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A*i Old Homestead.

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iiind wtta well atorod with facts thatuuuld always be brought forwardwhen he wished to sustain a pointm an a rg u m e n t o r q u o t at i o n s f r o mthe Engl i ib poets when he wished tosdoru a c o nv e rs at io n , m a de hi m anexoellent talker and a moat agreea

ble oud iiistruuttve companion. Ofhim th e lute Mrs. Catliariue Newtoniu a private le t ter wri tt sn after th eattainment of he r four score years,says, '' A geutleiiian well qualitledto graco snj* modem drawingrixim.

In Mr . O'Neall married an dfor hIxyears tho old home wasagalua soeial a nd in te l l ec tual cen te ia lutBS4 bosold th e premises to Mr. JohnJohnson, and moved his family toWe s t er n l u il i an u .

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L i t t l e T u r t l e

Minnesota River, but he afte rward used th istreaty as an argument for stirring up antagonismto the whites. A persuasive orator, he was chiefly responsible for th e outbreak which followedeleven years later. On Aug. 18, 1862, incensedbecause of the non-arrival of the annuities provided for in the t reaty an d deluded by th e beliefthat because of th e Civil W a r no soldiers wouldbe available fo r th e defense of th e settlements,th e Sioux rose in revolt. Along a stretch of thefrontier fo r more than tw o hundred miles theypillaged and burned the farm houses and villagesan d with an unparalleled ferocity to rtured andmassacred the inhabitants, nearly a thousand ofwhom ar e estimated to have perished. L it tl eCrow commanded the force which unsuccessfullyattacked Fort Ridgely, Aug. 20-22, an d alsoth e force which was routed by General Sibleya t Wood Lake, Sept. 23. After this decisive action he fled to his kinfolk farther west, but in thefollowing year, with a young son, again venturedinto the devastated terri tory, to which many ofthe settlers had returned. On the evening of July3, while prowling about a farm near Hutchinson,McLeod County, he was shot and killed.

Despite his dissoluteness. Little Crow V wa sa man of energy and determination. He possessed, however, no military talents, an d he heldpower solely through his orator ical abilities.Though he is said to have had twenty-two children, the issue of six wives, the dynasty endedw it h h is death .

[Cyrus Thomas, Handbook of Am. Indians , vol. I 1907 ; H. H. Sibley, Remini scences of th e EarlyDays of Minn., Minn. Hist. Soc. Colls., vol. I l l(t88o) ; W. W. Folwell Hist, o Minn. (4 vols. ipai30) ; E ll io tt Coues, The Exped it ions Zcbulon Montgomery Pike (3 vols., 189s ; H. R. Schoolcraft, .Sm-

mary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition . . , in1820 (i8ss).l W.J.G.

LITTLE TURTLE (c. i7S2-JuIy I4 1812),Miami chief , whose Indian name wa s Michi-kinikwa, was born in a Miami village on EelRiver, twenty miles northwest of Fort Wayne,Ind . H is father was a M ia mi c hi ef an d hi smother is s ai d t o h a ve b ee n a Mahican. O f h isearly life little is known. He was on good termsw it h t he Brit ish an d rendered s om e s e rv i ce tothem in the American Revolution. He tookpartin th e massacre of De La Balme's forces, atAboite River, in 1780. In th e troublous yearsthat followed, when the early Ohio settlementswere be ing made. Little Turt le g rew no morefriendly toward Americans. Hi s skill in wa ran d hi s oratorical powers made hi m one of th emost important chiefs in the old Northwest.With grea t military shrewdness he acted as oneof the principal leaders of the Indians at the de-

L i t t l e f i e l d

feat of Harmar, in 1790 and of St. Clair, in1791. In the autumn of 1792he commanded theIndian forces in a skirmish with a company ofKentuckians. When General Anthony Waynemarched his troops into the Northwest, LittleTurtle led the attack on Fort Recovery in 1794and sought British aid against the Americans,but, later, counseled peace. His advice was nottaken by the other chiefs, who were elated overtheir former successes; he lost his leadershipin council an d wa s not in command at FallenTimbers. He signed the Treaty of Greenvillein179s and many subsequent treaties with theUnited States. When William Henry Harrison[q.t'.] undertook the rapid acquisition of title toIndian lands. Little Turtle wasgranted a specialannuity by the United States (Indian OfficeLetter Book, A, pp. 144 205, 233) and, with hisson-in- law, Wil liam Wel ls, was sent to obtainIndian support for the cession; but his activitiesfailedto satisfy Harrison. Nevertheless, in 1805his annuity was increased by fifty dollars andhe was given a negro slave (American State Papers, post , p. 702 .

H e visited th e cities of th e United States several times and became a popular Indian hero tothe Americans. He met the Frenchphilosopher,Volney, who questioned him about the nativeraces, and he receivedgifts from the great Kos-ciuszko. In 1801 he delivered, beforea committeeof Friends in Baltimore, a speech against theintroduction of whiskey into the Indian country(Memorial of Evan Thomas, and others, a Cojn-mittee Appointed for Indian Affairs by the Yearly Meeting.. . 1802,1802, pp. 5-10). The UnitedStates built him a house at his village. Headopted some American ways and acquired awhite man's disease,gout. Among his own people his prestige declined sharply, but he is credited with keeping the Miami from joining the confederacy of Tecumseh. A frequent visitor at FortWayne, he received medical attention from th earmy surgeon and died there shortly after thebeginning of the second wa r with England.

[C. M. Young, Lit tle Turtle 1917 ; C. F. Chasse-boeuf, Comte de Volney, Tableau du Climat et du So ldes Etats-Unis (1803), vol. I I ; Governors Messagesan d Letters. Messages an d Letters of Wm. H. Ha rrison, Ind. Hist. Colls. (2 vols., 1922) ; Am. State Papers, Indian Affa i rs , vol . I 1832 ; E. D. Ma ns fie ld ,Personal Memories (1879); J. P. Dunn, True IndianStories (1908).] W. B r.

LITTLEFIELD, G E O R G E WASHINGTON June 21, i842-Nov. 10,1920), cowman,banker, an d patron of higher education, was bornin Panola County, Miss., th e child of Flemingan d Mildred M. Satterwhite Littlefield. Hi sfather, a cotton planter, emigrated to Texas to

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settle in Gla ter he disive plantamanagemenGeorge W.th e 8 t h Te x aTexas Ranw as a lm o s tShiloh, whmen; as aunder Braa t th e b atfurlough, Jle r of Houwhile he hfered a s e vw a rd w a sTexas app

H is heamanagingsmall counSan M a rc olocal croptune by dt rai l to Abdriving caTexas tof o r med aship whicprofitableo n t he frTascosa wpany forcated o n tsoon rangfame o f LWest. Intin, wherN a ti on a l Bserved asbronze dwith herdof its orithe wallsproximatth e Lit t lef

In 191th e needt o ri c al s oestabl isheHistorym en t w h iccome f roimpartialA m e ri ca naged led 225,000

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Lyman1836, 1839, 1845, 1847, 1852; Am. Jour, of Educ., Mar.1861; Boston Daily Atlas, July 19, 1849.] P.H. B.

LYMAN, THEODORE (Aug. 23,1833-Sept.9,1897), zoologist, was born in Waltham, Mass.,the son of Theodore Lyman, 1792-1849 Iq.v. ],a man of broad culture a nd v ar ie d interests, an dMary Elizabeth Henderson. He was reared ina home of affluence and cu lture an d in hi s earlyyouth was instructed by private tutors. In 1855he was graduated from Harvard College, and atthe time of his graduation he stood fourth in hisclass. H e wa s attractive in physical appearance,of great personal charm, with a keen intelligenceand sense of humor. During the years immediately following his graduation he worked underthe tutelage of Louis Agassiz in the Lawrence

Scientific School, joined an expedition of scientific research in Florida wate r s, took th e degreeof B.S. in 1858 and began the publication ofpapers on Ophiurans. In 1859 he was electedone of the original trustees of the Museum ofComparative Zoology, and somewhat later treasurer. H is rare common sense, wrote GeorgeR. Agassiz, acted as a balance wheel in itssomewhat hectic development (S . E. Morison,Development of Harvard University,1869-1929,1929 p. 405). For the next score of years hewrote numerous articles on the Ophiuridae,which appeared in the publications of learnedsocieties, and he came to be recognized as an authority on th e subject.

From 1861 to 1863Lyman was abroad in thepursuit of his scientific work and securing collections fo r t he M us eu m. The outbreak of th eCivil War did not seem to stir him greatly. Hewas opposedto the abolitionists and did not votefor Linc ol n in i860. Th e progress of the war,however, awakened his interests and a l et terfrom General Meade whose acquaintance he hadmade on the Florida research expedit ion, inviting him to be a member of his staff, offeredhiman opportunity for service in the Unionist cause.H e wa s commissioned as volunteer member ofthe staff of Governor A nd re w, s er vi n g w it ho utpay, and in the autumn of 1863 joined Meade sheadquarters withthe rank of lieutenant-colonel.As personal aide-de-camp of the General heserved bravely and efficiently at the battles of theWilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. Hewas present at the siege of Petersburg and atthe surrender of Lee at Appomattox. His let tersto his wife covering this period {Meade s Headquarters,1863-65: Letters of Col TheodoreLyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, 1922,selected and edited by George R. Agassiz) furnish valuable information on these campaigns.Upon his return to civil life he read before the

LynchMilitary Historical Society of Massachusetts ofwhich

he was a member numerous papers onphases of these operations.In 1866 Lyman became chairman of the newly

es tabl ished Fisher ies C o mm i ss io n o f M a ss ac h usetts an d in 1884president of the American FishCul tu r a l Associa t ion . e w as e lec ted O v e r s e e r

of Harvard College in 1868. Founder of the Refo rm Club, he was elected to Congre ss in 1882on th e issue of civil-service reform on an in dependent ticket, bu t he failed of reelection largelybecause of the disappearance of the reform issue,and because of the beginning of the malady whichwa s to m ake him a helpless invalid for the l as tdozen years of hi s life. He died at his summerhome in Nahant. He ha d married , on Nov. 28,

1856, Elizabeth Russell, daughter of George Rob-bert Russell , a successful merchant of Dorchest er , M as s. Besides numerous articles writ t en forscientific societies, he contributed a s ho rt b io graphy of his father to the Memorial Biographiesof the New-England Historic Genealogical Society (vol. I, 1880) an d published Papers Relating to the Garri son Mob (1870) in vindicationof the action of his father who was mayor ofBoston t th e t im e o f t he r io ts .

[Henry P. Bowditch, memoir in Acad. Sci.,Biog. Memoirs^ vol V (1905), with bibliography ; C. F.Adams, memoir in Proc. M as s. H is t. Soc., 2 s er. XX(1906) ; remarks occasioned by Lym an s d ea th in Ibid. ,2 ser. X II (1899) ; M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Later Yearsof the Saturday Club (1927) ; Boston Transcript, Sept.10, 1897.] H . M . V.

LYNCH. ANNA CHARLOTTE [See Botta,A n n a Char lo t t e Lynch , 1815-1891].

LYNCH, CHARLES (1736-Oct . 29, 1796),soldier, plant er, and j us ti ce of the peace afterwh om t he t er m Lyn ch Law appears to havebeen named, wa s born a t Ches tnu t Hi ll , hi sf at he r s e st at e near the presen t s i te of Lynch-burg, Va. He was the eldest son of CharlesLynch, a Virginia burgess who had emigratedf ro m t he north o f I re land as an indentured servant, and who had married Sarah, daughter ofChristopher Clark the indenter. The early deathof h is f at he r left whatever i n t ermed ia t e education Lynch received in the hands of his Quaker

mother, but nothing is known specifically of hislife until 1755 when, on Jan. 12, he marriedAnna Terrell (spelled variously). Settl ing onhis patrimonial lands in the newly formed Bedford County, Lynch rapidly became a man ofwealth and importance. He took the oath of office as justice of the peace in 1766 The following year he was disowned by the Quakers fortaking solemnoaths (J . P. P. Bell, Our QuakerFriends of Ye Olden Time, 1905 p. 147)-1769he becamea member of the House of Bur-


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Lynchgesses, continuing as s uc h u ntil the R ev ol ut io n.He signed the Will iamsburg protests of 1769an d 1774 against English taxation, served in th eVirginia constitutional convention of 1776, andwas a member of the Virg in ia House of Delegates until January 1778. Already a member ofthe Burgesses committee of trade, Lynch playedan important part in the mobilization of th estate s resources for war. On Feb. 24, 1778, hewa s r ecommended fo r th e office of colonel of militia ; and in 1781 he was dispatched by GovernorJefferson to th e assistance of General Greene inNorth Carolina (H . R. McIIwaine, Official Letters of the Governors 0/ Virginia, II, 1928,passim). With his volunteer regiment, he part ic ipa ted in the bat tl e of Guil ford Cour t Housean d continued with Greene until t he s ur re nd e rof Cornwallis at Yorktown, after which he resumed his duties as justice of the peace. He laterserved inconspicuously in the Virginia Senatebetween May 1784and December 1789.

Th e disrupted state of the courts in Bedford

County during the Revolution early led to theformation of an extra-legal court to punishlawlessness of every kind (J. E. Cutler, Lynch-Lazv, 1905. P-27). With Lynch as the presidingjustice, convictions by this court were frequentand were followed by summary whippings. In1780 when Cornwallis success seemed probable,a Loyalist cons pir acy was discovered in Bedford County; and , as th e General Cour t had beendispersed. Lynch s impromptu court tried andsentenced the conspirators. Two years laterLynch and his companions were exonerated bythe Assembly, on the ground that their acts,though not str ictly warranted by law, were justifiable from the imminence of the danger(W. W. Hening, The Statutes at Large . . . ofVirginia, XI, 1823, p. 135). Though remembered now chiefly on account of the connotationof the term Lynch Law, Charles Lynch,a manof considerable public spirit and broad-mindedness, was of at least minor importance in theeconomic development of Virginia. He died athis estate on the Staunton River, leaving threesons. The city of Lynchburg was named for hisyounger brother, John.

[}. T. ^fcAlIjster, fo . Militia in the RcvolulionaryWar ( 19 13 ); T. W. Page, T he Real Judge Lynch ,Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1901 ; H. C. Featherston, T heOrigin and Hist, of Lynch Law, Green Bag, Mar.1300; E. G. Swem and J. W. Williams, A Reg. of theGen. Assembly of Va., Fourteenth Ann. Report ofthe . . . Va. State Lib., 1916-17 (1917) ; Margaret C.A. Cabell, Sketches and Recollections of Lynchburg(1858) ; R. H. Early, Campbell Chroniclesand FamilySketches i927 -3 J.C.W.

LYN CH , J AM ES DANIEL ( Jan. 6, 1836-July 19, 1903), Confederate soldier, author, was

Lynchborn in Boydton, Mecklenburg County, Va., thescion of a family well known in the early historyof Virginia. He was prepared for college in anacademy near his home, and in 1855 entered theUniversity of North Carolina, where he remainedfor three years. In i860 he moved to Mississippian d became instructor in Greek an d Latin in the

Franklin Academy at Columbus. In Februaryof the following year he was marr ied to Het tieM. Cochran of West Point . Miss., and the sameyear, upon the outbreak of the Civil War, hevolunteered his services to the Confederacy. After serving as a private for a year, during whichtime he took part in the Shiloh campaign, he returned to Columbus and organized a companyof cavalry, of which he was elected captain, andreturned to the front. On June 30, 1864, whileleading a charge at Lafayette, Ga., he was severely wounded. He was subsequently capturedin a skirmish near Rome, Ga., but managed tomake his escape by jumping from a movingfreight car at night. During the closing monthsof th e war he was connected with t he N it e r an dMining Department of the Confederaty and wasstationed at Selma, Ala.

After the war Lynch engagedfor several yearsin farming near West Point, Miss., then took upthe practice of law at Columbus. He was soonforced to abandon the practice of law, however,owing to an impairmentof his hearing, broughton by the wound received during the war. Heaccordingly turned to the profession of let tersfor a living. In 1879he published a volume entitledKemper County Vindicated, anda PeepatRadical Rule in Missi ssippi ] and this was followed in 1881 by The Bench and Bar of Mississippi,a volume of biographical sketches of prominent ju rists in his adopted state. In 1884 hemoved to Texas, making his home at Austin forseveral years. There he col lected the materialsfor the most important of his prose works. TheBench and Bar of Texas (1885). He also published at various times a number of poems. Thebest known of them are The Clockof Destiny,

Th e Siege of the Alamo, and Columbia Sal ut in g t he Nations, t he l as t of which was selected by the World s Columbian Commission in1893 as America s salutat ion to the visit ing nations at the World s Fair in Chicago. Lynchspent his declining years at Sulphur Springs,Tex., an d there prepared for the press two volumes: T he Industrial History of Texas and A History of the Territory Indians, neither ofwhich has been published. He wa s a gentlemanof the old school, kindly, chivalrous, unpretentious, but impulsive. He died at Sulphur Springs,Tex., an d is buried there.


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4 76 LYMPHOCYTE

Lymph, or lymphatic fluid, which trjnsporhr^utrients to t i ssues an d c o l l ec t s t i s su ewastes, is carried by th e lymphatic system, anetwork of interconnecting vessels (1). Thepressure of blood circulating through thecapillaries (2) forces lymph out into tissuespaces (3). Thisfluid is collected by thelymphatic vessels an d eventually returned tothe bloodstream through ducts that emptyinto large veins near the collarbones (4).Lymph is moved by contractions of bodymuscles a nd o f th e vessels themselves,which have valves (5) to prevent backflow.Lymph nodes (6), which are distributedthroughout the system, remove wastes an dother particles an d contain largeconcentrat ions o f white b lood cells, whichat tack invaders such a s b a c te r ia a n d viruses.The spleen (7), thymus (8), tonsils (9), an dadenoids (10), all composed of lymphoidtissue, are also part of the immune system.

The lymphatic system can be affected by several disorders.Low white blood cell levels (ieukopenia) and high whiteblood cell levels (leuke.mia) somet imes are disorders related toabnormal production of lymphocytes Lymphedema, or obstruction of lymph circulation, can result from th e presenceof a tumor or an infec tion such as fi la rias is . Degenerat ion ofth e lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, intestinal tissue, tonsils,an d adenoids will impair th e function of th e lymphatic system and weaken the body s immune responses to infection.Lymphomas, or cancers of th e lymphatic system, inc lude suchdisorders as o d c k i n s disease.

Bibliography: Battezati, Mario, The Lymphatic System, trans, by Vil-frido Cameron-Curry (1972); Foldi, Michael, Diseases of Lymphaticsan d Lymph Circulation (1969); Marchalonis, |ohn ] ., ed .. The Lymphocyte: Structure an d Function (1977).

See also: blood; circulatory svste.m; immunity (biology).

lymphocyte; see blood; lymphatic svst m

lymphoma [lim foh muh]A lymphoma is a tumor of lymphat ic ti ssue, which is the principal t issue in the lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and thymusgland. The benign or malignant tumor may involve any on eof th e various kinds of specialized cells of lymphatic tissue.The major sign of lymphoma is a painless enlargement of on eor more lymph nodes. Patients may also experience fever,weight loss, nighttime sweating, l iver and spleen enlargement, and gastrointestinal and kidney disturbances. On e major t yp e of l ym ph om a is Hodckin s disease.

Pe t e r L. P e t r a k i s

Lynch^ BenitoThe Argentine writer Benito Lynch, b. 1885, d. Dec. 25,1951,exalted rural life in his novels and short stories, contrasting itwith life in th e city. Two of his best novels ar e Los caranchosde la Florida (The Vultures of Florida Ranch, 1916) and Elingles de les guesos (The Englishman of th e Bones, 1924).

Jai.me Alazrak i

y

Lynch^ CharlesCharles Lynch, b. 1736, d. Oct. 29,17 , a pat riot leader inBedford County, Va., during the American Revolution, supposedly gave his name to th e practice of lynching. A colonelin the militia, he set up his ow n court to try and sent enceLoyalists accused of aiding th e British. Lynch d id n ot executepeople (his usual sentence was flogging), b ut t he term lynching came to be applied to extralegal execution.

Lynch^ JohnThe Irish polit ical leader Jack (John Mary) Lynch, b. Blackpool, Aug. 15,1917, was prime minister of th e Republic ofI re la nd f or t he s ec o nd t im e f ro m 1977 to 1979. Before e n t e ring the field of law in 1945,Lynch had been a famous hurlingathlete. He was elected (1948) to th e Dail (parliament) as aFianna Fail party member, became (1957) minister for education in Eamon de Valeras cabinet, an d later became (1959)minister for industry a n d c o mm e rc e . M a de minister of finance in 1 5 , he succeeded Sean Lemass as prime ministero f I r e l and in N o v e m b e r 1966 an d w as r e el e ct ed i n 1 9. H eheaded the Fianna Failin opposition during Liam CosgravesFine Gael administration (1973 to 1977).

Lynchburg

Lynchburg (1979 est . pop., 65,300) is a city on th e James Riverin th e foothills of th e Blue Ridge Mountains in central Virginia. Its economy is balanced between manufacturing(shoes, textiles, paper, and metal products) and agriculture(tobacco an d grains). Several colleges are located in th e city.Founded by Quakers in 1757, Lynchburg flourished economically after th e completion of the Kanawha Canal (1840) andth e arrival of th e railroad (1850).

lynchingLynching is the unlawful killingof a person by a mob, usuallyby hanging. Lynching tends to occur where government is


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weak or faclionalism isstrong. In the United States lynchingreached its peak in the late 19lh century, declining sharply afte r 1 9 3 5 .

Lynching took place in the South of the United States bothbefore an d after th e Civil W v. Before th e war abolit ionistsand other persons aiding sla\s were the most common victims. After th e war blacks were victimized by white supremacist groups, most notably the Ku Klux Klan,that sought to reduce blacks to their prewar status. The victims were usuallyaccused of murdering or rapmg whites.

Lynching was common in the American West during frontier days. Settlers visited impromptu justice on persons theysuspected of murder, rape, or horse or catt le thieving. Lynching seemed a faster and more cer ta in method of punishmentt ha n w h at was likely to be m et ed ou t by weak local governm e n t s

No lynching has been reported in the Uni ted States s incethe early 1960s. A rise in puMc awareness of the practice,and progress in civil rights, were presumably responsible forending it-

Lynchingis sometimes defined more broadly as any form ofextralega punishment imposed by priva te persons . The termis thought to have been derived from Charles Lynch (1736-96), a Virginia justice of the peace during the American Revolution, who was notorious for having British Loyalists andpetty criminals pu t in pri son or whipped.

Bibliography: Caughey, John W., Their Majesties the Mo b (1960);Chadbourn, James H., Lynching and the Law (1933;repr. 1970); Grant,Donald L The Anii-Lynching Movement, 1683-7932(1975);Hofstadter,Richard an d Wallace Michael cds., American Violence: A Documentary History 1970); Randel, Wilfam, Ku Klux Klan (1%5); Raper, ArthurF., The Tragedy of Lynching (1933;repr. 1%9).

Lynd^ Robert S.Sociologist Robert Staughton Lynd, b. New Albany, Ind., Sept.26,1892, d. Nov. 1, 1970, wrote, together with his wife, HelenMerrell Lynd, MidtJIetown: A Study in Contemporary America n Culture (1929) and Middletown in Transit ion: A Study inCultural Conflicts (1937). These classic works on Americancommunity life applied anthropological methods to a studyof Muncie, Ind. ( Middletown ). Lynd was a professor of sociology at Columbia University from 1931 to 1960.

Lynen^ Feodor [lee -nuhn, fay-oh -dor]The German biochemis t Feodor Lynen, b. Apr. 6 1911 d. Aug.8,1979, shared the 1964 Nobel Prize for physiology or medic ine w it h K on ra d B lo ch f or h is research o n th e m e t a b o l i cprocesses involved in the breakdown and synthesis of fattyacids and cholesterol. Lynen also helped discover the role ofth e vitamin biotin in l ipid metabolism.

Lynn is a city in nor theastern Massachuset ts , on Massachusetts Bay, about 18 km (11 mi) n or th ea st of Bo sto n. Its population is 75,800 (1979 est.). Once an important shoe manufacturing center and site of the country's first ironworks (1643), i tnow supports a wide range of industries, producing electricalequipment, jet engines, and machinery. Lynn has more than 5km (3 mi) of beaches and a 809-ha (2,000-acre) park, LynnWoods. The town wa s th e home of Mary Baker Eddy, foundero f C h r i s ti a n S c i e n c e -

Settled in 1629as Saugus. it was laid out in 1631 and namedafter King's Lynn, England, in 1637. Shoemaking developedfrom 1635 as a cottage industry. In 1848the firstshoe-sewingmachine was introduced an d th e factory system of product io n b eg an .

lynx [links)The lynx. Foils lynx, is a small member of the cat family, Fcli-dae. It weighs up to 18 kg (40 lb), measures 1.1 m (3.5 ft) inlength, and stands about 61cm (24 in) high at the shoulder. It

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Th: Spanish lynx, L lynx pardina, a subspecies of the European lynx, isdistinguished by its prominent spots. The lynx's large, padded pawsan d long legs enable it to move easily in snow and ice.

has b la ck ear t uf ts and a stumpy tail. The lynx has a tawny orgrayish brown coat with darker spots and stripes. Its wintercoat, much prized by furriers, is dense, silky, and long. Thelynx lives in fores ted areas of Europe. Asia, an d northernNorth America. It usually hunts at night, killing foxes, rabbits,rodents deer a nd s om e domestic a ni ma ls . It is a goodc l i m b e r n d s w i m m e r

E v e re h S e nt m a n

Lyon [lee-ohn lLocated at t h e c o n f lu e n c e of th e R ho ne a nd S ao ne riversabout 270 km (170 mi) north of Marse il le , Lyon (or Lyons) i sthe third largest city in France. The city has a populat ion of456,716; the population of the metropolitan area is1,170.660(1975).

Lyon is a significant inland port connected with Marseil leby both canal an d r iver. The ci t> has long been famous as asilk manufacturing center, but today the textile industry consists mostly of spinning, weaving, and dyeing of artificial fibers. Chemical and charcoal manufacturing food processing,and metallurgy are also leading industries. Warehouses andshipping facilities are located along the riverfront.

The University of Lyon (18%) and several museums andtheaters ar e located In the city. L \o n is noted for its fine cuisine as well as for the locally produced Beaujolais an d Mac-o n n i s w i n e s

To th e west, the city is dominated by the Fourviere Ridge,on which Notre Dame Basilica (built 1871-94) is located.N ea rb y are the R om an o de on a nd theater. The central business dist rict is located on the peninsula formed by the juncture of the two rivers. The city is compartmental ized by itshills an d th e rivers, an d auto traffic is disrupted by these features an d by Lyon's many bridges.

Lyon originated as a fishing village during the Roman period and, as Lugdunum, became the capital of Gaul. After theintroduction of Chr is ti an ity into Gaul, Lyon became a m aj orecclesiastical center. The powerful archbishop of Lyon controlled the city until 1307;two important ecumenical councilswere held in Lyon, in 1245and 1274. Lyon was annexed to theFrench crown in 1312 and quickK began to prosper as a cultural an d commercia l center. By th e 16th century it was animportant silkmanufacturing center. It suffered economicallyduring the French Revolution and did not emerge as a prominent city again until the early 20thcentury. During WorldWar 11 Lyonwas an anti-German resistance center and conse-

o'neal johnson lyynch janny graham

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