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Cancer prevention : (CANSWER) By Oncosuresh Date 1/12/14 Why ?More than half of all cancer deaths could be prevented by making healthy choices like not smoking, staying at a healthy weight, eating right, keeping active, and getting recommended screening tests.

What is Cancer prevention Cancer prevention is action taken to lower the chance of getting cancer.ACTION (AAA)Avoid (Risk factor)Accept or attach.(Protective factor)Attention & Alteration (Modifiable factor)Avoid Risk factor Anything that increases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer risk factor .Avoid : Agent or substance that are well know to increase the risk of cancer is to be avoided Smoking , Tobacco chewing ,Alcohol . Radiation - UV exposure. Ionizing radiation & Radon Viruses and Bacteria (HPV ,HBV, HIV & Helicobacter pylori).ATTACH-Protective factorAnything that decreases your chance of developing cancer is called a cancer protective factor.Well known protective factors to be accepted or to be attached Healthy Diet (Increase intake of Sprouts, Veg, fruits, Decrease intake of Diary products)Vaccine (HPV,HBV)Moderate physical activity Meditated state Psychological state .

Modifiable factorModifiable factor Some risk factors for cancer can be avoided, but many cannot. For example, both smoking and inheriting certain genes are risk factors for some types of cancer, but only smoking can be avoided. Risk factors that a person can control are called modifiable risk factors.Self examination Screening Chemo prevention . Chemoprevention (medicines to treat a precancerous condition or to keep cancer from starting). Finding precancerous conditions early. Precancerous conditions are conditions that may become cancer.KNOWN & UNKNOWN Risk factor

KNOWN Risk factor Tobacco.Alcohol.Environmental pollutants & Pesticides.Chronic stress Ionizing (UV,Radon gas, radioactive material-ray etc) and non ionizing radiation. Electro magnetic wave from power lines ,cable ,cell phone etc)Diet too rich & too poor (Western diet and malnutrition)Infectious agent (HPV,HBV,HCV,EBV,Helicobacter pylori )UNKNOWN Risk factorHigh meat Intake. Antiperspirants & deodorant.Oral contraceptive pills Reproductive history :Being nun, ignoring breast feeding .Sedentary and western life style .KNOWN Protective factor

Antioxidants (Rainbow food )Vit D from Sunlight (Accept )and Ignore UV from sun.Going green. (living with nature)Vaccination.Self examination and screening.

Novel Novel risk factor -ObesityBreaking Biological clockBeing in chronic stress

Novel protective factor Body (Physical work out) and bowel movement Being in breath ..Bowing to biological clock Being natural Being busy bee with heee (working with Joyyyyy)Obesity & Cancer Obesity is a condition in which a person has an abnormally high and unhealthy proportion of body fat.

Obesity doesnt suit only to the one who is extra large . Even small ,medium size people to have Unhealthy proportion of body fat (Visceral adipose tissue).Abdominal fat.

Obesity is associated with increased risks of cancers of the esophagus, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium (the lining of the uterus), colon and rectum, kidney, pancreas, thyroid, gallbladder, and possibly other cancer types.

Obese people are also at higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a number of other chronic diseasesBMI BMI BMI CategoriesBelow 18.5 Underweight18.5 to 24.9 Normal25.0 to 29.9 Overweight30.0 and above ObeseMechanism Several possible mechanisms have been suggested to explain the association of obesity with increased risk of certain cancers:Fat tissue produces excess amounts of estrogen, high levels of which have been associated with the risk of breast, endometrial, and some other cancers.

Obese people often have increased levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in their blood (a condition known as hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance), which may promote the development of certain tumors.

Fat cells produce hormones, called adipokines, that may stimulate or inhibit cell growth. Forexample, leptin, which is more abundant in obese people, seems to promote cell proliferation,whereas adiponectin, which is less abundant in obese people, may have antiproliferativeeffects.

Obese people often have chronic low-level, or subacute, inflammation, which has beenassociated with increased cancer risk.

Other possible mechanisms include altered immune responses, effects on the nuclear factor kappa beta system, and oxidative stressEXERCISE EXIT Your SIZE

Most people say they do sustained exercise inspite of that they dont put down their weight and they will give up, after few try ..Remember: You can put down your weight with restricted diet (with balanced nutrition) coupled with sustained physical work out.One can minimize lifetime weight gain through the combination of caloric restriction (in part by consuming a diet rich in vegetables and fruits) and regular physical activity. sustainlyBiological clock A circadian rhythm is an oscillating biological rhythm that resets approximately every 24 hours (hence the Latin term circa (around), diem (day)).

Disruption of circadian rhythms Several environmental factors that disrupt circadian rhythms can be identified including exposure to artificial light and electromagnetic (EM) waves, unbalanced diet and night shift work.

Inner Clock (Biological clock)This clock, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is actually a pair of pinhead-sized brain structures that together contain about 20,000 neurons. The SCN rests in a part of the brain,just above the point where the optic nerves cross, which is called as called thehypothalamus.Light that reaches photoreceptors in the retina creates signals that travel along the optic nerve to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus travel to several brain regions, including the pineal gland, which responds to light-induced signals by switching off production of the hormone melatonin.

8 geneCircadian rhythms are controlled by a core of 8 genes, which also exert control over key cell-cycle checkpoint genes and genes of apoptosis.So far, 8 core circadian genes have been identified: Clock, casein kinase 1e (CK1e), cryptochrome 1 (Cry1) and cryptochrome 2 (Cry2), Period1 (Per1), Period2 (Per2) and Period3 (Per3), and Bmal1.

Biological Mechanism In humans, the pineal gland in the brain is the main source of melatonin, which upon secretion exerts various effects ranging from energy balance to circadian entrainment by activating melatonin receptors (MT1, MT2). These G-protein coupled receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as several peripheral organs such as the liver, ovary and prostate (Pandi-Perumal et al., 2008).

Cortisol is another hormone that is secreted by the adrenal gland in a diurnal fashion and it produces a range of effects including immune system suppression and carbohydrate and fat metabolism.

Apart from these two hormones, there are several other signaling molecules like estrogen, testosterone, and inflammatory cytokines that are regulated by circadian rhythms either directly or indirectly (Harmer et al., 2001).

Furthermore, melatonin has an inverse effect on estrogen and other circulating reproductive hormones in the blood (Reiter et al., 1980; Cohen et al., 1978). Therefore, a decreased concentration of melatonin in the blood is associated with an increased concentration of androgens like estrogen and progesterone. It can be hypothesized that estrogens stimulatory effect on the growth of mammary cells increases the turnover of these cells, thereby increasing the chance for replication errors.

Another mechanism for melatonins protective role is its well-described anti-oxidant effect. Melatonin is a potent free radical scavenger and has secondary effects by increasing the expression level of antioxidant enzymes. A decreased level of melatonin will result in an accumulation of free radicals leading to increased risk for cellular damage and somatic mutations.

Melatonin inhibits myeloperoxidase catalytic activity (177), which is important in the pathogenesis of cancer (178,179).

Melatonin has a protective effect against the DNA-damaging action of hydrogen peroxide, by chemical inactivation of this DNA-damaging agent and stimulation of DNA repair (180)

Melatonin suppresses ovarian estrogen production. Women who are for years exposed to light at night during the time of the usual melatonin peak may have elevated estrogen production resulting in increased breast cancer incidence. Melatonin may serve as an antioxidant in tumor cells, and it stimulates cytokine release from activated T cells, aiding anti-tumor immunity (Davis et al., 2001; Schernhammer et al., 2001).

Dont be blind be awake Women with total visual blindness have a lower risk of breast cancer than blind women with light perception.

Endometrial cancer (Viswanathan et al., 2007) and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (Lahti et al., 2008) are two other cancers with increased occurrence in night shift workers. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Schernhammer and colleagues (2003) demonstrated a direct link between night shift work and increased risk of colorectal cancer.

health risks among pilots showed an increased risk for cancer, particularly prostate cancer (Pukkala et al., 2003; Band et al., 1996). The routine of pilots mimics a state of chronic circadian disruption as the internal clock is desynchronized with the environmental cues and re-entrainment, resulting in further disruption

STRESS The body responds to physical, mental, or emotional pressure by releasing stress hormones (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine) that increase blood pressure, speed heart rate, and raise blood sugar levels.Cancer-The emperor of all maladies (By Siddhartha Mukerjhee)MIND-the emperor of all remedies (By Onco )There can be little doubt that your mind can make you ill. So can your mind heal you? Can stress or mental state cause cancer?

CHRONIC STRESS Psychological stress describes what people feel when they are under mental, physical, or emotional pressure. Although it is normal to experience some psychological stress from time to time, people who experience high levels of psychological stress or who experience it repeatedly over a long period of time may develop health problems (mental and/or physical).

Psychological Stress Mechanism Psychological stress alone has not been found to cause cancer, but psychological stress that lasts along time may affect a persons overall health and ability to cope with cancer.Epinephrine Protects Cancer Cells from Apoptosis via Activation of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase and BAD Phosphorylation*

Epinephrine reduces sensitivity of cancer cells to apoptosis through interaction with 2-adrenergic receptorsStress hormones such as Cortisol can negatively influence the Cox2 inflammatory pathway, a known precursor to certain cancers and illnesses like arthritis.Dont forget that exercise, with its release of endorphins, is known to help reduce and neutralise stress hormones. Endorphins are also known as happy hormones. Retained low level stress in the body results in elevated blood sugar, weakened immune systems, loss of bone mass (cortisol blocks oestrogen receptors on bone cells and also lowers calcium uptake), memory failure and artery hardening.Relationship There is a relationships between psychological stress (e.g., depression and unemployment) and alterations of circadian cortisol rhythms (Chrousos and Gold, 1998Numerous physical and emotional stresses imposed by a cancer diagnosis or poor life style (e.g., medical treatments, anxiety about diagnosis/prognosis, and disruption of social functioning) that activate endocrine stress-response mechanisms including the hypothalamic pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS).Important aspects of anti-tumor immunity may be suppressed by stress-related increases in HPA and/or SNS activity

ANY QUESTION ? Here is the Ans :LIFE IS SIMPLE Dont make it complicate .Live until you die ,dont die when you live.Life is once go with your heart, without taking others heart .

Thanking you and LOVING you all ..

By Oncosuresh