OntoSem2OWLIntegrating Language Understanding agents into the Semantic Web

OntoSem2OWLIntegrating Language Understanding agents into the Semantic Web

Ebiquity Presentation 05/17/2005 -Akshay JavaEbiquity Presentation 05/17/2005 -Akshay Java

GoalsGoals

• Develop a system to translate Ontologies and data between OntoSem and OWL.

• Provide an environment to run the mappers.• Provide Functional Specifications for the

mapping.• Translate the OntoSem ontology to OWL.• Map OntoSem TMRs to OWL.• Map OWL Ontologies to OntoSem.

Motivation: Integrating language Motivation: Integrating language understanding agents into the Semantic Web.understanding agents into the Semantic Web.

System ArchitectureSystem Architecture

NL Text OntoSem

Ontology

FactRepository

TMR

OntoSem2OWLOWL

Ontology

TMRsIn OWL

OWL2OntoSem

Mapping Rules for ClassesMapping Rules for ClassesOntoSem LISP version

(make-frame patent

(definition (value (common "the exclusive right to make, use or sell an invention, which is granted to the inventor")))

(is-a (value (common intangible-asset legal-right))))

OWL Version:

• <owl:Class rdf:about="&ontosem;patent">• <rdfs:subClassOf>• <owl:Class rdf:about="&ontosem;intangible-asset">• </owl:Class>• </rdfs:subClassOf>• <rdfs:subClassOf>• <owl:Class rdf:about="&ontosem;legal-right">• </owl:Class>• </rdfs:subClassOf>• <rdfs:comment>he exclusive right to make, use or • sell an invention, which is granted to the inventor• </rdfs:label>• </owl:Class>

Mapping Rules for PropertiesMapping Rules for Properties

• Properties can be• ObjectProperty owl:ObjectProperty• Datatype Property owl:DatatypeProperty

• Property hierarchy is defined by owl:subPropertyOf

• Domain maps to rdfs:domain• Range maps to rdfs:range• Restrictions are handled using owl:Restriction• Numeric datatypes are handled using XSD

Mapping Rules for Properties…Mapping Rules for Properties…(make-frame controls

(domain (sem (common physical-event physical-object

social-event social-role))) (range

(sem (common actualize artifact natural-object social-role)))

(is-a (value (common relation))) (inverse (value (common controlled-by))) (definition

(value (common "A relation which relates concepts to what

they can control"))))

Mapping Rules for Properties…Mapping Rules for Properties…<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID= "controls">

<rdfs:domain> <owl:Class> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">

<owl:Class rdf:about="#physical-event"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#physical-object"/><owl:Class rdf:about="#social-event"/>

<owl:Class rdf:about="#social-role"/> </owl:unionOf> </owl:Class>

</rdfs:domain> <rdfs:range>

<owl:Class> <owl:unionOf rdf:parseType="Collection">

<owl:Class rdf:about="#actualize"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#artifact"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#natural-object"/> <owl:Class rdf:about="#social-role"/>

</owl:unionOf> </owl:Class>

</rdfs:range> <rdfs:subPropertyOf>

<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about="#relation"/> </rdfs:subPropertyOf> <owl:inverseOf rdf:resource="#controlled-by"/> <rdfs:label> "A relation which relates concepts to what they can control" </rdfs:label>

</owl:ObjectProperty>

(make-frame

(domain

(range

(is-a(inverse

Mapping Rules for FacetsMapping Rules for Facets• SEM and VALUE

• Maps them using owl:Restriction on a particular property.• RELAXABLE-TO

• Add this to the classes present in owl:Restriction and add this information in the annotation.

• DEFAULT• No clear way to represent non-monotonic reasoning and closed

world assumptions in Semantic Web. • One way would be to use rules using RuleML and SWRL?

• DEFAULT-MEASURE• similar to DEFAULT Facet, may be handled using rules.

• NOT• Not facet can be handled using owl:disjointOf

• INV• need not be handled since is-a slot is already mapped to

owl:inverseOf

Mapping Rules for RestrictionsMapping Rules for Restrictions

Example adapted from OntoSem

Chocolate

IS-A FlavoringMaterial-of Hot-chocolate, Ice-creamColor Brown, Black, WhiteBitterness 0.2

Mapping Rules for Restrictions…Mapping Rules for Restrictions…<owl:Class rdf:ID = "Chocolate">

  <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource ="food-item"/>   <rdfs:subClassOf>           <owl:Restriction>                 <owl:onProperty rdf:resource="#has-color"/>                       <owl:allValuesFrom>                            <owl:Class>                                 <owl:oneOf>

<rdf:list>                                      <rdf:first rdf:resource=“#white"/>                                      <rdf:rest>                                            <rdf:first rdf:resource=“#brown"/>                                       ...........                                  </owl:oneOf>                            </owl:Class>                        </owl:allValuesFrom>            </owl:Restriction>   </rdfs:subClassOf></owl:Class>

View Image

Translating TMR2OWLTranslating TMR2OWL

Translating TMRs involves instantiation of concepts mapped in OWL.

Example:(COME-1740

(TIME (VALUE (COMMON (FIND-ANCHOR-TIME))))

(DESTINATION(VALUE (COMMON CITY-1740)))

(AGENT (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN-1740))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (ARRIVE)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 2))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME)))

<ontosem:come rdf:about="COME-1740"> <ontosem:destination rdf:resource="#CITY-1740"/> <ontosem:agent rdf:resource="#POLITICIAN-1740"/>

</ontosem:come>

RDF/OWL ValidationRDF/OWL Validation

http://w3c.org/RDF/Validator/

Swoop

Pellet

Wonderweb

Built Ontology translation tool using Jena API Total Triples Generated ~ 102189 (including bnode)

Time to build the Model ~ 10-40 sec

Time to do RDFS Inference ~ 10 sec

Time to do OWL Micro ~ 40 sec

Time to do OWL Full ~ ????

DL Expressivity: ELUIHEL - Conjunction and Full Existential QuantificationU - UnionH - Role HierarchyI - Role Inverse

Total Number of Classes: 7747 (Defined: 7747, Imported: 0)Total Number of Datatype Properties: 0 (Defined: 0, Imported: 0)Total Number of Object Properties: 604 (Defined: 604, Imported: 0)Total Number of Annotation Properties: 1 (Defined: 1, Imported: 0)Total Number of Individuals: 0 (Defined: 0, Imported: 0) NOTE: This is using no Restrictions

After Translation

OWL FULL

Reasoning CapabilitiesReasoning Capabilities• Buildfile: build.xml

• init:

• compile:

• dist:• [jar] Building jar: /home/aks1/software/eclipse/workspace/ontojena/dist/lib/ontojena.jar

• run:• [java] MODEL OK• [java] Resource: http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#all)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#physical-object)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#inanimate)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#wheeled-vehicle)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#engine-propelled-vehicle)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#wheeled-engine-vehicle)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#artifact)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#object)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#land-vehicle)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#vehicle)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#truck)• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdfs:label ' "a truck with equipment for fighting fires"')• [java] - (http://ontosem.org/#fire-engine rdf:type owl:Class)• [java] fire-engine recognized as subclas of vehicle

• BUILD SUCCESSFUL• Total time: 10 seconds

• real 0m11.144s• user 0m9.530s• sys 0m0.190s• [aks1@trishuli ontojena]$

Finding Transitive Closures (RDFS reasoning)

Fire-engine

Truck

Wheeled-engine-vehicle

Engine-propelled--vehicle Wheeled--vehicle

Land-vehicle

vehicleInffered Triples

View Ontosem in Swoop

Application: Gathering instances from NL

Application: Gathering instances from NL

Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan (COME-1740

(TIME (VALUE (COMMON (FIND-ANCHOR-TIME))))(DESTINATION (VALUE (COMMON CITY-1740))) (AGENT (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN-1740))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (ARRIVE))))(WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 2))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME))) )

(POLITICIAN-1740 (AGENT-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME-1740))) (RELATION (VALUE (COMMON PROVINCE-1740))) (MEMBER-OF (VALUE (COMMON CONGRESS))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (CONGRESSMAN)))) (WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 1))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON POLITICIAN))) )

(CITY-1740 (HAS-NAME (VALUE (COMMON "JORDAN"))) (ROOT-WORDS (VALUE (COMMON (JORDAN))))(WORD-NUM (VALUE (COMMON 4))) (DESTINATION-OF (VALUE (COMMON COME-1740))) (INSTANCE-OF (VALUE (COMMON CITY))) )

<ontosem:come rdf:about="http://ontosem.org/#come-1740"><ontosem:destination rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#city-1740"/><ontosem:agent rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#politician-1740"/><ontosem:instance-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#come"/></ontosem:come>

<ontosem:politician rdf:about="http://ontosem.org/#politician-1740"><ontosem:agent-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#come-1740"/><ontosem:relation rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#province-1740"/><ontosem:member-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#congress"/><ontosem:instance-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#politician"/></ontosem:politician>

<ontosem:city rdf:about="http://ontosem.org/#city-1740"><ontosem:has-name>jordan</ontosem:has-name><ontosem:destination-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#come-1740"/><ontosem:instance-of rdf:resource="http://ontosem.org/#city"/></ontosem:city>

Gather all concepts from TMRGather all concepts from TMRSentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to

Iraq, where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions.

TMR

In OWL

OntoSemOntology

OWL Reasoner

Concept = http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#cityConcept = http://ontosem.org/#year-2313 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#yearConcept = http://ontosem.org/#suffer-2122 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#sufferConcept = http://ontosem.org/#date-1873 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#dateConcept = http://ontosem.org/#city-2689 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#cityConcept = http://ontosem.org/#city-1873 subClassOf http://ontosem.org/#city……………………………….

……………………………..

……………….

……….

Gather all Entities from TMRGather all Entities from TMR Sentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to Iraq,

where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions.

TMR

In OWL

OntoSemOntology

OWL Reasoner

[java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Person): [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#human-1873 name = tony-hall

[java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Place):    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 name = jordan    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#city-1873 name = jordan    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#province-1740 name = ohio    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-1873 name = iraq    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-2690 name = u.s.    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#nation-2122 name = iraqis

[java] Using RDQL Query to find Named Entities (Organization):    [java] x = http://ontosem.org/#corporation-2313 name = u.n

Find information about an instance

Find information about an instance

Sentences: Ohio Congressman Arrives in Jordan. U.S. Representative Tony Hall arrived in Jordan on Saturday en route to Iraq,

where he is expected to look into the plight of Iraqis after nearly 10 years of U.N. trade sanctions.

TMR

In OWL

OntoSemOntology

OWL Reasoner

Statements Inffered about :http://ontosem.org/#city-1740- (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#instance-ofhttp://ontosem.org/#city)- (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 rdf:type http://ontosem.org/#city)- (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#has-name 'jordan')- (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 http://ontosem.org/#destination-ofhttp://ontosem.org/#come-1740)- (http://ontosem.org/#city-1740 rdf:type owl:Thing)

………………………

…………….

Interesting issuesInteresting issues

• Representing defaults using Rules.

• Partitioning large ontologies like OntoSem.

• Availability of provenanace information in NL text.

• Identifying and represent cardinalities, transitive, symmetric and inverse functional properties.

• subsets of mappings conforming to Lite, DL and Full.

Using rules to handle defaultsUsing rules to handle defaults• Open World view :

- At any given time available statements represent limited knowledge of the world.

• Closed World assumption:- One has all the relevant information

• Monotonic Reasoning:- new information cant invalidate an earlier

conclusion.

• Non Monotonic Reasoning:- When new information is gained some previous

conclusion may be retracted.- Defaults are used to represent cases where lack of

explicit information would lead to some assumption.

Reasoning on SW is Monotonic

Using rules to handle defaultsUsing rules to handle defaults@prefix log: <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#> . @prefix tree: <http://example.org/rdfschema/tree#> . @prefix desc: <http://example.org/rdfschema/tree/attributes#> . @prefix : <http://example.org/trees#> .

this log:forAll :TREE . { <trees.n3> log:semantics ?t .

?t log:includes { :TREE a tree:Tree } . ?t log:notIncludes { :TREE desc:leaves [] } .

} => { :TREE tree:leaves "green" }

Example from http://norman.walsh.name/2004/04/02/notinrdf

In OntoSem

default ~382

default-measure ~500+

ReferencesReferencesSoftware Used[1] OntoSem http://ilit.umbc.edu/dekade[2] RDF Validation service http://w3c.org/RDF/Validator[3] Jena Toolkit http://jena.sourceforge.net/[4] Swoop Ontology Viewer http://www.mindswap.org/2004/SWOOP/[5] Pellet OWL DL Reasoner http://www.mindswap.org/2003/pellet/[6] Wonder Web OWL Validator http://phoebus.cs.man.ac.uk:9999/OWL/Validator

Papers[1] Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin, Ontological Semantics, Formal Ontology and Ambiguity[2] Sergei Nirenburg and Victor Raskin, Ontological Semantics, MIT Press, Forthcoming[3] Sergei Nirenburg, Ontological Semantics: Overview, Presentation CLSP JHU, Spring 2003[4] Marjorie McShane, Sergei Nirenburg, Stephen Beale, Margalit Zabludowski, The Cross Lingual Reuse and

Extension of knowledge Resources in Ontological Semantics[5] P.J Beltran-Ferruz, P.A Gonzalez-Calero, P. Gervas Converting Mikrokosmos frames into Description Logics.[6] Sergei Nirenburg, Ontology Tutorial, ILIT UMBC

Mailing Lists[1] Jena Developers jena-dev@yahoogroups.com[2] pellet users pellet-users@lists.mindswap.org[3] Semantic web semanticweb@yahoogroups.com[4] W3c RDF Interest www-rdf-interest@w3.org[5] W3c Semantic web semantic-web@w3.org