
his
successors
. 406
345
VII. Timoleon
nd
Democracy
estored 844
817
VIII.
Agathokles
817
289
IX.
Democracy
289
287
X. Hiketas. .
....
287-278
XI.
Pyrrhos
278-276
XII.
Hieron
I.
(Gelon
I.
and
Philistis)
275-216
XIII.
Hieronymos
216
215
XIV.
Democracy
215
212
XV. UnderRoman overnment . . 212
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OK
THE COINS
OF
SYRACUSE.
5
Before
lassifying
he coins
under
the
foregoing
ead-
ings,
I
carefully
bstained
from
reading
anything
hat
had
previously
een written
n the
subject,
n
order
hat
whatever
my
arrangementmight
be
worth,
t
might
at all
eventsbe
independent
work. Not
until the classi-
ficationwas
complete,
nd its
own
place
assigned
o
each
coin,accordingto the best of my udgment,did I con-
sult
the
following
works. I
then
discovered
hat,
aking
my
classification
s a
whole,
was,
generally
speaking,
in
agreement
withformer
workers,
with
a
few
mportant
exceptions,
notably
as
regards
the first
copper
money
issued
by
Syracuse,
where
I differ
ntirely
rom
Brandis,
and as
to the
relativevalues
of
gold
and
silver
fter he
middle
of
the
fourth
century
b.c.,
where
I am
sorry
to
disagree
with so
high
an
authority
s
Mommsen.
Among
theworkswhich I have
consulted,
may
men-
tion
the
following
s
the
most
mportant
Grote,
istory
f Greece.
Mommsen,
istoire
e la
Monnaie
omaine.
Ed.
Blacas. In-
troduction,
h.
i.
Brandis,
.,
Mnz-
Mass-und
Gewichtswesen,
c.,
p.
274
sqq.
De
Luynes,
Rev.
Num
ranaise,
843.
Leake,
Trans.
R.
Soc.
Lit.,
er.
i.
vol.
ii.
1850.
Brunet
e
Presle,
tablissements
es
Grecs n
Sicile.
R.
Rochette,
m.
e
Numismatique
t
d'Antiquit%
aris,
840.
Sur esMdailles iciliennesePyrrhus,oi Epire,&c.
R.
Rochette,
raveurs
es
Monnaies
recques.
De
Luynes,
Annali
dell'
Inst.
Arch.,
880,
p.
81.
Du
De-
maretion.
G.
Romano,
nnali
ell' nst.
Arch.,
ol.
xxxvi.
1864.
R.
Rochette,
nnali
ell' nst.
Arch.,
ol.
.
p.
840
sqq.
Alessi,
Bulletino
ell'
Inst.
Arch.,
833,
No.
1,
p.
8-15.
De
nummo
ieronis
I.
Kenner, .,
Die
Mnzsammlung
es
Stiftes
t.
Florian,
pp.
13-16
nd
49-55.
Salinas,
e Monete
elle
ntiche
itt
di
Sicilia,
pl.
I.
-
Vili.
,,
Di due
Monete
ella
Regina
ilistide,
eriodico i
Numis-
matica Sfragistica,. p. 193 sqq.
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6
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
Imhoof-Blumer,
um.
Zeitsch.,
ii.,
.
4.
,,
Beri.
Blatt.,
.
58.
Waddington,
langes
e
Numismatique,
me
rie,
.
46-56.
I
have,
for
he most
part,
onfined
my
remarks
o
coins
which
I have
seen
with
my
own
eyes,
as,
unless
one
is
very
ure of the fabric nd
style
of a
piece,
t is
hazardous
to attributefrom ngravings,howevergood. Where a
coin
is
not
in
the Museum
collection,
have
therefore
noticed
he fact.
I. OLIGARCHY
OF
THE
GEOMORI,
SIXTH
CENTURY
B.C.
The
earliest coins
of
Syracuse
are
universally
cknow-
ledged
to
be
tetrad
ach
ms
and didrachms f
Attic
weight.
The
obverse
of
the
formerhas
a
quadriga
driven
by
a
male charioteer;that of the latter a naked horseman
riding upon
one horse
and
leading
a
second.
The re-
verses
of
these
coins
consist
of
an
incuse
square
divided
into
four
quarters,
n the
centre
of
which s
a
female
head.
These
coins
are also
characterized
y
the
absence
of
the
Nike,
who crowns ometimes
he
driver
nd
some-
times
the
horses,
on all the
Syracusan
tetradrachms f
later
date,
down
to the time of
Agathokles.
The
form
of the
Z
is
also
peculiar S)>
and
does
not
again occur.
The
full
inscription,
which,
however,
s
generally
bbre-
viated,
s
SYRAQOSION.
There
can be
little
doubt
that these
coins
are antecedent o the
tyranny
f
Gelon,
and
must
therefore
e
attributed
o
the
oligarchy
f
the
Geomori,
ate
in
the
sixth
century
.c.
(PI.
I.
1
2.)
II.
GELON,
B.C.
485-478.
The
coins
which
follow
next in
order to
those
above
described till preserve he Q in the inscription,ut the
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ON
THE
COINS
F
SYRACUSE.
7
^
is
replaced
by
the
later form
X
or
2,
the
other
letters
remaining
nchanged.
They
evidently
mark
the commencement
f
a new era
in
Syracusan
history
the incuse
square
is
renounced,
and
Nike makes
her first
ppearance,
rowning
n
some
specimens
the
horses and
on
others
the
driver
of
the
victoriousquadriga. The femalehead fromthe centre
of
the
incuse
square
on
the earlier
coinage,
now becomes
the
principal
type
of the
obverse,
nd
is
surrounded
y
dolphins.
Tetradrachms
nd
didrachms
occur,
the
re-
verse
type
of
the
latter
is similar to
the
obverse
of the
previous
oinage.
(Pl.
I.
3.)
It is recorded
that
Gelon,
as a citizen
of
Gela,
con-
quered
n
the
chariot-race
t
Olympia
in b.c.
488.1
He
became
master
f
Syracuse
n
485,
and
it
is
highlypro-
bable
that
the
introduction
f
this
new
type
marksthis
epoch.
The
Nike
evidently
ommemorates
victory
n
the
games,
and was
probably
placed
by
Ge'lon
on
his
money
both
at
Gela
and
Syracuse,
n
commemoration
f
his
Olympic
fictory.2
The
coins
of
the
group
with the
,
now
assigned
to
Gelon,
are
rare
but exhibit
several
varieties
f
type.
The
hair
of
the
female head
is
gene-
rally
ndicated
by
dots,
as
on
the
coins
of
the Geomori.
If this arrangemente adopted,we observe hat some
time
during
the
reign
of
Gelon
the
9
must have
been
replaced
by
the
K
;
the
types
also
of both
sides
under-
went
various
modifications.
The
hair
of
the
head
upon
the obverse
gets
by
degrees
to be
indicated
by
lines
1
Donaldson's
indar,
.
xxiv.
2
Concerning
he
signification
f
Nike,
nd ot tne
agonistic
types
which
efer
o
chariot
nd
horse-races,
ee
R. S.
Poole
"
On the
use
of
theCoins
of
Kamarina
n illustration
f the
fourthndfifthlympiandesofPindar,"n theTransactions11. oc. Lit.,vol.X.
part
ii.x.s.
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8
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
instead of
dots,
and
the ends
are
usually
turned
up
under
the
diadem of
beads.
(Pl.
I.
4
6.)
Some
of
these
pieces
betray
a
certain
carelessness
of
work,
the
letters
of the
inscription being
often reversed and
upside
down. In addition to
the
tetradrachm
and
didrachm,
he
drachm,
obol,
and
the
silver
litra
make
their first appearance. (Pl. I. 7 10.) The type of
the
drachm
s similar to that of the
didrachm,
xcept
that
the
horseman
on
the reverse
does not
lead a
second
horse.
The obol and the
litra
have the
same
head
upon
the
obverse,
but
the reverse
of
the
former
eems to
be
distinguished
y
the wheel
type
and
that of
the latter
by
the
cuttle-fish.
The two
are
not
always
to
be dis-
tinguished
by
their
weight,
though
the
litrae
are,
as a
rule,
a
few
grains
heavier
than
the
obols.
The
normal
weights
are,
forthe
obol,
11*2,
and forthe
litra,
13*5
grains.
In the
year
480
3
Gelon
gained
his
famous
vic-
tory
overthe
Carthaginians
t
Himera,
nd,
by
the
inter-
vention f his
wife,
Demarete,
concluded
a
solemn
peace
with
his
vanquished
foes,
the
conditions
f
which
were
so
much more favourable han
they
had
been
led
to
ex-
pect,
that
in
gratitude
they
presented
to
Demarete
a
hundred alents
of
gold,
from he
proceeds
of
which
were
struck, circ. b.c. 479, the celebrated Pentekontalitra,
surnamed
Demaretia.4
These
pieces
of
50
litrseor
10
Attic drachms
re so
well
known
that
I
need
not
here
describethem
minutely.
The
head
upon
the
obverse
s
3
Clinton,
asti
Hellenici.
ol. i.
80.
Herod., ii. 166.
4
Pollux,
x.
85.
Diod.,
xi. 26
Kat
TTecfravcOeLcra
rn
clvtCjv
kcltov
aXavroi
Xpvcrov,
/ucr/xa
Koi/e
o
k'tj0v
7r'
ctvys
a/iapretov'
ovto
S'
^v
TTt/c
paxfis
KCL,
K'r6rj
c
Trapa
o
StKctwrat
a7TO
OV
TTaOlOV
TVT7}KOVT('lTpOV
See also De Luynes,Annali ell' nst.Arch., 830,p. 81.
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ON
THE (X)INS
OF
SYRACUSE.
9
crownedwith olive
instead
of
with
the usual diadem
of
beads,
and
may
be intended
or
Nike;6
it s
also enclosed
n
a
circle,
s on someof
theearlier
etradrachms
ith
he
Q.
In
the
exergue
s
a
lion,
possibly
he
symbol
f
Africa,
in
memory
f the
great
victory
ver the
Carthaginians,
concerning
which Diodoros6 remarks
that the
number
ofcaptives akenbyGelonwas so greatthat t seemedas
if
all
Libya
had
become
his
prisoner.7
Besides
the
pentekontalitron
r
dekadrachm
there
are
tetradrachms
nd
obols
of this
coinage;
the
former
bears
very
lose resemblance o the
dekadrachm;
heobol
has the same
olive-crowned ead
upon
the obverse
and
the
usual
wheel
upon
the
reverse.
Pl.
I.,
10
bis
12.)
These
coins
may
be
looked
upon
as
the
last
of
purely
archaic
tyle.
Gelon
died
in b.c.
478,
and
was succeeded
by
his brotherHieron.
III.
HIERON
I.,
B.C.
478-467.
As
the
renown
of Gelon
sprang
fromhis
victory
t
Himera,
so
the chief
glory
of Hieron
dates
from
is
great
sea-fight
with
the
Etruscans
near
Curnae,
b.c.
474,
in
which
he
shattered
he
naval
power
f that
nation,
hither-
to
supreme
pon
the
sea
(OaXarTOKpaTovvrcs)
8
This
mari-
6
R. S.
Poole,
Coins
f
Kamarina,
.
10.
6
Diod.,
xi.
25.
^irrjytTO
ap
al^jiaXwroiv
octovto
r'rj0o,
CTTC
oKCLV
ir
7S
r(TOV
CJOVCVaL
TV
lvrjvXtJV
i)QJL0'{iYTOV.
7
Holm,
Geschichte
iciliens
m
Alterthum,
ol.
. 208.
8
Diod.,
Ii.
2.
Although
he
Tyrrhenians
re
not
ncluded
in
the
famous
ist
of
Thalassocracies
y
Castorof
Rhodes,
t
has,
nevertheless,
een
placed
beyond
oubtboth
by
Ottfried
Mller
nd
Lepsius,
hat,
n
the
Pelasgic
ges,
hey
were the
rulers
f
the sea.
On
this
subject
ee also
De
Roug
Rev.
Arch.,
867,
p.
92)
who
identifies
s
Tyrrhenians
he
people
called
Turs'a
n
Egyptiannscriptions,
wordwhich
xactlyrepresentshe ncientormfthe talicname f the truscans
VOL. XIV. N.s.
c
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12/111
10 NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
time
victory
s
alluded
to
by
Pindar
(Pyth.,
i.
72),
and
there
s a
helmet
till
in
existence,
ow
preserved
n the
British
Museum,
which
was dedicated
from
his
Tyrrhe-
nian
spoils
by
Hieron
to
Zeus
at
Olympia,
where
it was
found n
1817.
It
bears the
followingnscription
-
BIARONOAEINOMENEOZ
KAITOIZVRAKOZIOI
TOIAITVRANAnOKVMAZ
i.e.,
lipoiv
ACLVO/JLCVOVS
(ll
2,vpaK
-
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13/111
ON THE
COINS
OF SYRACUSE.
11
distinguished
y
a
greater
fineness
f
work.
The
series
with
the
pistrix.
r
sea-monster,
xhibits
a marked ad-
vance
upon
the
archaic
style.
For
instance,
he
eye
of
the female
head
is
represented,
or
he
first
ime,
n
pro-
file,
and no
longer
with both corners
visible
as if seen
from
he
front,
peculiarity
f archaic
art.
(Cf.
Pl.
II.
withPL I.) The hair also is wavedand a greater ariety
is
apparent
n
the
mode
of
arranging
t,
the
plain
string
of beads
being
often
replaced
by
a
fillet
ound
two or
three
timesroundthe head.
The
horses
of
the
quadriga,
as
on the earlier
coins,
are,
with a
single
exception
PL
II.,
12,
13),
always represented
as
walking
and
the
charioteer
s
also
always
apparently
male.
The
inscrip-
tions are
in
general
more
carefully
xecuted,
being
very
seldom
retrograde
r
inverted,
s
on the
archaic,
properly
so called. The
R,
I
imagine,
owards he closeof Hieron'
reigngives place
to the
P,
although
t often
eappears
n
pieces
which
re
certainly
ater
n
style.
There
are
drachms,
itrse,
nd
smaller
divisions
which
attach
themselves
by
their
style
to the
Pistrix
series,
although
no
piece
smaller
than the
didrachm
bears that
symbol.
(Pl.
II.,
4, 5,
13.)
The
reign
of
Hieron
seems
to
be
the link
which con-
nectsthepiecesof archaicartwith thoseof the earlyfine
style
which
is
characteristic
f the
Democracy
which
follows.
IV.
DEMOCRACY,
B.C.
466-415
;
BEFORE
THE
ATHENIAN
SIEGE.
The
expulsion
f
Thrasybulos,
he
brother
of
Hieron,
after
one
year's
tyranny,
ed
to
the
establishment f
a
democracy,
uring
which
the
city,
nd
indeed
all
Sicily,
attained to a veryhigh degreeof wealth and prosperity
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12
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
arising
from he
enjoyment
f
peace
and free
nstitutions,
a
condition
which
lasted
until the
time
of
the
Athenian
siege,
b.c. 415
412.10
I
would
attributeto
this
period
fivedistinct
ypes
of
the
tetradrachm,
ll
of
which exhibit
decided
advance
upon
the
semi-archaic
eries
with the
pistrix. They
may
be distinguished, s follows,by the arrangementf the
hair of
the
female
head.
Type
1 with
the
spliendone
(Pl.
III.
1)
-,
Type
2,
with the
saccos
or
bag,
generally
ornamentedwith the
Mseander
pattern
Pl.
III.
2,
3)
;
Type
3,
with
a
cord wound four times
round the
back
hair.
(Pl.
III.
4.)
All
these have
the
exergue
plain
and
the
quadriga
driven
by
a
male charioteer.
Types
4 and
5,
on
the other
hand,
have
a
locust
n the
exergue,
nd
the
quadriga
is
driven,
for the first
time,
by
a
charioteer
apparently
emale
(PI.
III. 5,
6)
;
the hair on
type
4 is
in a
jewelled
net,
on
type
5,
bound
by
a
cord
twisted
round
t.
The horses on
all
these
coins
are
walking.
There
are,
as far s
I
am
aware,
no didrachms
r
drachms
of this
period.
The
P
is
generally
used
during
this
period,
but
the
older form
R
sometimes ecurs the
2
is
not
yet
seen.
Before
proceed
o
the
next
period
of
Syracusan
his-
tory, iz.,thatwhichsucceeded the Atheniansiege,b.c.
415
412,
1 must
briefly
onsider
he
question
s
to which
were
the
earliest
copper
coins,
and
whether
they
were
first
truck
during
he
Democracy,
66
-
415,
or
later.
The ancient
proportion
n
Sicily
of
copper
to
silver
n
value
was
250
:
1,
and the
copper
itra,
which hen
weighed
3,375
grains
218
grammes),
r
half an
Attic
mina,
was in
value
equal
to 13*5
grains
of silver
'87
grammes),
r-^-of
10Diod.,xi. 68,72.
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ON
THE COINSOF
SYRACUSE.
13
the stater or
didrachm,
which
was,
in
consequence,
alled
the
StKaXiTpos
raTrjp.11
new
coin,
he silver
itra,
foreign
to
the
Attic
system
and
in value
of the
drachm,
or
12
ounces
of
copper,
was issued
in
very arly
times
pro-
bably
to take
the
place
of the
oboi,
or
of the
drachm,
equal only
to 10
ounces
of
copper,
he duodecimal
ystem
of division nto12 ounceshaving been always applied to
the
itra
of
copper.
Some
time
during
the
reign
of
Dionysios
the
elder,
405
367,
the
weight
f the
copper
litra was
reduced
to
=
675
grains
43*73
grammes).
This
reduced
litra is
called
by
Aristotle
"
the
old
"
(to
ikv
pxaov),12
o dis-
tinguish
t from
he
one
in
use
during
his own time
r
8c
v(TTpov),
hen
it
had
undergone
a second reduction
of
1=337*5 grains (21*86 grammes).
The
silver
litra
-
otherwise
alled the
nummus,
originally
qual
to one
copper
litra
was
now,
therefore,
qual
to ten the two
litrse
being
distinguished
by
the
epithets
silver
and
copper.13
Brandis
expresses
his
opinion
that the
value of
copper
in
proportion
o
silver
rose
from
50
:
1 to 50
:
1,
and
after-
wardsto
25
:
1,
on
the
several
reductions f
the litra. I
can,
however,
ind
no
evidence
hat such
was the
fact,
nd
I thereforerefer o treat, s Mommsendoes,theseveral
reductions
f
the
litra
as
so
many
bankruptcies
r
expe-
dients
dopted
by
the
State
to
facilitate
he
payment
f
debts,
the
proportionate
alues
of
copper
and
silver
probably
remaining
about
the same
from
the time
of
the
first
ssue
of
copper
coins
down
to the
time of
Hieron
II.
It
is
worthy
of remark
that
during
the
whole
of
this
period-
viz.,
until b.c.
269 the
same
11
Pollux,
v.
175.
12
Pollux,
x.
87.
1:*Mommsen,d.Blacas,ch. i. 1.
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14
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
relation
between
opper
and
silverexisted t
Rome as
in
Sicily
viz.,
250
: l.u
We now
approach
he
question
s
to
when
opper
was first
coined
t
Syracuse,
nd whether
t
was
ssued
of
full
weight
according
o
its value
in
proportion
o
silver,
r
was
only
money
f
account
with
a fictitious
alue
above ts real
one.
Brandis is of opinion hatcopperwas coined in Sicily
of full
weight
nly
so
long
as
the
original
proportion
f
copper
to
silver
s
250
:
1 was
maintained.16
tarting
with
this
theory,
e is
obliged
to
make
the heaviest
copper
coins
of
Syracuse
the
earliest
n that metal His classifi-
cation
s
as follows
Copper
o silver
s
250 :
1.
Weight
f
itra,
375
grains.
Two-ounce
iece
562
grs.)
-
Obv. Head
of
Pallas.
Rev Starbetween olphins. ctualweight,80-450grs.
(PI.
VII.
1.)
One-ounce
281
grs.)
Obv.
Head of Zeus
Eleutherios.
Rev
Free horse. Actual
weight,
80
grs.
(Pl.
VII.
8.)
Obv. Head of Zeus
Eleutherios.
Rev. Thunderbolt.Actual
weight,
262-229
grs.
(PL
VII.
10.)
with
smaller
divisions,
which
I
need
not
here
mention
Notwithstanding he weightof these pieces, I cannot
bring
myself
o
believe that
they
re
as
early
as Brandis
maintains. The coins
with he
head
of
Zeus,
Rev.
Thunder-
bolt,
bear a
strong
esemblance o
the
silver f
Alexander
of
Epirus,
struck
in
Italy
b.c.
332
326,
and,
I
should
14
Mommsen,
d.
Blacas,
vol.
i.
ch. ii.
p.
31.
15
Brandis,
p.
276
"
Es
kommt
or allem
darauf
n,
zu
bestimmen,
n
wie
fern nd wie
lange
das
Kupfergeld
erth-
mnzewar
und
blieb. Offenbar
ar
dies
in
Syrakus
nd
in
ganz
Sicilien
o
lange
der
Fall,
als die
ursprngliche
erthung
derbeidenMetallewie250: 1 fest ehalten urde."
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17/111
ON
THE
COINS
OF SYRACUSE.
15
say,
cannotbe
very
much
earlier
than his
time.
The head
of
Zeus
Eleutherios,
lso,
is
far
more
appropriate
o the
Democracy
estored
by
Timoleon,
han to the
tyranny
f
Dionysios
the elder.16 As
regards
the
large pieces
with
the
head of
Pallas,
it is
certainly ossible
that
they
may
have been
issued
by
Dionysios
but it seems to
me
that
a
typeso thoroughly orinthian n style, s farmore ikely
to
have
been borrowed
rom he Corinthian taters
which
were
struck
t
Syracuse
at
the
time
of
the
recolonisation
by
Timoleon.
These
two
types,
with
otherswhich
shall
afterwards
mention,
would
seem therefore o
belong
to
the
Democracy
estored
y
Timoleon
n
b.c.
344.
In this
case,
instead
of
being
two-ounce nd
one-ounce
pieces
of
full
weight,
hey
would be
pieces
of two
litrae
and
one
litra
of the second
reduction.
This,
however,
s
doubtful,
for
very
ittle can be inferred rom he
weights
f
copper
coins,
and
it
is
probable
hat even these
massivecoins
are
in
reality
only
money
of account
which
approximate
n
appearance
o
pieces
of
full
weight
nd
value.
If,
then,
hese
are not
the
earliest
opper
coins of
Syra-
cuse,
which
re ?
Mommsen,
who
differs
ntirely
rom Brandis
on the
subject
of
Syracusan
copper
coins
(looking upon
them
simply s money faccount), s inclined to accept,as the
earliest,
the
pieces
with
the
incuse
square
divided
nto
four
uarters,
with
a
star
in the
centre
(Pl.
V.
13.
17
The
style
of
these
coins
s,
however,
hat of
the
fine
period
16
f course
t
is
quite
out
of the
question
hat the
coins
with
EYZ
EAEYOEPIOX
could
have
been truck
uring
the
first
emocracy
fter
he
exile
of
Thrasybulos
n
b.c.
466,
when this
worship
was
first
nstituted
t
Syracuse.
Their
style,
ot
o
mention
he
occurrence
f the
O on
the
reverse,
entirelyrecludes
his
upposition.17Mommsen,d.Blacas,vol. . p. 108,note .
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18/111
16
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
of
art,
and
they
bear
a
marked resemblance
o
Kimon's
tetradrachms. The
pieces
which I believe to
be the
earliest
copper,
are a
series
haying
on
the obverse
a
female
head,
withthe hair
gathered
nto
a knot
korym-
bos)
at
the
top
of
the
head, and,
on the
reverse,
he
surface
f
which s
slightly
ncuse,
cuttle-fishurrounded
by the marks of value ; smallerdivisions are known
without
these marks.
(Pl.
III.
7,
8.)
These coins I
take
to
be
the
trias,
hexas
?)
and ounce
?)
of the
earliest
copper
issue,
of
nominal,
but
not
of
real
value,
struck
during
he
Democracy
b.c. 466 412.
The
occurrence
f
the
P
precludes
he
possibility
f
their
being
earlier
han
this
time.
The
head
upon
the
obverse
bears
a
strong
resemblance o
one of the
pistrix-types
f
Hieron I.
(PL
II.
12.)
The
style
is
semi-archaic,
r
transitional,
nd
they
cannot
possibly
belong
to the
period
to which
Brandis
classes them
viz.,
after
he second
reduction f
the
litra,
which
s
more
than a
century
ater.18
V.
FROM
THE
ATHENIAN
SIEGE TO
THE
ACCESSION
OF
DIONYSIOS
THE
ELDER,
B.C.
412-406.
Grote,
in
his
history
f
Greece
(ch.
lxxxi.),
says
that
the
Syracusans,
after the
destruction
f
the
Athenian
besiegers, elate with theplenitude f recent ffort,nd
conscious that
the
late
successful
efencehad
been
the
joint
workof
all,
were in
a
state of
animated
democrati-
cal
impulse.
On
the
proposition
f
an
influential
itizen
named
Diokles,
a
commission
f
ten was
named,
of
which
he
was
president,
orthe
purpose
f
revising
oth
he
con-
stitution
nd
the
egislature
f
the
city."
*
Unfortunately,
othing
s
known
of
the
detailsof
the
18Brandis, . 590.
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ON THE
COINS
OF
SYRACUSE.
17
changes
introduced
by
this
Commission
but,
that
they
were
extensive here an
be
littledoubt.
It
is
not,
there-
fore,
mprobable
that a
complete
revision
f the
coinage
may
have taken
place
at this
time,
and
certainly
rom he
evidence
afforded
y
the coins
themselves,
ome such
revisionmust
be inferred.
One of the most mportant f these novelties eemsto
have
been the institution
or he first ime
of a
coinage
n
gold,
the first
oins
n thismetal
being
mall
pieces.
Obv.
Head of
Herakles
in
lion's
skin.
Rev. Incuse
square,
divided nto four
parts,
with a
femalehead
in
the
centre.
Wt.
circ.
18
grains.
Supposing
the
proportionate
alue
of
coined
gold
to coined
silver o
have been 1
:
15,
9
hese
pieces
would
correspond
xactly
in
value
to the silver
tetradrachm. The
half lso
exists. Obv
Head
of Pallas.
Rev. Incuse
square,
withinwhich is a wheel.
Weight,
9
grains
=
1
didrachm.
(PI.
III.
9,
11.)
To
these
must be
added
a small
gold piece.
Obv.
ZYPA. Head of
Pallas.
Rev.
Gorgon-liead.
The
weight
of the
British
Museum
specimen
s 10*4
grains.
This is
probably
gold
obol
of Attic
weight
11*25
grains),
n
which case
it
is
equivalent
to
12
litrse,
r
21
drachms.
(PI.
III.
10.)
Withtheseearliestgold coinsofSyracusemaybe com-
pared
certain
pieces
of
Gela,
the
authenticity
f
which
has,
however,
een
suspected
by
some,
weighing
27
and
18
grains,20
hich,
f
true
and
the
weights
re in
their
19
Mommsen,
d.
Blacas,
tom.
. ch.
i.
p.
181.
M
Obv.
Horseman,.,
wearing
Phrygian"
ap.
Bev.-rEAAH.
Half
bull,
wimming,
.
above,
ram
f
barley,
jr.
'45
wt.
27
grs.
Obv.
ZilZinOA.
-
Female
head,
.
Rev. fEAAZ- Halfbull, wimming,. JT. 45 wt.18grs.
VOL.
XIV.
N.s.
D
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18
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
favour
clearly
belong
to
the
same
system.
Gela
was
destroyed
n
405.
Agrigentum
lso,
which
was
destroyed
in
406,
issued
gold
coins which
eem to
be struck
n the
silver
standard,
as
they correspond
n
weight
to Attic
diobols,
and have the
proper
marks of
value;
the
two
specimens
n
theMuseum
weighing
0*4
and
19*5
grains.21
The existenceof gold at these two places,beforetheir
destruction
y
the
Carthaginians,
enders
t
highly
m-
probable
hat
Syracuse
would be
without
contemporary
coinage
n
that metal.
The date of
ts introduction
t all
three
cities
s
probably
bout b.c. 412.
In the
Syracusan
silver,
the
following
remarkable
innovationswere
introduced
fter the
departure
of
the
Athenians.
The
style
of
the obverse
becomes
highly
rnate,
and
great varietys apparent n the arrangement f thehair
of
the
goddess,
while
on
the
reverse
the
horses of
the
chariot
re
always
in
high
action.
About
this time
the
2
begins
to be seen on
coins
of
Sicily.
It
is difficult
o fix
the
exact date
when it
came
into
universal
use,22
ut,
for onvenience
ake,
we
may
be
allowed
to attribute
uch as
have
ZYPAKOZION
to
the
Democracy
.c.
412
406,
and thosewith
ZYPAKOZI2N
to thenextperiod.
Particular
attention
eems
to have
been now
devoted
21
Obv.
AKP.
Eagle
devouring
erpent
beneath,
.
Rev.
ZIAANOZ'
Crab.
*4
wt. 20*4
grs.
22
he
SI
occurs
n certain
oins
f
Segesta
truck
efore
ts
destruction
n
b.c.
409,
at
Himera
before .c.
408,
at
Agrigen-
tum before
.c.
406,
on tetradrachmsf
fine
tyle
with
the
horses
f the
quadriga
n
high
action.
Alsoat
Kamarina
nd
Gela
before
.c. 405.
But its
use
seems
o
have
been
only
exceptional
efore
.c.
406,
afterwhich
t
became
general.
This s
but
ittle nterior
o the
archonship
f
Eukleides,
.c.
404,when he onicforms ere egally doptedtAthens.
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ON THE COINSOF SYRACUSE.
19
to the
coinage,
nd its
beauty
was
regarded
as
an
object
of
public
interest.
Hence
the
die-engravers
were
per-
mitted
for
the firsttime to
sign
their
work,
and
we
frequently
ind
that the two
sides
of the
same coin are
by
different
rtists.
Eumnos,
Soson,23
nd
Phrygillos
werethe
engravers
mployed
rincipally
pon
the obverses
of the coins which I would place beforeb.c. 406, and
Eumenos,
Evaenetos,
nd Euth
....
upon
the reverses
during
he
same
years.
The
charioteer,
lmost
always
male
up
to
b.c.
415,
is
now
often
apparently
female,
nd
in
some
specimens
s
evidently
he
goddess Persephone
herself,
or
she
carries
a
flaming
orch.24
(Pl.
IV.
10
and
V.
5.)
On
one
very
beautiful
everse
by
Euth
. .
. the
quad-
riga
is driven
by
a
male
winged
daemon.25
PI.
III.
14.)
Drachms and half-drachmsccur; the former igned
by
Eumenos.
Obv Female
head,
right
Rev
Leukaspis
with shield
and
short
sword
(PL
III.
15)
;
the
latter,
Obv
Female
head,
eft
hair
in
sphendone
Rev
Quad-
riga,
&c.,
with
chariot
wheel
n the
exergue apparently
the work
of Evaenetos.26
PI.
III.
16.)
The
drachm
with
the
head
of
Pallas
full-face,
nd
Leukaspis
on
the
reverse,
and
the
hemi-
rachm
with
similar obverse, and a quadriga on the reverse, are
apparently
by
Eukleides,
and
somewhat
later.
These
belong
to the
Dionysian
period
with
2.27
(Pl.
V.
6,
7.)
23
A
tetradrachm
ith
he
signature
12ZHN
sold
at
the
Sambon
ale,
s now
n
the
cabinet
f
the
late
H.
N.
Davis,
Esq.
It
bears
strong
esemblance
o
that
y
Eumenos
which
is
figured
n PI.
III.,
No.
12.
24
R. S.
Poole,
Corns
l
Kamanna,
.
b.
25
Raoul
Rochette.
raveurs
es
Monnaies
recques,
i.
ii. b.
26
Mus.
Hunter.,
.
58,
xx.,
xvm.,
ix.
27Mus.Hunter., . 53,xvn., xi.
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20
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
YI.
TIME OF
DIONYSIOS
AND
HIS
SUCCESSORS,
B.C.
406-845.
To
the
tyranny
f
Dionysios
must be
classed
the
finest
of all the
Syracusan
coins,
both
n
gold
and
silver.
The
relative
value
of
gold,
as
compared
with
silver,
stillremains s highas 1 : 15, ifwe maydraw his conclu-
sion
from
the
weights
of
the
gold
coins
which
seem to
belong
to this
period
these
are
90
and
45
grains,
respectively
qual
to
1350 and
675
grains,
.e.
100,
and
50
litrse
r 2
and
1
dekadrachms.28
These
pieces
are of
very great
beauty;
the
larger
of
the two has
ZYPAKOZION,
the
last
example
of
O
for
2.
Obv. Head
of
Arethusa
?)
left Rev.
Herakles and
the lion.
Probably
by
Kimon,
as
the
British
Museum
specimenhas the portion f a signaturewhich has been
read
Kl.29
(Pl.
IV.
1.)
The
50
litra
piece,
Obv.
Young
male
head
(Anapos
?)
;
Rev.
Free
horse;
has
on both
ides
ZYPAKOZIiiN.
The
type
is
more
appropriate
o
the
Democracy
than
to the
tyranny
of
Dionysios;
possibly
the
dies
were
engraved
shortly
efore
his
accession,
but as
it
has
the
1
it is
not
likely
to
be
much
earlier
than
b.c.
406.
(Pl.
IV.
2.)
The
silver
coins of the
reigns
of
Dionysios
and his
successors are doubtlessthe most
splendid
specimens
of
the
numismatic rt
which
exist,
for
uxury
f
style
and
28
A
gold
coin,
Obv.,
Head of
Arethusa
Rev.,
Herakles
nd
the
ion s
engraved
n the
Annuaire
e
Numismatique,
ome
ii.,
1868,
Pl.
iii.,
from
he Grau
ollection,
aving
wo
globules,
marks f
value,
n
the
bverse.
These
take
o
represent
wo
dekadrachms.
29
he
specimen
n
theParis
cabinet
as
EY
and
s
probably
by
Eveenetos. We
may
therefore
n
this
round
easonably
place
these
two
coins
n
the
second
period,
which
heir
tylealonewouldustify.
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ON
THE
COINSOF
SYRACUSE.
21
delicacy
of work.
They
do
not, however,
xhibit that
purity
and
simplicity
which
characterize
he
best
art
of
Hellas and Ionia.30
The
engravers'
names
which
occur
most
frequently pon
the
obverses are
Evsenetos,
Eu-
kleides,
Kimon,
and
Parme . .
.
The
first
wo of
these
are
often
ombinedwith
reverses
y
Eumenos.
Eukleides
and Kimon excelled n therepresentationf thefull-face.
The head of
Pallas
by
Eukleides
(Pl.
IV.
]0),
and
that
of
Arethusa
by
Kimon
(Pl.
IV.
9),
are now
ustly
elebrated,
especially
the
latter,
while the former
ppears
to
have
been so
great
a
favourite t the
time
as to
have been
adopted
for the
drachms
nd
half-drachms
f
this
period,
the
reverses
of which
are,
respectively,
eukaspis,
and
quadriga.
(Pl.
Y.
6,
7.)
The
litrse ear
more
resemblance
to the
works of Kimon
or
Parme .
. .
(Pl.
V.
9,
10.)
There is also a drachm f
peculiar
style,
he reverseof
which
s
signed
by
Kimon.
(Pl.
V.
8.)
The
hemilitrse,
or
half-obols,
hich
eem
to fall
into this
period,
have
on
the reverse
a
wheel,
generally
with
two
dolphins
n
the
lower
quarters,
type
which
s
reproduced
n
the
copper.
(Pl.
V.
11,
14.)
There
is also
a
quarter-litra,
r
trias,
equal
to three
ounces
of
copper,
wt.
2*8
grains,
with
a
cuttle-fish
n
the
reverse,
s on
the
litrse,
ut
surrounded
by three globulesto designate ts value. (Pl. V. 12.)
This
small
silver
piece may
have
supplanted
he
copper
triantes
with
marks
of value
described
on
p.
15.
(PL
III.
7.)
The
dekadrachms
of
this
period
are
numerous,
but
seem
to
be
all the works f
the two
artists
vsenetos
nd
Kimon,
although they
are not all
signed.
(Pl.
IV.
3,
6,
7.)
30
K.
S.
Poole,
Num.
Chron.,
N.S.,
vol.
v.
p.
286.
"On
GreekCoins s illustratingreekArt."
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22 NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
The reverses of
the
silver exhibit
great variety
of
detail. Those
by
Eumenos
and Evsenetos
may
be
known
by
their
style.
The work
of the former
s characterized
by
its
stiffness,
nd
by
a
certain
roughness
of execution
(cf.
Pl. III.
12)
;
that
of
the
atter
by
an
almost
gem-like
minuteness
f
work,
which
pproaches
o
hardness.31
PI.
III. 13, Rev.,and Pl. IV. 4, Rev.)
The
pieces
which
seem
to
belong
to
the
close
of
this
period
do not bear artists'
ignatures.
The head
upon
some of them
resembles hat
of Artemis n
the
electrum
coin
with
Z2TEIPA,
described n the
next
section.
(Cf.
Pl.
Y. 5 with
Pl.
VI.
1.)
It can
hardly
be
Artemis,
however,
n
this
instance,
as
she
has
no
quiver
at her
back,
but
is
probably
Arethusa.
There
is
also
a
head
of
Persephone
crowned
with
corn,
and
with
hair
falling
over her
shoulders,
which is
certainly
rather late in
style
Pl.
V.
4)
;
also a
remarkable oin with
ZYPAKO-
ZI2N,
retrograde,
nd a
female
head, left,
igned
M;
in
the
exergue
of
this
piece
is a
bull devoured
by
a
lion,
the
well-known
ype
of Akanthos.
(Pl.
V.
3.)
Whether
the
peculiarity
n
the
style
of
this
piece,
so
different
from
the other
tetradrachms
f
Syracuse,
is
due to
its
being
the workof
a
nativeof
Greece
proper
or
Asia
Minor,32r onlyto its being some ten or twentyyears
later,
t is
impossible
o
say.
During
the
reigns
of
Dionysios
and
his
successors,
he
O
(with
the
single
exception
of
the
gold
piece
of
100
31
he
apparent
ommemoration
f
success
at
Olympia
n
these
reverses,
y Dionysios
.,
who
sustained
defeat,
as
been
ustified
n
Mr.
Poole's
paper,
On
the
use of
he
Coins
f
Eamarina
n
llustration
f the
4th
and 5th
Olympian
des
of
Pindar,"
.
11.
32
. S.
Poole
(Num.
Chron.,
N.S.,
vol.
iv.
p.
246) says
that t s unmistakablyf onianwork.
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ON
THE COINS F SYRACUSE.
23
litrse)
s
never
used
for
fl
; XYPAKOZIOZ,
occasionally
found n
place
of
ZYPAKOZI1N,
being
of
course
no
exception
o
the rule.
The
successors f
Dionysios
were
Dionysios
I.,
367
356;
Dion,
356
353;
Kallippos,
353-
352;
Hipparinos,
352
350.
Interval,
350
-
344.
It is probable hatnearly ll the extant oinsare to be
attributed
o the
reigns
of the
two
Dionysii
and
Dion.
The
nine
years
which
follow
the assassination
of
the
latter
were a
continual
scene
of
anarchy
and
disorder,
during
which
it
is
not
likely
that
much
money
was
issued.
The
copper,
which
from
analogy
of
style
and
type,
would
attribute to
the
Dionysian
dynasty,
are the
following
1. Obv. Head of
Arethusa
?),
hair n
sphendone.
Rev
Incuse
square,
ividednto
our
uarters,
ith
star
in
thecentre.
M.
*65.
(Pl.
Y.
13.)
(Cf.
the
mall
old
oinsdescribed n
p.
17.)
2.
Obv Similar
ead.
Rev
ZYPA-
Wheel,
n
two
uarters
f
which,
olphins.
M. -6.
(Pl.
Y.
14.)
(Cf.
the
half-obols
n
silver,
.
21.)
8. Obv Similar.
Rev
Cuttle-fish
r
sepia.
M.
*6
*5.
(Pl.
V.
15.)
(Cf.
litr
nd
trias
n
silver,
.
21.)
4. Obv.
Similar.
Rev.-HY PA-
Trident.
M.
*45.
(Pl.
V.
16.)
These
are,
I
believe,
only
money
of
account,
but as
they
bear no
marks
of
value,
it is
impossible
o
say
what
they
may
represent.
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24
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
VIL
TIME OF
TIMOLEON
AND
THE RESTORED
DEMOCRACY,
B.C.
844-317.
The
period
which
intervened
between the death
of
Dion and
the invitation
ent
to Corinth
which resulted
in
the mission of
Timoleon,
was one
of
unexampled
misery hroughout icily. Plato,
in one of his
epistles,
says
that under he distraction
nd
desolation
which
pre-
vailed,
even the
Hellenic
race
and
language
were
likely
to
perish
in the island.83
Driven
to
despair,
the
Syra-
cusans at
length
nvoked
the aid
of
their
mother-city,
Corinth,
which
avourably
eceived
heir
rayers,
nd
chose
Timoleon,
a
man
of devoted
patriotism,
nd
animated
with an
intense
ove
of
liberty,
nd a
hatred f
tyrannical
institutions,
o
conduct
an
expedition
for
the relief of
Syracuse.
With
a small
force,
ut
claiming
the
special
protection
of Demeter
and
Persephone,
he
sailed
to
Italy;
the
sacred
trireme,
n her
voyage
by
night
across
the sea
from
Corcyra,
eing
illumined
by
a
blaze
of
light
from
heaven,
while a
burning
orch
on
high
ran
along
with
the
ship
and
guided
the
pilot
to
his
destination.84
After some
delay
at
Rhegium,
Timoleon
effected
landing
in
Sicily,
at Tauromenium. His
first
great
success was at Adranum,where,bythe
help
of the
god
Adranos,
he
surprised
nd
defeated he
troops
f
Hiketas.
He soon
after succeeded
in
obtaining possession
of
Syracuse,
together
with
the
person
of
Dionysios,
who,
although
not
master of the
rest of
the
city,
still
held
Ortygia.
Timoleon,
after
shipping
Dionysios
pff
to
33
Plato,Epitol,
iii.
p.
358
F.
34
Grote,
Part ii. ch.
85;
Plutarch,
imoleon,
.
8; Diod.,
xvi, 6.
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ON
THE
COTKS
F
SYRACUSE.
25
Corinth,
and after
demolishing
the
stronghold
of
the
tyrants
n
Ortygia,
nd
erecting
upon
its site courts of
justice,
proceeded
o recall
all
who
had
been
exiled,
nd to
invite
new colonists
to settle
at
Syracuse.
The total
number
of
immigrants
o the
city
in
its
renovated
freedomwas
not ess
than
60,00o.86
Concerning
he
state
of affairs t Syracuse at this time, Grote remarks:
"
Nothing
can be
more
mortifying
han
to
find
urselves
without nformations to
the
manner n
which
Timoleon
dealt
withthis
arge
nflux
*
*
The
land
of
Syracuse
s
said to have
been
distributed,
nd the
houses
to
have been
sold
for
,000
talents
the
arge
um
of
230,
00.86
A
right
of
preemption
as
allowed
to the
Syracusan
exiles
for
e-
purchasing
he houses
formerly
heir
own. As the
houses
were
old,
and that too for considerable
rice,
o we
may
presume
that the lands were sold
also,
and that the
incoming
ettlers
did
not
receive
heir
ots
gratuitously.
But how
they
were
sold,
or how much
of
the
territory
was
sold,
we are left n
ignorance.
It
is
certain,
however,
that the effect f
this new
mmigration
as not
only
to
renew
he
force and
population
f
Syracuse,
but
also
to
furnish
eliefto
the extreme
poverty
f the
antecedent
residents.
A
great
deal
of new
money
must
thus
have
beenbroughtn."
37
The
democratical
onstitution nd
laws
established
by
Diokles about
seventy ears
beforewere
again
put
into
force,
with
modifications ecessitated
by
the
state of
the
times. We
possess
no details of these
reforms;
but
we
may
be
quite
sure that uch
a redistribution
f
property
s
that
above-mentioned ould
render
necessary
n
extensive
35
Plutarch, imoleon,
ap.
28.
36
alents f
silver,
otof
gold,
re to be
understood.
37Grote, art i. ch. 85.
VOL.
XIV.
N.S.
E
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26
NUMISMATICHRONICLE.
issue of
money
of all
sorts,
nd,
probably,
he
adoption
f
some
device to facilitate
the
payment
of
debts,
and
so
relieve he extreme
overty
f the nhabitants.
That
a
measure of
this kind
was
resorted
to,
may
be
inferred rom
the
large
issue of electrum
coins,
which
mus be attributed
o
this
period,
oth
on account
of
their
styl,which s distinctlyaterthan thatofthegoldofthe
fine
period
described
above,
and
because
it is difficulto
conceive
he
possibility
f
a
simultaneous ssue
of
coins
n
pure
gold
and in
electrum
by
the same
city.
The metal
of which
hese
coins are
composed,
f
we
may judge
from
the
great
differences
n
their
olour,
varies much but
the
average
is
probably
about four-fifths
old
to one-fifth
silver.38
Now it
is
probable
that the
ancientrelation f
gold
to silver
t
Syracuse,
s
elsewhere,
was
much modified
by
the
discovery
f the
gold-mines
f Macedn
by
Philip
(
in
b.c.
356,
which
are
said
to have
yielded
as
much
as
1,000
talents
year,
or more
than
3,000,000.
Such
an
influx
f
gold
into
Europe,
where
it had
previously
een
very
carce,
would
naturally
bring
down the value
of
gold
as
compared
with
ilver.
When,
some
years
ater,
pure
gold
coinage
was
returned
to
in
Syracuse,
we
find
the
ttic
weight
adopted
for
gold,
and,
as we
shall see
here-
after, relation of 1 : 12. We maythereforeeasonably
suppose
gold
to have fallen to
this
rate n
consequence
f
the
discovery
f
the Macedonian
gold-mines.
100 silver
itrse,
ormerlyepresented
y
a
gold
piece
of 90
grains,
would,
therefore,
n
Timoleon's
time,
be
equal
to 112*5
grains;
and
50 litrse of
silver,
formerly
45
grains
of
gold,
would
now
be
56*25
grains,
nd
so
on.
I
conceive,
therefore,
hat
the
electrumcoins
issued at
this time were
accepted
as
gold,
and
that,
containing
s
38Mommsen,d.Blacas,Annexe . 9,
p.
286.
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ON THE
COINSOF SYRACUSE.
27
they
did
about 20
per
cent, of
silver,
a
considerable
saving
was
thus
effected.
The
100 litra
piece,
formerly
90
grains,
would
be raised to
its
new
weight
of
112*5
grains
by
the
addition of
silver,
nstead
of
gold.
The
actual
weights
of the
specimens
of this electrum
coinage
in
the
British
Museum
are
somewhat
various,
somebeingslightly elowand othersslightly bovetheir
normal
weight.
This
may
be
owing
to
the
greater
r
less
proportion
f
pure
gold
contained
n
the
several
pieces.
M
Litrae Grs.
Wat
1
15
Actual t.
fATK
at
1 12
^Electmm^
100 1350
90 88*9
112
106-4
50
=
675
45
44-7-
41 56
25
58-4-53
30
=
405
27
None
33-75
32-8
25
=
337*5
22-5
None
28-12
28-6-27*3
20
=
270
18
18-1-17*7
22*5
None
121=
168-75
11-25
10-4
14-06
None
10= 135 9 8-8 11*25 11-10-8
(Note.
Gold
oins
f
7
and
22-5
rs.
lthough
hey
onot ccurt
Syracuse
uring
he
eriod
hen
old
was
15,
re ound
t
Gela
nd
Agrigentum.)
See
pp.
17,
8.)
We
have thus
pieces
in electrum
which
represent
00,
50,
30,
25,
and
10
litrse
of
silver,
of
the
following
types
39
39
t has been
only
after
much
onsideration
hat
I
have
ventured
o differrom
o
high
an
authority
s
Mommsen
s ta
thevalue
in
silverof
thevarious
yracusan
ieces
issued
n
electrum.He is ofopinionhat heproportionatealueofgold
to silver s
1
: 15 was
always
maintained
t
Syracuse Ed.
Blacas,
vol.
.
p.
132)
and,
passing
over
the
fact,
which
he
elsewhere dmits
Ib.,
p.
286),
that
some
of
the
oins
of
this
city
re
composed
f
electrum,
e treats
hem
ll
as
if
they
were f
pure
gold,
pparently
ontemporary,
nd
consequently
worth
n silver s
follows
Types.
Wt.gks.
R itoue.
Heads
of
Apollo
nd Artemis
oteira
10S
=
120
Head of
Arethusa
Rev.Herakles
nd
ion
90
=
100
Head
of
Apollo
Rev.
Tripod
51= 60
do.
Rev.
Lyre
28
=
82
Head ofHerakles Rev. ncuse quare,&c. 18 = 20
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28
NUMISMATIC
HRONICLE.
100 litr.
Obv.
Head
of
Apollo,
eft.
Rev
Head
ofArtemis
ith
1TEIPA.
El.
*7
wt. 106-4.
(Pl.
YI.
1.)
50
litr.
Obv.
Head
of
Apollo.
Rev
Tripod.
El. *6
wt. 58*4
58.
(PL
YI.
2,
8.)
80
litr.
Obv
Head
of
Zeus Eleutherios.
Rev.
Pegasos
with
(marks
fvalue= 3 Corin-
thian taters
r
dekalitra).
l.
*45
wt.
82*8.
(PL
YI.
4)
25
litr.
Obv
Head
of
Apollo.
Rev.
Lyre.
El.
-45;
wt. 28
6-
27*8.
(PL
YI.
5.)
10 litr.
Obv.
Female
head,
right.
Rev.
Cuttle-fish.
El. *8 wt.
11
10*8.
(PL
YI.
6.)
There
is
no coin
in electrum
which
represents
the
tetradrachm,
r 20
litrse
f silver and it is
probable
hat
for
some
time
after
the recolonisation
rom
Corinth,
he
tetradrachms
eased
to be
issued
at
Syracuse,
heir
place
being
supplied
by
the
Corinthian
tater or
dekalitron,
which
may
be
thus
described
Obv Head
of
Pallas,
in
plain
Corinthian
helmet,
with
neck-piece
and no
crest.
Rev.
ZYPAKOZI1N,
Pegasos. (Pl.
YI.
7.)
The
staters
of
this
type,
as
first
ntroduced
by
Timoleon,
may
be
distinguishedromater ssuesofsimilarpieces Pl. VIII.
5,
6;
IX.
11,
12) by
the
following
c