oostvaardersplassen: new nature below sea level

8/14/2019 Oostvaardersplassen: New Nature Below Sea Level

1/22


2/22

typologies

As an element of nature between urban and agricultural contexts, the corridor area encompasses three main

typologies in the Dutch landscape. In examining these typologies, historical and modern versions of urban, agricultural

and nature typologies were explored. Amsterdam was considered urban in the 1500s. Its infrastructure supported an

elite class of international traders, and protected inhabitants from water and external threats. In contrast, the modern

polder city of Almere can be characterized as developing a regional identity, subject to internal threats from social

isolation, with a goal of providing education, work and recreation opportunities for all.

Historical village agriculture depended on internal knowledge and continuity, ordered by the rhythm of human

and animal labor and seasonal cycles. Today, industrial agriculture depends on external knowledge, and the abil-

ity to change and adapt to global rhythms of policy and economy. Animal parks representing nature in the 17th

Century were restricted in access. Ritual hunting of wild grazing animals conferred divine status. Large ecological zones

characterize current Dutch New Nature, with robust connections now being implemented. Designed for universal

access to ritual recreation, the wild grazing animals reintroduced into the landscape symbolize ecological health and

confirm the connection between humans and nature. Nature and art are often combined in this typology.

god and the dutch make land

Eons of geomorphic processes and hundreds of years of landscape engineering have created the Dutch landscape

The inundating North Sea repeatedly opened and closed what became the Zuiderzee, with Pleistocene aquifers o

fresh to salt water encapsulating the history of these changes. Empoldering land, creating land through diking and

draining, has been practiced in the Netherlands since the 1200s. These twin forces are integrated in the corridor site

where polder soils of the former sea floor are comprised of sand, clay and peat layers echoing the succession of land

sea and marsh.

Originally planned to control flooding from recurrent North Sea storms and provide agricultural lands for food security,

the Zuiderzee Works planned by Cornelis Lely in 1891 was implemented beginning in 1920. A closure dike across the

mouth of the Zuiderzee in 1932 enabled the water body to become fresh with the off-watering from continental rivers,

and was renamed the IJsselmeer (Ijssel Lake). Four polders were drained between 1930 and 1968, and a second dikein 1975 split the IJsselmeer and created the Markermeer, bordering Southern Flevoland. Flevoland became a province

in 1986.

Careful control of water levels is practiced throughout the Netherlands, and is especially important as one-third

of the country lies below sea level. In Flevoland, this is expressed through the system of drainage pipes and

ephemeral ditches, leading into secondary drains (tochts) and primary drains (vaarts). Excess water in the vaarts from

precipitation and seepage is pumped outside the dikes into bordering lakes. The corridor site is located between the

two main drainage canals, or vaarts, of the polder. To the southeast, the Hoge Vaart (high canal) lies one meter higher

than the Lage Vaart (low canal) on the northwest end of the corridor.

research process

Various forms of research were undertaken for this project. Two research trips were completed, including site visits,

site mapping and photography, as well as formal interviews and informal conversations with active and retired

professionals and the public. To understand the history of Dutch culture, design and the sites context, many books

reports and policy documents were consulted. A literature review of current road ecology was conducted. While most

people I interviewed spoke fluent English, I learned Dutch to be comfortable in the country, understand linguistic

Cynthia Lapp Masters of Landscape Architecture University of Minnesota


3/22

connections to the landscape, and read various books and reports. GIS mapping was used to understand the

site and intricacies of the polder water system. People in the Netherlands were tremendously supportive of my

interest in the corridor. They encouraged me to design from a perspective independent of provincial, municipal, or

ministerial viewpoints.

stakeholders + timelines

OostvaardersWold Corridor is a project of the Province of Flevoland. Official partners include the municipalities of

Almere, Lelystad and Zeewolde, Waterschap Zuiderzeeland, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality

and the National Forest Service. The first Provincial study of alternatives for the corridor was published in April

2008, and the first Structural Vision in January, 2009. The urban design office of Enno Zuidema Stedebouw was

contracted for this work. I had the opportunity to interview Enno Zuidema about his experience and views about

designing for the Provincial agenda. Funding for the corridor, including the relocation of current site inhabitants, is

assured through the national Natura 2000 program. The corridor is scheduled to be realized in 2014.

Historically, planning in the Netherlands has been centralized, with little public input elicited. This process

is changing, and there were opportunities to learn of public opinions through published findings from public

workshops on the corridor and at various corridor informational events. Different ministries I spoke with held

diverse, and occasionally conflicting agendas for the corridor. The Municipality of Almere, pursuing the extension

of Almere Oost adjacent to the corridor, finished a second draft of its 2030 plan in February, 2009. Almere Oost is

slated to be built and contain 20,000 houses in an urban agriculture context. The whole of Almere is expected to add

60,000 houses and 100,000 jobs by 2030. Almere awaits implementation approval from the national government in

October 2009. Development will be guided by the Almere Principles, written in conjunction William McDonough +

Partners in 2008, to assist in creating a livable, polycentric city intertwined with a healthy environment.

issues + solutions

Three elements shape the design of the OostvaardersWold corridor: water, wildlife and people. Through ecologica

and infrastructure requirements, water is the main driver of the design. The corridor water system both controls

the ecological character of the corridor and evacuates water from the polder through the polder infrastructure

Wild Heck cattle, Konik horses and red deer, the wild grazers who will use the corridor, have their own requirementsfor habitat and safe passage through the landscape. Programming for human users within the corridor focuses

on providing opportunities to experience natural systems while separating people from core habitat areas. This

is facilitated by various designs for recreation, education and research opportunities. To illustrate how human use

of the corridor will integrate with its surrounding context, a master plan for the future Almere Oost was also

generated. These issues and attendant design solutions are summarized below.


water issues water design solutions

Hoge Vaart and Lage Vaart water should not mix due to waterquality issues

Separate corridor water system from polder water system

Rainfall estimated to provide enough water for 10-day optimalturnover in corridor

Hedge by supplementing corridor water by starting the corridortocht in southern Almere Oost

50-80 cm optimal water levels for submerged water-cleaningvegetation

Central water depth of 50 cm and additional seasonal water at30 cm optimal for submerged vegetation

While submerged vegetation is necessary for water quality,deeper water variations enrich ecological variety

Pools with varying depths are located adjacent to the centraland seasonal water

Drain pipes for agricultural groundwater keep levels too deep togenerate rich ecological quality

Break drain pipes within specified corridor areas to raisegroundwater levels.


4/22

wildlife issues wildlife design solutions

Safe crossings of transportation infrastructure: Hoge Vaart, A6,Volgelweg, Lage Vaart, N305

Separate from traffic with over- and under-passes that allow forcomfortable migration

Habitat disturbance through transportation noise + pollution andvisual disturbance from context outside corridor Line transportation corridors with sound/light barriers to protecthabitat; forested buffers and viewing dikes protect visual habitat

Degradation of habitat by successful grazing populations Create rotational pastures for migrating wildlife

Public perception of suffering in winter die-off of grazersSet population parameters and cull healthy animals to reducepossible suffering

Reintegrate wild grazers with cultural practicesCulling of healthy animals possibly marketed and consumed aswild game

Separate wild and domestic animal populationsContinue current practice of fences, dikes and water to separatecorridor wildlife from domestic animal populations

Current high levels of nutrient loading in OostvaardersplassenUse nutrients in corridor water outflow to fertilize vegetation ingreenhouse living machines

Using corridor for general polder water storage judged to beinefficient

Operate water systems separately; connect infrastructure forunforeseen future needs

Corridor site of current drainage tocht; separating corridor watersystem necessitates tocht replacement

Install side tochts that parallel the corridor for urban and large-scale agricultural irrigation

people + corridor issues corridor design solutions

Create opportunities for all to connect with the landscape andnatural systems

Extensive system of bike/pedestrian paths, causeway prospects,visitor centers

Separate humans from wildlife within corridorContinue current successful practice of humans not deviatingfrom pathways within nature areas

Relocation of people farming corridor siteRemove fewer farmsteads than current provincial plan; rescalefarms and weave into urban agricultural context

Current facilit ies in corridor anchor sites insufficient Design appropriate visitor and research facilit ies

Tracking of disease vectors between wildlife and humans Utilize research facilities to monitor situation

people + almere oost issues almere oost design solutions

Almere 2030 goal of feeding 30% of Almere's projectedpopulation of 350,000

Utilize polder fertility for vegetable, orchard, apiary, dairy, meat,grain + greenhouse agriculture

Almere 2030 plan for urban agriculture, practicing biodynamic +

organic farming

Produce nutrient-rich food, sustain fertility, enhance ecological

quality of land and water

Reinstate productive forestryReintroduce cultural practices of coppicing, lumber + specialtywood forestry

Connect to existing polder sculpture + land art; PaviljonesMuseum, Flevoland Collection, Almere Collection

Sculpture Center for public, working artists, connection tospecialty forestry

Almere 2030 plan to provide economic opportunitiesLand-based industries: basketry + wattling, furniture, artisan,millwork, food packaging, greenhouses, farm retail, farm stays,marketing, artist colonies, sculpture center

Almere 2030 plan for industry along A6, A27, rail + watercorridors

Position intensive greenhouses and land-based industries nearnational + EU infrastructure

Expand educational opportunitiesLand-based education: farm schools, folk schools, socialprograms, research; connect to polder history Nieuw LandMuseum, Lelystad

Integrate new landscape into cultural stories Opportunities for all ages to practice creativity + responsibilityconnected to the landscape

Almere 2030 rural density plan for 20,000 new housesReplace currently planned rural sprawl with "Wijkdorp"neighborhood-villages of 1000 - 2500 houses woven into urbanagriculture context

Extend existing structure of green connections throughoutAlmere Oost

Connect existing green structure with corridor, weaving throughurban agriculture and Wijkdorp contexts



5/22

people and the corridor

The corridor offers distinct experiences of separation and connection. Bike and pedestrian pathways wi

wend through the enclosure of forest borders, opening into vistas across outlying pools and along the central

habitat areas in the corridor, and along dikes and tochts outside the corridor. Dikes will visually divide the corridor

and surrounding agricultural context, while providing panoramic views of the urban agriculture and Wijkdorps

of Almere Oost, the breadth of habitat conditions inside the corridor, and the expansive landscape of large-scale

polder agriculture to the east. Pedestrian and bike causeways will link corridor edges while providing prospects of

the core habitat and an undulating horizon line of forest bordering the length of the corridor.

resilience + applicability

This design establishes a diversity of landscapes and land uses that support resiliency not only for Oostvaarders-

Wold ecological corridor, but the cultural and economic contexts within which the corridor resides. It is recognized

that diversity affords ecological resiliency. By creating landscape diversity through re-embedding work, education,

trade and recreation into the land, cultural and economic resiliencies are also afforded. These combined resiliencies

strengthen the likelihood of ecological, cultural and economic success across local, regional, and global scales.

This corridor, and the extensive landscape and environmental planning that engendered it and other robus

ecological projects in the Netherlands, can serve to guide other regions and countries in ecological planning. The

lessons learned in dealing with intensive ecological, infrastructure and population pressures can be adapted to

other ecological and political frameworks.

The inclusion of cultural and economic issues in ecological and landscape planning can be adapted to any

landscape and any culture. By extending the site analysis and constraints/opportunities evaluation expertise of

landscape architects into cultural and economic arenas, landscape architects are poised to be at the vanguard

of solving complex ecological and economic issues. Landscape architects have both the overview and detail

knowledge necessary to work across disciplines, to embed site- and culture-specific solutions into diverse

landscapes, and forge creative and fitting solutions to the pressing economic and ecological issues today and in

the future.



6/22

1 the dutch design the landscape Centuries o Dutch landscape design ocused on saety rom ood, invasion, and ood

dependency. Each o these solutions was inelastic in the ace o change. The urban, agricultural and nature typologies o the corridor

site have historical and modern precedents.


7/22

2 existing conditions Existing urban,

agriculture and nature land uses within the cor-

ridor context. Horizontality in the polder landscape

is paramount; the power o the vanishing point is

utilized in Dutch road, trail and canal design.


8/22


9/22

4 designing the site Water, wildlie and people shape the corr idor design. The main driver is water. The corridor water system both

controls the ecological character o the corridor and evacuates water rom the polder through the polder inrastructure.


10/22

5 master plan + human experienc e A uctuating water system, sae passage or wildlie, and recreation, education and research

opportunities or people are expressed. To illustrate how human use o the corridor integrates with surrounding context, a master plan o

the uture Almere Oost was generated. Prospect and enclosure experiences aorded by the corridor trail system are illustrated.


11/22

6 program axon Corridor design elements or water, wildlie and people are diagrammed. A conceptual vision how the site will

transmute rom agriculture land to robust ecological connection is illustrated.


12/22

7 corridor model flythrough A sampling o rames rom a 3-D SketchUp model. Flying through the corridor, one experiences the

scale o the site, and how the corridor will be embedded in the current agricultural context.


13/22

8 wildlife crossings Major transportation inrastructure crosses the corridor at fve points; two primary drainage canals, a Europea

and local and a national highway. Sections illustrate the two types o overpass and the A6 underpass. Passages will range rom 100-150


14/22

9 corridor sections These sections illustrate the scale o the corridor, and how corridor and armland will spatially interroughly 200 205 tall.


15/22

10 designing for resilience Ecological, cultural and economic resiliencies are aorded by landscape diversity. Relationships

between program elements and Almere Principles are illustrated. A model or rotational wildlie pastures is illustrated, as is the resiliency

o the water design in high and low water situations. The proposed corridor plan removes ewer armsteads than the Provincial plan.


16/22


17/22

12 culture perspectives Causeways across the northern and southern sections o the corridor will aord prospects o the

corridors core habitat, and extended views across the at polder landscape. The sculpture center allows the public to view artists to

work on sculpture. It serves as a connection point to Almeres Paviljones Museum and the extensive collection o sculpture in the polder.


18/22

13 economy perspec tives Where a Wijkdorp (neighborhood village) edge meets the urban agricultural context o Almere Oost

and a view o coppice orestry workers.


19/22

references

ANWB. 2008-09. Randmeren + Flevoland Waterkaart 1:50,000. Den Haag: ANWB bv.

ANWB. 2005. Flevoland Topograsche Kaart 1:50,000. Den Haag: ANWB bv.

ANWB. 2004. Topograsche Atlas Utrecht/Flevoland 1:25,000. Den Haag: ANWB bv.

Arnoldussen, A. H., and Nip, J. A. November 1996. Ontwikkelingsplan Horsterwold: Een duurzaam concept voor

een veranderend boslandschap. Vol. Flevobericht 416. Lelystad: Rijkswaterstaat Directie IJsselmeergebied.

Atelier Almere 2030+, Stoels, Bart, and Kersten, Hester. September 2008. Landschap 2030: Visie op de

blauwgroene hoodstructuur van Almere. Almere: Gemeente Almere.

Banks, P. B. 2004. Population viability analysis in urban wildlie management: Modelling management options

or Sydneys quarantined Bandicoots. In Urban Wildlie: more than meets the eye, edited by Lunney Burgin Sand Shelley Burgin. New South Wales: Royal Zoological Society o New South Wales; Mosman.

Benjamin, Elmer V., Water Qantity Ofcial, Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. Interview, March 3, 2009.

Breugem, Gert, Urban Planner, Town and Landscape Planning Dept, City o Almere. Conversations,

May 16, 2008 + February, 2009.

Brons, Hans, and van Dijk, Ria. Almere rom Above. Amsterdam: RoVorm.

Bruggenkamp, Jan Wouter, retired Landscape Architect, Rijkswaterstaat. Interivews, conversations and site visits,

May 2008 + February 2009.

Coetzee, J. M., ed. 2004. Landscape with Rowers: Poetry rom the Netherlands. Princeton and Oxord:

Princeton University Press.

Creedy, Allen, et al. 2007. Towards Liveable Cities and Towns: Guidance or Sustainable Urban Management.

European Commission; Dutch Ministry o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).

de Hartog, Els, Architect + Designer. Conversations, May 2008 + February 2009.

de Hartog, Jan Frans, retired head o Urban Design, Department o Town Planning, Almere. Interviews,

conversations and site visits, May 2008 + February 2009.

Depot General de la Guerre. 1810. Algemeene Kaart van Holland met de post routes.Facsimilie-uitgave

Topograsche Dienst.

du Nood, Ivonne, Landscape Architect, Urban and Landscape Planning Dept, City o Almere. Interview,

February 26, 2009.

Enno Zuidema Stedebouw BV, and Dienst Landelijk Gebied. April 2008. OostvaardersWold:

WerkboekAlternatieven. Rotterdam: Provincie Flevoland.

Enno Zuidema, Urban Planner, Enno Zuidema Stedebouw. Interveiw, March 5, 2009.

Foppen, R., and R. Reijnen. 1994. The eects o car trafc on breeding bird populations in woodland II. Breeding

dispersal o male willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) in relation to the proximity o a highway. Journal o

Applied Ecology 31, no. 1:95 - 101.

Forman, R. T. T. 2000. Estimate o the Area Aected Ecologically by the Road System in the United States.

Conservation Biology 14, no. 1:31 - 35.

Forman, R. T. T., B. Reineking, and A. M. Hersperger. 2002. Road Trafc and Nearby Grassland Bird Patterns in a

Suburbanizing Landscape. Environmental Management 29, no. 6:782-800.

Gauthier, Marika. December 2003. The Zuiderzee-project through the ages. Lelystad:

Provincie Flevoland pamphlet.

Gemeente Almere. February 2008. PlannenAtlas van Almere : chronologie van 30 jaar plannen in Almere.

Edited by Joost Schrijnen. Almere: Almere Atelier 2030+, Gemeente Almere.

Gemeente Almere. 2008. De Sociale Atlas van Almere 2008. Almere: Gemeente Almere.

Gemeente Almere; Dhave, Roderik, ed. January 2008. Bandbreedte Almere: een eerste verkinning naar het

programma voor de Structuurvisie Almere 2030+ Werkdocument. Almere: Gemeente Almere.

Gemeente Almere, Gebouwen en Gegevensmanagement. January 2008. Stadsplattegrond 2008 Almere.

Almere: Gemeente Almere.

Gemeente Almere Oosterho, Wiebe, and Atelier Almere 2030+. December 2007. Alternatieven Almere 2030+

Structuurvisie. Almere: Gemeente Almere.

Gemeente Almere, Stuurgroep Almere 2030, MVRDV. February 2009. Almere 2.0 Werkdocument: op weg naar

een voorkeursalternatie.Gemeente Almere.

Grattan, Thomas C. 1899. Holland The History O The Netherlands. New York: Peter Fenlon Collier.

Groot Bruinderink, G.W.T.A., et. al. November 2007. Verbinding Oostvaardersplassen - Hollandse Hout;

Onderdeel van the uitvoering van het ICMO-advies. Vol. Alterra-rapport 1595. Wageningen: Alterra.

Groot Bruinderink, G. W. T. A., and Grit, E. A. v. d. 2006. Een kwaliteitscheck op het ecologisch unctioneren van

de robuuste ecologische verbindingszone tussen de Oostvaardersplassen en het Horsterwold

(OostvaardersWold). Vol. 1406. Wageningen: Alterra.

Cynthia Lapp Masters o Landscape Architecture University o Minnesota


20/22

Hels, T., and Buchwald, E. 2001. The eect o road kills on amphibian populations. In Proceedings o the 2001

International Conerence on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett and K. P. McDermott.

Raleigh, NC: Center or Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University.

Hendriks, Karina, and Stobbelaar, Derk J. 2003. Landbouw in een leesbaar landschap: Hoe gangbare en

biologische landbouwbedrijven bijdragen aan landschapskwaliteit. Ph.D. diss., Wageningen Universiteit.

Hokken, Martijn, Aquatic Ecology Policy Advisor, Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. Interview, March 3, 2009.

Hounjet, M. W. A. i., and Post, W. J. i. April 2008. GeoCheck Ontwikkellocaties Almere Oost: untiegeschiktheid

vanuit de ondergrond. Vol. 433310-003 v Concept. Almere: Gemeente Almere.

ICMO. June 2006. Reconciling Nature and Human Interests: Advice o the Internation Committee on the

Management o large herbivores in the Oostvaardersplassen (ICMO). Vol. WING rapport 018.

Den Haag/Wageningen: Wageningen UR.

International Triennial Apeldoorn. 2008. 100 days o Culture, Gardens and Landscapes: Memory and

Transormation. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers.

Jaeger, J. A. G., et al. 2005. Predicting when animal populations are at risk rom roads: an interactive model o

road avoidance behavior. Ecological Modelling 185, no. 2-4:329-348.

Jansma, Jan E., ed. May 2006. Stad en Landbouw: een vruchtbare combinatie. Lelystad: Praktijkonderzoek

Plant en Omgeving, Wageningen UR.

Jansma, Jan Eelco, Project Manager, Enduring Agriculture, and Applied Research o the Agricultural

Environment, Wageningen UR. Interview, March 3, 2009.

Jansma, Jan E., et al. Stadslandbouw Landbouwstad. Tom Tom Almere, Rondom Communicatie:

Programmateam Almere Oost.

Janssen, Hans, and Joosten, J. M. 2002. Mondrian 1892-1912: The Path to Abstraction. Zwolle:

Waanders Publishers.Jongman, R. H. G., et. al. 2006. Indicative map o the Pan-European Ecological Network in Western Europe

Technical background document. Vol. 1429. Wageningen: Alterra.

Jongman, Rob, Senior Landscape Ecologist, ALTERRA, Wageningen UR. Conversations October 8, 2007

+ March 2, 2009.

Jongman, Robert, and Kamphorst, Dana. August 2002. Ecological Corridors in Land Use Planning and

Development Policies.No. 125 ed.Council o Europe Publishing.

Karelse, Desire, Policy Advisor, Ministry o Agriculture, Nature and Food Saety (VROM). Interview, May 22, 2008.

Kersten, Hester, Landscape Architect, City o Almere. Interviews, May 16 + 23, 2008 and March 3, 2009.

Kleizen, Annick, and Spanjers, Martine, eds. 2007. Die Collectie Flevoland. Almere: Museum de Pavilijoens.

Krujishoop, Jan, Senior Policy Ofcial, Ministry o Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (VROM). Interview,

May 22, 2008.

Lambert, Audery M. 1985. The Making o the Dutch Landscape: An Historical Geography o the Netherlands.

2nd ed. London: Academic Press.

Mak, Geert. 2000. Jorwerd: The Death o the Village in Late 20th Century Europe. London: The Harvill Press.

Municipality o Almere, and William McDonough + Partners. 2008. The Almere Principles: For an ecologically,

socially and economically sustainable uture o Almere 2030. Bussum: Thoth.

OBrien, E. 2006. Habitat Fragmentation Due to Transport Inrastructure: Practical Considerations. In The Ecology

o Transportation: Managing Mobility or the Environment, edited by Davenport, J.: Davenport, J. L.Springer.

Pedroli, Bas, et al. 2007. Europes living Landscapes: Essays exploring our identity in the countryside. Zeist:

KNNV Publishing.

Piljes, Rosa, Juvenile Public Deender, Province o Flevoland. Conversations, May 2008 + February 2009.

Pouwels, Rogier, Senior Researcher, Biodiversity and Ecology, ALTERRA, Wageningen UR. Conversation

March 2, 2009.

Projectorganisatie OostvaardersWold. January 2009. Structuurvisie OostvaardersWold Ontwerp. Lelystad:

Provincie Flevoland.

Provincie Flevoland. May, 2008. Inwonersparticipatie OostvaardersWold Eindrapport: Adviezen van inwoners

voor de inrichting van het toekomstig natuur- en recreatiegebied OostvaardersWold. Lelystad:

Projectorganisatie OostvaardersWold, Provincie Flevoland.

Ramp, D., V. K. Wilson, and D. B. Crot. 2006. Assessing the impacts o roads in peri-urban reserves: oad-based

atalities and road usage by wildlie in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Biological

Conservation 129, no. 3:348-359.

Reh, Wouter, Steenbergen, Clemens, and Aten, Diederik. 2007. Sea o land : the polder as an experimental atlas

o Dutch landscape architecture. Wormer: Uitgeverij Noord-Holland.



21/22

Reijnen, R., R. Foppen, and H. Meeuwsen. 1996. The eects o trafc on the density o breeding birds in Dutch

agricultural grasslands. Biological Conservation 75, 255-260.

Rijkswaterstaat, ed. 1991. Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied. Emmen: Topograsche Dienst.

Spierings, M., and Bos, H. 1996. Westelijk van de Knardijk: inrichting en ontwikkeling van Zuidelijk Flevoland,

1968-1996. Den Haag: Directoraat-Generaal Rijkswaterstaat, Directie IJsselmeergebied.

Steenbergen, Clemens M. 2008. Ontwerpen met Landschap: de tekening als orm van onderzoek.

Bussum: Thoth.

Stoels, Bart, Kersten, Hester, and Atelier Almere 2030+. August 2007. Concept A6 Almere. Almere:

Gemeente Almere.

Stumpe, Jos, ed. December 2008. Ontwerp National Waterplan.Rijksoverheid.

Stuvel, H. J. 1967. Bouwen op Nieuwe Bodem: ten behoeve van de gemeenschap in het voormalige

Zuiderzeebekken. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp. N.V.

Uitgeverij 12 Provincien. 2007. Topograsche Dubbel Atlas: Topographische Atlas van het Koningrijk der

Nederlandedn 1868 vergeleken met de SmuldersKompas-cartograe begin 21 eeuw.third printing

Uitgeverij 12 Provincien.

Uitgeverij 12 Provincien. 2005. Luchtoto-Atlas Flevoland. Landsmeer, NL: Uitgeverij 12 Provincien.

van Beusekom, Eduard, and Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit. 2007. Bewogen aarde:

Aardkundig ergoed in Nederland. Utrecht: Matrijs.

van Blerck, Henk, and Gerrie, Andlea, et al. 2008. Canon van het Nederlandse landschap.

Wageningen: Blauwdruk.

van Bolhuis, Peter. 2004. The Invented Land: A birds-eye view o Dutch landscape architecture.

Wageningen: Blauwdruk.

van de Ven, G. P., ed. 2004. Man-made lowlands: Histor y o water management and land reclamation in theNetherlands.4th printing ed. Utrecht: Matrijs.

van den Bos, Janin, Senior Nature Ofcial, Regional Planning and Housing, Provincie Flevoland. Interview,

May 21, 2008.

van der Ham, Willem. 2007. Verover mij dat land: Lely en de Zuiderzeewerken. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Boom.

van der Meys, Vincent, and Wetselaar, Caroline. 2008. Reisgids Verleden van Nederland. Den Haag: ANWB bv.

van der Wal, Coen. 1997. In praise o common sense : planning the ordinary : a physical planning history o the

new towns in the Ijsselmeerpolders. Rotterdam: 010.

van der Wal, Coen, retired Urban Planner, City o Almere. Interview and conversations, February 24, 2009.

van der Wal, Tieneke. Conversations, February 24, 2009.

van Dijk, Ria, Senior Urban Planner, City o Almere. Interivews, conversations and site visits, May 2008 +

February 2009.

van Eerden, Mennobart, Senior Advisor, Water Systems and Ecology, Ministry o Transport, Public Works and

Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat). Interviews, May 21, 2008 + March 4, 2009.

van Ool, Marcel. 2008. Het Verlangen Naar Buiten: De Nederlandse geschiedenis van he buitenleven.

Niew Amsterdam + Staatsbosbeheer.

Viles, R. L., and D. J. Rosier. 2001. How to use roads in the creation o greenways: case studies in three New

Zealand landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning 55, 15-27.

Visser, Andries, Dekking, Arjan, and Jansma, Jan E. April 2007. Urban Agriculture Guide: Urban Agriculture in the

Netherlands Under the Magniying Glass.Praktijkonderzoek Plant en Omgeving, Wageningen UR.

Visser, Rik d. 1997. Een halve eeuw landschapsbouw : het landschap van de landinrichting.second printing

2004 ed. Wageningen: Blauwdruk.

VROM. December 2007. New energy or climate policy : The clean and efcient programme. Den Haag: Ministry

o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).

VROM. April 2003. Liveable Cities: A Dutch recipe or environmental policy and spatial planning in the City &

Environment project. Den Haag: Ministry o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).

VROM. Where theres a will theres a world: Working on sustainability 4th National Environmental Policy Plan

Summary.Ministry o Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM).

Wigbels, Vincent. 2001. Oostvaardersplassen: New nature below sealevel. Zwolle: Staatsbosbeheer.

Wijn, Judith Iris, Urban Designer, City o Almere. Conversations, February, 2009.

Woestenburg, M., Kuypers, V. H. M., and Timmermans, W. 2006. Over de brug; hoe Zanderij Crailoo een

natuurbrug kreeg. Wageningen: Blauwdruk.

Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. 2006. Zuidelikj Flevoland Peilgebieden. Vol. 1:50,000.

Zuiderzeeland Waterschap. Flevoland Watersystem. Vol. 1:50,000.



22/22

image credits

1 the dutch design the landscape

saety diagram

1755 Storm

rom Bespiegeling over Nerlandsch Waternood, tusschen den 14den en

15den Nov. 1775 www.orumrarebooks.com/messages/item/124.html

1953 Flood

www.saecoast.org/canon/beschrijving.php?b=40

NOAA Sea Ice Model

www.noaa.gov

NOAA Sea Level Rise

www.noaa.gov

Waterline map

Inundation, 1800s

US WWII bomber

www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.html

German WWII ighter

www.world-war-2-planes.com/american-world-war-2-planes.htmlGerman

Milking

Nationaal Archie www.lickr.com/photos/nationaalarchi e/3118474906/

Alkamaar cheese marketNationaal Archie www.lickr.com/photos/nationaalarchi e/3118474906/

Industrial grain harvest

weeklytimesnow.com.au/article/2008/11/26/29695_grain-and-hay.html

Grain pile

www.grainpilecover.com/images/grainpilecoverinstall3.jpg

typologies

Amsterdam, 1597, Ons Amsterdam, 1932

Google Maps

Google Maps

Dirk Maas, Willem III op hertenjacht (van Ool, Marcel. 2008)

Photo www.mcww.nl

Photo wiepoes, www.panoramio.com

Google Earth imagesite maps

Google Basemap

Basemap City o Almere

Basemap Michelin 1:400,000


2 existing conditions


3 god and the dutch make land

geohydrology

Base ino Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat

zuiderzee works

Basemap Algemeene Kaart van Holland, 1810; Topograische Dienst

polder drainage diagram

ater van de Vens Manmade Lowlands

polder water system

Zuiderzeeland Water System map, Waterschap

wogmeer polder

Gerrit Dirksz, 1608; Investors map, G. Dirksz, 1607-12; State Topographic

map, 1895; Photo Paul Paris; all (Reh, et. al. 2007)

lely + zuiderzee works

Lely; 1930 Closure Dike construction; Closure Dike today; wikipedia.org

levoland

Archived photos, Gemeente Almere Plannenatlas Almere

holocene deposits

Ater Structuurvisie OostvaardersWold Ontwerp, Provincie Flevoland

pleistocene structures

Ater Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaatgroundwater low

Ater Geohydrologische Atlas IJsselmeergebied, Rijkswaterstaat

polder drainage + reclamation

Ater Manmade Lowlands

4 designing the site

almere

almere plannenatlas (Gemeente Almere, 2008)

2030 almere plan

Almere 2.0 (Stuurgroep Almere 2030)

horsterwold images

(Arnoldussen+ Nip, 1996)

ooostvaardersplassen, horsterwold

both google maps

6 program axon

corridor conversion concept

almere birds-eye base image courtesy Ria van Dijk, Gemeente Almere

Gert Breugem, Jan Wouter Bruggenkamp, Jan Frans de Hartog, Ivonne de Nood,

Hans Hogenhout, Desire Karelse, Hester Kersten, Rosa Piljes, Coen Van der Wal,

Ria van Dijk, Mennobart van Eerden, Iris Wijn

not pictured: Elmar Benjamin, Els de Hartog, Martijn Hokken, Jan-Eelco Jansma,

Rob Jongman, Jan Kruijshoop, Rogier Pouwels, Janin van den Bos, Tieneke Van

der Wal, Enno Zuidema

thanks

More thanks than I can say to all the olks in the U.S. and the Netherlands

who encouraged me to proceed and gave many hours to my project.

A extra big thanks to my committee, Lance Neckar, David Pitt and Vince

de Britto, and our capstone studio advisors, Dean Abbott and Joe Favour.

And Mike Tincher.


oostvaardersplassen: new nature below sea level

Documents