Ongoing GeoPrisms Aleutian Volcano Research

Terry Plank, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University

Cleveland Volcano, Islands of Four Mountains, Alaska. Photo: Anna Barth

“Slab to the Surface”

With Contributions From:Daniel Rasmussen (LDEO)Diana Roman (DTM-Carnegie)John Power & Matt Haney (USGS, AVO)Elizabeth Cottrell (Smithsonian)

Alaska Amphibious Community Seismic Experiment (AACSE)

2015-2106GeoPrismsField Programs

AKWd

SH

PV

Veni

Ank

Uga

Katmai

60

70

80

90

100

-175

-173

-171

-169

-167

-165

-163

Seguam

Bogoslof

Makushin

Akutan

Shishaldin

Bogoslof(132

From Syracuse & Abers (2006) G3

65 km

135 km95

km

white lines are slab contours

Cleveland Vsevidof

Westdahl

Okmok

Sh

Wd

Fisher

Fi

AkuMak

Ok

VsCv

Seg

blue circles = historically active

l

Yun

Amkt

Eastern Aleutians: Depth to the Slab Varies Smoothly Along Strike

Globally Shallow!

Last Eruptedthis year

!1990’s

20081800’s

NSF/GeoPrisms-AVO/USGS-Deep Carbon Obs. Joint Expeditions

2016 Team on the Maritime Maid with the Maritime Helicopter (Initial Deployments were in 2015)

Objectives• Where do M agmas

Stall Prior to Eruption?• Role of Primary

M agma Composition?• Relation to

Eruption/Unrest?

GeoPrisms Project: From the Slab to the Surface: Origin, Storage, Ascent, and Eruption of Volatile-Bearing MagmasDiana Roman & Erik Hauri • CarnegieTerry Plank • LDEO

with AVO Partners:Power, Haney, Lyons, Werner, Lopez

2015-17 Samples Collected

Westdahl

ShishaldinFisher

Akutan

Makushin

Okmok

Vsevidof

Cleveland

Bogoslof

12-stationseismic &infrasoundarray (IFM)

Three Nuggets:

1. The Run-Up to Eruption: Shishaldin 1999

2. The Depth of Magma Stalling: Cleveland 2015/6

3. Connecting the Volcano to the Slab

Cleveland Steams from the Maritime Maid June 12, 2017: Kim Angeli. AVO Image D t b

1. The Run-Up to Eruption: Shishaldin 1999

Fo = forsterite composition of olivine= Mg/(Mg+Fe)

Shishaldin 1999

Photo: McGimsey, R. G.

VEI 3 EruptionNo Clear DeformationAbundant Seismicity

“Crystal Clocks”

Chemically Zoned Olivines

Mixing Event: Recharge Magma Drives Crystal to Increase in Fo

Crystal Resides, Then Erupts

Shape of Profile Reflects Mixing-to-Eruption Timescale

This Olivine CrystalErupted 22 days After a Recharge Event

Crystal Clocks

Rasmussen, Roman, Hauri, Plank, Bodnar, Power – EPSL in R i i

1. The Run-Up to Eruption: Shishaldin 1999

Seismicity

OlivineClocks

Seismic EventsRelate toMagma Recharge

Over 9 Monthsof Run-up

Crystal Depths (MI)

Back-Projection ofLong Period Event3 hours before April 2016 Explosion

Shallower Depthof 2.5 km BSL

Aug 2015Swarm

Spr 2016Eruptions

Seismicity at IFM over GeoP Deployment(Aug 15 – Aug 16)

Cleveland

GeoP Deploymentw/ infrasoundPermanent AVO

2. The Depth of Magma Stalling: Cleveland 2015/6D

epth

(km

BSL

)

10

5

0

VT Earthquakes Cluster at 5-7 kmBeneath Cleveland Volcano Courtesy of Matt Haney

Courtesy of John Power

see also Werner et al. (2017) JVGR

2. The Depth of Magma Stalling: Cleveland 2015/6

Re-homogenizing the Melt Inclusion: Accurate Pressure of Entrapment

see Rasmussen this AGU! Friday 8:45 am V51G

Using Melt Inclusions to Define Depth (P) of Magma Degassing

SO2 emission rate

Smaller volumes for shallow slab depths

3. Connecting the Volcano to the SlabSlab T Proxy

Mantle-MeltingPressure Proxy

Smaller Volcanoes at Shallower DepthsPlank et al. (2017) IAVCEI

3. Connecting the Volcano to the Slab

NEIC Catalog – Events within ~ 30 km Volcano RadiusAVO Stations on Volcanoes, Including New Cleveland Station (CLES)

Courtesy of Diana Roman

Systematic change in S-P timeMost Reasonably due to Decrease in EQ Depth to the West

Cat

alog

Dep

th (k

m)

S-P

time

(sec

onds

)

Cleveland

Shishaldin

1400C

50

Moho

100km

100 km

200 km (from trench)

low Si5.0

hi Si5.0hi H2O/K2O

cooler slab fluid

lo H2O/K2Ohotter slab fluid

Bogoslof?

Courtesy of Peter van Keken

Buldir tephraCredit: Sheppard

• > 2,700 lbs of rock send to AVO, URI, & Smithsonian• tephra from 8 volcanic islands (1st from Buldir, Segula, & Kiska)• gas and spring samples @ Kiska, Gareloi, Kanaga; @ L. Sitkin, Tanaga• 100% maintenance success at 30 seismic installations• new methods for assessment of hydrous melt inclusion redox at high flux synchrotron facilities (Cottrell et al., in revision)

Leg 3 Western Aleutians: The role of oxygen fugacity in calc-alkaline differentiation & the creation of continental crust at the Aleutian arc

Project Leads:Katie Kelley &

Liz Cottrell

(see T23I-03: New constraints on subduction inputs and volatile outputs along the Aleutian Arc. Lopez et al )

Alaska Amphibious Community

Seismic ExperimentClosing Thoughts

Diana Roman, Carnegie

AK

Wd

SH

PV

Veni

Ank

Uga

Katmai

Graduate student Janine Andrys operates the new rapid-quench HMC cold-seal apparatus at NMNH. Credit: Cottrell

• Experimental program to investigate calc-alkaline differentiation • V11B-0343: Calc-Alkaline Liquid Lines of Descent Produced Under

Oxidizing Conditions: An Experimental and Petrologic Study of Basaltic Tephras from the Western Aleutians, AK. Waters, Cottrell and Kelley.• Conference: Experimental Studies of Subduction Zone Processes: Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, June, 2018

Seguam

Shishaldin

1400C

1200°C

1000°C

800°C

Shallower coupling depth?and ~ vertical transport from slab?

50

Moho

100km

100 km

200 km (from trench)

low Si5.0

hi Si5.0

hi H2O/K2Ocooler slab fluid

lo H2O/K2Ohotter slab fluid

Courtesy of Peter van Keken

Bogoslof?

ShWe

AkuMak

OkVs

CvYunAmtSe

g

AmliaFractureZone

Bg

Why is Depth to Slab so Shallow in this Sector of the Arc?

GeoMapApp

Trench Sediment Thickness after Ryan et al. (2011); Locked vs creeping (Freymueller, pers. comm).

But also....Upper Plate (end of shelf)

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