on the original structure and meaning of mah nishtannah

42
JSIJ 7 (2008) 163-204 http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/7-2008/Steiner.pdf ON THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE AND MEANING OF MAH NISHTANNAH AND THE HISTORY OF ITS REINTERPRETATION * RICHARD C. STEINER ** ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸI. INTRODUCTION How many questions are there in the Four Questions? Contrary to appearances, this is not the Jewish equivalent of Groucho Marxโ€™s * I completed a draft of this article during my tenure as a Starr Fellow at Harvard University in the spring of 2005, and presented it at a pre-Passover seminar. I would like to express my gratitude to the Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard for the invitation to be a Starr Fellow and to Dr. Morton Lowengrub, the Provost of Yeshiva University, for making it possible for me to accept the invitation. I would also like to thank the scholars who read drafts of this article for their incisive comments, which stimulated my thinking and saved me from error: Profs. David Berger, Shamma Friedman, S. Z. Leiman, Menahem I. Kahana, Leib Moscovitz, Adina Mosak Moshavi, B. Septimus, Mark Steiner, and the anonymous reviewers from the editorial board of JSIJ. Prof. Friedmanโ€™s kindness deserves special mention; he gently hinted at the need to broaden my coverage of the tannaitic material by preparing an invaluable 29-page collection of sources and ideas for my use! Thanks are also due to the librarians of Harvard University, the Hebrew University, Hebrew Union College, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and Yeshiva University for making their Haggadah collections available to me and/or providing scans or photocopies. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to Mrs. Channa Goldstein for allowing me to spend days going through the Haggadah collection of her late lamented husband, Prof. Herbert Goldstein ื–"ืœ, the distinguished academician and friend to whose memory this article is dedicated. ** Bernard Revel Graduate School, Yeshiva University.

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Page 1: On the Original Structure and Meaning of Mah Nishtannah

JSIJ 7 (2008) 163-204

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/7-2008/Steiner.pdf

ON THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE AND MEANING

OF MAH NISHTANNAH AND THE HISTORY OF ITS

REINTERPRETATION*

RICHARD C. STEINER**

ืœืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

I. INTRODUCTION

How many questions are there in the Four Questions? Contrary to

appearances, this is not the Jewish equivalent of Groucho Marxโ€™s

* I completed a draft of this article during my tenure as a Starr Fellow at Harvard

University in the spring of 2005, and presented it at a pre-Passover seminar. I

would like to express my gratitude to the Center for Jewish Studies at Harvard

for the invitation to be a Starr Fellow and to Dr. Morton Lowengrub, the Provost

of Yeshiva University, for making it possible for me to accept the invitation. I

would also like to thank the scholars who read drafts of this article for their

incisive comments, which stimulated my thinking and saved me from error:

Profs. David Berger, Shamma Friedman, S. Z. Leiman, Menahem I. Kahana,

Leib Moscovitz, Adina Mosak Moshavi, B. Septimus, Mark Steiner, and the

anonymous reviewers from the editorial board of JSIJ. Prof. Friedmanโ€™s kindness

deserves special mention; he gently hinted at the need to broaden my coverage

of the tannaitic material by preparing an invaluable 29-page collection of sources

and ideas for my use! Thanks are also due to the librarians of Harvard University,

the Hebrew University, Hebrew Union College, the Jewish Theological

Seminary of America, and Yeshiva University for making their Haggadah

collections available to me and/or providing scans or photocopies. Finally, I

would like to express my appreciation to Mrs. Channa Goldstein for allowing me

to spend days going through the Haggadah collection of her late lamented

husband, Prof. Herbert Goldstein ื–"ืœ, the distinguished academician and friend

to whose memory this article is dedicated. ** Bernard Revel Graduate School, Yeshiva University.

Page 2: On the Original Structure and Meaning of Mah Nishtannah

Richard C. Steiner

http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/JSIJ/7-2008/Steiner.pdf

164

famous no-brainer, โ€œWhoโ€™s buried in Grantโ€™s tomb?โ€ Some scholars

would reply that although the most common versions of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” in the

Haggadah and the Mishnah have four questions, there are also versions

with five, three (especially the Palestinian version of the Mishnah) and

two.1 Others would argue that ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is really an exclamation and thus

contains no questions at all. Modern scholars have paid very little

attention to another possibility: that there was one and only one question

in all versions of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. This is a striking oversight, since it ignores

the view of almost every medieval commentator.

R. Saadia Gaon ends his Arabic introduction to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” with the

words: ื•ื”ื“'ื ืืœืกืืœ โ€œand this is the question.โ€2 The phrase ื•ื”ื“'ื ืืœื’'ื•ืื‘

โ€œand this is the answer,โ€ inserted before ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, marks the end of the

question. An early anonymous commentary has: ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื™ืŸ

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืคืจืฉ :it has ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื And on 3.ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

:R. Eleazar b. Judah of Worms (Rokeax) writes 4.ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืžืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

A student of 5.ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ืขืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืฉืืœ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

Rokeax makes a similar comment: ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• - ืขืชื” ืžืชืจืฅ ืฉืืœืชื™ )ืฆ"ืœ

R. Joseph b. Abraham Gikatilla belongs here as 6.ืฉืืœืชื•( ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

well: ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ

So too R. David 7.ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ืืžืชืชื ืœื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื•

b. Joseph Abudarham: ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื - ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ืžื”

1 For two and three, see Jay Rovner, โ€œAn Early Passover Haggadah According to

the Palestinian Rite,โ€ JQR 90 (2000): 350โ€“51. For five, see ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ed. M. M.

Kasher (Jerusalem: Torah Shelema Institute, 1967), p. ืฆื’. ed. I. Davidson, S. Assaf, B. I. Joel (Jerusalem: Mekize ,ืกื“ื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ 2

Nirdamim, 1941), p. ืœื–ืง . Joshua Blau (oral communication) notes that although

the expected spelling is ืกื•ืืœ, the form is clearly singular. ed. M. L. Katzenellenbogen ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื 3

(Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1998), p. ื›ื“. This commentary is frequently

cited by R. Eleazar b. Judah of Worms (Rokeax), R. Zedekiah b. Abraham Anav

(Shibbolei ha-LeqeT), R. Simeon b. Zemah Duran and others. 4 Ibid., p. ืœ. For the reading ืฉืืžืจ, see ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื... ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, ed. J. Gellis

(Jerusalem: Mifal Tosafot Hashalem, 1989), p. ืœื‘. ed. M. Hershler ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื•ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืจื•ืงื—... ืœืจื‘ื ื• ืืœืขื–ืจ ืžื’ืจืžื™ื™ื–ื 5

(Jerusalem: Machon Shalem, 1984), p. ืกื. 6 BL Add. Ms. 14762 fol. 7a; see the facsimile in The Ashkenazi Haggadah: A

Hebrew Manuscript of the Mid-15th Century from the Collections of the British

Library... with a Commentary Attributed to Eleazar ben Judah of Worms

(London, 1985). ืกื“ืจ .cf ;(YU collection) ื“ ืข"ื .p (1797) ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืคื™ืจืฉ... ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืงื˜ืœื™ื 7

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ืงื˜ืœื™ื... ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืคื™ืจืฉ (Grodno, 1805), p. ื˜ ืข"ื (JNUL website).

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:Likewise R. Shem Tov ibn Shem Tov .ื ืฉืชื ื” -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

R. Simeon b. Zemah Duran begins his 8.ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื•

discussion of the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” with the words: ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื”

After discussing all of .ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”

the differences, he concludes: ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื”ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ

ื•ื”ื ื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืฉืืœืช :he writes ,ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจ' ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ In commenting on .ืืœื• ื•ื’ื•'

,ื–ื‘ื— ืคืกื— R. Isaac Abarbanel, in .ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

speaks of ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, of ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื” (2x), and of ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื”

The context shows that he uses these expressions to refer to the 9.ื ืฉืชื ื”

entire ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, from beginning to end; when he wants to speak about

the ืฉ-clauses (the clauses that begin ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช), he uses the expression

with the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” The Haggadah of Provence introduces 10.ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืฉืืœื”

wordsื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื— ื”ืฉืืœื”, and ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• with the words ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืœืžื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ

At the 11.ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืืจื”

end of the entire ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, a Yemenite Tiklal from 1498 has: ื”ื“'ื™ ืืœืกื•ืืœ

this is the question, and the answer is โ€˜avadim.โ€12โ€œ ื•ืืœื’'ื•ืื‘ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื

What did these commentators mean by referring to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a

single question? Is this just some trivial difference in the method of

counting or does it reflect something deeper? Did the commentators

who spoke of one question have a different understanding of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

than those who spoke of more than one question?

There is no doubt that ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” can beโ€”and, in fact, has beenโ€”

understood in a number of very different ways. Indeed, the meaning of

the very first word has long been controversial. This became very

obvious in 1609, when a Venice publishing house issued a Haggadah

in three versions, each with a different translationโ€”one in Judeo-

Italian, another in Judeo-German, and a third in Judeo-Spanish.13 As

noted by Yosef H. Yerushalmi:

,ed. D. Holzer (Miami Beach, Fl.: D. Holzer, 2006) ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 8

13. ,ed. J. D. Eisenstein (New York, 1920), 64b ,ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 9

74b bot., 75a top, 75a bot. 10 Ibid., 75a bot. .ืœื‘ ,ื›ื— .pp ,ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื... ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 11 ,(Jerusalem: Agudah le-hatsalat ginze Teman, 1959) ืื’ื“ืชื ื“ืคืกื—ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ 12

p. ืงืžื‘; cf. The Haggadah According to the Rite of Yemen, ed. W. H. Greenberg

(London: D. Nutt, 1896), 14. 13 For the Judeo-Italian issue, I consulted two facsimiles: one by The Orphan

Hospital Ward of Israel (New York, 1973) and one by Makor Publishing

(Jerusalem, 1974). For the Judeo-Spanish issue, I used the digitized online

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The languages... were a reflection of the composite character of

Venetian Jewry. In addition to its native Italian Jews, the great

city of the lagoons had long contained an Ashkenazic

community formed originally by German Jewish immigrants,

and since the sixteenth century a Sephardic community as well.

Each had its own synagogue and customs, and each perpetuated

its own Jewish vernacular.14

The three translations reflect distinct interpretations of the first word of

ื ืฉืชื ื”ืžื” . The Ashkenazim took ืžื” to mean โ€œwhat?โ€ (ืฐืื–), the native

Italians understood it as โ€œwhy?โ€ ( ื™ืค ื™ืจ ืง ), and the Sephardim interpreted

it as โ€œhow (very)!โ€ (ืงื•ืื ื˜ื•).15 We may say that there are also three views

concerning the number of questions in ืฉืชื ื”ืžื” ื  : (a) one, (b) more than

one, and (c) none. To what extent does oneโ€™s interpretation of ืžื”

determine oneโ€™s view of the number of questions?

In this article I shall present three major interpretations of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

(labeled A, B, and C), using five parameters to define them: (1) the

meaning of (2) ,ืžื” the number of questions, (3) the number of

sentences, (4) the meaning of ืฉ- , (5) the referent of ื ืฉืชื ื”. I shall argue

that interpretation A (โ€œwhat?โ€; one question; ...) is original, and I shall

attempt to trace the shift to interpretations B (โ€œwhy?โ€; more than one

question; ...) and C (โ€œhow [very]!โ€; no questions; ...) using dated

translations and commentaries.

version (JNUL website). For photocopies of the Judeo-German issue, I am

indebted to Rachel Steiner of JNUL. 14 Yosef H. Yerushalmi, Haggadah and History (Philadelphia: Jewish

Publication Society of America, 1974), 61โ€“62. 15 In other respects, the translations of the first clause are very similar. All three

have something like โ€œmore changed/differentiated than all (other) nightsโ€ rather

than โ€œdifferent from all (other) nights.โ€ The use of the passive participle is a

slavish imitation of the nitpaโ€˜al form; even Wilhelm Bacher (Die exegetische

Terminologie der jรผdischen Traditionsliteratur [Leipzig: Hinrichs, 1899โ€“1905],

1. 195) describes ื ืฉืชื ื” as โ€œdas Passivum zu ื ื”ืฉ .โ€ However, ื ืฉืชื ื” is not a genuine

passive; the phrase ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”/ื ืฉืชื ืช is identical in meaning to the older ื”ื  ืฉ ืžื”/

ื ืชืฉ , in which the verb is stative. See J. N. Epstein, 3) ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื ื”rd ed.;

Jerusalem: Magnes, 2000), 1262โ€“63; Henoch Yalon, ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื ื”

(Jerusalem: Bialik, 1964), 107โ€“109; Yochanan Breuer, ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื™

29; and n. 29 below. For ,(Jerusalem: Magnes, 2002) ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื—ื™ื

โ€œmore than,โ€ see n. 73 below.

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II. INTERPRETATION A

โ€œWhat is/was different (=special) about this night that we are eating

matzah instead of bread...? What special characteristic of this night is

causing us to depart from our normal routine in so many ways?โ€ This

is the only major interpretation in which the first sentence does not end

with ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช. It takes the entire ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as one long sentence

constituting a single question. We have already seen that almost all

medieval commentators treat ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a single question.16 The same

goes for a few modern authors:

Arieh Leib Frumkin (1913): ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ" ืœืœื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืชื ื”ื’"

17.ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื›ืืœื•

Eduard (Ezekiel) Baneth (1927): โ€œWas ist diese Nacht anders als

alle Nรคchte, dass wir alle anderen Nรคchte..., diese Nacht aber...,

alle anderen Nรคchte..., diese Nacht aber..., alle anderen Nรคchte...,

diese Nacht..., alle anderen Nรคchte..., diese Nacht aber...?โ€18

Ernst Daniel Goldschmidt (1936): โ€œWas ist dieser Abend anders

als alle anderen, daรŸ wir an allen Abenden..., heute abend...; daรŸ

wir an allen Abenden..., heute abend...; daรŸ wir an allen

Abenden..., heute abend...; daรŸ wir an allen Abenden..., heute

aber...?โ€19

Joshua Ephraim Bombach (1960): ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช

ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช, ืืœื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืž

ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื ืžื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ ื›ื™

20.ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื "ืž ื‘ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื

16 See also the use of the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” formula by Rashi, R. Eliezer b. Nathan of

Mainz, etc., quoted in section VIII below. R. Jacob Emdenโ€™s view (ืฉืขืจื™ ืฉืžื™ื

[Altona, 1747], p. ื›ื• ืข"ื) appears to be similar: ืขื‘ื“ื™ื. ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ... ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. ืฉืืœื”:

However, the (.I am indebted to S. Z. Leiman for this reference) .ื”ืฉืืœื”:

significance of this is not clear. Did he view ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a single question or was

he simply imitating the language of the medievals? .ื” ืข"ื‘.p ,(Jerusalem: S. Zuckerman, 1913) ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ 1718 Mischnaioth: Die sechs Ordnungen der Mischna, Theil II: Ordnung Moรซd,

transl. E. Baneth (Berlin: H. Itzkowski, 1927), 242. 19 E. D. Goldschmidt, Die Pessach-Haggada (Berlin: Schocken, 1936), 33. 20 J. E. Bombach, ืคื ื™ ืืคืจื™ื (Tel Aviv: Eshel, 1960), 1. 106.

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Like many translators, Baneth and Goldschmidt use a single question

mark in translating ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, but unlike the others, they put it at the very

end, after all of the ืฉ-clauses. Both put only a comma following their

respective renderings of ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช. Both render ืžื” with was โ€œwhatโ€

rather than warum โ€œwhy.โ€ And both render ืฉ- with dass โ€œthat,โ€

suggesting that the ืฉ-clauses describe the results of the difference

mentioned in the ืžื”-clause.21

A similar view of the relationship between the ืฉ-clauses and the ืžื”-

clause is implicit in the paraphrase of R. Judah Loew b. Bezalel

(Maharal) of Prague in Gevurot ha-Shem (1582): ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ

Unlike the four aforementioned authors, Maharal 22.ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“

views the question as moving from past event to present result; ืžื” ืงืจื”

is his ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ clause, while-ืžื” is his paraphrase of the ืœื ื•

paraphrase of the ืฉ-clauses. The idea that the ืžื”-clause refers to the

past is not as strange as it seems. The verb ื ืฉืชื ื” is a perfect,23 and is

translated with past-tense verbs in many traditions, e.g., ื›'ืชืœืคืชื

(Yemen),24 ืชื’'ื™ื™ืจืช (Iraq),25 ืชื‘ื“ืœืช ,ืืชื‘ื“ืœืช (North Africa),26 ื™ืžื•ื“ื“ื” ื™ ื“ ืคื•ื

21 See n. 64 below. Despite his translation, it appears that Baneth had not

completely freed himself from the notion of four questions, for he continues to

refer to the โ€œFragenโ€ (plural) of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” (Ordnung Moรซd, 242 passim). The

translation in his Der Sederabend (Berlin: M. Poppelauer, 1904), 27 reflects an

earlier stage of his thinking: โ€œWas ist diese Nacht anders als alle Nรคchte? Sonst...,

heute...; sonst..., heute...; sonst..., heute...โ€ There too, he refers to the โ€œFragenโ€

(plural). Goldschmidt (Pessach-Haggada, 34) seems to be more aware of the

implications of his translation; he refers to โ€œDie Fragenโ€”besser gesagt: eine

Frage mit verschiedenen Begrรผndungen...โ€ .203a ,ืื•ืฆืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื 2223 It is traditionally vocalized with ืงืžืฅ rather than ืกื’ื•ืœ, and it interchanges with

older ืžื” ืฉื ื” and Aram. ืžืื™ ืฉื ื (see n. 15 above and n. 57 below). cf. The ;(manuscript from 1498) ื‘ืžื ืื›'ืชืœืคืช :142 ,ืื’ื“ืชื ื“ืคืกื—ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืขื•ืœื™ ืชื™ืžืŸ 24

Haggadah According to the Rite of Yemen, 14. ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ;(JNUL website) ื‘ืžื ืชื’'ื™ื™ืจืช :ื™ื“ ืข"ื‘ .p ,(Calcutta, 1844) ืกืคืจ ื—ืงืช ื”ืคืกื— 25

ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ;(JNUL website) ื‘ืžื ืชื’'ื™ื™ืจืช :ื” ืข"ื .p ,(Baghdad, 1868) ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื—

'ื™ื™ืจืช :ืœื‘ .p ,(Livorno, 1887) ืขื ืฉืจื— ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืขืจื‘ื™ ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืง"ืง ื‘ื’ื“ืื“ ื’ ื ืช ืž ;(YU) ื‘

ื‘ื’ื“ืื“... ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืฉืจื— ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืง"ืงืคืก (Calcutta, 1889), p. ื‘ืžื :ื›ื

ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื .Cf .(YU) ืชื’'ืื™ื™ืจืืช (1640), fol. ืžื“'ื ืืชื’'ื™ื™ืจืืช :ื™ ืข"ื‘ (JTSA

MS 4419; Reel 626); and ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืชืจื’ื•ื (nineteenth century)

fol. 4a: ืžื“'ื ืชื’'ื™ื™ืจืช (JTSA MS 4651; Reel 649). 26 T-S Ar.46.108 fol. 1a: ืกืคืจ ื—ื›ื ืœื‘ ;ืืฉืžืขื ื ืืชื‘ื“ืœืช, ed. Kamus -addad (Livorno,

1887), p. ืกืคืจ ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— ;ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืขื ื ืชื‘ื“ืœืช :ื™ื’, ed. Moses Edan (Jerusalem, 1903), p.

.ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืขื ื ืชื‘ื“ืœืช :ื– ืข"ื

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(Italy < Spain),27 ืื™ื– ืคืืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ (Eastern Europe).28 Indeed, it is

the present-tense interpretation of ื ืฉืชื ื” that would seem to require

explanation!29

Maharalโ€™s interpretation was accepted by R. Zevi Hirsch b. Tanxum,

Av Bet Din of Grodno, who succeeded in carrying it a step further

(1852):

ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืื•ืจื• ื”ื•ืœ"ืœ ืœืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื• ืžื“ื•ืข -ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš ื‘ืฉืืจ

ื•ืื•ืœื ืœืืฉืจ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืืœื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืชืงื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื›ื ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ... ืœื™ืœื•ืชื”

ืœื›ืŸ ... ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื–ืืช ื›ืฉืืœืช ื”ืชื

... ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ืขืฉื•( ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช)ื’ื ืคื” ื‘ืจืื•ืชื• ืื™ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช

ืœื• ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžื—ืžืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืฉื•ืืœ

ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ . ื•ืฉืืœืชื• ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื: (ืฆ"ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ื™ื•ืช)

. ื•ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืฉืจ ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื•'

30...ื›ื”ื™ื•ื

It will be noted that the word ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช โ€œdifferenceโ€ occurs twice in the

second underlined clause and that the two occurrences do not have the

same referent. The idea is that the question31 refers to two kinds of

differences: (1) an underlying difference in the past, expressed by the

verb ื ืฉืชื ื” in the first half and (2) surface differencesโ€”symptoms or

manifestationsโ€”in the present, expressed by the ืฉ-clauses in the

27 So in the Judeo-Spanish issue of the illustrated Venice Haggadah of 1609 = fue

demudada in Libro de Oracyones: Ferrara Ladino Siddur [1552], ed. M. Lazar

(Culver City, Calif.: Labyrinthos, 1995), 164. ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ื”ื’ื“ื” ;ืกื‘ .ed. Z. Gross (Brooklyn, 1979), p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืžืงืจื™ ื“ืจื“ืงื™ 28

.ืœื— .ed. B. Z. Halevy Shisha (Jerusalem, 1989), p ,ืฉืœ ืคืกื—29 For the use of the MH perfect to express states in the present, see Mordechay

Mishor, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ืื™ื (Hebrew University doctoral dissertation;

Jerusalem, 1983), 34โ€“35. The use of the stative perfect ื‘ื•ืฉืชื™ with present

meaning (โ€œI am ashamed/perplexedโ€) in two MH examples is a clear relic of BH

usage; see Paul Joรผon and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew (Rome:

Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1991), 359 ยง112a. Since ืฉื ื” โ€œbe/become differentโ€

(Mal 3:6) is also a stative verb, the use of ืžื” ืฉื ื”/ืฉื ืช (and its offspring ืžื”

to express a present state (โ€œwhat is different about?โ€) is perfectly (ื ืฉืชื ื”/ื ืฉืชื ืช

understandable. ed. Zevi Hirsch b. Tanxum of Grodno ,ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ืจืข ื’ื“ 30

(Vilna: R. M. Romm, 1852), 21. 31 He refers once to ืฉืืœืชื• in the singular and another time to ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช in the plural.

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second half. This distinction explains why the Haggadah of Provence

speaks of ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช in the singular, while R. Simeon b.

Zemah Duran uses the plural to describe what the son witnesses: ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื

Failure to grasp this 32.ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”

distinction made it difficult for some commentators to explain the tense

of 33.ื ืฉืชื ื”

The idea that the ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula serves to correlate two

differences (or sets of differences) is implicit in Rambanโ€™s use of this

formula (in a different context) in his novellae on b.Shab. 65b: ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

clause, we have-ืžื” in the ื ืฉืชื ื” Here, in addition to the .ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉืžื•

a second ื ืฉืชื ื”โ€”presumably with a different referentโ€”in the ืฉ-clause.

This type of explanationโ€”in which one difference is related to a

second, more basic, differenceโ€”is typical of rabbinic analysis,

especially rabbinic textual analysis. On the very first page of the

Babylonian Talmud, the second line of gemara contains a question that

appears to be of this type, beginning ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ื“-... . This very common

formula is, of course, the Aramaic equivalent of ...-ืฉ... ืžื” ืฉื ื”/ื ืฉืชื ื” and

even interchanges with it at times.34 Other talmudic formulas that serve

to correlate two differences are (1) Yื ืฉืชื ื” Xื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ื•ืื™ืœ (2) ,

ืฉืชื ื™ื•ืืฉืชื ื™ ื , and (3) Y-ืืฉืชื ื™ ืœ X-ืžื“ืืฉืชื ื™ ืœ . Such tools for explaining

differences were necessitated by the omnisignificance doctrine, which

postulates that everything in the Torah has meaning, including

variation.

The evidence for this interpretation will be presented in section IV.

III. INTERPRETATION B

โ€œWhy is this night different in so many ways? We are eating matzah

instead of bread...โ€ This is the common interpretation in modern times,

reflected in the earliest English translations, e.g., โ€œWherefore differs

32 See section I above. 33 Cf. the comment of one of the Hasidei Ashkenaz (ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื... ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—,

p. ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืžื ืžื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื“ืžืฉืžืข ืœื”ื‘ื, ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืฉืชื ื” ืงืฆืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช :(ื›ื•

ื, ืžืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืืœื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื™ืฉืชื ื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”ื• ,ืœืคื ื™ื ื•

The passage is cited in .ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืจื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื™, ืืš ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ืื™ื

a slightly different version in ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ,ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ (Jerusalem: Machon

Yerushalayim, 1994), col. ืชืจืฆื— n. 7. 34 See n. 57 below.

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this night from all other nights? other nights... but this night...โ€35 and

โ€œWherefore is this night distinguished from all other nights? On all the

other nights... but on this night...โ€36 The position of the question mark

is crucial here; it is placed before the ืฉ-clauses instead of after them

(contrast Baneth and Goldschmidt in section II above). The same is true

in the Haggadah section of the Ferrara Ladino Siddur of 1552: Por que

fue demudada la noche esta mas que todas las noches? Que en todas

las noches... (y) la noche esta... โ€œWhy has this night been changed more

than all other nights? That on all the nightsโ€ฆ (and) this nightโ€ฆโ€37

Contrast the position of the question mark a few pages later, in Hallel:

Que a ti la mar que huiste? =ืžื” ืœืš ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืชื ื•ืก (Psa 114:5).38 There it

comes at the end, after the ื›ื™-clause.

The difference between interpretation A and interpretation B is

subtle because both of them take ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as seeking prior causes,

relating the past to the present.39 They differ concerning the referent of

-ืฉ and, indirectly, the meaning of ื ืฉืชื ื” . We have already noted that in

interpretation A, ื ืฉืชื ื” refers to an underlying difference in the past (or,

at least, rooted in the past), while the ืฉ-clauses refer to surface

differences in the present, which are the visible manifestations of the

underlying difference. In interpretation B, on the other hand, the use of

โ€œwhyโ€ makes ื ืฉืชื ื” refer to the visible differences that are spelled out

in the ืฉ-clauses. Careful reading of R. Zevi Hirsch b. Tanxumโ€™s

discussion40 shows that he recognized this connection between the

meaning of ืžื” and the referent of ื ืฉืชื ื”. Both of these, in turn, are

connected with the meaning of ืฉ- . In interpretation A, ืฉ- is always

rendered โ€œthat,โ€ while in interpretation B, it is rendered โ€œforโ€ or, more

commonly, ignored. The failure to render ืฉ- in most modern

35 The ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— containing the Ceremonies and Prayers which are used and

read by all Families, in all Houses of the Israelites the Two first Nights of

Passover, transl. A. Alexander and Assistants (London: W. Gilbert, 1770), v

(Harvard). Service for the Two First Nights of ;ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื 36

Passover According to the Custom of the Spanish, Portuguese, and German

Jews, transl. David Levi (London: D. Levi, 1794), 6a (JTSA). 37 Libro de Oracyones, 164. See n. 148 below. 38 So in the photocopy provided by the Hebrew Union College library. The

edition (Libro de Oracyones, 170) has ยฟQue a ti la mar que huiste, el Yarden

buelueste atras? 39 I owe this point to Adina Moshavi and an anonymous reviewer. 40 See section II above.

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translations leaves the erroneous impression that it is meaningless and

superfluous.41

Despite the prevalence of this interpretation in modern times, it is not

easy to analyze.42 The structure that it assumes is unclear, and the

number of question marks it requires is controversial.43 Ostensible

evidence for this interpretation will be discussed in the next section.

IV. INTERPRETATION A VS. INTERPRETATION B:

RABBINIC AND BIBLICAL EVIDENCE

The ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula is well attested in Rabbinic literature. A

tannaitic example that will be discussed below is:

ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•' ื ืืž' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื›ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื–ืืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช

,ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›)ื”ื•ื ืื•' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ืœืข' ื—ืก' [=ื•ื›ืืŸ] ื•ื›ืŸืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•' ื—ืกื“ื•

, ื ,ืฉื™ืจื” ,ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ืฉืœื—) ืืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ื ?(ื›ื

44.(118ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' -ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

41 Adina Moshavi (email communication) writes: โ€œYour comment on the

apparent meaninglessness of ืฉ- here reminds me of things I have read about

discourse markers like โ€˜for,โ€™ โ€˜therefore,โ€™ โ€˜but,โ€™ โ€˜however,โ€™ etc. It appears that ืฉ-

functions as a causal โ€˜discourse marker,โ€™ specifying the relation between the

question and the following sentences (like ื”ืจื™). It is characteristic of discourse

markers that they are always omissible, since the relation between the sentences

can be inferred from the content of the sentences. A translation can omit the word

โ€˜forโ€™ and still understand the four sentences as grounds for the question rather

than independent questions. Although omissible, the discourse marker is

meaningful on the pragmatic level.โ€ 42 Interpretation B would be easier to analyze if it took -ืฉ to mean โ€œin thatโ€: โ€œWhy

is this night different from all other nights in that..., in that..., in that..., in that...?โ€

In that case, it would resemble interpretation A in taking the entireืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as

one long sentence constituting a single question. However, it is difficult to find

any unambiguous attestations of this reading, even though a few sources come

tantalizingly close (Abraham Pereira Mendes and A. M. Friedman in section VI

and Tanya Rabbati in section VII below). In addition, I am not certain that ืฉ-

can mean โ€œin thatโ€ in Mishnaic Hebrew. I shall therefore have nothing further to

say about this variant of interpretation B. 43 See section VIII below. 44 This passage from the Mekhilta and all of the ones below are cited according

to Oxford MS. Marshall Or. 24 as transcribed in the CD-ROM of the Historical

Dictionary Project of the Academy of the Hebrew Language (Maagarim),

although page numbers to the edition of H. S. Horovitz and I. A. Rabin (Frankfurt

am Main, 1931) have been provided for the readerโ€™s convenience. Contrast the

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This close parallel to the question of the Haggadah is not to be confused

with two other occurrences of ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... in tannaitic midrashim

that are superficially similar but have very different structures:

ื”ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจ' ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

)ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ื, ื”ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืคื™ ืžืฉื” ืœืืžืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ' ื•ืืฃ ื›ืืŸืžืฉื” ืœืืžืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ',

.(36ืขืž' ืฉื, ืคืกื—ื, ื™ื

ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช? ืžื›ืœื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜, ื“)ื•ืืฉื ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื

ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจืื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ

ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืจื ืืœื ืžืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžื ืื‘ืœืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ

, ืฉื ืขืž' )ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื™ืชืจื•, ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ ื™ื–ืจืง ื‘ื• ื—ืฅ, ืื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™

207โ€“208).

The first of these examples is a rhetorical question in which ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is

equivalent to 45.ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื” The conjunction -ืฉ introduces a statement that

the two compared things are not different. In the second example, ืฉ-

introduces the answer to the question. Both of these must be carefully

distinguished from the ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula discussed in this article.

We shall return to them later.46

The amoraic and post-amoraic examples of our formula are also

worth examining. In many of them, the visible symptom expressed in

the ืฉ-clause is a unique reward or punishment, and the question is what

the subject has done to deserve it:

)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ 47ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช/ืจืขื•ืช?ื™ืืชื ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื–ืฉืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื•

ืชืขื ื™ืช ื™ื— ืข"ื(ื•ืจ"ื” ื™ื˜ ืข"ื

short version, ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช ื”ื•ื“ืื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื ืืž' ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™

.in Mekhilta dโ€™Rabbi ล imโ€˜on b. Jochai, ed. J. N. Epstein and E. Z ,ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•

Melamed (Jerusalem: Hillel Press, n.d.), 72. 45 This type of rhetorical question is sometimes called a โ€œreversed polarity

question.โ€ I am indebted to Adina Moshavi for this term. 46 See in sections V and VI below. 47 See the discussion below. Menahem Kahana (email communication) notes that

this example comes from the scholion of Megillat Taโ€˜anit; for variant readings,

see ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืชืขื ื™ืช, ed. Vered Noam (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2003), 129, 156โ€“57,

312.

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ืฉืขื™ืจ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืœ ื“ืืžืจ ืจ"... (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื—, ื˜ื•)ื•ืฉืขื™ืจ ืขื–ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœื—ื˜ืืช ืœื”'

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ืœื”'? ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืฉืขื™ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื ื›ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืขื˜ืชื™ ืืช ืฉืฉืœ ืจ"ื—

48.)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื˜ ืข"ื( ื”ื™ืจื—

ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•? ืžืฉืœ ืœืžืœืš ืฉืžื ื—ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชื"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง

ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื• ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื ื™, ืืžืจ ืœื•: ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืžืŸ

.)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื“ ืข"ื‘( ืื”ื ื” ืžืžืšื—ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ

? (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ื’, ืžื•)ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื“ ื™ืฉื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื” ืžื•ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžืฆื•ืจืข ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืืฉืชื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืœืจืขื”ื• ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื“ ื™ืฉื‘ ื•ื’ื•'

.)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื˜ื– ืข"ื‘(

ื”ื”ืจื™' ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื•ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืื•' (. ื– ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื ื‘,)ืžื” ื ืื•ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™' ืจื’ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฉืจ

ื”ืžื‘ืฉืจื™' ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื—ืœื”? ืืœื ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืžืฉืœื• ืฉืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™' ืžื›ืœ

; ื‘ ,ืžื™ื›ื” ื•)ืจื™ื‘ ื™"ื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืชื ื™' ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื’ื•' ืœื”ืจื™', ืฉื ' ืฉืžืขื• ื”ืจื™' ืืช

, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืžื ื“ืœื‘ื•ื™ื, ื‘, ืขืž' ืคืกื™ืงืชื ื“ืจื‘ ื›ื”ื ื, ื ืกืคื— ื”, ืžื” ื ืื•ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื

464).

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•, )ืชื›ืœืช ืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืชื™ืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœื”ืชื›ืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

)ืžืฉื ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ, ? ืืœื ืฉื”ืชื›ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื›ื•'(ืœื—

.(263,ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื ืืœืื•, ืขืž' ื™ื“

ื‘ืืช ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ืœื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื ืคืชืœื™ ื•ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ืขืœ ื™ื“ืŸ...? ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื ืคืชืœื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืงื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—

ื™ืขืœ ืืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช... ืืช ื™ืฉืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื• ืื›ืกื ื™ื ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ

ื‘ืืช ืชืฉื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”...? ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืœืŸ ืžื›ืœื”ืงื ื™

)ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื‘ื, ื—ื›ืžื™ื: ื™ืขืœ ืืฉื” ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ืชื”

.(73, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ, ืขืž' ื˜

ืืœื ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื• ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื•?ืฉื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืœื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืืœื™ืœื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“,

ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื

ื™ืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืืžืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืขืœื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”' ืจืง ืœื

.ืจืœื“(ืจืžื– ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘, ื™ื–, )ื™ืœ ื›ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœื” ืฉืœืžื ืืกืจ

Several variants of the ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula are attested. In a few

examples, ืžื” is replaced by 49:ืžืคื ื™ ืžื”

48 Cf. -ullin 60b. 49 But see n. 57 below.

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ืืžืจ ?(ื•ื™ืงืจื ื‘, ื)ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื ืคืฉ ืฉืžื ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชืืžืจ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง

ื ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืžืขืœื” ื ืขื ื™. ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ื”?

.)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื“ ืข"ื‘( ื ืคืฉื• ืœืคื ื™

ืื™ื›ื” ) ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื” ื–ืืช?ืฉืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชื™

(, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ื™ื’ ืข"ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ืชื ื›ื“ ,ืจื‘ื”

ืจื‘ื• ื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉ ืŸื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืจื‘ื™

ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ื•ื“ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืฉื ื™ื? ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™

.(80ืฉืœื•ื, ืขืž' -, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉ)ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื, ื˜ื– ืขื ื–ื”

ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”? ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืจื‘ื™

)ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ื•ื˜ื, ืฉื›ืจืŸ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”

50.(174ืฉืœื•ื, ืขืž' -, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉื‘

In one late example, ืžื” is replaced by ื‘ืžื”:

ืื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ? ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืืžืจ' ืœืคื ื™ื• ืจื‘ืฉ"ืข

ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืืชื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื™ืชื ืœืข"ื– ืฉืœื›ื ื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื

ื‘ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื“ืฉื• ืฉืžื™ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื™. ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉื›ืจ

51.(36โ€“35ืฉืœื•ื, ืขืž' -ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื™ืฉ ,ื›ื, ืชื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื–ื•ื˜ื) ื˜ื•ื‘

In two examples, we find ืœ- instead of ืฉ- (i.e., an infinitive in place of

the finite ืฉ-clause),52 inserted before the ืžื›ืœ phrase instead of after it:

ืกื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืœื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื”ืจ ื”ืœืคื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ืื™ื‘ืจื™ืŸ? ืžื›ืœืจืฆืข ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ื‘ื )ื•ื›ื•' ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืขื•ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืคืจืง ืžืžื ื• ืขื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืขืœื™ื•

.(30โ€“29, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืขืž' ื” ืงืžื ื–,

ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื—ืจื‘ ื ืขืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช? ืžื›ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื•ืœ ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ื”ื™ื’ืจ, , ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช)ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ื—, ื˜ื– ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื—ืจื‘ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืงืœืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ื›ื•'

.(167ืขืž'

Finally, there is also a long version of the formula, ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-...

...-ื• , that spells out the surface difference in full. Unlike the short

50 The question is found only in this edition. 51 The addition of ื‘ืžื” is found only in this edition. 52 Cf. ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืชืŸ (m.Avot 5:13) alternating with ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ (m.Makkot 1:1) and ื™ื›ื•ืœ

.But see n .(m.Demai 6:8) ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ alternating with (m.Ketub 6:2) ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืืžืจ

59 below.

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version, it specifies the relevant characteristic of both of the compared

things:

ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•' ื ืืž' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื–ืืช ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช

,ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›)ื”ื•ื ืื•' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ืœืข' ื—ืก' [=ื•ื›ืืŸ]ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•' ื—ืกื“ื•

, )ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ืฉืœื—, ืฉื™ืจื”, ื ืืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ื ?(ื›ื

.(118ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' -ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ืœื ื• ื”ื ื™ื—? ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื ื”ืฉืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ืืคืจื›ื•ืก ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

53.)ืงื˜ืข ื’ื ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื( ืœืงืœืกื•

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ )ื ืืžืจ ื ืงื ื ืงืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื•

ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืขืชื™ื“ ?(ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘,)ื‘ืžื•ืื‘ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืœ ืชืฆืจ ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื•( ืœื, ื‘

54.ืชืฉืคื”(ืจืžื– )ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื, ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืŸ

Clearly, it is this long version that is the most important for our

purposes. The question asked on Passover has precisely the same form,

...-ื• ...-ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”... , but this fact has been disguised by the change of

,in many manuscripts of the Mishnah, Talmud ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” to ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”

and Haggadah. The original reading, ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”, survives in Mishnah

Codex Parma (in two of the three ืฉ-clauses), the Yerushalmi, some of

the best manuscripts of the Bavli, a geonic Haggadah attributed to R.

Natronai Gaon, Siddur R. Saadia Gaon, Maimonidesโ€™ Mishneh Torah

and commentary on the Mishnah,55 Maxzor Minhag Roma, and the

majority of medieval commentaries on the Haggadah.

In the parallels cited above, the ืžื” of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is sometimes taken to

mean โ€œwhyโ€ (interpretation B).56 Indeed, we have seen that, in a few

cases, we find ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” โ€œfor what (reason)โ€ substituting for the usual ืžื”.

53 Jacob Mann, โ€œSome Midrashic Genizah Fragments,โ€ HUCA 14 (1939), 331. 54 Menahem Kahana (email communication) notes that this passage comes from

Midrash Yelammedenu. 55 I am indebted to Shamma Friedman for the latter reference. 56 See the Soncino Talmud, passim. Cf. Eliezer Ben Yehudah, ืžืœื•ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช

.ืžื” .2821b, s.v ,(New Yorkโ€“London: T. Yoseloff, 1960) ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”

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However, all of this evidence is late.57 The only early evidence for

interpretation B that I know of comes from two passages in the Sifre:58

ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœื‘ื™ืื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘

ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื›ื ื•ื›ืืŸืœื”ื™ืš -ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืชื‘ืื• ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืืš ื”' ื

)ืกืคืจื™ ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืจืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ืœื” (ื™ื— ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•,)

.(113, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ืขืž' ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืงื™

ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœืชื•ืจื” ื ื—ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื›ืœ ื ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘

.(174, ืฉื ืขืž' )ืกืคืจื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ืงืœื‘ ืžืชื™ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืืŸืืช ื”ืžืชื™ื

In these examples, ืฉ- introduces a clause that spells out the referent of

The main weakness of these parallels, of course, is that they .ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘

do not involve the precise formula that we are discussing.

In my opinion, there are a number of reasons for preferring

interpretation A:

(1) The use of ...ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... as a variant of ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... . In

this variant, it is clearly impossible to put a period or question mark in

the middle (before the infinitive); there is only one sentence. However,

there is no certainty that this variant reflects authentic tannaitic

Hebrew.59

57 In the talmudic example, it seems likely that ืžืคื ื™ is an interpretive gloss added

by copyists. It is missing in Mss. Munich (ื ืคืฉ ื"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืื™ ืฉื ื ืžื ื—' ื“ื›ืช' ื‘ื”) and

Paris (ื"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืื™ ื ืฉืชื ืช ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื ' ื‘ื” ื ืคืฉ; I am indebted to Leib Moscovitz for

this reference). Even in our printed edition, the question is followed by a second,

similar question without ืžืคื ื™, attributed to the same authority: ื"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง: ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช

As for the example from Lam. Rab., Paul .ืžื ื—ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื—ืžืฉื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•?

Mandel (email communication) writes: โ€œFirst of all, that part of the petixa 24 is

not attested in the manuscripts to the โ€˜Ashkenaziโ€™ recension, nor in any genizah

fragments. It also has no parallels in the early midrashic-talmudic corpus. It is

certainly a late composition, appended onto this petixa. That phrase, with ืžืคื ื™

does, however, appear in those manuscripts (Munich 229, Oxford 164 and ,ืžื”

Parma, de Rossi 1408) that have this addition; as such it also appears in the

printed versions, starting from the editio princeps.โ€ 58 I am indebted to Shamma Friedman for both of these parallels. 59 Shamma Friedman (email communication) argues that it is secondary, noting

that both examples of ...ืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... have textual variants of the form ืžื” ืจืื”...

...-ืœ in other manuscripts and/or recensions. For the replacement of

in the Talmud, see W. Bacher, โ€œEine verkannte Redensart ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” with ืžื” ืจืื”

in Genesis 20,10,โ€ ZAW 19 (1881), 348.

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(2) The use of ืžืื™ ืฉื ื in the Talmud. It has long been recognized

that this expression is a loan-translation of ืžื” ืฉื ื” in the Mishnah.60 It

is therefore significant that ืžืื™ in this expression is generally

understood to mean โ€œwhatโ€ rather than โ€œwhy.โ€ The formula Xืžืื™ ืฉื ื

Yื•ืžืื™ ืฉื ื certainly does not mean โ€œwhy is X different from Y?โ€ It

means โ€œwhat is the difference between X and Y?โ€

(3) The use of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a rhetorical question (โ€œwhat difference is

there?!โ€), equivalent to ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื”. Some of the examples cited above

should probably be understood as rhetorical because they are not

followed by any answer, e.g., ืœื ืื—ื™ื›ื ืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ ืื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื•, ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™

ืื ืื—ืช ืื ื—ื ื•? ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช?61

andืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืŸ ืืคืจื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื”ืจื’ ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื• ื”ื ื™ื—? ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืœืกื•.

In the former example, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื• is preceded by another rhetorical

question. In the latter example, the question is followed by a deduction

(cf. ืœืคื™ื›ืš โ€œthereforeโ€), which makes no sense unlessืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is

equivalent to ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื”. Similarly, the question of R. Johanan b. Nuri in

m.Kelim 17:14, ?ืžื” ืฉื ืช62 ื›ื ืฃ ื”ืขื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื, clearly means ืœื ืฉื ืช ื›ื ืฃ

The evolution of such a use is easy to understand if the .ื”ืขื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื›ื ืคื™ื

question ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”X means โ€œwhat is different about X?โ€, but not if it

means โ€œwhy is X different?โ€,63 because the latter question normally

presupposes that X is indeed different.

(4) The pre-history of the ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula. That formula

derives fromโ€”and is a special case ofโ€”the biblical ...ื›ื™... ืžื” formula,

in which ื›ื™ expresses consequence or result64 and ืžื” clearly means

60 Bacher, Terminologie, 2. 226; Yalon, 107 ,ืžื‘ื•ื; Michael Sokoloff, A

Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods

(Ramat-Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2002), 1164a. 61 For a similar example, see Mekhilta (ed. Horovitz and Rabin, 6), where Baruch

b. Neriah โ€œcomplainsโ€: ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. 62 The manuscripts have the archaic form ืฉื ืช instead of ื ืฉืชื ืช; see n. 15 above. 63 As opposed to โ€œwhy should X be (any) different?โ€ 64 Hence the term โ€œconsequential sentenceโ€ used by A. B. Davidson (Hebrew

Syntax [3rd ed.; Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1901], 200). This is a better term

than โ€œconsecutive clauseโ€ and โ€œconsecution,โ€ used by W. Gesenius, E. Kautsch

and A. E. Cowley (Geseniusโ€™ Hebrew Grammar [2nd ed.; Oxford: Clarendon

Press, 1910], 504โ€“505 ยง166); Joรผon and Muraoka (Grammar, 636 ยง169); and

Francis Brown, S. R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs (A Hebrew and English

Lexicon of the Old Testament [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907], 472bโ€“473a,

meaning 1f). Although this ื›ื™ occasionally interchanges with the waw-

consecutive (compare Psa 8:5 ืžื” ืื ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื–ื›ืจื ื• ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื“ื ื• with Psa 144:3

.the latter has a more general meaning ,(ืžื” ืื“ื ื•ืชื“ืขื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื”ื•

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โ€œwhat,โ€ not โ€œwhy.โ€ An examination of the various uses of the biblical

formula shows how closely it resembles its post-biblical offspring.

The biblical formula is commonly used to askโ€”indignantly and

sometimes rhetoricallyโ€”what an aggrieved party did to deserve shabby

treatment:

(ื˜, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›)ื”ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ ื—ื˜ืื” ื’ื“ืœื”? ื›ื™ื—ื˜ืืชื™ ืœืš ืžื”ื•

(ื™, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›) ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”? ื›ื™ืจืื™ืช ืžื”

(ืœื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื) ื“ืœืงืช ืื—ืจื™? ื›ื™ืืชื™ ื˜ ื— ืžื”ืคืฉืขื™ ืžื”

(ื›ื, ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘)ื”ื‘ืืช ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื˜ืื” ื’ื“ืœื”? ื›ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืš ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ืžื”

(ื›ื— ,ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื‘)ื”ื›ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื? ื›ื™ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืš ืžื”

(ื™ื‘, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื) ื‘ืืช ืืœื™ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืืจืฆื™? ื›ื™ืœื™ ื•ืœืš ืžื”

(ื ,ื› ื"ืฉืžื•) ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉื™? ื›ื™ืืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืื‘ื™ืš ื˜ ื— ื•ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื”ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื”

ืœื ืื‘ื•ื ื›ื™ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžื™ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžื”ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื”

(ื—, ื›ื˜"ื ืฉืžื•) ื•ื ืœื—ืžืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื‘ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš?

)ืฉืžื•"ื‘ ื™ื˜, ื›ื’( ืชื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืฉื˜ืŸ? ื™ื›ืœื™ ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ื ื™ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืžื”

ืืชื™ ืžื” ื˜ (ื˜, ื™ื— "ืืžืœ) ืืชื” ื ืชืŸ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืื‘ ืœื”ืžื™ืชื ื™? ื›ื™ื—

ื‘, ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• )ืจื—ืงื• ืžืขืœื™ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื‘ืœื•? ื›ื™ืžืฆืื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœ ืžื”

ื”(

ืืชื™ ืžื” ื˜ )ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ืœื–, ื ืชืชื ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื? ื›ื™ืœืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ืœืขื ื”ื–ื” ื—

ื™ื—(

The relationship between these biblical questions and the rabbinic

questions cited above is clear. A question like ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืš ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื ื™ ื–ื”

ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• is very similar to ืฉืœืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ื?

ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช/ืจืขื•ืช?ื™ื’ื– . Just as the rhetorical ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... in the latter is

equivalent to ...ืฉ ืœื ื ืฉืชื ื”-... , the rhetorical ...ื›ื™... ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืชื™ in the former

is equivalent to ...ื™...ื› ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ in a declarative sentence like ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™

65.(Gen 40:15) ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ืืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ

Consequential ื›ื™-clauses are also used in yes-no questions (e.g., Num 11:12,

16:13, Jud 8:6, 14:3, 1 Sam 17:43, 21:16, 22:7โ€“8, 2 Sam 10:3, 1 Kgs 1:24, 2 Kgs

5:7, Isa 7:13, 29:16, Jer 31:20, Mic 4:9, Mal 3:8, Job 7:12, 10:4โ€“6, 13:25โ€“26).

For an analysis of some of these, see A. van Selms, โ€œMotivated Interrogative

Sentences in Biblical Hebrew,โ€ Semitics 2 (1971/72), 143โ€“49; idem, โ€œMotivated

Interrogative Sentences in the Book of Job,โ€ Semitics 6 (1978), 28โ€“35. It can

even be found in declarative sentences (e.g., Gen 40:15). 65 Note the syntactic bracketing: ]ืœื[ ]ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืฉืžื• ืืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ[. Not all of the

biblical questions listed above are rhetorical. Direct answers are recorded for at

least four of them (Gen 20:10, Exod 32:21, Num 22:28, and Jud 11:12). I have

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The biblical formula is frequently used (alongside ...ื›ื™... ืžื™ ) in

deprecatory questions:

(ื–, ืฉืžื•ืช ื˜ื–) ืชืœื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•? ื›ื™ ืžื”ื•ื ื—ื ื•

(ื™ื, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื–)ืชืœื™ื ื• ืขืœื™ื•? ื›ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ืื”ืจืŸ

(ื—, ื‘ ื˜"ืฉืžื•)ืคื ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ื ื™? ื›ื™ืขื‘ื“ืš ืžื”

(ื™ื’, ื—)ืžืœ"ื‘ 66ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”? ื›ื™ืขื‘ื“ืš ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืžื”

(ื” ,ืชื”ืœื™ื ื—)ืชืคืงื“ื ื•? ื›ื™ื ืชื–ื›ืจื ื• ื•ื‘ืŸ ืื“ ื›ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื”

(ื™ื, ืื™ื•ื‘ ื•)ืืืจื™ืš ื ืคืฉื™? ื›ื™ืงืฆื™ ื•ืžื”ืื™ื—ืœ ื›ื™ื›ื—ื™ ืžื”

(ื™ื– ,ืื™ื•ื‘ ื–)ืชืฉื™ืช ืืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืš? ื•ื›ื™ืชื’ื“ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื”

(ื™ื“ ,ืื™ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•)ื™ืฆื“ืง ื™ืœื•ื“ ืืฉื”? ื•ื›ื™ื™ื–ื›ื” ื›ื™ืื ื•ืฉ ืžื”

(ื˜ื•, ืื™ื•ื‘ ื›ื) ื ืขื‘ื“ื ื•? ื›ื™ืฉื“ื™ ืžื”

According to Ibn Janax, ื›ื™ in such examples has the meaning of Arabic

xattฤ โ€œso that,โ€ used โ€œfor disparaging a thingโ€ ( ืขืœื™... ื‘ืžืขื ื™ ื—ืชื™

Note the 67.(ืขื ื™ื ื• ืขื“... ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื–ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ :Ibn Tibbon ,ืกื‘ื™ืœ ืืœืชื—ืงื™ืจ ืœืœืฉื™

multiple ื›ื™-clauses in Job 7:17 (cf. Exod 3:11), paralleling the multiple

ื”ืžื” ื ืฉืชื  clauses in-ืฉ .

Finally, the biblical ...ื›ื™... ืžื” formula can be used in asking for an

explanation of aberrant behavior (โ€œwhat is the matter with X that...โ€):

(ื›ื’, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื—)ื ื–ืขืงืช? ื›ื™ืœืš ืžื”

(ื”, ื™ื "ืืฉืžื•)ื™ื‘ื›ื•? ื›ื™ืœืขื ืžื”

(ื, ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื‘)ืขืœื™ืช ื›ืœืš ืœื’ื’ื•ืช? ื›ื™ืœืš ืืคื•ื ืžื”

(ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื“)ืชื ื•ืก? ื›ื™ืœืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืž

not attempted to decide which are the rhetorical questions and mark them with

exclamation points in addition to question marks. 66 This is often compared to ]ืžื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืื“ื ื™ ืืช ]ืขื‘ื“ื” โ€œwho is your servant

(but) a dog that my lord remembers his servantโ€ (and two other occurrences of

in the Lachish letters; see H. Donner and W. Rรถllig, Kanaanรคische (ืžื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื™

und aramรคische Inschriften (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1971), nos. 192, 195,

196. This formula can be traced back to the Amarna period (fourteenth century

B.C.E.); see George W. Coats, โ€œSelf-Abasement and Insult Formulas,โ€ JBL 89

(1970), 15โ€“16, 19. 67 Jonah Ibn Janฤx, Kitฤb al-โ€™uc ลซl: The Book of Hebrew Roots, ed. A. Neubauer

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1875), col. 317, ll. 25โ€“28; Sepher Haschoraschim, ed.

W. Bacher (Berlin: H. Itzkowski, 1896), 219. He gives three examples: Exod

3:11 (where Saadia renders ื›ื™ with ื—ืชื™), 2 Sam 7:18, and Jud 8:6. He is followed

by Judah Ibn Balโ€˜am; see ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื, ed. S. Abramson

(Jerusalem: Kiryat-Sepher, 1975), 121. For a modern treatment, see Coats, โ€œSelf-

Abasement,โ€ 14โ€“26.

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It hardly needs to be added that ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is also a request for an

explanation of aberrant behavior.

It is well known that ืฉ- appears occasionally in the Bible as a

dialectal variant of ื›ื™. It is therefore not surprising that ...ืฉ ืžื”-... occurs

there as a variant of the ...ื›ื™... ืžื” formula. The attested example is

particularly close to the post-biblical formula; indeed, it may be its

direct ancestor:

)ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”, ื˜( ื›ื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื ื•?ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื”

Although ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื“ื•ื“ is usually understood to mean ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื“ื•ื“*

(with ืž- meaning โ€œmore thanโ€), there is evidence for a slightly different

interpretation: ืžื” ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื“ื•ื“*. Thus, in Gen. Rab. 11.5, Tineius Rufus

tries to stump R. Aqiba with a riddle: ืžื” ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ื; however, R. Aqiba

immediately understands that this means68.ืžื” ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื The

question of Tineius Rufus is very similar toโ€”and may well be modeled

onโ€”ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื“ื•ื“, which the Rabbis interpret as a question addressed to

Israel by the gentiles. If we apply R. Aqibaโ€™s paraphrase of ืžื” ื™ื•ื ืžื™ืžื™ื

to 'ืžื” ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•, we get a MH paraphrase of the biblical question: ืžื”*

.ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ื“ืš ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื›ืš ื”ืฉื‘ืขืชื ื•

The suggestion that the Rabbinic ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula evolved

(through the insertion of a verb) from the biblical ...ื›ื™... ืžื” formula is

made plausible by a second set of examples, arranged here in the order

of the developments described below:

(ื˜, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›)... ื›ื™ ืืžืจืชื™... ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื™ ืžื” ืจืื™ืช

(ื ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื ื“ืจื™ื ื•,) ืชื™ื“ื•ืจื™?ืฉ ืžื” ืจืื™ืช

ื, ื•( )ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื ื“ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืจ?ืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืช

ื˜ืžื ืขืฆื ืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืชื”... ื˜ืžื ื›ื–ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืชื”

ื˜ื”ืจ ืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืช... ื“ืชืšื™ื—ืœื•ืง ืžืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืชื”... ื›ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืจืฉ ืžืื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™

(ื’ ืžืฉื ื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•,) ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ืŸ?

)ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืื” ื’, ื—( ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”? ืžื›ืœืฉืžื•ื— ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ืœ ืžื” ืจืื™ืช

ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืจื‘ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืกื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืœื”ื›ืชื•' ืžื” ืจืื”

)ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘"ืง ื–, ื•(... ืžืžื ื•

:ed. J. Theodor and C. Albeck (2nd ed.; Jerusalem ,ืžื“ืจืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื 68

Wahrmann, 1965), 11.5, pp. 92โ€“93. In Ms. Vatican 60, as transcribed in the CD-

ROM of the Historical Dictionary Project of the Academy of the Hebrew

Language (Maagarim), both the riddle and its interpretation are in Aramaic: ืžื”

.ืžื” ืฉื ื ื™ื•ืžื ื“ืฉื‘ืชื ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื” and ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ

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... ? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืจื‘ ื ืขืฉืช ืžืžื ื•]ื›ื•ืœืŸ[ ื™ื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช[ืžื›ืœ ืž]ื™ืคืกืœ ืœื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื” ืจืื”

(157ืžืœืžื“, ืขืž' -)ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื“ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืช ื›, ื›ื‘, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

(253)ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื, ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื‘, ืขืž' ืชืจืฆืข ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื?ืฉืื–ืŸ ืžื” ืจืืช

(ื˜ ืžืฉื ื” ื ื“ืจื™ื ื˜,) ื”ื™ืชื’ืจืฉ?ืœืื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœืื™ืœื• ืจืืช ืžื”

ื ืชืคื–ืจื• ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืžื’ื“ืœ ืžื” ืจืื•ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžื” ืจืื•

ืื”ืจืŸ ืžื” ืจืื”ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ื‘ืืฉ ื•ื’ืคืจื™ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ ืกื“ื•ื ืžื” ืจืื•ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื•

ืงืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื• ืžื” ืจืื•ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื“ ืžื” ืจืื”ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ืœ

(344, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืคื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' ืฉื–, ื™ืืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจ) ืชื‘ืœืขื ื”ืืจืฅ?ืฉ

Here we see that the biblical ...ื›ื™... ืžื” formula has given rise to a second

MH formula with a verb inserted, viz., ...-69.ืžื” ืจืื”... ืฉ The latter, in

turn, has given rise to the variant ...ืœ ืžื” ืจืื”-... , with the consequence

expressed by the preposition -ืœ (cf. 1 Sam 15:29ืœื ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื ื—ื).70 In

the course of this evolution, there was a semantic change as well. The

fact that the subject position of ...ืœ/-ืฉ ืžื” ืจืื”-... is frequently filled by

inanimate nouns shows that the formula has become semantically

bleached to the point where it is nothing more than an idiomatic

expression for โ€œwhy.โ€71

All of this evidence points to interpretation A as the original meaning

of the Passover question.

V. INTERPRETATION C

โ€œHow different this night is! For we are eating matzah instead of

bread...!โ€ Here we have no question(s)โ€”not even an implicit

question.72 Instead, we have an exclamation, and ืžื” means โ€œhow

(very)โ€ as in ื“ืžื” ื ื›ื‘ โ€œhow honored!โ€ (2 Sam 6:20) and ืžื” ื ืžืœืฆื• โ€œhow

69 I am indebted to Shamma Friedman for calling my attention to this second MH

formula. For the connection between Gen 20:10 and the MH formula, see Bacher,

โ€œEine verkannte Redensart,โ€ 345โ€“49 and idem, Terminologie, 1. 177โ€“78. 70 See n. 52 above. 71 Cf. the formulation of the question attributed to the disciples of R. Johanan b.

Zakkai in b.BQ 79b: ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื–ืœืŸ. As noted by Bacher (โ€œEine

verkannte Redensart,โ€ 346, 348), more original forms of the question, with the

same attribution, appear in the Mekhilta (ed. Horovitz and Rabin, 299) ( ืžื” ืจืืช

ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ืจืืช ืชื•ืจื”) and in t.BQ 7:2 (ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื–ืœืŸ

ืžื” ืจืื™ืช ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” Cf. also the paraphrase of .(ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื’ื–ืœืŸ

offered by Bekhor Shor in his commentary to Gen 20:10: ืœืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื–ืืช. 72 A person who exclaims ืžื” ื ืื” ืื™ืœืŸ ื–ื” is not asking (even implicitly) to what

extent the tree is beautiful or in what way it is beautiful or how it got to be so

beautiful.

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pleasing!โ€ (Psa 119:103)โ€”to mention only examples with verbs that

are morphologically similar to ื ืฉืชื ื”. The referent of ื ืฉืชื ื” is spelled

out in the ืฉ-clauses.

As noted above, this interpretation is found already in the Judeo-

Spanish issue of the illustrated Venice Haggadah of 1609: ื™ ืงื•ืื ื˜ื• ืคื•ื

ื™ืžื•ื“ื“ื” ืœื” ื ื•ื’ ื™ื™ ืœื” 'ื“ ื™ ื˜ื•ื“ืืฉ ืœืฉ ื ื•ื’ ื˜ื”ืฉ ื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื“ืืฉ ืœ 'ืžืืฉ ืง ื™ ื ... ื™ืฉ'ืฉ ื ื•ื’ (ื)ื™ืฉ. ืง

ื™ืฉ ื˜ื”... ื™ ืœื” ื ื•ื’ 'ื™ ืœื” ื How this night has been changed more than73 allโ€œ ื

other nights! That on all other nights... and this night...โ€ Indeed, it is

found even earlier in the Salonica Ladino Siddur for women (ca. 1550),

whose rendering of the first clause, etc., is almost identical to the one

given immediately above.74 In both of these translations, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is

rendered ื”ืื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืค ื•ื ื˜ื•ืืง (quanto fue demudada). For ืžื” = ืงื•ืื ื˜ื•, we

may compare the rendering of similar exclamations in sixteenth-century

Ladino translations. In the Pentateuch, ืžื” ื ื•ืจื (Gen 28:17) is rendered

Num) ืžื” ื˜ื‘ื• and ,(โ€!quanto temeroso โ€œhow frightful) ืงื•ืื ื˜ื• ื˜ื™ืžื™ืจื•ืฉื•

24:5) is renderedืงื•ืื ื˜ื• ืฉื™ ืื‘ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ืืจื•ืŸ (quanto se aboniguaron โ€œhow good

they areโ€!).75 Parallels to the entire construction (quanto... mas que...)

are also found. In the Psalter, (119:103) ืžื” ื ืžืœืฆื• ืœื—ื›ื™ ืืžืจืชืš ืžื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืคื™

appears as ืงื•ืื ื˜ื• ืฉื™ ืื“ื•ืœืกืืจื•ืŸ ืื” ืžื™ ืคืืœืื“ืืจ ื˜ื•ืฉ ื“ื™ื’ืืฉ, ืžืืฉ ืงื™ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืื” ืžื™

quanto se adulรงaron a mi paladar tus dichas, mas que miel a mi) ื‘ื•ืงื”

boca โ€œHow sweet to my palate are the things said by you, more than

honey to my mouth!โ€).76 In the Ferrara Ladino Siddur of 1552, the

rendering of ืžื” ื˜ื‘ื• ื“ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ (Song 4:10) is quanto se aboniguaron tus

querencias mas que vino โ€œHow good your affections are, more than

wine!โ€77 Parallels are found in non-Jewish sources as well.78

73 The rendering โ€œchanged more thanโ€ (rather than โ€œdifferent fromโ€) is standard

in early European translations (see n. 15 above and the other examples cited in

section VIII below). The translators apparently viewed the Passover question as

parallel to ืžื” ื˜ื‘ื• ื“ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ (Song 4:10). .116โ€“117 (JNUL website) ,(Salonica, ca. 1550) ืกื“ืจ ื ืฉื™ื 7475 Ladino Pentateuch (Constantinople, 1547), ed. M. Lazar (Culver City, Calif.:

Labyrinthos, 1988), 68โ€“69, 394โ€“95. The Hebrew stative verb, which has no

counterpart in European languages, is slavishly imitated by a Ladino verb ending

in -iguar. 76 The Ladino Scriptures: Constantinople-Salonica [1540โ€“1572], ed. M. Lazar

(Lancaster, Calif.: Labyrinthos, 2000), 2. 1744โ€“45. 77 Libro de Oracyones, 183. 78 In the anonymous Cancionero de Juan Fernรกndez de รxar (1424โ€“1520), we

find quanto fue + passive participle in exclamations such as โ€œO quanto fue

reprouado Theolomeo por la muerte de Ponpeo, e menguado!โ€ and โ€œquanto fue

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Among the modern adherents of this interpretation are N. H. Tur-

Sinai and J. Neusner.79 Neusner translates: โ€œHow different this night is

from all other nights! For on all other nights...โ€ Tur-Sinai cites (in

addition to ืžื” ื˜ื‘ื• ,ืžื” ื ื•ืจื, etc.) an alleged parallel from the Talmud: ืžื”

However, we have 80.ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื• ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช

already established that this is a rhetorical question,81 and Tur-Sinai

himself calls it a ืฉืืœืช ื ื•ืื. Its meaning is โ€œHow are we different?!โ€

(implying: โ€œWe are not differentโ€)โ€”not โ€œHow different we are!โ€

(implying: โ€œWe are very differentโ€).82 Although the exclamative use of

interrogatives like how and ืžื” is widespread in the languages of the

world and is commonly explained as having evolved from their use in

rhetorical questions, there are important synchronic differences

between the two uses.83 The exclamative ืžื” of ืžื” ื˜ื‘ื• is an adverb of

degree, like ืžืื“; the interrogative ืžื” of rhetorical ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื ื•, if it is an

adverb at all, is an adverb of manner. The two must not be confused.

It is difficult to find evidence that the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” formula was ever used

in exclamations. The variants of the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” formula cited aboveโ€” ืžืคื ื™

;are all unambiguously interrogativeโ€”ื•ื›ื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ,ื‘ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ,ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

by contrast, ื›ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is unattested.84 Other supporting evidence is also

lacking. The ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” formula is most naturally taken as interrogative,

because in many cases it is followed by a statement that appears to be

menguada, fuerte!โ€ See Real Academia Espaรฑola: Banco de datos. Corpus

diacrรณnico del Espaรฑol (www.rae.es). 79 N. H. Tur-Sinai, "ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”"ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” in ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกืคืจ, ื›ืจืš ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ืขื•ืช

(Jerusalem: Bialik, 1955), 286โ€“91; The Mishnah, ed. J. Neusner (New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1988), 250. I am indebted to Daniel Sperber for the former

reference. See also ืขืจื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืกื™' ืชืขื’ ืกืขื™' ื›ื and ืชื‘ืœื™ืŸ ... ื‘ืื•ืจื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืกื“ืจ

and the other references cited in ื˜ ืข"ื‘ .ed. A. A. Prag (Jerusalem, 1910), p ,ืœืžืฆื•ื”

ืคืกื—ื™ื ื“ ,ืื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ , 698 n. 11. 80 Tur-Sinai, 287 ,ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. See n. 47 above. 81 See section IV above. 82 I am indebted to Adina Moshavi for calling the opposed implications to my

attention. 83 For differences between interrogative and exclamative how/what in English,

see R. D. Huddleston, โ€œSentence Types and Clause Subordination,โ€ in The

Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (ed. R. E. Asher; 1st ed.; Oxford:

Pergamon, 1994), 7. 3851; and James D. McCawley, The Syntactic Phenomena

of English (2nd ed.; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 554โ€“60. 84 For the exclamative use of ื›ืžื” in Rabbinic literature (outside of the Mishnah),

see Ben Yehudah, 2414 ,ืžืœื•ืŸb s.v. ื›ืžื”. For a biblical precedent (Psa 78:40), see

BDB 553bโ€“554a.

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an answer. That includes two examples from the Mekhilta that have

much in commonโ€”each in its own wayโ€”with the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” of the

Haggadah:

ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•' ื ืืž' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืžื›ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื” ื–ืืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช

,ื“ื”"ื‘ ื›)ื”ื•ื ืื•' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ืœืข' ื—ืก' [ =ื•ื›ืืŸ]ื›ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•' ื—ืกื“ื•

, ื ,ืฉื™ืจื” ,ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ืฉืœื—) ืืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื•ื ?(ื›ื

.(118ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' -ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ืžื›ืœื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื’ื•'. ืืžืจื• ืœื• "ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”,

ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ื™: ืฉื‘ืชื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื™."{ ื”ื•ื}"ื”ื•ื ,ื”ื™ืžื™ื?" ื•ื™ืืž' ืืœื™ื”ื

, ืฉื, ืขืž' ื“, ื•ื™ืกืข ,ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ืฉืœื—) "ืžื—ืจ" ,"ืื™ืžืชื™?" ืืž' ืœื”ื ,ืืžืจื• ืœื•

168).85

The second passage has a clear literary structure, in which ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื™ื•ื

It would be odd to take the former as an .ืื™ืžืชื™ is parallel to ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ื

exclamation, when the latter can only be a question.

The absence of evidence for reading C is probably not an accident.

The use of ืžื” in exclamations (โ€œhow veryโ€) is rare in Mishnaic

Hebrew.86 Although it is attested in the Mishnah (Avot 3:7 ืžื” ื ืื” ืื™ืœืŸ

how much.โ€ Even inโ€œ ื›ืžื” it is elsewhere replaced by ,(ื–ื” ื•ืžื” ื ืื” ื ื™ืจ ื–ื”

the Mishnah, exclamative ืžื” is attested only with an adjective, and it is

far from certain that it could still be used in MH with a verb in the

perfect.

As for ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” in the Haggadah itself, I have found no mention of

interpretation C in medieval commentaries. All of the medievalsโ€”

including Sephardim of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuriesโ€”

understood ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a question. Indeed, it is still a question in the

Ferrara Siddur of 1552: Por que fue demudada la noche esta mas que

todas las noches?87 โ€œWhy has this night been changed more than all

85 This ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” question concerning the eve of Sabbath parallels the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

question for the night of Passover in a number of ways. Shamma Friedman (email

communication) sums up the similarities as follows: ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžืŸื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช

ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืคืกื—; ื”ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื, ื•ืžืฉื” ื›ืื‘ื™ื”ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื”, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘

.ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ'ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”' ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ื”ืคืกื—86 I am indebted to Shamma Friedman for this observation. 87 Libro de Oracyones, 164. See also n. 148 below. The conjunction y โ€œandโ€

occurs also in the second que-clause, but not the third and fourth.

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other nights?โ€ I have not found interpretation C in any source earlier

than the Salonica Ladino Siddur for women (ca. 1550).

We have already cited the many commentaries that use the noun for

โ€œquestionโ€ in referring to 88.ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” We may now add some of those

who use the verb for โ€œaskโ€ with ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” (whether it be the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” of

the Mishnah or a different question at the Seder beginning with those

words):

ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ) ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช... ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” :ืฉื•ืืœื™ืื›ืืŸ

89.(ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื

ื–ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ื›ืš: ื–ื” ืœ ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื—

, ืกื“ืจ ืจื‘ ืขืžืจื ื’ืื•ืŸ) ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช... ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

. (113ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืœื“ืฉืžื™ื“ื˜, ืขืž'

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื”ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื’ืช ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ -ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ

.(ืืข"ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืœืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื– ) ืฉืžื•ื–ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืื›ื™ืœื”

ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืœื™ืฉืื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื– ืชื™ื ื•ืง

, ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืจื™, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกื—) ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืงืขืจื”, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืกื•ืœืงืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ื ื•

.(271โ€“270, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืขืž' ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ื

ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืช [ื•]ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ืฉืืœื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ... ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืขืจื” ืžืœืคื ื™ื•

, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืจื“ืก) ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื– ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื™ืคื˜ืจื•ื”ื• ืžืœืื•ืžืจื• ื‘ืœ

.(ื ืื”ืจื ืจื™ื™ืš, ืขืž'

ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ืืœืชื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœืชื•ืื• ืืฉืชื• ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื•ืืœื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ

.(ืงืกื• ืข"ื, ืกืคืจ ืจืื‘"ืŸ, ืคืกื—ื™ื) ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉืืœื•ืขืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉ -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

90.(ืก ืœืจืฉื‘"ืืžื™ื•ื—ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ) ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช

ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸ ,ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืฉื”

, ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื”) ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ืืœ ,ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ื•

.(ื’, ื–

88 See section I above. 89 M. R. Lehmann, ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืœืจื‘ ื ื˜ืจื•ื ืื™ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืขืœึพืคื™ ื›ืชื‘ึพื™ื“ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, in Jubilee

Volume in Honor of Moreinu Hagaon Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, ed. S. Israeli

et al. (Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1984) 2. 986. .ืœ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 90

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ื•ื›ื•'. <ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช> ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื•ืืœื• ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ [ืœ]ื•ืžื•ื–ื’

)ืจืื‘ื™"ื” ื‘, ืœืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ืืœืื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœืชืชื• ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉ

.(163, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืืคื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืฆืจ, ืขืž' ืชืงื›ื”

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ) ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉื•ืืœื ื™ ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืžื•ื–ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืก ืฉ

91.(ื[ื‘"ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื™ืงื˜ืœื™]ืฉืœ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ

, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉื•ืืœื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. ื”ื‘ืŸ -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘

92.)ืชื ื™ื ืจื‘ืชื™( ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช

ืกื™ืžืŸ , ื›ืœื‘ื•) ...ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉืฉืืœื•ืขืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•

.(ืงืฆืโ€“ืงืฆ, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื’, ืขืž' ื ื

93.(ืืืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™) ...ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉืฉืืœื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืขืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื

ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ืื•ืื ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื

(ื’ืข"ืžื’ , ื—ืœืง ื“, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื” ืœืจื‘ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื—ื, ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”)

ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืฉืืœื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื•ื›ื•' ื™"ืž ืฉืขืชื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉ

94.(ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ื™ื“ื”) ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช

This unanimity is no accident; it stems from a baraita (b.Pes 116a):

ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื—ื›ื ื‘ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื•, ื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื›ื ืืฉืชื• ืฉื•ืืœืชื•. ื•ืื ืœืื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ

ืžื” 95ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ืืœื™ืŸืœืขืฆืžื•. ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—

...ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื ืฉืชื ื”

.195 ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 91 .96 ,(Warsaw: Y. Goldman, 1879) ืกืคืจ ืชื ื™ื ืจื‘ืชื™ 92 .ืœ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 93 .15 ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 9495 Our printed editions have punctuation here, but this contradicts all of the

textual witnesses, according to Kasher, ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”, pp. 35 and ืจื‘; and D. Halivni,

ื”'ืื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช 'ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ื‘ in Studies in Aggadah, Targum and Jewish Liturgy in

Memory of Joseph Heinemann, ed. J. J. Petuchowski and E. Fleischer (Jerusalem:

Magnes, 1981), pp. ืกื˜โ€“ืกื— = idem, ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืคืกื—ื™ื ,ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช (Jerusalem:

JTSA: 1982), pp. ืชืงืคืโ€“ืชืงืค.

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We may add that the Mishnah itself may be read the same way if it is

elliptical: ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื• ( ืœืฉืืœ / ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ)ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ. ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ

(ืœืฉืืœ / ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ) . Indeed, H. Freedman in the Soncino Talmud renders:

โ€œinstructs him (to ask).โ€96 This reading assumes that the complement

ืฉืืœืœ has to be supplied twice from the phrase ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ. There are good

grounds for understanding ืœืฉืืœ after ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ. The Yerushalmi (Pes

10.4, 37d) explicitly equates the son described in the phrase ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช

ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ In addition, the phrase 97.ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฉืืœ with the ื‘ื‘ืŸ

โ€œhe does not have the understanding to be interrogatedโ€ is attested in

m.Toh 3:6, etc. Even more intriguing is the phrase ื‘ื•/ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ืขืช ืื™ืŸ/ื™ืฉ

found eight times in the first edition of the Tosefta (Venice, 1521) ืœืฉืื•ืœ

and three times in BT textual witnesses, including a Geniza fragment.98

Ellipsis following ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ would be comparable to the ellipsis

following ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข โ€œif it is not known (which came first)โ€ in m.GiT 7:9.99 And once an infinitive is supplied after ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ, it is quite

natural to supply it a second time afterืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•; cf. m.Suk 4:4 ื•ืžืœืžื“ื™ื

ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ m.Qid 3:6 ,ืื•ืชื ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื•ืœื‘ื™ ืœื™ื“ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื• ืžืชื ื”

,In short .ืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืชืžืืŸ ื‘ื• and m.Yeb 13:7,11 ,ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”

all of the available evidence indicates that interpretation C is late, in

addition to being philologically problematic.

VI. MIXED INTERPRETATIONS

96 Cf. Der Babylonische Talmud, transl. Lazarus Goldschmidt (Berlin: Jรผdischer

Verlag, 1930), 2. 664: โ€œ...und nun richte das Kind an seinen Vater die folgenden

Fragen, die, wenn das Kind dazu keinen Verstand hat, sein Vater es lehre:

Warum...โ€ Contrast Tur-Sinai, ื ื”ืžื” ื ืฉืช , 288โ€“91; Shmuel Safrai and Zeโ€™ev

Safrai, ื”ื’ื“ืช ื—ื–"ืœ (Jerusalem: Carta, 1998), 31โ€“32, 206; and Halivni, ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื, pp.

.ืชืงืค .p ,ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช = ืกื—โ€“ืกื–97 I am indebted to Shamma Friedman for this point. Cf. R. Eliezer b. Joel Ha-

Leviโ€™s paraphrase: ื“ืข ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœื•ืื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื• , cited above. 98 For the BT witnesses, see the CD-ROM of the Saul Lieberman Institute, search

query: ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ. (I am indebted to Leib Moscovitz for calling my attention to

these witnesses.) The reading ื“ืขืช ืœืฉืื•ืœ is almost certainly less original than its

competitor, ื“ืขืช ืœื™ืฉืืœ; cf. t.Toh 3:7, where the phrase is parallel to the phrase

with an unambiguous nifโ€˜al. Nevertheless, the change may shed ,ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืฉืืœ ืขืœื™ื•

light on how the Mishnahโ€™s phrase ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ was understood at an early

period. 99 See Moshe Azar, ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื ื” (Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew

Language, 1995), 294โ€“95.

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Given the eclectic character of traditional exegesis and the subtlety of

the issues involved, it is hardly surprising that some translators and

commentators seem to straddle two of the major interpretations that we

have discussed. For example, the translation of Abraham Pereira

Mendes (1862) appears to combine features of interpretations A and B:

Wherefore is this night distinguished from all other nights, that

on all other nights... while on this night...; that on all other

nights... while on this night...; that on all other nights... while on

this night...; that on all the other nights... while in this night...?100

The use of a single question mark placed at the very end, after all of the

-ืฉ clauses, is a sign of interpretation A, as is the translation of-ืฉ with

โ€œthat.โ€101 On the other hand, the rendering of ืžื” with โ€œwhereforeโ€ (=

โ€œwhyโ€) instead of โ€œwhatโ€ belongs to interpretation B.

The Amsterdam Haggadah of 1783 is similar: ื˜. ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื”ื’ื™ืจ ืคืจืื’

ืฐืืจื•ื ืื™ื–ื˜ ืคืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืจ ืื•ื“ื™ืจ -ืžื” ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ ืงืฉื™ื ืคืจืื’ืŸ.

...ืืœืœื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉ ื’ืื ืฆื™ ื™ืื”ืจ -ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขื”ืจืจ. ืืœืฉ ืืœืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉ ื’ืื ืฆื™ ื™ืื”ืจ.

โ€œThe questioner says (lit., asks): I want to ask a question. 102...ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜

Why is this night changed (by having) less than or more103 than all

nights of the whole year. All nights of the whole year... this night...โ€

This translation exhibits several features of interpretation B: ืžื” is

rendered ืฐืืจื•ื โ€œwhyโ€ and ืฉ- is left untranslated. On the other hand, the

Service for the First Nights of Passover ;ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืœ ืฉืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ 100

According to the Custom of the German and Polish Jews, transl. A. P. Mendes

(3rd ed.; London: P. Vallentine, 1862), 7โ€“8. 101 Cf. the later translations of Baneth and Goldschmidt quoted in section II

above. But cf. also n. 42 above. ,Amsterdam: Yoxanan Levi Rofe) ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—... ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื 102

1783), 20b. (In addition to this edition, YU owns two other editions of the

commentary printedโ€”apparently a few years laterโ€”in Offenbach by Zevi Hirsh

Segal Spitz of Pressburg; see the next footnote.) The translation appears in the

.commentary ืืจื‘ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช component of the ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”103 For Middle German min โ€œless,โ€ weder โ€œthanโ€ and mehrer โ€œmore,โ€ see Jacob

and Wilhelm Grimm, Deutsches Wรถrterbuch (Leipzig: 1854โ€“1960), s.v. (I used

the online edition.) The commentary explains later that the night is ื—ืกืจ in one

respect (unleavened bread) and ื™ืชื™ืจ in another (dipping). This unique translation

disappears in the two Offenbach editions mentioned in the previous footnote. In

those editions, the words ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืจ ืื•ื“ื™ืจ are omitted (and in one of them ืžืขื”ืจืจ is

changed to ืžืขื”ืจ).

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introductory sentence speaks of a single question, as in interpretation

A; contrast modern introductions likeืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื“ื™ืš ืคื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื•ืช ืคืจืขื’ืŸ โ€œI want

to ask you four questionsโ€ andืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืงืฉื™ื•ืช โ€œI want to

ask you the four questions.โ€104

The discussion of A. M. Friedman seems to straddle the same two

interpretations:

ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื“' ืฉืืœื•ืช. ืืš ื›ืฉื ื“ืงื“ืง ื ืจืื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืืœื ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช

ื–. ื. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื "ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช" .ื”ืžืกืชืขืคืช ืœื“' ืกืขื™ืคื™ื

ืœื•ืช ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ื•ืžืฆื” ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืš ื ืฉืชื ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™

105...ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืืช ืฉืืœืชื• ืœืื‘ื™ื•

The claim that the entire ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” constitutes a single question is

characteristic of interpretation A,106 while the assertion that the ืฉ-

clauses spell out the referent of ื ืฉืชื ื” and explain the question belongs

to interpretation B.

A different mixture can be seen in the translation of David and Tamar

de Sola Pool:

How different is this night from all other nights!

On all other nights...; why on this night...?

On all other nights...; on this night why...?

On all other nights...; why on this night...?

On all other nights...; why on this night...?107

104 For the former, see ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืžืงืจื™ ื“ืจื“ืงื™, ed. Z. Gross (Brooklyn, 1979), p.

,ed. B. Z. Halevy Shisha (Jerusalem ,ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— For the latter, see .ืกื‘

1989), p. ืœื—. The difference between ื“ื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ and ื“ื™ืจ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ is a dialectal one. 105 A. M. Friedman, "...'ืžื™ ืืžืจ 'ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”", Hadarom 2 (Nisan, 1957), 46.

Pace Kasher (ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”, p. ืจื’), Friedman belongs here, because he views the son

as explaining his own question rather than answering it. For a

similar view (with the father explaining his own question), see Heinrich

Guggenheimer, The Scholarโ€™s Haggadah (Northvale, New Jersey: Jason

Aronson, 1995), 251. 106 But cf. n. 42 above. 107 The Haggadah of Passover... for Members of the Armed Forces of the United

States, ed. David and Tamar de Sola Pool (New York: National Jewish Welfare

Board, 1945), 19โ€“21. The same punctuation is found in the 1947 edition, but the

original 1943 edition had an exclamation point followed by four periods instead

of question marks.

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This translation and the slightly later translation of Tibor H. Stern108

seem to be a deliberate blend of interpretations B and C.109

Another interpretation that severs the ืฉ-clauses from the ืžื”-clause is

recorded by R. Samuel Ehrenfeld (-atan Sofer): ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจื‘ื”

ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืื—"ื› ... ืžื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื

is Th 110...ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ืืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

ingenious homiletical reading takes the ืžื”-clause as a question and the

clauses as the answer. It was rediscovered in the twentieth century by-ืฉ

S. C. Kook and presented as the plain sense: ื”ืื‘ ืคื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืฉืืœื”

ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ "ืคืชื— ืœื•", ืขื•ื ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื›ืœืœื™ืช: "ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช"

According to this, the father gives his son a little 111."ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช" ื•ื›ื•'

quiz. The son is asked to give a list of things that are different about this

night. But what is the point of this quiz? And how did this

interpretationโ€”and the alleged custom of quizzing the childrenโ€”

disappear without a trace? To my mind, it is not surprising that this

interpretation makes its first appearance in a homiletical context.

Even so, there are a number of ostensible parallels to this reading:

ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•? ืžื” ืฉื ื”ืืžืจ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื™ื™

. (ื‘ ืžืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื,) ืฉื™ืฉืžืข ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉืžืข

ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืจืช, 112' ืคื™ื’ื•ืœื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ืชื” ืœืžื—ืจ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกื” ื... ื”ืงื•ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื ื—ื”

ื”ื–ื‘ื— ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื‘ื—? ืืž' ืœื”ื ืžื” ืฉื ืช' ืคื™ื’ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืจืช. ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื•ื•ื—ื›ืž' ื

.(ื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื‘,) ื“ืžื• ื•ื‘ืฉืจื• ื•ืืžื•ืจื™ื• ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื”

ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช? ืžื›ืœื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. (ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื˜, ื“)ื•ืืฉื ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื

ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ืจืื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืœ

ื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืจื ืืœื ืžื

, ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช ื‘ ,ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื™ืชืจื•) ื™ื–ืจืง ื‘ื• ื—ืฅ. ืื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™

.(208โ€“207ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' -ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

108 Hagadah de Pesaj illustrada; Servicio para las noches del seder segun el rito

tradicional, transl. Tibor H. Stern (Kansas City, Mo.: Emes, 1947), 9. 109 See further in section VIII below. .ed. D. Z ,ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื: ื—ืช"ื ืกื•ืคืจ... ื—ืชืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ... 110

Ehrenfeld (Vienna, 1884), p. ื™ื“. 111 S. C. Kook, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื (Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1959), 149. 112 So in Mss. Kaufmann and Parma. Our printed editions read ืคืกื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ืจืช.

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ื”ืชื›ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื›ื•'ืฉ? ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœืชื›ืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”

113.)ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื– ืข"ื(

In all of these examples, the ืฉ-clause introduces the answer toืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”.

This is most obvious in the example from m.Men 2:1, where the ืฉ-

clause is preceded by ืืžืจ ืœื”ื.

Closer analysis, however, reveals that these examples differ from

ours in a crucial respect. Let us begin with the last example and its two

parallels. In all three places, Rashi inserts an understood ืฉ-clause at the

end of the question: b.SoTah 17a ืฉื”ื–ืงื™ืงื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ืฆื™ืช -ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืชื›ืœืช ,

b.Men 43b ืฉื™ื—ื“ื• ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• -ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืชื›ืœืช , b.-ul 89a ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืชื›ืœืช

ืฉื”ื–ืงื™ืงืชื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ืฆื™ืช - . In the other examples, too, there is an understood

clause at the end of the question. In the Mekhilta, for example, the-ืฉ

understood clause is supplied from the lemma: ื•ืืฉื ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื

114.- ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื ืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื )ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื• ื•ืืฉื ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื ืฉืจื™ื(

In m.Hor 1:2, the understood clause is supplied from the answer: ืžื” ืฉื ื”

In the .ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• )ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘(

Haggadah, on the other hand, there is little possibility of an understood

clause. Thus the ืฉ- of ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช in the Mekhilta is not parallel to the

-ืฉ of ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช, because there is an understood ืฉ-clause before the

former but not before the latter.

VII. HOW MANY ANSWERS? A NEW READING OF THE

MISHNAH

How many answers does ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” require? Is it sufficient to give a

single answer corresponding to the ืžื”-clause, or does each ืฉ-clause

need to be addressed separately? The prevalent view in the Middle Ages

is that ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• (based on the answer to the question of the wise son

113 So in Ms. Vatican 110 as transcribed in the CD-ROM of the Historical

Dictionary Project of the Academy of the Hebrew Language (Maagarim); cf.

Rashi (here and b.-ul 89a). In our printed editions and Ms. Munich 95, the text

reads ืชื›ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื(ื”)ืžืคื ื™ ืฉ . The reading in Midrash Agur (The Mishnah of Rabbi

Eliezer or the Midrash of Thirty-two Hermeneutic Rules, ed. H. G. Enelow [New

York, 1933], 263) is: ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืชื›ืœืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืคืชื™ืœ ืชื›ืœืช? ืืœื

ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ) As noted by J. N. Epstein .ืฉื”ืชื›ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื›ื•'

ed. E. Z. Melamed [Jerusalem, 1983], 2. 225), this is cited ,ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืช

in Midrash Hagadol as: ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ืœืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืืžืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืคืชื™ืœ ืชื›ืœืช? ืืœื

.ืฉื”ืชื›ืœืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจืงื™ืข, ื•ื›ื•'114 See the parallels with )ืฉื ืืžืจ )ื‘ื•/ื‘ื” in section IV above.

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in Deut 6:21) is the answerโ€”the complete answerโ€”to ื” ื ืฉืชื ื”ืž . In

Tanya Rabbati, cited in section V above, we find a good formulation of

this view: ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืžื” -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

ื ืฉืชื ื”, ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ

What, then, is/was special about this night? It .ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช

is/was on this night that God took us out of Egypt and freed us from

slavery.

Nevertheless, we find a few dissenting voices. In the commentary of

R. Eliezer b. Nathan of Mainz, we read: ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื•... -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•

ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื–ื”ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื”' ืžืฉื

As noted by the editor, M. L. Katzenellenbogen, this seems to 115.ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช

imply that ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• is only a partial answer to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”. So too in the

closely related commentary from the school of R. Isaac Ha-Kohen:

116.ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” -... ื•ื–ื”ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื‘ื” ]![ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืจื•ืช

The clearest dissent from the traditional view comes from R.

Benjamin b. Abraham Anav, as quoted by his brother, R. Zedekiah, in

Shibbolei ha-LeqeT:117

... ื‘ ืื—ื™ ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืจ"ื• ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืšื›ืช

ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื”

, ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•' ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื

ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืฉ

ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื”: ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื™ืœื”.

ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืคืกื— ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืคืกื— ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจื™ื.

ื•ืžืคืจืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš: ืคืกื— ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืžื”,

.ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืฆื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืจ

So far as I know, R. Benjamin is the only medieval commentator to

assert explicitly that the main answer to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” comes at the end of

the Haggadah in the three explanations of Rabban Gamaliel.118

.ืœ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 115 .195 ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 116 .ื›ื˜ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 117118 R. Zedekiahโ€™s own position (ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื, pp. ืœ and ืงืžื’) is unclear.

He begins with the traditional view: ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” -ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื

ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ . However, later he writes: ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืขืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื” - ...ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ . Contrast R.

Simeon b. Zemah Duran (ibid., p. ืงืžื’), who refers to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” in his comment on

the later passage, but makes no mention of a question-answer relationship: ืืขืค"ื™

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A rare attempt to combine these two medieval views is found in the

writings of J. E. Bombach:119

ืืœื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื

ื•ืข"ื– ื‘ืื” ืœื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืจืขื” ื ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช... ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•

ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื“' ืžืฉื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื”, ืข"ื› ืฆื™ื•ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื

ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืื™ืš ื”ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืข"ืž ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘

ื™ืชื•ืจืฅ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœืคืž"ืฉ ื ื™ื—ื ื“ืฉืืœืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื ืขืœ

ืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ืข"ื– ืฉืคื™ืจ ื‘ื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื "ืœ. ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™

ื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื‘ืค"ืข ืขื‘ื ืจ"ื’ ื•ืืžืจ ื“ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™"ื— ื•ืข"ื–

ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื˜ืขื ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืคืกื— ืข"ืฉ ืžื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื”

. 'ื‘ืคื” ื“ื•ืงื ื›ืž"ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืก

Neither the traditional view nor the view of R. Benjamin Anav is free

of problems. Some modern scholars argue that since ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• is found

neither in the Mishnah nor in Palestinian Haggadot from the Cairo

Genizah, it cannot be the original answer. As for Rabban Gamalielโ€™s

explanations, they are certainly not formulated as an answer to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”.

It is true that the original version of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” in the Mishnah contains

precisely three ืฉ-clauses, which correspond in content (albeit not in

arrangement) to Rabban Gamalielโ€™s three explanations of ืคืกื— ืžืฆื”

by ืžืจื•ืจ or ืคืกื— but those three clauses never mention 120,ื•ืžืจื•ืจ)ื™ื(

name.121 Instead, they speak of eating roast meat and of dipping a

second time. In other words, Rabban Gamalielโ€™s explanations do not

constitute an adequate answer to the originalืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” of the Mishnah,

because they assume too much knowledge on the part of the questioner.

They do not make clear that the roasted meat is the ืงืจื‘ืŸ ืคืกื— (or a

commemoration of it) and that the second dipped vegetable is ืžืจื•ืจ.

These are technical terms that the son for whom the Mishnahโ€™s question

is intended (ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ) could not be expected to know.

ืฉื‘ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื ื–ื›ืจื• ืฉืœืฉื” ืืœื• ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืœื™ืœื•ืช

.ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืช ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืื ืœื ืืžืจื ื›ืกื“ืจ119 Bombach, 106 .1 ,ืคื ื™ ืืคืจื™ื. 120 I am indebted to B. Septimus for calling this correspondence to my attention.

See Guggenheimer, Scholarโ€™s Haggadah, 251 (โ€œfor the original three points, the

explanation is given at the end of the recital in the section โ€˜Rabban Gamliel,โ€™

making the entire recital a coherent literary unit bracketed by question and

answerโ€); Joseph Tabory, ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช: ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ (Tel-Aviv: Hakibbutz

Hameuchad, 1996), 70โ€“78. For an attempt to explain the difference in

arrangement, see Tabory, 63โ€“361 ,ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. 121 The ืžืจื•ืจ question in todayโ€™s ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is a later addition.

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To find the original answer to ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, we must turn to the Mishnah

(in its most original extant form) and read it according to Interpretation

A. Close reading of the text reveals that it records two conflicting

opinions concerning ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” and its answer.

The first opinion is that, for a son with no understanding, both the

question and the answer can be simplified to a great extent. Neither the

question nor its answer need mention ืคืกื— or ืžืจื•ืจ by name. In the

question, it is enough to speak of eating roast meat and of dipping a

second time. In the answer, it is enough to tell the story of this night,

โ€œbeginning with the negative and ending with the positive,โ€ using the

capsule history in the declaration of the first-fruits (Deut 26:5 ff.) as a

basis.122 For our purposes, it does not matter whether the Mishnah

considered the declaration of the first-fruits to be a sufficient answer by

itself or intended for it to be accompanied by another text, such as ืขื‘ื“ื™ื

Either way it is clear that the answer need address only the .ื”ื™ื™ื ื•

underlying difference expressed by the verb ื ืฉืชื ื” in the first half of the

question; there is no need to explain how that difference engenders the

surface differences expressed by the ืฉ-clauses in the second half. In

122 According to this view, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื— is explained by the

immediately following clause: ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ "ืžืืจืžื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™" ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. So

E. D. Goldschmidt (ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—: ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช [Jerusalem:

Bialik, 1960], 14), E. E. Urbach (review of Goldschmidt, ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื—, Kiryat

Sefer 36 [1961], 144โ€“45), Tabory (59โ€“356 ,ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช), David Henshke, ืžื“ืจืฉ ืืจืžื™

ื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ื , Sidra 4 (1987โ€“88), 33โ€“52. Halivni ( ืื•ืจื™ืื™ื‘ , p. ืกื˜ n. 16 =ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช,

p. ืชืงืคื‘ n. 13), who rejects this view, writes that D. Z. Hoffmann was apparently

the first to suggest it; see the article and the responsum cited by Halivni.

However, as I have noted elsewhere (โ€œThe โ€˜Arameanโ€™ of Deut 26:5: Peshat and

Derash,โ€ in Tehillah le-Moshe: Biblical and Judaic Studies in Honor of Moshe

Greenberg, ed. M. Cogan, J. H. Tigay, and B. L. Eichler [Winona Lake, Indiana,

1997], 128 n. 2), the basic idea is assumed already in the Judeo-Arabic

commentary of Judah Ibn Balโ€˜am on Deuteronomy. Even so, Hoffmann deserves

credit for being the first to cite evidence for this view, viz., other Rabbinic

sources (b.SoTah 32b; 175 ,172 ,ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ืื™ื) in which the terms ื’ื ื•ืช and (ื’ื ืื™=) ื’ื ื™

are applied to the declaration of the first-fruits. We may add that Seder R. Amram

Gaon (ed. D. Goldschmidt [Jerusalem: Mossad Harav Kook, 1971], p. ืงื™ื’) has a

comment that appears to be based on those sources: ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ

ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื•ื›ื•' A similar viewโ€”that .ืžืืจืžื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืฉื’ื•ืžืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื”. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื•ืช.

explains ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื— aloneโ€”is found in the commentaries of R. Simeon b. Zemah

Duran and Abarbanel, according to Kasher (31 ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”), Tabory (ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช,

358), and Henshke (37โ€“36 ,ืžื“ืจืฉ, especially n. 11); contrast Katzenellenbogen

.(n. 433 ืงืœื‘ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื)

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short, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” can be answered simply by relating what happened on

this night and explaining why it is important to us. In answering a son

who knows nothing, it is not necessary to go further, according to the

first opinion in the Mishnah.

The second opinion is that of Rabban Gamaliel. Although in our

editions, this opinion is introduced by the words ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, the

word ื”ื™ื” is missing in most manuscripts of the Mishnah and Talmud

(and even in many manuscripts of the Haggadah) and appears to be a

later addition.123 That addition had the effect of disguising the

connection between Rabban Gamalielโ€™s ruling and the preceding

mishnah. The original introduction, ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ืื•ืžืจ (as opposed to, say,

,exhibits word order that signals contrast; in other words ,(ืืžืจ ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ

Rabban Gamaliel disagrees with the previous mishnah.124

I suggest that the disagreement concerns the sentence ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœื‘ืŸ

At first glance, one wonders what that sentence adds, coming .ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•

so soon after ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•. However, upon closer

examination, it becomes clear that it is the key to understanding the

entire passage. The subject of the passage is the extent to which a son

with no understanding can be accommodated.

Rabban Gamaliel does not completely reject the principle of ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื•

but he does restrict its application. He maintains that the ,ืฉืœื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื• ืžืœืžื“ื•

previous mishnah carries the principle too far. In his view, there is a

limit to the amount of simplification that is possible, because the central

theme of the Seder night is not the story of the Exodus but the laws of

Passover. His version of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, if indeed he required such a

question,125 would presumably have mentioned the ืคืกื— and the ืžืจื•ืจ by

name in the ืฉ-clauses.126 The explanations that come after his ruling in

the Mishnah, whether they were composed by him or not,127 address the

.clause-ืžื” clauses as well as the-ืฉ

123 Safrai and Safrai, 35 ,ื”ื’ื“ืช ื—ื–"ืœ (cf. pp. 279, 288); Kasher, 128 ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœืžื”;

Rovner, โ€œEarly Haggadah,โ€ 376. 124 J. N. Epstein, ืžื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื (Jerusalem, 1957), 334 (cf.ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื ื•ืกื— ื”ืžืฉื ื”,

1133โ€“62); Halivni, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, p. ืชืงืคื: ืจืกืื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื”ื™ื: "ืจ' ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื™ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’

, ื—ื•ืœืงืื•ืžืจ" . (I am indebted to Shamma Friedman, Menahem Kahana, and S. Z.

Leiman for these references.) According to Halivni, Rabban Gamaliel holds that

the recitation of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is obligatory, thereby disagreeing with the author of the

previous mishnah, who holds that it is optional. 125 See Shamma Friedman, ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืขืชื™ืงืชื: ืžืกื›ืช ืคืกื— ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan

University Press, 2002), 441. 126 Unlike the extant versions, his version would have included ืžืจื•ืจ and omitted

dipping. 127 See Tabory, 361 ,ืคืกื— ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, and the literature cited there.

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Safrai and Safrai suggest that Rabban Gamalielโ€™s ruling in the

Mishnah is related to the account of his practice in the Tosefta (Pes

10:12):

ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ

...ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขื“ ืงืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ

They note that Rabban Gamaliel and his companions were immersed in

halakhah the entire night of Passover ( ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืขืกื•ืงื™ืŸ

as opposed to the Sages in the Haggadah, whose nocturnal ,(ื”ืœื™ืœื”

discussions were aggadic in nature (ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื•

They conclude that in this matter as in others (e.g., selection of .(ื”ืœื™ืœื”

disciples), Rabban Gamaliel was more of an elitist than the other

Sages.128

There are two problems with this discussion. First, the authors

themselves go on to cite tannaitic statements suggesting that Rabban

Gamalielโ€™s Seder practice was by no means unusual in Rabbinic

circles:129

ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื— ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ืืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื“ื

. )ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืคืกื—ื™ื ื™, ื™ื( ืขืฆืžื• ืืคืœื• ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•

ื—ื›ืž' 'ืื• ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ 'ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืž ืž'ืื• 'ืžื ื™ืŸ ืืช 'ืื• 'ืจ' ืืœื™ืข

ื•ื”ื—ืงื™' ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื ื'ืคืกื— ืขื“ ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ืŸ ืŸืฆืจื™ื›ื™

. (74ืจื‘ื™ืŸ, ืขืž' -ื”ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ , ืžื”ื“ื•ืจืช)ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื‘ื, ืคืกื—ื, ื™ื— ื•ื’ื•'

Second, the remarks concerning ( ื™ื)ืคืกื— ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ attributed to Rabban

Gamaliel in the Mishnah have as much to do with biblical narrative as

with halakhah.130 For example, instead of teaching a halakhah of the

paschal sacrifice such as ืื™ืŸ ืžืคื˜ื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ื”ืคืกื— ืืคื™ืงื™ืžื•ืŸ, Rabban Gamaliel

offers a narrative etiology:ืคืกื— ืขืœ ืฉืคืกื— ื”ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื.

It may therefore be more accurate to say that the Seder of both the

Mishnah and the Haggadah is intended to appeal to the lowest common

denominator; it is a popular Seder geared to the son with no

understanding, who is not even capable of coming up with his own

128 Safrai and Safrai, 45 ,ื”ื’ื“ืช ื—ื–"ืœ. 129 Ibid. However, Leib Moscovitz (email communication) notes that โ€œit is not

utterly inconceivable that these statements emanated from circles associated with

or otherwise influenced by Rabban Gamliel.โ€ 130 I am indebted to Joseph Crystal for this observation.

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question. For such a son, aggadah is the appropriate vehicle of

instruction; halakhah is meant for the wise sonโ€”at least according to

the Haggadah (ืืฃ ืืชื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ื›ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—) and the Mekhilta (ืืฃ ืืชื”

ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื—ื™ื”ื›ืคืชื— ืœื• ). Even Rabban Gamaliel does not dispute that; what

he insists on adding to the Seder designed for the masses is halakhic

flavoring, not real halakhah.

VIII. HISTORY OF INTERPRETATION

Most medieval commentators knew that the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” of the Haggadah

was one long sentence constituting a single question, because they were

familiar with the ...ืฉ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”-... formula in other contexts. Indeed, they

were able to imitate it successfully in their own writing. We see this

already in Rashiโ€™s formulation of the question prompted by the pouring

of the second cup (b.Pes 116a): ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื™ื’ืช ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืžื”

R. Eliezer b. Nathan of Mainz, in .ื ืฉืชื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืžื•ื–ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืก ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืื›ื™ืœื”

his commentary on the Haggadah, explains that ื”ื ืœื—ืžื is in Aramaic

so that everyone, including women and children, should understand and

ask 131.ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื” In this paraphrase of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, it is

obviously impossible to put a period or question mark before the words

The long version of the formula is employed by R. Simeon .ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฆื”

b. Zemah Duran in paraphrasing the question of the wise son: ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื

ืฉืืœืช ื”ื—ื›ื ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืžื” ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื•

.R. David b 132.ืื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืคืจืคืจืื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ ืœืื•ื›ืœื ืืœื ืื—ืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื”

Solomon Ibn Abi Zimra uses both the short version and the long one in

paraphrasing Passover-related inquiries that were addressed to him. An

example of the former is: ืฉืืœืช ืžืžื ื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื™ ื˜ืขื ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืžืจ

His use of the long version is a 133.ืžื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ืคืœ ืžื ื—ืชื•

tour de force: ืฉืืœืช ืžืžื ื™ ืื•ื“ื™ืขืš ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ื—ืžืฅ ื‘ืคืกื— ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”

ืฉื”ื—ืžื™ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ืฉืจื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืœื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื•

ื“ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื“ืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืœืฉืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื‘

ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืžืฆื ื•ืืกืจื•ื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ

134.ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื”

see ,ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”... ืฉ-... instead of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”... ืœ-... For .ื™ื“ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 131

section IV above. .ืžืืžืจ ื—ืžืฅ ืœืจืฉื‘"ืฅ, ืื•ืช ืงื› 132 .ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื“ื‘"ื–, ื•, ื‘ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื™, ื“"ื” ืฉืืœืช ืžืžื ื™ 133 .ืฉื, ื’, ืชืงืžื• )ืชืชืงืขื–( ื“"ื” ืฉืืœืช 134

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The first clear sign of change appears in Shibbolei ha-LeqeT, where

R. Zedekiah b. Abraham Anav quotes a passage written by his brother,

R. Benjamin:135

... ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” ืกื“ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื”ื’ื“ืช ืœื‘ื ืš ืฉืืœืชื›ืชื‘ ืื—ื™ ืจ' ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืจ"ื•

ื•ืขืœื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื•ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื•ืืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœ

ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื•' ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช,

ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืชื”ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื•ืจื™ืŸ. ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ื•

... ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืฉืืœื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœื”. ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช

R. Benjamin begins with the traditional ืฉืืœืช ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื”, but he quickly

switches into the plural. Unlike every other medieval writer, he views

ืฉืชื ื”ืžื” ื  as comprising more than one question.

This notion makes its next appearance in the Haggadah commentary

of Joseph ben Jacob Shalit of Padua, first published in 1550:136

ืฉืœืฉืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ ืœื”ืกืžื™ืš ืฉืืœืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืกื“ืจ ืœื—ืชื•ื

ืžืฆื” ื•ืžืจื•ืจ ืžืื›ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ื”ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœืช ื– - ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•... ื”ืื›ื™ืœื•ืช

ืฉืืœืช ืฉื ื•ื™ ืœืœื”ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” -ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื• ื”' ื

ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”

It seems, then, that the view of ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as consisting of more than one

question caught on first in Italy.

The idea that ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” is an exclamation rather than a question

appears first among the exiles from Spain. In the Salonica Ladino

Siddur of ca. 1550, the Venice Haggadah of 1609, and the Livorno

Haggadot of 1794, 1807, 1827, 1839, 1843, 1867, and 1932, the Judeo-

Spanish translation has ืงื•ืื ื˜ื• โ€œhow (very).โ€137 In the nineteenth

century, this interpretation appears in an Italian and a German

translation as well.138 It may well be post-medieval; Sephardim of the

.ื›ื˜ .p ,ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืชื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื 135136 For the Mantua 1550 edition, see I. Yudlov, ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื•ืช (Jerusalem, 1997), 3

no. 14. I used the Venice 1599 edition (Yudlov, 5 ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ื”ื’ื“ื•ืช no. 35) at JTSA. 137 I consulted Livorno 1794 and 1807 at Harvard, Livorno 1827, 1867, and 1932

at YU, and Livorno 1839 and 1843 on the JNUL website. 138 See ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ (Livorno, 1892), p. ื™ื“ ืข"ื (JNUL

website); and ื”ื’ื“ื” ื•ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืกื—: Die Festgebrรคuche und die Rechte fรผr Pessachs

ersten beiden Nรคchte, transl. Abraham Emanuel (Rรถdelheim: J. Lehrberger,

1869), 9.

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fourteenth and fifteenth centuries still understood ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” as a

question. Indeed, as late as 1552, the Ferrara Ladino Siddur translates

por que and uses a question mark.

In Ashkenaz, the disappearance of the original interpretation was a

more gradual process, which can be traced in dated translations. In a

manuscript dated 1535, we have ]![ ืฐืืฉ ืื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื ืžืขืŸ

ื“ืฉ ...ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื˜... ื“ืฉ ืืœ ื ืขื›ื˜ ...ืื•ื ' ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื... ืืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื“ืฉ ืืœ ื ืขื›ื˜]![ ืฐืขืŸ

ื...ืื•ื ' ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื–... ื“ืฉ ืืœ ื ืขื›ื˜... ืื•ื ' ื“ื™ื ื ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ื–ื... ืืœ ื“ื™ื ื ืขื›ื˜ โ€œWhat

is changed (about) this night more than139 all nights that all nights...,

and this night...; that all nights..., this night...; that all the nights..., and

this night...; that all nights..., and this night...โ€140 It is likely that this

translation still reflects interpretation A. It renders ืžื” with ืฐืืฉ โ€œwhatโ€

and ืฉ- with ื“ืฉ โ€œthat.โ€ It has no punctuation until the very end, it begins

all four of the ืฉ-clauses with ื“ืฉ, and it has 'ืื•ื  โ€œandโ€ reflecting ื•- in

three of those clauses.

A translation published around 1590โ€“1606 in Prague exhibits slight

changes pointing to interpretation B: ืฐืื– ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ืคืขืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื

Here we 141.ื“ื™ื–ื™ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜. ื“ื– ืืŸ ืืœ)ื™(ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜)ืŸ(... ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ื–ื™...

have a period before the first โ€œthat,โ€ and the conjunction โ€œandโ€โ€”one of

the components of the long version of the ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” formulaโ€”is found

only before the last โ€œthat.โ€ The Venice Haggadah of 1609 goes slightly

further: ืืœืŸ (ืืŸ)ืฐืื– ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื•ืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜. ื“ืฉ/ื“ื–

...)ื(ื–ื“ื™ (ื)ื›ื˜ ื“ื™(ื)ื ( ื)ื“ื™... ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ . Here the conjunction โ€œandโ€ is

completely absent, and there is a period before every โ€œthat.โ€ The

Frankfurt Haggadah of 1691 is similar: ืฐืืฉ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคืืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜ ื“ื™ื

ื“ื™ื ื ืื›ื˜/ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื ... ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ/(ืŸ)ื“ื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœื™ ื ืื›ื˜. ื“ืฉ/ื“ื– ืืŸ ืืœืŸ ื ืื›ื˜

This translation lives on almost unchanged in the Amsterdam 142.ื“ื™ื–)ื™(...

139 The form ืฐืขืŸ = wen is a Middle German variant of wann โ€œthanโ€; see Grimm,

Deutsches Wรถrterbuch, s.v. wann; ืžืขืŸ appears to be a variant of ืžืขืจ. This

rendering anticipates the later translations discussed in nn. 15 and 73 above. 140 Oxford Ms. Opp. 656 (Neubauer 1214/1), fol. 84b. 141 See the facsimile in Two Prague Haggadahs (London: Valmadonna Trust

Library, 1978). Here and below, I have put parentheses around letters that are

found in only some of the ืฉ-clauses. ืงืกื– ืข"ื‘ .p ,(Frankfurt am Main, 1691) ืกื“ืจ ืชืคืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ 142

(JNUL website). The second โ€œthatโ€ is not preceded by a period, perhaps because

it begins a new line.

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Haggadot of 1765, 1790 and 1804,143 but elsewhere we find new

translations, exhibiting further change.

A translation in a manuscript from 1729 manifests clearer signs of

the reinterpretation, beginning the transition away from โ€œwhatโ€ and

โ€œthatโ€: ืฐืื– ืื•ื“ืจ ืฐืืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜ ืคืจืขื ื“ืจืœื™ืš. ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืŸ ืืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜. ื“ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ

... ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜ ืื‘ืจ... ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื ืขื›ื˜]![ ืืš ... ืื•ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืกื—... ืื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ืจ

...ืื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜... ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื ืขื›ื˜... ืื‘ืจ ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜... ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ โ€œWhat

or why is this night changeable more than all nights. For at other times

in the year..., and on this night... Also on other nights..., this night,

however... Also on other nights..., but this night... On other nights..., but

this night...โ€144 Here the traditional โ€œwhatโ€ becomes โ€œwhat or why,โ€ and

the fourfold โ€œthatโ€ is replaced by a single โ€œfor.โ€ In the Amsterdam

Haggadah of 1783, the change is complete. It has only โ€œwhy,โ€ and it

ignores ืฉ- completely: ืฐืืจื•ื ืื™ื–ื˜ ืคืจ ืขื ื“ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜. ืžื™ืŸ ืฐืขื“ืจ ืื•ื“ื™ืจ

... (ื•ืŸ ืขืฉ ื’ื ืฆื™ ื™ืื”ืจ)ืคืืœืœื™ ื ืขื›ื˜. ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉ ื’ื ืฆื™ ื™ืื”ืจ. ืืœืœื™ ื ืื›ื˜ ืžืขื”ืจืจ. ืืœืฉ

...ื“ื™ื–ื” ื ืื›ื˜ (ืื•ื ื“/ืื‘ืจ) โ€œWhy is this night changed (by having) less than

or more than all nights of the whole year. All nights of the whole year...,

this night...โ€145 So too the translation of Joel Brill in the Berlin

Haggadah of 1785: ?ืฐืืจื•ื ืื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ื–ืข ื ืื›ื˜, ืคืืŸ ืืœืœืŸ ืื ื“ืจืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜

146.ืืŸ ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื ื“ืจืŸ,...; ื“ื™ื–ืข ื ืื›ื˜...

JNUL) ื” ืข"ื‘ .p (Amsterdam, 1765) ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืคืกื—... ืื™ื– ืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื’ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 143

website) and ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืœืคืกื— (Amsterdam, 1790 and 1804), p. ื” ืข"ื‘ (YU and

Harvard microfiche). 144 JTSA 4478, ff. 3bโ€“4a. 145 See nn. 102 and 103 above. ื“ ืข"ื‘ .transl. Joel Brill (Berlin, 1785), p ,ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืกื— ืขื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ 146

(Harvard microfiche). The punctuation marks are in the original. The translation

is attributed to Moses Dessau = Moses Mendelssohn in some later editions, e.g.,

Berlin 1786 (YU, JNUL). It was copied, with slight orthographic changes, in

many later editions owned by Harvard and YU: Karlsruhe 1791 (H), Vienna 1795

(H), Berlin 1795 (YU), Offenbach 1795 (?) (H), Frankfurt an der Oder 1801 (H),

Fuerth 1804 (YU), Amsterdam 1810 (YU), Basel 1816 (H), Metz 1817 (H),

Zultsbach 1833 (H, YU). So too the Haggadah written in 1816 for Moses Sofer

of Pressburg (-atam Sofer); see the facsimile in ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™

ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ืžืื™ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘" ืžืืช ื”ืจื‘ ... ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืกื•ืคืจ... ื ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชืงืข"ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“-ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื”

.Cf. also the translations of A .(Bene Berak: Netzach, 1967) ืžืื™ืจ ืœื”ืžืŸ ืื‘"ื“ ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ

Alexander and D. Levi in the London Haggadot of 1770 and 1794, cited in

section III above.

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Even these latest translations do not exhibit a conscious shift to four

questions. As we have noted,147 the Amsterdam 1783 translation of ืžื”

ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื”ื’ื™ืจ ืคืจืื’ื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐื™ืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ ืงืฉื™ื :is introduced by the words ื ืฉืชื ื”

the questioner says (lit., asks): I want to ask a question.โ€ Like theโ€œ ืคืจืื’ืŸ

Ferrara Siddur of 1552,148 the Berlin Haggadah of 1785 has only one

question mark in the translation, following the ืžื”-clause. The same is

true of the translations in the London Haggadah of 1770 (A. Alexander),

the London Haggadah of 1794 (D. Levi),149 the Bordeaux Haggadah of

1813,150 etc.

The use of a single question mark before the ืฉ-clauses leaves the

status of those clauses unresolved. In keeping with this punctuation, a

few interpreters have suggested that the ืฉ-clauses are answers.

According to them, ืžื” ื ืฉืชื ื” should properly be called โ€œThe Four

Answersโ€! Another response, beginning in the early nineteenth century,

was to introduce changes in the use of the question markโ€”changes of

number or position.

The number of question marks is increased to five in the translations

found in the Metz Haggadah of 1818 (D. Drach),151 the Prague

Haggadah of 1830 (M. J. Landau),152 the Krotoschin Haggadah of

1840,153 the New York Haggadah of 1857,154 the Frankfurt am Main

Haggadah of 1914 (M. Lehmann),155 etc. Subsequently, we find

attempts to reduce this number to four. The translation in the New York

Haggadah of 1928 (J. D. Eisenstein) has:

Why is this night different from all other nights:

147 Section VI above. 148 Libro de Oracyones, 164. A photocopy of the original provided by the Hebrew

Union College library shows a question mark following las noches but no ยฟ

before por que. 149 See nn. 35 and 36 above. 150 La Haggada de Bordeaux: Facsimile (1813) (Tel-Aviv: Miskal, 1998). 151 Haggada, ou cรฉrรฉmoniel des deux premieres soirรฉes de Paque ร  lโ€™usage des

Israรฉlites franรงais, transl. D. Drach (Metz: E. Hadamard, 1818), 19โ€“21. .ed. M. J. Landau (Prague: M ,ืกื“ืจ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืกืคืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืช ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืช 152

J. Landau, 1830), 6aโ€“6b. So too the 1876 edition. ืœืก ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืฆืจื™ื ื ืขื‘ืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’... 153 ื”ื’ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืกื— ืื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฆืขื”ืœื•ื ื’ ืคืืŸ ื™ ืฉ ืจ ื

ื™ .27โ€“29 ,(Krotoschin: B. L. Manash, 1840) ื’ืขื ืื ื ื˜ ืขื˜ืจืช ืฆื‘ Service for the Two First Nights of Passover, Hebrew and ;ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื— 154

English (4th ed.; New York: H. Frank, 1857). 155 Hagadah schel Pessach, ed. M. Lehmann (Frankfurt am Main: J. Kauffmann,

1914), 13โ€“14.

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(First) On all other nights..., but to-night why...?

(Second) On all other nights..., but to-night why...?

(Third) On all other nights..., but to-night why...?

(Fourth) On all other nights..., but to-night why...?156

This translation puts a colon at the end of the ืžื”-clause, reducing the

number of question marks to four. The problem is that there are still

five questions, for the word โ€œwhyโ€ appears five times. A different

solution is offered in two translations published in the 1940s. As we

have seen,157 the translation in the New York Haggadah of 1945 (David

and Tamar de Sola Pool) has:

How different is this night from all other nights!

On all other nights...; why on this night...?

On all other nights...; on this night why...?

On all other nights...; why on this night...?

On all other nights...; why on this night...?

The Spanish translation in the Kansas City, Mo. Haggadah of 1947

(Tibor H. Stern) has essentially the same punctuation.158 According to

these translations, only the four ืฉ-clauses are questions; the ืžื”-clause

is an exclamation. It is perhaps not an accident that this ingenious blend

of two traditions appears first in a Haggadah prepared by a Sephardic-

Ashkenazic couple (David de Sola Pool and Tamar Hirschensohn de

Sola Pool) โ€œfor members of the armed forces of the United Statesโ€; it is

reminiscent of the ื ื•ืกื— ืื—ื™ื“ of the IDF Siddur.

These twentieth-century translations are the culmination of a process

of reinterpretation that began in the sixteenth century. As a result of this

process, five things changed: (1) the translation of (2) ,ืžื” the number

of questions, (3) the number of sentences, (4) the meaning or

meaningfulness of ืฉ- , (5) the referent of ื ืฉืชื ื”. They did not all change

at the same time, since awareness of the connections among them was

not common.

This long process of reinterpretation โ€œpassed overโ€ the translations

of Baneth (1927) and Goldschmidt (1936). As we have seen, both of

these have a single question mark, but unlike the eighteenth-century

156 Seder Ritual for Passover-Eve, transl. J. D. Eisenstein (New York: Hebrew

Publishing Company, 1928), 6โ€“7. 157 Section VI above. 158 Hagadah de Pesaj, 9.

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translations and their descendants, they have it at the very end, after all

of the ืฉ-clauses. These translations and the commentaries of R. Zevi

Hirsch b. Tanxum, R. Arieh Leib Frumkin, and R. Joshua Ephraim

Bombach represent a return to the translation of 1535 and Maharalโ€™s

commentary (1582), which in turn reflect an interpretation that can be

traced back at least as far as R. Saadia Gaon.