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8/8/2019 On Thi Cong Doan

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V: Grammar- the present perfect tense

I. Formb. Positive

s + have/has + VpII(V-ed) + O

I/you/we/they + have

She/he/it + has.

Ex: he has lived in Hanoi since 2003

b. negative.

s + havent/hasnt + VpII + O

they havent phoned me for several days

c. Question.

have/has + S + VpII + O ?

Yes, S + have/has / No, havent/ hasntex: have you had lunch yet? Yes, I have.


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II. Usage.

We use it

-We express an action or activity that happens in thepast at unspecific time

Ex: I have been to China.

-When a situation or activity started in the past atunspecific time, finishes to present and continues inthe future.(since + a point of time and for + a period of

time)Ex: we have finished eight subjects up to now (since

2009).- When we refer to a situation or an activity that

happens again and again at unspecific time in the

past.Ex: she has taken me to school for nine times this

month.


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Some words for us to realize this tense:

-Since + (since 2003)

- For + ( two years)- Just

- already

- Never- Ever

- Up to now= up to present= so far

- Recently- How long

- Once/twice/ three times


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Baseform

Past simple Pastparticiple

Base form Pastsimple

Pastparticiple

Be Was/were Been Hold Held held

Break Broke broken Keep Kept KeptBring Brought brought Know Knew Known

Buy Bought Bought Lend Lent Lent

Come Came Come Leave Left Left

Cut Cut Cut Pay Paid Paid

Choose Chose Chosen Put Put Put

Do Did Done Read Read Read

Eat Ate Eaten Say Said Said


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Feel Felt Felt See Saw Seen

Go Went Gone Take Took Taken

Give Gave Given Tell Told Told

Have Had Had Write Wrote Written

hear heard Heard understand understood Understood


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IV. Past simple tense

1: Usage.a. Express something that happens and finished

at a specific time in the past.

Ex: he went to the USA last summer.b. Define a progressive action in the past.

Ex: when I came home, my mother was cooking.

- Adverbs: last../ ago

Ex: last week/last summer. Five years ago


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2. Forms

a. Positive. S + V_ed/ V_irre + 0she died in 1954

he left Hanoi when I was five years old.

b. Negative. S + didnt + V + O

My sister didnt go to school yesterday.

c. Question. Did + S + V + O + ?

Yes, S + did/ No, S + didnt

ex: Did they take part in the meeting lastSunday?

Yes, they did


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V. Past continuous tense1. Usage.

b. Express something that happens and lasts for a long periodof time in the past.Ex: Lan was preparing for the exam at home all the morning

yesterday.b. Express something that happens at an accurate point of time

in the past.Ex: she was watching TV at 8 oclock last night.c. Expess something that is happening in the past when there is

another action happens alternately.Ex: what were you doing when he phoned you?.d. Express two actions happening simultaneously.Ex: Last Sunday I was talking to you while you were listening to

me.Note: we dont use this tense for aware verbs: think,

feel,hear..instead of simple past.


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2. Formsa. positive. S + was/ were + V_ing + O

Ex: she was cooking when I came home yesterday.

b. Negative. S + wasnt/werent + V_ing + O

Ex: he wasnt staying at home at 4 oclock yesterday

c. Question. Was/Were + S + V_ing + O ?

Yes, S + was/were / No, S + wasnt/werent

were you eating dinner at 7 oclock last night?No, I wasnt


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VI: Past perfect tense

1: usage.a. Express an action that happens and finishes

before an other simple past action in the past.

Ex: when I got to Hanoi station yesterday, the train

had already left .= The train had already left Hanoi station before I

got there.

b. Express an action that happens and finishes

before (by) a point of time in the past.he had gone to bed before 10 oclock last night.


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2. Form

a. Positive. S + had + V_ pII + O

Ex: I had signed the contract by 9 am yesterday.

b. Nagative. S + hadnt + V_ pII + O

Ex: she hadnt sent the application to the companywhen I phoned her yesterday morning.

c. Question. Had + S V_ pII + O + ?

Yes, S + had / No, S + hadnt

Ex: had you known about him before you met him?

No, I hadnt.

G Th f t t ill/ b


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Grammar: The future tense: will/ be

going to

I: will.1. UsageWe use the future with will

a. To make predictions or general statement about future.

ex: In the next century the world will run out of oil.

This medicine wont do you any good.b. Express a decision made at the moment of speaking.

A: the TV is very loud

B: ok, I will turn it down.

c. In the main clause of the first conditional sentence.

if you drink this bottle of water, you wont be thirsty.d. note.

The words help us recognize this tense: tomorrow, soon, oneday,next +..( next summer/next Thursday.)


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2. Form

A: Positive. S + Will + V + O

ex. I will be there this afternoon. I promise

B: Negative. S + Will not (wont) + V + O.

ex. Sorry, I wont help you now because I am

learning English in my class.

C: Question. will + S + V + O ?

Yes, S + Will/ No, S + Wontex. Will you help me with the contract now?

No, I wont.


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II. Be going to + V + O

I. Usage.

We use be going to + V + Oa. To talk about plans and intentions.

Ex. I have saved money for nine months. I am

going to buy a car next week.

b.To talk about things that we can see or feel

about the future.

Ex. I feel terrible, I think I am going to be sick.

look at those clouds. it is going to rain soon.

II Form


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II. Form

a. Positive S + be( am/is/ are) + going to + V + O.

Ex: I bought some chickens yesterday because I am

going to celebrate a party tomorrow evening.

b. Negative. S + be + not + going to + V +O.

Ex: he isnt going to stay at home this afternoon

because he is going to fly to HCM city after thislesson.

c. Question. Be + S + going to + V + O?

yes, S + be / No, S + be + not

Ex: Are you going to buy a car next Monday?

yes, I am

1 Hungry! The bus (come) I (not want) to miss it


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1. Hungry! The bus (come) ...I (not want) .to miss it.

2. Listen! Somebody (sing) ..

3. How often (you/read)...a newspaper?

4. The sun always (rise) ..in the east look it (rise)..now.5. I (hear) ....you: I (know)..what you (say).

6. The concert (start)....at 7.30 this evening.

7. Ann, we (go) .to town .(you/come)...with us?

8. She (have) ..coffee for breakfast every morning.

9. I (see),that you (wear)...your best clothes.

10. She sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market.

11. I (try)to learn English for years but I (not succeed) .yet.

12. Mary (rest) .in the garden all day because she

(be) ..ill.

13 She (work) so hard this week that she (not have)


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13. She (work) ..so hard this week that she (not have)..time to go to the movies.

14. That book (lie)..on the table for weeks. You (not read)..it yet.

15. He( not, be) ..here since Christmas. I wonder where he(live)..since ten.

16. Jack (go).to Paris for a holiday. He never (be) ..there.

17. You (sleep) ..so far? I ring ..the bell for the last twenty minutes.

18. He( write)...a novel for two years but he (not finish).it yet.

19. Mary (lose) her hat and she (look)..for it until now.

20. I (see) that film several times because I like it.21.Jack (look) ..no trouble with his what he (do)to us up to now.

22.She always (ring). up (ask).. questions.

23.It (snow). for 3 days now. The roads (block). if it(not stop).. soon.

24.While the guests(dance) thieves(break) into the house and


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24.While the guests(dance) thieves(break) into the house and(steal)a lot of fur coats. The nest day as they (know) that thepolice(look) for them. they (hide) the coats in a wood and(go) offin different chrection.

25.It (be) very cold this year I wonder when it is going to getwarmer.

26.Everyone(read) quietly when the door (burst) open and acomplete stranger (rush) in.

27.The accident was mainly Toms fault. He (drive) much too close

to the car in front. If he (be) further away he (be able) to stop intime.

28.She always (lose) her glasses and (ask) me to look for them.

29.When you arrive I probably(pick) fruit

30.Every morning ,the sun (shine) in my bedroom window and

(wake) me up.31.A :look! it(snow)

B :its beautiful! This is the first time I(see) snow .It (not snow)in my country.

41 When I(arrive) at the station Mary (wait)for me She(wear)


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41.When I(arrive) at the station Mary (wait)for me.She(wear)a blue dress and (look) very pretty .As soon as she (see)me she (wave) and (shout) something but I couldnt hearwhat she (say) because everybody(make) such a noise.

42. Class (begin already) by the time I (get) there so I (quietlytake) a seat in the back. However the teacher still (see) mein.

43. The telephone (ring) for almost a minute

Why does not someone answer it?44. It was raining hard but by the time class (be) over the rain

(stop).

45. I (never see) any Picasso's paintings before I (visit) the

art museum.46. Jack suddenly (realize) that the teacher (ask) him a

question . He couldnt answer because he (daydream) forthe last ten minutes.

47 I almost (miss) my plane All of the passengers


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47. I almost (miss) my plane . All of the passengers(broad already) when I (get) there.

48. Renoir is one of the most popular French

impressionist painters. His paintings (consider)masterpieces all ever the world.

49. The last time he (see) in public he (wear) a graysuite.

50. By this time next year I (save) $ 250.

51. By the time we get to the party everything (eat) .

52 A moment please I (be) not ready yet but (be) in acouple of minutes.

53. I sat down for a rest while the shoes (repair)

32.They (build) that bridge when I (be) here last year. They


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32.They (build) that bridge when I (be) here last year. They(not finish) yet.

33.Mary always (leave) her dirty socks on the floor for me topick up! Who she (think) I(be)? Her mum.

34.I( not hear)the thunder during the storm last night becauseI(sleep).

35.Stanley (climb) stairs when he(trip) and (fall).luckily he(nothurl) himself .

36.We (have)a party next Saturday .Would you like to come?37.A: Last night somebody (break)into our house.

B: Oh dear anything(take)?

38.Just as I(wonder) what to do next the phone(ring).

39. We cant use the living room. It (decorate) at the moment.

40.What you (do) this evening? We (go) to the theatre. Wouldyou like to come with us?


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1:Infinitive without to and with toand Gerund

1.Infinitive without to- S + let/help/make + sb + bare infinitive.

Ex: he makes me take him to work everyday.

- S + had better + bare infinitive.

- S would rather + bare infinitive

- S +feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see,

watch, look at, listen to, find, catch,

smell.imagine,keep,leave+ bare infinitive ( V-ing)- S + modal Verbs + bare infinitive


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2: Infinitive with to S + V1 + TO V2 + O

V1=agree,arrange,ask,attempt,begin,care,cease,

choose,claim,come,continue,decide,deserve,

determine,demand,desire,expect,fail,fear,forget,

hate,help,hesitate,hope,intend,earn,like,long,love,manage,mean.need,neglect,offer,omit,plan,prefer,

pretend,prepare,promise,propose,refuse,start,

swear,seem,trive,tend,threaten,try,want,wish,bother, decline, volunteer, guarantee, happen,

offer, would like, would hate, would love,forbid.

2. S + V1 + (what, how, where, etc) + TO + V + O


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2. S + V1 + (what, how, where, etc) + TO + V + O

V1= ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know,learn, remember, see, understand, show(+O),

think, understand, want to know, wonder.

Ex. he discovers how to open the safe.

I want to show you how to operate the machine/whichbutton to press

For the substituted subject it.It + be + adjective + to + v + O

IT + BE + ADJECTIVE + FOR + SB + TO + V + O


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S + V1 + O1(sb) + TO +V2 + O2

V1=allow, permit, advise, ask, beg, challenge,

command, compel, enable, encourage, expect,forbid,

force, get, instruct, invite, lead, order, permit,persuade,prefer,suspect,teach,tell,tempt,urge,warm,wish,guess


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3: Gerund

S + V + O + V-ing / V + O V =feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see,

watch, look at, listen to, find, catch,smell.imagine,keep,leave

We use V when we see or hear the thinghappens from the beginning to the end or thewhole thing.

We use V-ing when we see or hear a part ofthe thing happens or emphasize theprogression of the thing.

S + V1 + V2 ing + O


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S + V1 + V2-ing + O.V1 = acknowledge, cant help, cant bear, cant stand,cant face, delay, discuss, escape, forgive, keep =

continue, postpone, propose, report, suggest, admit,deny, like, dislike, explain, give up, omit, mention,practice, quit, resent, support, appreciate, celebrate,detest, endure, confess, dread, feel like, imagine, mind,prevent, recall, resist, tolerate, avoid, consider,

discontinue, enjoy, finish, justify, miss, prohibit,recommend, risk, understand (need, stop=cease,forget, remember, begin=commence, start,try,continue, want, like, fancy,(LIKE,LOVE,HATE,PREFER

in detail in future we use infinitive. in general or not indetail we use V-ing)

MEAN TO DO = PAY ATTENTION TO DO OR TRY TO DO ON PURPOSE MEAN DOING = RESIST DOING OR REQUEST TO DO.

After some phrases


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After some phrases:

it is no use, be busy, be worth, have

good time, have fun, have trouble, spendtime, waste time..

Ex: it is no use helping him now

3. S + GO + ( fishing, swimming, camping,hunting, sailing, boating, skating, hiking,

mountain climbing, sight seeing, shopping, jogging,skiing)

Task.3


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1.You cant help (like) him.

2.We decided (stay) at home.

3.We expected (hear). from Ann soon.

4.I dont feel like (cook)..5.When do you finish (study).?

6.Ive given up (smoke)...

7.At last I managed (find) a taxi.

8. Do you enjoy (watch).. football?9.What are you planning (do).. this summer?

10.He denied (steal).. my money.

11.She refused (have). dinner with me.

12.You should practice (speak)English every day.13.He suggested(go) to Japan for this summer holiday.

14.It seemed (get) darker when we were on the wayhome.

15. We should avoid ..(waste) so much free time(play) computer games


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..(play) computer games.

16. Do you prefer(live) in cities to country sides?

17. I sometimes refuse .(take) part in parties but I dontdeny. ..(like)..(do) it.

18. I really detest .(wait) for buses in the rain but isometimes have..(do) it.

19. We cant face .(get) up early (go) to school in winter.

20. Will you promise (take) us to school tomorrow, Dad?

21. Oh, you seem .(be) tired after a long day oflearning.

22. He said he would rather..(stay) at home that nightfor an interesting program on TV.

23. There is no point ....(persuade) him ..(go)

with us tonight.

24. You will regret (not, study) hard for the comingexams.

25. keep..(walk) and continue...(turn) rightshe said


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she said.26. I couldnt help .(make) a mistake when

....(type) this exercise.

27. You should know better than.(do) that.28. ..(play) the guitar requires skill.29. I left him.(play) cards alone.30. Do you see the solders ..(match) over

there?31. I request you ..(do) this exercise properly.32. You are supposed..(think) before you act.33. She regrets (be) the one ..(have)....

(tell) him.

34. I understand his.(leave) early.35. We should try..(avoid).(make) him ...(do)

if he dislikes.(do


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The first condition

1: The first conditional sentence.We use the first condition sentence for conditions that can

occur in present or future time.

Form: if +S + present simple, S+ will/can/may + V + O

Ex: if it rains this afternoon, we will stay at home andmake some popcorn to eat and play some games welike.


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The second condition

We use the second condition sentence for conditionsthat cant occur or happen in present or future time

If + S + past simple, S + would + V + O

be = were (could/should)

V = V+ed

not + V = didnt + V

Ex: if I (be) ..you, I (buy) ..that car.

if I were you, I would buy that car

he (go)swimming if it didnt rain now

would go


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The third condition

We use the third condition sentence for conditionsthat cant occur in the past time.

If + S + past perfect, S + would + have +V_pII + O

had + V_pII (could/should)Ex: If I (go) had gone to the class yesterday, I would

have done the test.

If he had called me last night, I (tell) would have toldhim about the timetable for the next week.

1 If I hi I ( i ) i


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1. If I see him, I (give) your give.

2. If I had a printer, I ( print).it myself.

3. If I had known you were in Hanoi, I ( visit) .you.

4. If it (be)fine tomorrow, I will go fishing.

5. If I (meet) .her, I would talk about my plan.

6. If you (arrive) ..5 minutes earlier, you would

have got a good seat.7. If he (study)hard, he can pass the exam.

8. If he (study)hard, he could have passed theexam last year.

9. What..you (do) if you (be).me in this case?10. We (go)..for a big meal if we had enough

money now.

III Grammar: comparative superlative and equal comparison of


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III. Grammar: comparative, superlative, and equal comparison of

adjectives

Form: A: comparative.

1. Short adjectives:

S1 + be + adj + er + than + S2

she is older than her friend.

2. Long adjectives:

S1 + be + more + adj + than + S2

this car is more expensive than that car.

B: superlative.


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p

1. Short adjectives.

S1 + be + the + adj + est..he is the oldest in his class.

2. Long adjectives.

S1 + be + the most + adj..

his car is the most expensive in VietNam

C. equal comparison


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q p

S1 + be(not) AS + adj + AS + S2He is as old as Lan.

She isnt as intelligent as her mother


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Notes

Ex: hot - hotter - the hottestbig - bigger - the biggest

Fat/thin

cool - cooler - the coolest

Ex: large - larger the largest

Ex: happy - happier - the happiest

New newer - the newest

Good/well better The best


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bad worse worst

Much/many more the most

little less the least

far farther Thefarthest( distance)

far further The furthest(time)

REPORTED SPEECH


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REPORTED SPEECH A. Definition

Reported speech is the speech we report from the otherpeople about what we see, or hear, so when we report thespeech we should follow some rules.

If the verb in the main clause is the present simple (say),

present perfect (have said/has said) or simple future (willsay),we dont have to change the tense but we have to changethe pronouns or possessive adjectives in the reportedsentences. Ex. he says I hope I will visit my close friend, LAN tomorrow

> he says that he hopes he will visit his friends tomorrow.

They have said we are tired of playing with him

> they have said that they are tired of playing with him

When reporting a habit or something that is always true,


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we use present simple tense in stead of the past simple

tense.]

Ex. He said I always get up late everyday

He said that he always gets up late everyday.

They said that the Earth goes around the Sun

They said that the Earth goes around the Sun

If the verb in the maid clause is the past simple (said),

we have to change the tenses, adverbs of time and places

or demonstrative adjectives . in the reported sentences. When we change the direct speech into the reported

speech, we should follow some following rules:

Tensesin direct speech

Tensesin reported speech

examples


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Presents simple

S + V/VES .

Past simple

S + Ved/Virr.

She said I live in Hanoi

She said that she lived in Hanoi

Present progressiveS + am/is are + Ving

Past progressiveS + was/were + V-ing.

She said I am living in HanoiShe said that she was living in Hanoi

Past simpleS + Ved/Virr.

Past simple/past perfectS + had + Vp

II

She said I lived in Hanoi /in 2003She said that she had lived in HanoiShe said that she lived in Hanoi in 2003.

Past progressiveS + was + V-ing.

were

Past perfect progressiveS + had been + V-ing.

She said I was living in HanoiShe said that she had been living in

Hanoi

Present perfectS + have/has + Vp

II

Past perfectS + had + Vp

II

She said I have lived in HanoiShe said that she had lived in Hanoi


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Present perfectprogressive

Past perfect progressive She said I have lived in HanoiShe said that she had lived in Hanoi


II


II

She said I had lived in HanoiShe said that she had lived in Hanoi

Past perfectprogressiveS + had been + V-ing..

Past perfect progressiveS + had been + V-ing. She said I had been living in HanoiShe said that she had been living in Hanoi

Simple futureS + will + V

Simple future in the pastS + would + V..

She said I will live in HanoiShe said that she would live in Hanoi

Future progressiveS + will be + V-ing

Future progressive in thepastS + would be + V-ing.

She said I will be living in HanoiShe said that she will be living in Hanoi

MustMustnt

Had to/would have toWasnt/

He said I must go nowHe said that he had to go then


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Mustn t Wasn t/werent + able to..

He said that he had to go then

Have to Had to They said we have to wear uniforms

They said that they had to wear uniforms.

Should Should He said you should have some days offHe said that I should have some days off.

Ought to Ought to She said you ought not to say to him like that

She said that we ought not to say to him like that.

Can Could She said I can speak three languagesShe said that she could speak three languages

May Might He said you may go out He said that I might go out.

Shall Would/Should/begoing to

They said we shall help youThey said that they should help us

TIME Reported speech examples

Yesterday The previous day He said I met Linh yesterday


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y p yThe day before

y yHe said that he had met Linh the day before.

go Three days before/earlierBefore/earlier

He said I met Linh two days agoHe said that he had met Linh two days before.

Last Thebefore/thepervious..

He said I met Linh last weekHe said that he had met Linh the week before.

Now then She said I want to go now

She said that he wanted to go then

Today/tonight That day/that night He said go out with me tonight

He told me to go out that night

Tomorrow The next day/the following day

He asked me what will you do tomorrow?

He asked me what I would do the next day.

Next.. The next../the followingThe.after

PLACE Reported speech examples


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Here There He said I live here, in this flat

He said that he lived there in that flat.

DEMONSTRATIVEDJECTIVES/

PRONOUNS

Reported speech examples

This That who is this? he said to her

He asked her who that was.

these those whose books are these? She told her.She asked her whose books those were.

I Statements


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I. Statements.

1. Steps:a. Add that ( can be omitted if unnecessary) before

we leave off the quotation marks.

b. Change the pronouns and possessive adjectives if

necessary.c. Change the tenses, adverbs of time or place, and

demonstrative heads. see part (A).

Ex. He said I am writing this letter in my own room

now.He said that he was writing that letter in his own

room then.

2. Questions.


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2. Questions.

2.1. yes/no questions.

a. Change say/say to or tell into ask/want to know /require or wonder.b. Leave of the quotation marks and change the question into the positive

one before

we add ifor whether in front of the subject.

c. Change the pronouns or possessive adjectives into the suitable ones.

d. Change the tenses, adverbs of time or place, and demonstrative heads.(see part A).

Ex. Do you live in Hanoi? He said

He asked me ifI lived in Hanoi.

Are you learning English here? He said to her.He wanted to know whethershe was learning English there.

2.2. Wh questions.

Ch / t t ll i t k/ t t k


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a. Change say/say to or tell into ask/want to know

/require/or wonder...

b. Leave of the quotation marks and change thequestion into the positive one but we

still keep the same place with Wh word.

c. Change the pronouns or possessive adjectives into thesuitable ones.

d. Change the tenses, adverbs of time or place, and

demonstrative heads. (see part A).ex. where do you learn English? he told us.

he asked us where we learned English.

3 Exclamations


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3. Exclamations

a. Change the introductory verbs (say/say to/tell..) into the verb exclaim

b. Do the same steps as the statements.

Ex. How expensive the car is she said

She exclaimed how expensive the car was.

4. Commands or requisitions.

a. Change the introductory verbs( say/say to.. = V1) into the verbs( tell,ask,beg,request,order)

b. Positive.

V2 + O2 S1 + V1 + O1 direct speech

S + TELL/ASK/ORDER + O1 + TO + V2 + O2 reported speech

Ex. go out he said to his son.

He told his son to go out

c. Negative.

If the directed speech is


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If the directed speech is

DONT + V2 + O2 S1 + V1 + O1

The reported speech will be

S + TELL/ASK/ORDER + O1 + NOT + TO + V2 + O2

Ex. Dont spend much time playing computer games

she said to her son.

She asked her son not to spend much time playing

computer games.

5. Some special cases.


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pa. When there is a definite time word in the direct speech, we dont have to change the

tense in the reported speech.

Ex. My mother said I was born in 1968.My mother said that she was born in 1968.

b. When the direct speech is the second or the third conditions, we dont have to changetense in the reported speech.

Ex. I would go shopping if it werent raining she said.

She said that she would go shopping if it werent raining.

c. Past subjunctive in the Wish clause, as if clause..Ex. He said I wish I were a millionaire

He said that he wished he were a millionaire.

d. If there are words: could,would,should,might,used to,ought to, would rather, hadbetter.,we keep

the same tense or kind.

Ex. My father said to me you had better go on holiday for some daysMy father told me I had better go on holiday for some days.

e. Should = advise/ would you like = invite/ I will..= offer/ promise

Ex. Ill take you some photos. He said to us

He offered to take us some photos.

Change the following sentences into the reported speech.


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1. You can sit here she said to the old lady.

2. I am taking my driving test tomorrow he said.

3. Maria will arrive late today I said to my fiends.

4. I have just had this new mobile phone she told me.

5. They left here an hour ago she told him.6. I dont want to any thing to eat now. He said.

7. I posted your letter yesterday. Joanna said to her brother.

8. You must work harder on your exercises. He said to us.

9. You should go shopping every day? He said to his wife.

10. There isnt any salt in the bottle. he said to his wife

11. We cant go to school now because it is raining so hard.They said.


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12. I dont have to grow these lemon trees myself.she said

13. I saw Trang in the class twenty minutes ago. he said to me

14. I wont go out with you this evening because I have to work

late he said to me.

15. you mustnt park your motorbike here. The policeman

said to us.16. I will go to my village next week she said.

17. I havent seen you for ages she said.

18. My car was stolen a few weeks ago I said

19. What is your job? He said to me.

20. Are you a shopkeeper here? He told her.

22. Are you a shopkeeper here? He told her.23. What school are you going to? We said to them.

24 C l i l i t t ? Th t h


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24. Can you play any musical instruments? The teachersaid to the student.

25. How many languages can you speak? he asked me.

26. Have you got any ballpoint pens? She told her friend.

27. Why do you want me to take you to school? He saidto her.

28. How did you hear about the course? He said to her.

29. Do you have any new friends in this new school?Trung told the new comer.

30. Will you go t her brother.

31. How long have you worked here? The new boss told

him.The boss asked him how long he had worked there

32. What exams did you take? I said to him.

33. Are you willing to work here? He told her.34. How many children are there in this class? her mother

k d h


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asked her.

35. How much is your computer? he said to me.

36. When shall we eat dinner? The children said to theirmother.

37. Had you done your home work before you slept lastnight? He said to me.

38. Did you do your math exercises yesterday morning? hisfather said to him.

39. Stay in bed for a few days the doctor said to me.

40. Dont wait for me if I come late he said to his friends.

41. Please dont tell anyone what you saw. Ann said to me.42. Dont wear these boots in the house he said to his

younger brother.

Relative clauses


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Relative clauses

I. Definition.

-Relative clause is called an Adjective clause because itis a subordinate clause, which is used to modify the

noun in front of it (front noun).

-Relative clause is linked to the main clause with the

relative pronouns: who, whom, which, whose, that or

the relative adverbs: where, when and why.

-Relative clause is placed right behind the noun itreplaces

-There are two types of relative clauses:

a. defining clauses or restrictive clauses


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It is a necessary clause which clears and

modifies the noun in front if it. The mainclause doesnt have enough meaning orinformation without it. This type of clausehas no comma in front of or behind it.

Ex. The girl who is talking to that teacheris my best friend, Linh.

b.Non-defining clauses or non-restrictiveclauses.


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It is unnecessary clause to clear and modify the

noun in front of it because the front noun has clearmeaning or enough information. So the front nounoften goes with the words: this, that, these, those,my, hisor proper names. This type of clause has

comma in front of and behind it.Ex. That girl, who is talking to the teacher, is mybest friend, Linh.

Note. The relative pronoun that isnt used inthe non- defining clause.

II. The table of functions.


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Functions Noun Relative pronoun Relative pronoun

Subject People Who/thatWho/that + V .

Which/thatWhich/that + V..

Object Thing Whom/thatWhom/that + S + V...

Which/thatWhich/that + S + V...

Possessive people Whose + N + V.+ S + V..

possessive thing WhoseWhose + N + V

+ S + V

III. Uses.


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1. Who.

Who is replaced with a noun of peopleto be the subject for the verb behind itand of its clause.

Ex. The woman who is standing overthere is my mother.

Do you know the woman who isstanding over there?

2. Whom.Whom is replaced with a noun of people to be the


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p p pobject for the verb behind it and of its clause.

Ex. Do you know the woman whom I helpedyesterday?

The man whom you saw on the way to school

yesterday is my brother.Whom can be omitted.

The man (whom) you saw on the way to schoolyesterday is my brother.

3. Which.Which is replaced with a noun of people and things to be

b h h bj d h bj f h b b hi d i d f


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both the subject and the object for the verb behind it and ofits clause.

Ex. That is the book, which belongs to my father.

The book which you are reading was borrowed from thelibrary a week ago.

Note: when which is used as an object we can omit it.The book you are reading was borrowed from the library a

week ago.

Which can be replaced with a clause. In this case there is a

comma in front of it.Ex. Trung won the lottery, which surprised every student in

the class.

4.That.That can be replaced with who, whom, which in the defining/restrictiveclauses and in some special cases.

E Thi i th bil h hi h/th t I lik b t


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Ex. This is the mobile phone which/that I like best.The girl whom/that my sister is meeting is the student in the same

class as mine.a. When the front nouns are both people and things.Ex. Can you notice the people and the flags that are over there?b. When in front of the front noun is the words: some, any, no, every,

all, much, several, a few, a little...

ex. There is no people that lived in this area twenty years ago.c. When the front noun is used with superlative.Ex. This is the most beautiful watch that(which) you can find in this

town.c. That is used in the emphatic structure(cleft sentences) with the

subject it:it is a noun of (name, time or place) + THAT..

Ex. It is John that got mark 10 this morning.It was on Friday that I paid you 200 thousand dong.

5.whose.

Whose is replaced with a possessive adjective


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p p j(my,her,his, their) standing in front of a

noun of both people and things. Whose mustgo together with a noun.

Ex. she is a student. Hermotheris my teacher of

EnglishShe is a studentwhosemotheris my teacher of

English.

That table is old. its leg was broken.That table whose leg was broken is old.

6. when.When is an adverb of time, which is replaced


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with a noun of time to be a relative adverb of

its clause. When must be behind the noun oftime. When is used in stead of at/on/in +which/then

Ex. May Day is the daywhen we hold ameeting.

May Day is the day on which we hold ameeting.

7.30 is the timewhen our school starts7.30 is the time at which our school starts.

7. where.Where is an adverb of place, which is replaced with a


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noun of place to be a relative adverb of its clause.

When must be behind the noun of place. Where isused in stead of at/on/in + which/there.

Ex. That is the citywhere I was born and grewup.

That is the city in which I was born and grew up.

This is the hotelwhere we stayed for our holidaylast year.

This is the hotel at which we stayed for ourholiday last year.

8.why.Why is an adverb of reason, which is replaced


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y pwith the phrase the reason/the cause to be

a relative adverb of its clause. Why must bebehind the noun of place.

Ex: He didnt go to school yesterday. Please tell

me the reason.Please tell us the reason why you didnt go toschool yesterday.

IV. special cases.( dnh cho hs tham kho)

1. when the verb of relative clauses contains a preposition.In this case, we only with the relative pronouns: whom and which.a. we put the preposition in front of the pronouns: whom or which.

Ex. The woman is Mrs. Lien. I am talking to her.> The woman to whom I am talking is Mrs. Lien.


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gThat is the bus. I have been waiting for it.> that is the bus for which I have been waiting.b. we can omit whom and which and put the preposition behind the verb.

Ex. The woman is Mrs. Lien. I am talking to her.> The woman I am talking to is Mrs. Lien.That is the bus. I have been waiting for it.> That is the bus I have been waiting for.c.we can use that in stead of whom or which but we have to keep the preposition in the original place- behind the

Ex. The woman is Mrs. Lien. I am talking to her.> The woman that I am talking to is Mrs. Lien.That is the bus. I have been waiting for it.> That is the bus that I have been waiting for.

d. when the verb of the preposition stand behind an other verb (compound verbs =phrasal verbs= two word verbs: look for, lookafter, take off, put on).we must not place the preposition in front of whom or which.Ex. The woman is Mrs. Lien. I have been looking for her.

The woman whom I have been looking for is Mrs. Lien.The woman that I have been looking forThis is a new word. I want to look up it.This is a new word which I want to look up.This is a new word that I want to look up.e. we can only use whom and which with the phrases: all of/most of/both of/none of/some ot

ex. She has two children.both of them are studying abroad.She has two children both of whom are studying abroad.He gave me ten ball point pens. Most of them are expensive.He gave me tn ball point pen most of which are expensive.

Note. Only the preposition without we always put in front of whom or which

Ex. That is my close friend. I cant make any progress in learning English without her.That is my close friend without whom I cant make any progress in English.

2. reduced forms of relative clauses.a. we can use present participles(V-ing) to reduce the relative clauses in cases of active forms.The ways to reduce:

When the verb in the relative clause is in active form, we reduce it by omitting the relative pronoun andthe auxiliary verb and then we change the main verb into present participle (V ing)


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the auxiliary verb, and then we change the main verb into present participle (V-ing).Ex. The man is my father. He met you at school yesterday.

The man who met you at school yesterday is my father.

The man meeting you at school yesterday is my father.b. we can use past participles(V-ed) to reduce the relative clauses in cases of passive forms.The ways to reduce:

When the verb in the relative clause is in passive form, we reduce it by omitting the relative pronoun, theauxiliary verb and the verb to be, and then we begin to use the past participle (V-ed).

Ex. That is the national bank. It was built a long time ago.That is the national bank built a long time ago.Those animals are so hungry. They are being fed by the zookeeper.

Those animals fed by the zookeeper are so hungry.c. we can use to infinitive, infinitive phrases= for + O + to + V to reduce relative clauses.Ex. English is an important language. We need to learn it for communication.

English is an important language, which We need to learn for communicationEnglish is an important language to learn for communication.

English is an important language for us to learn for communication (emphasize we).Here is the application form that you must to fill in.

Here is the application form for you to fill in.This is the room where we can sit down and revise the lesson.This is the room (fir us) to sit down and revise the lesson.

I. use the relative pronoun to combine each pairof the sentences below.


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1. The student is from America. He sits next to me.

2. I thanked the woman. This woman had helpedme.

3. The professor is excellent. I am taking his course.

4. The professor whose course I am taking isexcellent

5. Mr. Smith said he was too busy to speak to me. Ihad to come to see him.


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1. You didnt tell me the reason. I have to cut down my dailyexpenses for that reason.

You didnt tell me the reason why I have to cut down my daily


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y y yexpenses

2. The day was rainy. She left on that day.The day when She left was rainy.

3. I have sent him two letters. He has received neither ofthem.

I have sent him two letters neither of which He has received4. That man is an artist. I dont remember the mans name.

That man is an artist whose name dont remember

5. I went to HochiMinh a month ago. I was born in HochiMinh

nearly twenty years ago.I went to HochiMinh where I was born nearly twenty years

ago a month ago.

1. One of the elephants has only one tusk. We saw theseelephants at the zoo.

We saw these elephants One of which has only one tusk. at the zoo.


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We saw these elephants One of which has only one tusk. at the zoo.

2. That car belongs to Long. Its engine is very modern and

good.That car whose engine is very modern and good belongs to Long.

3. This is Mrs. Jones. Her son passed the exam to universitylast year.

This is Mrs. Jones whose son passed the exam to university last year4. I will introduce you to my classmate. His family has just

moved to the city.

I will introduce you to my classmate whose family has just moved to

the city.5. Rod Lee has won an Oscar. I know his parents.

Rod Lee, whose parents I know has won an Oscar.

1. Is this the style of hair? Your sister wants to have it.2. A girl answered the phone. She told me your mother had

gone shopping.


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gone shopping.

3. 7.15 is the time. My class starts then.

4. Loan isnt home yet. That worries her parents.

5. Do you know the building? The windows of the buildingare repainted green.

6. Last week I went to see the house. I used to live in it.7. Be sure to follow the instructions. They are given at the

top of the page.

8. Hoan Kiem Lake is historical place. Its water is always

blue.9. You sent me a laptop. Thank you very much for it.

10. I was sitting on a chair. It suddenly collapsed

1. That is the good hotel. We stayed at that hotel whenever wecame here in the summer.

2. That was the day. He took a charge of it on that day.

3 1989 is the year He was born in that year


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3. 1989 is the year. He was born in that year.

4. I will show you a good bookshop. you can find valuable books

in this bookshop.5. I will never forget the park. We met each other for the first time

there.

6. The police want to know the hotel. The thief stayed at thishotel five days ago.

7. The reasons are the basic grammatical ones. I am scolded bythe teacher for these reasons.

8. the road is shaded with trees. I go to school on this road everyday.

9. She does not speak the cause. She divorced her husband forthis cause.

10. I havent decided the day. I will go to China on that day.

1. I recently went to my countryside. I was born there nearlytwenty years ago.

2. I recently went to my countryside. It has been developing withmany companies


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many companies.

3. my youngest sister is the most intelligent. She always gets

marks 10.4. that doctor is excellent and kind. I visit him twice a year.

5. do you like the music? It is being playing on the laptop.

6. some of my friends want to know the fashion shop. I visitedthere two months ago.

7. they didnt tell me the reason . I have to cut down my dailyexpenses for that reason.

8. last Friday was rainy. We had to go to school on that day.

9. the reason hasnt been told me yet. My parents will go to the

city for this reason.10. Mason Jackson is a singer. I like his music.

11. he couldn't go to his close friends wedding party. That was apity.

Causation: have/getti P i


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active Passive

S + have + sb + V + sthS + get + sb + to + to + sth

Ex: she has me wash her bike.The same meaning as:

she gets me to wash her bike

S + have/get + sth + Vp-II

She has her bike washed by me

She gets her bike washed by me

Give the right form of the verbs


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1. He often has me (repair) his car but he had his car(repair).yesterday

2. She often asks his husband (type) ..documentsbut yesterday she got her document (type)..onher way to work.

3. Have you ever had your housework (do)?

4. We got our house (paint).last Sunday but we willget my friends (do).this year.

5. Lan asked her friend to take her children to school,which means she had or got her chilren (take) ..school


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b. every

each + singular noun + verb(singular)


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either of + plural noun + verb(plural)

neither of

Ex: each student has their own family

either of my friend works in Hanoi.

either of my friends work in Hanoi

neither of my friends work in Hanoi.

neither of my friend works in Hanoi.

c.every


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any + (body/thing/one) + V( singular)

no

some

Ex. nobody lives on their parents forever.

d.

neither nor


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either + NOUN1/S1 + or + NOUN2/S2 + V (NOUN2/S2)

not only but also

Ex: neither they norhe is an accountant

neither he northey are accountantsEx. Not only you but also I am a learner of English here.

e. with

NOUN1/S1 + together + NOUN2/S2 + V( NOUN1/S1)


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g ( )

a long with

as well as

Ex. I as well as he have a book, a pen, a pencil andan eraser.

bothand + V ( plural)

Ex: both he and she are workers

the number of + plural noun + V( singular)

a number of + plural noun + V (plural)

allsome singular noun + V(singular)

none

f


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plenty + of +

halfmost plural noun + V( plural)

the rest

a lot/lots

no + singular noun + V( singular)..

no + plural noun + V (plural)

Ex. a lot of students are coming on holiday on these days

a lot of water is needed to water the flowers in my garden.

1. The picture of the solders (bring/brings) back manymemories.

The picture of the solders (bring/brings) back many memories

2 A thi (i / ) b tt th i t th i t t


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2. Anything (is/are) better than going to their party tomorrow,

Anything (is/are) better than going to their party tomorrow,3. A number of reporters (is/ are) coming to the conference

tonight.

A number of reporters (is/ are) coming to the conference

tonight,4. There (are/is) some teachers in the classroom over there now.

There (are/is) some teachers in the classroom over there now.

5. Each interviewer (has/have) to take a oral test before

getting the job.Each interviewer (has/have) to take a oral test before getting

the job.

6. Either his wife or his parents (make/makes) breakfast eachmorning.

Either his wife or his parents (make/makes) breakfast eachmorning


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morning.

7. The army (has/have) made much contribution to the nation.The army (has/have) made much contribution to the nation.

8. The number of the students learning English (need/needs)to spend more time.

The number of the students learning English (need/needs)to spend more time.9. These pictures as well as the poster (brighten/brightens) the

room.

These pictures as well as the poster (brighten/brightens) the room

10. Gymnastics ( is/are) her favorite sport.

Gymnastics ( is/are) her favorite sport.

11. The trousers his mother bought for him (dont/doesnt) fithim any more.

12. Where (do/does) his family live?


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13. Five day (is/are) long enough for your holiday this

summer.14. What he told me (seem/seems) to be of no importance.

15. Measles (is/are) cured easily nowadays without anydifficulties.

16. Neither moon nor stars (are/is) visible in this dark night.17. Wheat (are/is) used to make flour.

19. Unfortunately the news (was/were) worse than they hadexpected.

20. I dont like this weather. Thirty two degrees (is/are) hardenough to experience.

21. Maria, along with her eighteen friends,(is/are) planning a campingholiday.

22. The quality of these disks (is/are) not very good.23. If the duties of these officers (isnt/arent) reduced, there wont be

enough time to


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enough time tofinish the project.

24. Neither my classmates nor my best friend,( is/are) going to themeeting class.

25. Nothing (is/are) better than staying at home and watching TV in thisweather.

26. A number of representatives from many provinces (was/were) at the

National Assembly last year.26. The police (come/comes)to the site of the accident.27. My brother with his friends (dont/doesnt) like playing computer

games.28. Bread and butter (is/are) what she wants to ask for.

29. What we want to do now (is/are) not important to them.30. bread and butter ( is/are) food.

on thi cong doan

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