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Presentados en LA 1ER REUNION ANUAL DE MIEMBROS INVESTIGADORES DE LA RED TEMATICA DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS, CELEBRADA DEL 10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2016

EN LAS BARRANCAS DE EL COBRE, CHIHUAHUA

MATCORED

2

Memorias de Resumenes de Trabajos, presentados en LA 1ER REUNION ANUAL DE

MIEMBROS INVESTIGADORES DE LA RED TEMATICA DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS, CELEBRADA DEL 10 AL 13 DE OCTUBRE DEL 2016 EN LAS BARRANCAS DE EL COBRE, CHIHUAHUA.

INDICE DE RESUMENES DE TRABAJO P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES

Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. J. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-González, and E. Flores Johnson

P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials CIDESI

N. Camacho1, M. Torres-Arellano1, and U. Sánchez-Santana2 P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES: Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro

C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, A. Toscano-Giles, O. Gómez-Guzmán, C. Flores-Hernández, L. Ramos-Galicia. P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS FROM WATER: Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro

A.L. Martínez-Hernández1, C. Velasco-Santos1, V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba2, E. Morales-Rodríguez1, E.E. Pérez-Ramírez1, M. de la Luz-Asunción1

P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite materials or natural fiber University of Guanajuato

R. Fuentes-Ramírez1 P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste1,3. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco

Luis Noreña-Franco1, Qing Wang2, Julia Aguilar-Pliego3 P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero

C.M. de León-Almazán, R.D. Martínez-Orozco, U. Páramo-García, J.L. Rivera-Armenta

P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and 2D nanoparticles Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero

J. López-Barroso, M.L. Méndez-Hernández, J.L Rivera-Armenta, B.A. Salazar-Cruz, M.Y. Chavez-Cinco P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca

V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba1, J.A. Vargas-García2, E. del C. Varela_Santos3, G. Hernández-Ramírez4, K. Bustos-Ramírez5 P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C

T. J. Madera-Santana1 and P. J. Herrera-Franco2 P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco

A. Padilla1 and M.I. Panama2 P013. Sustainable design of cements Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua C. Prieto-Gómez1 P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP

DICOM Ing. Maricruz Soriano

3

P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada S. Fernández1, A. De León1, E. De Casas1, A. Mercado1, M. Rodríguez1 and D. Morales1

P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada S. Fernández1, E. De Casas1, A. De León1, and A. Mercado1

P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite.

Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez J.F. Hernandez-Paz1, J.T. Elizalde-Galindo1, and Rurik Farías1

P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite

Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez P. G. Mani-Gonzalez, J.L. Enriquez-Carrejo, and M. A. Ramos Murillo

P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ

Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez Olivas Armendariz1, K. Castrejón Parga1, H. Camacho Montes1, P. E. García Casillas, A. Martel Estrada1, C.A. Martínez Pérez1, C. Chapa Gonzalez, C.A. Rodríguez Gonzalez1

P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA) copolymers

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez, I. Silva de la Cruz, J. Gudiño-Rivera and M. Gutierrez-Sánchez

P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in: microelectronics, sustainable alternative

energy generation, and comprehensive water conservation. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV)

P. Amézaga-Madrid, S.F. Olive-Méndez, P. Pizá-Ruiz, C. Leyva-Porras, O. Solís-Canto, C. Ornelas-Gutiérrez, B. E. Monárrez-Cordero, A. Sáenz-Trevizo, A. Heiras-Trevizo, O. Esquivel-Pereyra, M. Miki-Yoshida

P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV)

R. Martinez Sanchez, J. M. Herrera Ramirez, C. Carreño Gallardo, J. E. Ledezma Sillas P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion shapes and under imperfect contact Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Estado de México

J. A. Otero1, Reinaldo Rodriguez Ramos2, and Guillermo Monsivais3 P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Universidad de la Habana M. Ramírez1, F. J. Sabina1, R. Guinovart-Díaz2, R. Rodríguez-Ramos2 and J. Bravo-Castillero2

P025. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios

HAVANA UNIVERSITY R. Rodriguez-Ramos, R. Guinovart-Diaz, and J. C. Lopez-Realpozo

P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors

Universidad Veracruzana A.L. Herrera-May1, S.M. Domínguez-Nicolás1,2, R. Juárez-Aguirre1, F. López-Huerta3

4

Contents P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES .......................................................................... 5

P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials ...................................................................... 6

P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES: ....................................................................................................... 7

P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS FROM WATER: ....................................... 8

P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite materials or natural fiber ................................ 9

P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites ......................................................................................................................... 9

P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic Waste1,3. ....................................................... 10

P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications ................................................................................................................... 13

P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and 2D nanoparticles ....................................... 13

P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers ................................................................................... 14

P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials ......................................................................................... 15

P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete ............................................................................................................................... 16

P013. Sustainable design of cements .......................................................................................................................................................... 19

P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP ........................................................................................ 20

P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres ...................................................... 20

P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis .......................................................................... 22

P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite. ..................................................................................... 23

P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite ........................................................................................................... 24

P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ ..................................................................................................................................... 25

P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA) copolymers ....................................................... 25

P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in: microelectronics, sustainable alternative energy

generation, and comprehensive water conservation. ................................................................................................................................ 26

P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials ............................................................................................................. 28

P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion shapes and under imperfect contact .............. 29

P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their dependency on Poisson’s ratios ............................... 29

P025. GROUP OF MECHANICS OF SOLIDS ................................................................................................................................................... 30

P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors ..................................................................................................... 31

5

P001. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MULTI-SCALE ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALES

-Effect of interfacial interactions on the durability-

P.J. Herrera-Franco, A. Valadez-González, and E. Flores Johnson

Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C.

Calle 43 # 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205

Mérida, Yucatán, México

ABSTRACT

Subjects such as the imminent decrease of oil

supply used for the production of synthetic Polymers, a growing environmental concern to

avoid the accumulation of plastic non-biodegradable waste and the need for a stronger

support to the scientific and technological development of our country, have resulted in the

several proposals to study advanced materials, nano materials and nano composites. Current

developments of nano-structured materials and hierarchical composite materials, using,

mainly thermosetting resins and inorganic inclusions have opened a new window to study the

addition of new functionalities of material systems for the development of advanced

hierarchical or multiscale composite materials.

The group of advanced composite materials of the Materials Unit at CICY has developed

several projects for the study of advanced composite materials, the micromechanics of

composite materials and the degradation of polymeric materials, as well as the incorporation

of nano materials for the improvement of the interfacial and mechanical properties of the

engineering fiber composites. More recently our research efforts have been directed to the

development of materials for structural applications with improved mechanical and physical

properties, and larger endurance to repetitive and cyclic loading and humidity from the

environment.

Our approach consists on the inclusion of the nanofibers (carbon nanotubes or graphene

oxide nano-platelets) in the fiber-matrix interphase. Our main objective is to improve the

understanding from the nano-scale to the micro-scale and to the macro-scale. That is, three

different hierarchies that should allow the design of composite materials with optimal

performance under growing and severe environmental and mechanical conditions.

More specifically our efforts are centered on: (1) a systematic study of the structure-property

relationships of self-repairing advanced hierarchical composite materials for structural

applications; (2) to study the durability of the advanced hierarchical composite materials

exposed to harsh environmental conditions and cyclic or varying mechanical loads; (3) To

improve the durability of the advanced composite materials through the modification of their

physico-chemical properties at the nano-/micro- scales to obtain a response of the material in

a self-repair fashion.

6

P002. Development, Manufacturing and Analysis of Polymeric Matrix Composite Materials

N. Camacho1, M. Torres-Arellano1, and U. Sánchez-Santana2

1CONACyT-CIDESI, Composite Materials Department

2 CIDESI, Composite Materials Department

The Composite Materials Laboratory (CML) from the Center for Engineering and Industrial

Development (CIDESI) has focused on strengthening scientific and technological skills and

experience for the innovation of high-tech manufacturing of advanced materials through the

implementation of high-impact processes focused on sustainable development. The aim of the

research projects conducted at CIDESI is to develop technological capabilities to increase the

competitiveness of industry in the aeronautical, aerospace, automotive and wind fields,

among others. The CML is dedicated to study innovative materials and manufacturing

technologies that enable the industry to complete projects with greater complexity and higher

added value. According to CIDESI technological strengths and the experience of CONACYT

research fellows, there are different research lines being developed:

a. Reinforced polymers with nanoparticles.

Structural analysis to assess dispersion, distribution and orientation of nanoparticles

in polymeric matrices at different concentrations.

Cryogenic mechanical-dynamic analysis of polymeric matrices with nanoparticles

incorporated by solution blending and manufactured through (compression) molding.

Physico-chemical characterization of polymeric matrices with nanoparticles.

Determination of the influence of addition of (functionalized) CNTs in total damping

response to low energy impact testing of hybrid material (Ti/CFRP).

b. Characterization of reinforced polymers.

Mechancal characterization: Evaluation of dynamic fracture toughness of fiber-metal

laminated materials (long fibers and metallic sheets), extending the applicability of a

method for dynamic characterization for laminated monolithic materials.

Analysis of the impact behavior of hybrid composites (long fibers/epoxy reinforced

with nanoparticles).

Determination the influence of different nanoparticle functionalization in the total

damping of the composite material (CFRP).

Determination of the influence of different surface treatments on metallic sheets in

the interfacial adhesion of the hybrid material (metallic nanoparticles/CFRP).

Mechanical characterization (tensile and flexural properties).

c. Instrumentation of the manufacturing process for fiber reinforced polymers.

Manufacturing processes for fiber reinforced polymers and nanoparticles.

Preparation of carbon-epoxy laminates by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) and

Autoclave.

Curing and mechanical monitoring of carbon-epoxy materials throughout sensors’

measurements (strain gauges, thermocouples, etc.).

7

P003. COMPOSITE MATERIALS, POLYMERIC AND METALIC MATRICES:

ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY GROUP.

C. Velasco-Santos, A.L. Martínez-Hernández, A. Toscano-Giles, O. Gómez-Guzmán, C. Flores-

Hernández, L. Ramos-Galicia.

División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av.

Tecnológico s/n esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Col. Centro Histórico, Santiago de Querétaro,

México, C.P. 76000.

Composite materials developed in the advanced materials and nanotechnology group could

be divided considering the matrix type and reinforcements. The researches focus in

composites, that our group have worked recently are the next:

a) Nanocomposites developed with nylon 6, 6 and carbon nanomaterials of 1 and 2

dimension, to evaluate the influences of carbon dimension in crystal structure of polymer and

thermomechanical properties, two methods have been used to develop the composites:

Electrospinning and injection molding. Functionalization and dimension of carbon materials

are evaluated in the composites properties. [1,2].

b) Multiscale composites with polypropylene matrix reinforced with short carbon fiber and

carbon nanotubes. The processing of these composites is achieved by extrusion in a semi-

industrial machine, mechanical properties of these materials show that combination of

multiscale carbon materials could be useful to take advantage of each scale in the composite.

Epoxy reinforced with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide and multidimension

composites with 1 and 2 dimension carbon nanomaterials also have been developed with

good synergic effects in the mechanical properties [3].

c) Natural and synthetic polymers reinforced with keratin materials. Chitosan-starch have

been reinforced with different keratin materials obtained from feathers. Processing can be

achieved by extrusion, casting and 3D printing. Parameters such as: functionalization and

keratin form have been evaluated in thermo mechanical [4-6] and acoustic properties. Also

degradation properties have been studied.

d) Natural polymer reinforced with carbon nanomaterials modified with biomolecules. The

thermomechanical properties of these composites have been evaluated with a high influence

of nanoreinforcements [7,8] . Biocompatibility of these kind of materials is other important

topic in this kind of materials.

e) Mechanical properties in glass fiber composites. The performance of glass fiber composites

in laminated composites and pressure vessels have been evaluated employing different

mechanical characterizations, structure and performance of this kind of composites are

evaluated taking account the applications.

8

P004. POLYMER MEMBRANES COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO REMOVE POLLUTANS

FROM WATER:

ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY GROUP.

A.L. Martínez-Hernández1, C. Velasco-Santos1, V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba2, E. Morales-

Rodríguez1, E.E. Pérez-Ramírez1, M. de la Luz-Asunción1

1División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Av.

Tecnológico s/n esq. Gral. Mariano Escobedo, Col. Centro Histórico, Santiago de Querétaro,

México, C.P. 76000.

2Ingeniería en Industrias Alimentarias, Posgrado en Ciencia de los Materiales y

Biotecnología, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca, Av. Veracruz s/n Esq. Héroes

de Puebla, Col. Pemex, Tierra Blanca, Veracruz, México.

Polyurethane modified with keratin or carbon allotropes of different dimension are used as

composites or membranes to remove pollutants such as: arsenic, chromium VI, lead, phenol

and dyes. Our group has worked recently in the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of

these new composites as adsorbents of contaminants. The main focuses of this research line

are:

a) Polyurethane membranes and composites modified with keratin obtained from chicken

feathers. Keratin fibers are functionalized and incorporated as active adsorbent reinforcement

to polyurethane matrix. In the other hand, membranes were synthesized by adding dissolved

keratin to polyol during crosslinking reactions of polyurethane. Composites and membranes

have been characterized to obtain their morphology, mechanical properties and chemical

structure. Results show that composites are more efficient in the removal process of

pollutants than membranes. This is due to dissolved keratin occupies active sites in the

polyurethane crosslinking, while keratin fibers only reinforce polyurethane and this does not

affect functional sites by chemical interactions [1, 2].

b) Carbon materials as adsorbents. In order to observe the potential of carbon nanomaterials

to remove pollutants, these have been tested as adsorbents of contaminants to understand

the adsorption kinetic achieved [3, 4]. This research was done before including carbon

nanomaterials reinforcements in nanocomposites. Results indicate that different parameters

play an important role in adsorption process such as: functional groups in the surface,

dimension of carbon materials and surface area.

c) Nanocomposites reinforced with carbon materials of different dimensions. Carbon

nanotubes and graphene derivate materials have been incorporated in polyurethane matrix.

These nanocomposites were characterized and evaluated as adsorbent materials to remove

phenol and Cr(VI) from water, the efficiency of these composites reach up to 80 %. Dimension

affects considerably the removal process [5].

9

P005. Improved Performance of a Polymeric Matrix as a Result of incorporating Graphite

materials or natural fiber

R. Fuentes-Ramírez1

1 University of Guanajuato

INTRODUCTION

In the University of Guanajuato, we collaborated with various groups (ITQ, ITZ, BUAP), to

improve the mechanical properties of a polymeric matrix by reinforcing it with different

materials. By example polymeric matrix with ntc or graphene oxide or a combination of

graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Also, were prepared composites (polyester) with

arundo donax.

Nanocomposites (epoxy matrix) were prepared with different load of nanofillers: 0.1, 0.4, 0.7,

1.0 wt% and a neat epoxy. In this study, oxidized multi-wall carbon nanotubes (o-CNT) and

graphene oxide were evaluated as reinforcements to determine their ability to transfer their

properties and thus improve the performance of an epoxy matrix.

In another study its combination were used ratios of graphene oxide and reduced graphene: 0

: 1, 0.25 : 0.75, 0.5 : 0.5, 0.75 : 0.25, and 1 : 0. Results show tensile strength higher than neat

epoxy.

In another work, Arundo Donax fiber was given an alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide

in order to obtain a better interfase in the composite resin polyester-carrizo. The treatment

with concentration 2 M removed the greater amount of lignin. Composite with resin polyester

matrix and fiber showed better resistance to impact.

Another study with membranes made of carbon nanotubes and cellulose acetate with

polyacrylic acid were designed in order to study their properties and their applicability for

chromium removal. Carbon nanotubes were added to the membrane during their process of

synthesis in proportions of 1% by weight.

P006. Functional and biodegradable polymeric composites

Iván Alziri Estrada-Moreno, Mónica Elvira Mendoza-Duarte

Departamento de Ingeniería y Química de Materiales. Centro de Investigación en Materiales

Avanzados, S.C. Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, México. Miguel de Cervantes 120 Chihuahua,

Chih, México.

ABSTRACT

The polymeric material composites are widely employed in so many applications, due to their

versatility and low cost. Our investigation line is focused in the obtention of polymer

composites with enhanced properties. For instance, one of the topics of research is the

synthesis of polymeric particles with metallic nanoparticles attached to their surface. This is

done with the objective of taking advantage of their antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral

activity (Lara et al., 2011). Moreover, this kind of materials can be used as sensors.

10

Futhermore, in the last decade the use of biodegradable materials has become important to

try to solve the problem of contamination caused by conventional polymers. For this reason it

is necessary to find a substitute of the conventional polymers that have less environmental

impact. The use of biodegradable polymers as the Polylactide acid (PLA) in polymeric

composites, can help with the above problematic. However, PLA has weak thermal and

thermo-mechanical properties that should be tailored for its employment in conventional

applications (Murariu et al., 2012). By the addition of some different particles, like graphite,

graphene, etc, some properties can be improved. Also, is equally important to obtain these

enhancements when processing this kind of materials at large scale as in an injection molding

process for large scale production.

REFERENCES

Lara, H. H., Garza-Treviño, E. N., Ixtepan-Turrent, L., & Singh, D. K. (2011). Silver nanoparticles

are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. Journal of Nanobiotechnology,

9(30). http://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-9-30

Murariu, M., Dechief, A. L., Paint, Y., Peeterbroeck, S., Bonnaud, L., & Dubois, P. (2012).

Polylactide (PLA)-Halloysite Nanocomposites: Production, Morphology and Key-Properties.

Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 20(4), 932–943. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-

012-0488-4

P007. Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Composites1,2. Catalytic Cracking of Plastic

Waste1,3.

Luis Noreña-Franco1, Qing Wang2, Julia Aguilar-Pliego3

1,3Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco

2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University

INTRODUCTION

Ferroelectric materials are capable of transforming mechanical energy into electrical energy

and vice versa. Ferroelectric materials have a wide range of advanced technological

applications ranging from sensors, transducers, capacitors, communications devices, artificial

muscles or renewable energy sources. Whereas most ferroelectric materials are ceramic,

poly(vinyledene fluoride), PVDF, is the only organic polymer showing ferroelectric properties,

either on its own or in block copolymers with chlorotrifluoroethylene and trifluoroethylene,

P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE)1. As other organic polymers, PVDF copolymers are lightweight, flexible,

easily processed and molded. The particular ferroelectric properties of PVDF arise from the

strong C-F dipoles, which become aligned in crystalline phase. From the several possible PVDF

chain conformations, the all-

and piezoelectric behavior. Depending on the VDF, CTFE and TrFE content in the copolymer,

the electrical properties of the material are modified and also the temperature required for

crystalline phase transitions. Nanocomposites of P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE) and inorganic BaTiO3 were

prepared in order to obtain high dielectric permittivity, high energy density and high

mechanical strength for capacitor applications2.

11

Many different types of plastics surround us and they play a fundamental role in modern life.

Plastics have replaced traditional materials such as wood, paper, leather, glass, metal and

rubber. As a consequence of the widespread use of plastics, they represent between 10 to

15% of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) generated around the world, resulting in negative

environmental effects. There are four main categories of processes to deal with plastic

wastes: R-extrusion (primary), mechanical recycling (secondary), chemical recycling (tertiary)

and incineration (quaternary)3. Among the tertiary recycling methods, we have employed

inorganic nanoporous materials for breaking the long polymer chains which constitute the

plastics waste into useful smaller molecules3,4. Among the inorganic materials used as

catalysts we employed microporous natural Mexican zeolites and mesoporous synthetic

MCM-41 materials. The next figure shows the laboratory reaction system we have employed

for the catalytic cracking of several types of plastic waste3:

REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS

Figure shows the electrical energy density of the copolymer-BatiO3 nanocomposites

measured by a modified Sawyer-Tower circuit2. The addition of BaTiO3 greatly enhances the

energy density of the materials, which are much higher than the energy densities of BaTiO3

composites with polyethylene or epoxy resins, which usually are below 3 J/cm3. The high

dielectric permittivity of the P(VDF-CTFE-TrFE) copolymers plays a dominant role for the high

energy density of the nanocomposites. SEM and TEM electron microscopy showed and

excellent compatibility between the inorganic filler and the organic polymer matrix2.

12

Figure shows the gas products and their relative proportion obtained from the catalytic

cracking of low-density polyethylene employing mesoporous MCM-41 materials

functionalized with tungsten heteropolyacid3. The strong Broensted acid sites of the

heteropolyacid favors breaking the polymer chains into small size molecules. These gas

products are useful for the chemical industry and can be used as fuel.

Figure shows the liquid products and their relative proportion obtained from the catalytic

cracking of low-density polyethylene employing mesoporous MCM-41 materials

functionalized with tungsten heteropolyacid3. Such liquid products correspond to refinery oil

fractions (ASTM D-28887 method) also useful in the chemical industry or as fuels. Different

amounts of liquid products can be obtained when using other nanoporous catalysts. The

polymer chains of almost any plastic waste can be recycled this way, for instance, the main

product obtained from the catalytic cracking of poly(ethylene terephtalate), PET, is the

ethylene terephtalate monomer.

REFERENCES

1. Y Lu, J Claude, L E Norena-Franco, Q Wang, Structural Dependence of Phase Transition and

Dielectric Relaxation in Ferroelectric Poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene-

trifluoroethylene)s, J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 10411-10416.

2. J Li, J Claude, L E Norena-Franco, S I Seok, Q Wang, Electrical Energy Storage in Ferroelectric

Polymer Nanocomposites Containing Surface-Functionalized BaTiO3 Nanoparticles, Chem.

Mater. 2008, 20, 6304-6306.

3. L. Noreña, J. Aguilar, V. Mugica, M. Gutiérrez and M. Torres, Materials and methods for the

chemical catalytic cracking of plastic waste, pp 151-174, in “Material Recycling – Trends and

Perspectives” Intech, 2012, 406 pages, ISBN 978-953-51-0327-1

4. Patente: Proceso y equipo para la producción de hidrocarburos por descomposición

catalítica de desperdicios plásticos en un solo paso, Method and equipment for producing

hydrocarbons by catalytic decomposition of plastic waste products in a single step, número de

publicación internacional WO 2015/012676 A1, fecha de publicación internacional 29 de

enero de 2015, número de solicitud internacional PCT/MX2013/000095.

13

P008. Polymeric composites for electrochemical applications

C.M. de León-Almazán, R.D. Martínez-Orozco, U. Páramo-García, J.L. Rivera-Armenta

Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Secundaria, División de Estudios de Posgrado e

Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, Prol. Bahía de Aldhair y Av. De las

Bahías, Parque de la Pequeña y Mediana Industria, 89600, Altamira,

Tamaulipas, México.

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this area is the synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanostructured

materials applied in diverses fields such as modified polymers by reaction and/or processing,

modified sensors and electrodes with nanomaterials for detection, quantitation and

treatment of specific analytes (reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr (III) in effluent through polymeric

membranes polypyrrole). Research of conducting polymer composites has opened a wide

array of possibilities to get high performance organic anticorrosive coatings, minimizing the

environmental and health impact involved in many current protection systems. Polyaniline

(PAni) is one of most studied conducting polymer, for different reasons, among easy

processing from solutions into films, reversibly controlled electrical and optical properties.

Corrosion inhibitors using polyaniline-SB elastomers composites is studied by the working

group, also the used of nanoclay in semiconductors composites is been studied. One path to

obtain the Pani-SB elastomers-nanoclay is by melting mix and thermomechanical, chemical

and electrochemical properties have been studied. Nanostructured materials with catalytic

properties in environmental remediation, conversion processes induced by light energy, such

as solar cells and photocatalytic reactions, and we reciently initially fundamental research in

energy storage such as capacitors.

Keywords: composites materials, nanomaterials, conducting polymers, rubbers, catalyst

P009. Composite materials based on polymers using chicken feathers, nanoclay and 1D and

2D nanoparticles

J. López-Barroso, M.L. Méndez-Hernández, J.L Rivera-Armenta,

B.A. Salazar-Cruz, M.Y. Chavez-Cinco

Centro de Investigación en Petroquímica Secundaria, División de Estudios de Posgrado e

Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero., Prol. Bahía de Aldahir y Av. de las

Bahías, parque de la pequeña y mediana industria, Altamira, Tamaulipas, México.

ABSTRACT

The development on composites or nanocomposites fields is having attraction because is a

path to combine properties in one material. The application of macro and nano scale materials

have attaract interest for improvement of the matrix properties. The thermoplastic

elastomers (TPE) are a kind of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties

with a wide field of applications. Our research group is focused on study a wide variety of

thermoplastic elastomers type styrene-butadiene, as styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBS),

14

styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) with linear, radial and multiradial structure

reinforced with some kind of particles; one option is to use a chicken waste material as

chicken feathers, which main component is keratin a mix of several proteins that have good

thermal stability and mechanical properties, which make it an attractive reinforcer for

polymer matrix. Composites based on SBR and SBS elastomers reinforced with keratin were

prepared in a mix chamber. A window of possibility is open due reports about the use of

chicken feathers in composites for semiconductor materiales as possible application. Anohter

research area is the preparation of nanocomposites based on elastomers and nanoclay for

asphalt modification. This is a field of interesting due the needed to improve the option for

roads pavement construction. The use of SEBS elastomer for obtation of nanocomposite with

nanoclay was reported for first time. Recently other kind of elastomers based on styrene-

butadiene were used for obtaining of nanocomposites with nanoclay, founding that high

temperature storage stability of modified asphalt was enhanced, and that addition of

nanocomposite reduces tendency of become brittle and rigid at low temperature, which

allows increase the temperature range where modified asphalt can be applied. Other research

area of interest if the use of unidimensional (1D) and bidimensional (2D) materials as modifier

in polymer matrix, for instance Epoxy resins, where the addition of 1D and 2D materials

(carbon nanoparticles) generates excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties in

polymer matrix. 1D and 2D nanoparticles were synthezised and modified chemically.

Chemical, thermal and microscopic characterization were done to nanocomposites with the

aim of study the changes in properties and find possible application.

Keywords: composites materials, keratin, modified asphalt, nanoparticles

P010. Composite food packaging based on renewable agroindustrial biopolymers

V. Saucedo-Rivalcoba1, J.A. Vargas-García2, E. del C. Varela_Santos3, G. Hernández-

Ramírez4, K. Bustos-Ramírez5.

1-5 Ingeniería de Procesos Biotecnológicos y Alimentarios. Subdirección de Posgrado e

Investigación. Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tierra Blanca. Av. Veracruz s/n. Esq. Heroes de

Puebla. Col. Pemex. Tierra Blanca, Veracruz. CP 95180.

ABSTRACT

Recently there is an increasing interest in biodegradable polymers from renewable

agroindustrial sources to produce food packing. Biopolymers based on renewable

polysaccharides can be used as films or coating packages. Low mechanical, functional, barrier

and antimicrobial properties can be overcome through the synthesis of composite materials

and reinforced with biological or chemical species.

INTRODUCTION

Environmental concerns about the use of nondegradable plastics for packaging and disposable

consumer have led to intensified research on the development of biodegradable packaging

materials. Biodegradable films and coatings for food storage require acting as barriers to

control the transfer of moisture, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethylene, lipids, and flavor

15

components, which can prevent quality deterioration and increase the shelf-life of food

products. Films, coatings and food packages polymers based on renewable agroindustrial can

be synthesized based on polysaccharides, proteins and lipids; as matrix and, antioxidants,

carbon/nanocarbon species or redox molecules; as reinforcements, which are generally

biodegradable, nontoxic, and some of them are effective barriers to oxygen and carbon

dioxide, which are able to maintain food quality and, at the same time, reduce the

environmental impact of packaging wastes. Main problem to overcome in food packaging

science is maintaining mechanical, barrier, hydrophilicity and functional properties, as well as

antimicrobial characteristic when developing food package. As a result, researches are

focused on investigate diverse composite polymer synthesis in order to the food package not

only act as a passive barrier but also interacts and maintain food stability.

P011. Towards Agro-Industrial Residues Utilization in Biocomposite Materials

T. J. Madera-Santana1 and P. J. Herrera-Franco2

1 Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. CTAOV. Lab. de Envases. Carr. a

La Victoria Km. 0.6 Ejido La Victoria. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, México.

2 Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Materiales, Calle 43 # 130 x 30 y

32, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.

ABSTRACT

Agro-industrial residues (AIRs) are the most abundant and renewable resources on earth.

However, these represent a bottle-neck for the agro-industry in Mexico because; the

accumulation of biomass in large quantities at every crop cycle causes a deterioration of the

environment. Usually, typical procedures to disposal AIRs are cattle feed, natural fertilizer or

manure, provider mineral soil after burning the AIRs. Nevertheless, AIRs must be consider as

potentially valuable materials that can be used as raw material to yield many valuable added

products, such as fuel, feed, chemicals, biofillers, etc. AIRs encompass all agricultural wastes

(straw, stem, stalk, leaves, husk, shell, peel, lint, stones/seed, pulp, etc.) and consist of

lignocelluloses (linear/semicrystalline cellulose, branched non-cellulosic and non-crystalline

hemicelluloses, and branched non-crystalline lignin (Glasser et al., 2000; Herrera-Franco &

Valadez-González, 2005). Environment and sustainability issues have emphasized

achievements in green technology in the field of materials science through the development

of biocomposites (Faruk et al., 2012). A biocomposite is a class of fully biodegradable “green”

composite that combines natural fibers or fillers with biodegradable resins (Netravali &

Chabba, 2003). To develop and to fabricate a biocomposite it must be environmentally

friendly, fully biodegradable and sustainable; it is “green” in a whole way. At the end of their

life they can be easily disposed (soil burial or compost). In the same way, the increasing

pollution caused by the use of plastics and gas-emission during incineration has taken one the

highest priority in several countries. However, the production of 100% biobased materials

from AIRs as substitute for petroleum based products is not an economical solution. An

alternative solution would be a combination biodegradable matrix (biopolymer or synthetic

16

polymer) and biobased resources. Biocomposites from polylactic acid (PLA), which is classified

as a bioplastic and natural fibers or fillers have shown potential for rigid plastics, housing,

disposable items for food and packaging, transportation and automotive applications

(Madera-Santana et al., 2015). In this presentation, a general overview of biocomposites from

AIRs and PLA will be discussed, as well as the research on process performed by this research

group.

REFERENCES

Faruk O., Bledzki A.K., Fink H.P., and Sain M. (2012). Biocomposites reinforced with natural

fibers: 2000–2010. Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 1552.1596.

Glasser WG, Kaar WE, Jain RK, and Sealey JE (2000). Isolation options for noncellulosic

heteropolysaccharides (Hetps). Cellulose 7: 299.317.

Herrera-Franco, P.J., and Valadez-Gonzalez, A. (2005). A study of the mechanical properties of

short natural-fiber reinforced composites. Composites Part B. 36(8):597–608.

Netravali, A. N., and Chabba, S. (2003). Composites get greener. Mat. Today, 6, 22–29.

Madera-Santana, T.J., Freile-Pelegrín, Y., Encinas, J.C., Ríos-Soberanis C.R., & Quintana-Owen,

P. (2015). Biocomposites based on poly(lactic acid) and seaweed wastes from agar extraction:

evaluation of physicochemical properties. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132(31), DOI: 10.1002/APP

42320.

P012. Development of light weight polymer concrete

A. Padilla1 and M.I. Panama2

1,2Departamento de Materiales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco

INTRODUCTION

The target of this work is the evaluation of recycling glass reinforcing plastic (FRP) as filler in

polymer concrete. The recycling material come from the waste material of the FRP molding

process. This kind of waste material is formed by glass fiber cover with polyester resin, so is

possible to use this material as reinforcing filler in polymer matrix

.

Polymer concrete is employed to manufacture covers, channels, piping, etc., due the high

mechanical properties and chemical and weathering resistance. They are formed by polyester

resin and fillers such as marmolina dust, calcite, silica and other inorganic fillers.

Granulometry selection of fillers are very important in order to obtain polymer concretes with

good mechanical properties and good fluency that allow handled it during the process.

Recycling FRP material is previously grinding into ball mill. Granulometry of milled FRP

material shown 60% particles are retained in mesh 30 and less than 10% of the particles are

retained in mesh 200. This fact allows reduce resin consume.

REPRESENTATIVE RESULTS

Witness polymer concrete

Before add recycling FRP to polymer concrete, 12 different polymer concrete formulations

were prepared and tested. These samples were manufacture with 70, 75, 80 and 85%

17

marmolina filler and using particle sizes of mesh 30, (samples 1 to 4) mesh 100 (samples 5 to

8) and a mix of mesh 30 and 100 (samples 9 to 12). See Table 1.

Table 1 Witness polymer concrete composition (percentage in weight)

Sample

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Resin 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15 30 25 20 15

Filler (M-

30) 70 75 80 85 - - - - 49 52.5 56 59.5

Filler (M-

100) - - - - 70 75 80 85 21 22.5 24 25.5

The following Figures 1 and 2, shown the effect of filler content on density and compression

resistance. As one can see and expect, density increases with filler content and compression

resistance decreases with filler content. Mechanical resistance also depends of particle size of

the employed filler. Polymer concrete with filler mesh 100 offer the best resistance and it is

almost independent of filler content.

Fig 1. Left side effect of filler content on witness polymer concrete density; right side effect of

filler content on compression resistance

18

Recycling FRP polymer concrete

Addition of recycling FRP were done only in four formulations, which are sown in Table 2.

Table 2. Polymer concrete with recycling FRP. Content is expressed in weight percentage.

Formulation

1R-

1

1R-

2

1R-

3 5R

Recycling

FRP 30 35 40 30

Filler M-30 40 35 30 -

Filler M 100 - 40

Resin 30 30 30 30

Obtained results are interesting. They show, density values reduce with recycling FRP content

and there is also little decrease of compression resistance with recycling FRP content, as it is

shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Density and compression resistance of samples with recycling FRP Finally

Formulation FRP recycling

content (%w) Density g/cm3

Compression

resistance

kg/cm2

1R-1 30 1.57 837

1R-2 35 1.45 744

1R-3 40 1.32 721

5R 30 1.56 799

Finally there is a nonlinear relationship between density and compression resistance of these

polymer concrete with recycling FRP. This data are presented in Figure 3.

19

Fig. 3 Relation between density and compression resistance of polymer concrete with recycling

FRP

REFERENCES

T. H. Ferrigno, “Principles of filler Selection and Use”, in Handbook of Fillers for Plastics, Ed.

Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987.

Y. Ohama, M. Kawakami and K. Fukusawa. (1997),”Polymers in Concrete”, College of

Engineering Nihon University, Koriyama Japan

P013. Sustainable design of cements

C. Prieto-Gómez1

1R&D Department, Grupo Cementos de Chihuahua

According to the literature, the construction industry contributes with 5 to 8% of the global

anthropogenic CO2 emissions. At least 60% of the emissions are attributed to cement

production and significant improvements in this matter have been made worldwide to lower

this contribution such as: i) the reduction of fossil fuels consumption in clinker production by

its substitution for alternative fuels like plastics, industrial garbage, shell nuts, tires, etc.; ii)

reduction of clinker factor in cement and concrete by the use of pozzolanic materials,

limestone, calcined clays, etc.; iii) the reduction of the energy required for clinkerization by

the use of mineralizers; iv) recycling of concrete in raw meal, cement or concrete mixes; v) the

improvement of concrete life-cycle by the use of mineral additives, among others.

In terms of clinker factor reduction, the company has undertaken several projects to develop

special blended cements with equal or better performance than typical Portland cements,

which at the same time, contribute to the sustainability of the cement industry. An example of

these efforts is the preparation of low-clinker factor cements, done through the activation of

low-grade clays and its mixture with clinker and limestone to prepare blended cements. In

these cements, clinker factor may be reduced from 95 to 60%. Other projects involving the

20

use of optical microscopy and calorimetric studies have yielded on improvements in the

cement’s mechanical properties, resulting in the reduction of several clinker factor units in the

mix. Special-applications cements have also been designed to include byproducts from other

industries, multiplying the contribution of the initiative by helping other industries to keep

control of their inventories. The cements generated through these studies are exhaustibly

characterized and tested in order to validate their mechanical performance and durability

against ordinary cements.

The above mentioned projects are developed internally, with or without governmental

founding or the participation of research centers, throughout a process of ideation, laboratory

scale, pilot plant and industrial scale tests

P014. Materiales para la construcción fabricados a base de fibra de vidrio FRP

Ing. Maricruz Soriano de DICOM

A través del área de Investigación y desarrollo, y en el trabajo conjunto con la Universidad

Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) unidad Azcapotzalco, la empresa DICOM ha manifestado su

interés por emplear materiales compuestos de fibra de vidrio, en la fabricación de casetones,

columnas, nervaduras y bovedillas, con la finalidad de mejorar resistencia mecánica, aligerar

los pesos de las piezas y optimizar los procesos de fabricación disminuyendo tiempo, mermas

o desperdicios y disminuyendo costos.

Actualmente se están desarrollando proyectos como mejorar el proceso de fabricación de

casetones a través de un proceso llamado RTM LIGHT; fabricación de paneles para cimbra,

que sustituya a la madera convencional ocupada en obra, y buscar otras formas de uso del

panel; y reciclaje de la fibra de vidrio

P015. Electrochemical oxidation of graphite and its functionalization with ZnO hollow

microspheres

S. Fernández1, A. De León1, E. De Casas1, A. Mercado1, M. Rodríguez1 and D. Morales1

1Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de

los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., México; arxel.deleon@ciqa.edu.mx

INTRODUCTION

Graphite´s oxidation by the Hummers procedure is widely used to obtain graphene oxide

(Hummers and Offeman, 1958); while popular, it presents inconveniences that have been

diminished but not entirely solved (Marcano, 2010). Among its disadvantages are the use of

toxic oxidants, harsh concentrated acid media and lengthy purification procedure; to avoid

them a number of electrochemical exfoliation/oxidation methods have been studied to obtain

oxidized exfoliated graphene oxide (GO); the methods are simpler and permit obtaining GO

with different oxidation levels.

EXPERIMENTAL PART

21

We present the electrochemical oxidation of graphite using an ammonium carbonate

(NH4)2CO3 solution as electrolyte and their functionalization with ZnO hollow microspheres

obtained by a hydrothermal method. GO was synthesized using a platinum electrode as

cathode and a graphite rod as the working electrode. The electrolyte concentration can be

manipulated to vary the exfoliation and oxidation level of the end product.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

X-ray diffraction, TGA, FT-IR and AFM shows the material to be GO stacked sheets with a 7 nm

height, exhibiting 96% delamination of the starting graphite. Wet chemistry ZnO

functionalization of the GO by can be easily achieved to obtain a composite material.

Figure 1. a) AFM micrograph of graphite oxide achieved by the electrochemical method, b)

SEM micrograph of ZnO hollow microspheres and c) GO functionalization with ZnO Hollow

microspheres.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate a simple electrochemical treatment of graphite to obtain exfoliated oxidized

graphenes containing hydroxy and epoxy substituents that can be functionalized with hollow

ZnO microspheres. The procedure gives rise to functionalized few layer graphene with low

oxygen content via a convenient synthetic route. The material may be used to manufacture

batteries and solar cells.

REFERENCES

Hummers, W. S., & Offeman, R. E. (1958). Preparation of Graphitic Oxide. Journal of the

American Chemical Society, 80(6), 1339-1339. doi: 10.1021/ja01539a017

Marcano, D. C., Kosynkin, D. V., Berlin, J. M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., . . . Tour, J. M.

(2010). Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano, 4(8), 4806-4814. doi:

10.1021/nn1006368

22

P016. Convenient stearic acid graphite exfoliation and magnetite composites synthesis

S. Fernández1, E. De Casas1, A. De León1, and A. Mercado1

1Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Col. San José de

los Cerritos, 25294 Saltillo, Coah., México; arxel.deleon@ciqa.edu.mx

INTRODUCTION

Liquid phase exfoliation (1) and mechanical dry milling (2) of graphite are protocols often used

to manufacture graphene. We have developed a simple mechanical exfoliation method that

leads to the preparation of few-layer GNP in quantitative yield; an improved one pot

functionalization of the material with magnetite yields the corresponding composites avoiding

the complex preparation protocol based on GO (3).

EXPERIMENTAL PART

1:2 by weight mixtures of graphite-stearic acid were treated in a shatter box mill for two

hours; separation of the stearic acid yields FLG. An aqueous suspension of the graphene is

treated in a high shear mixer in the presence of magnetite precursors; one hour mixing after

basic treatment leads directly to magnetite composites in quantitative yield.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The few layer graphene and its magnetite composite were analyzed by X Ray, Raman

spectroscopy, SEM and TEM microscopy; the results demonstrate the exfoliated material to

consist of very few graphene layers or its magnetite composite.

HRTEM

HRTEM micrograph of exfoliated graphite and the magnetite composite

CONCLUSIONS

A convenient procedure to prepare large quantities of pristine few layer graphene and its

magnetite composite in quantitative yield has been developed using a green exfoliant and a

simplified protocol for its conversion to magnetite composites.

REFERENCES

23

1.- A manufacturing perspective on graphene dispersions; D. W. Johnson, B. P. Dobson, K. S.

Coleman; Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 20 (2015) 367–382

2.- A review on mechanical exfoliation for scalable production of graphene; Min Yi, Zhigang

Shen; J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015,3, 11700-11715

3.- Graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites: synthesis, properties and their

Applications; Khan et al; J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 18753

P017. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/Magnetite Nanocomposite.

C.A. de Física de Materiales

J.F. Hernandez-Paz1, J.T. Elizalde-Galindo1, and Rurik Farías1

1Physics and Mathematics Department, IIT-UACJ

INTRODUCTION

Magnetic polymer nanocomposites represent a class of functional materials, where magnetic

nanoparticles are embedded in polymer matrices. These nanocomposites hold great potential

for applications.

SAMPLES PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Magnetite/polyaniline composites were synthesized as follows: First, an aqueous dispersion of

magnetite, in the presence of anilinium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (S1), was prepared using a

dismembrator programmed to apply pulses at 100 % amplitude every 2 s for 60 min.

Afterward, an aqueous solution of ammonium persulfate (APS) at a molar ratio APS to S1 of

1.2:1.0 was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. The oxidative polymerization was left at -

2 °C for 24 h. Thermal stability of the composite was characterized using thermogravimetric

analyze, meanwhile, conductivity was determined by the four-probe technique and magnetic

response were run at room temperature using a magnetometer (Versalab Crio Free VSM,

Quantum Design) with maximum applied field H max = 20 kOe.

RESULTS

Thermogravimetric analyze results show a first transition equivalent to that observed in the

pure PAni; however, the second and third transitions appeared, respectively, at 325 °C and

470 °C; that is, 75 °C and 100 °C higher than in the pure PAni. Such enhanced thermal stability

was related to the strong interfacial interaction between PAni and magnetite, which restricts

thermal motion of Pani chains.

Electro-conductivity of the pure PAni and the Pani/ Fe3O4 composite was, respectively,

3.08x10-1 and 3.51x10-3 S cm-1. Concerning the pure magnetite, we had no result as an

adequate tablet to achieve this measurement was not obtained.

The saturation magnetization value (σs) for Fe3O4 and PAni/ Fe3O4 composite were,

respectively, 58 and 50 emu(g-1). These values are low contrasting with the reported

theoretical saturation magnetization in magnetite (92 emu(g-1)) and to the value of

commercial magnetite fine powder (84.5 emu(g-1)). For the FeO nanoparticles, the lowering

on the saturation magnetization could be attributable to morphology and superficial effects

24

such as oxidation differences. Another reason could be a lack of symmetry at the surface,

which yields to broken ligands.

CONCLUSIONS

PAni/Fe3O4 composites were successfully synthesized. The Pani/Fe3O4 composite exhibited

enhanced thermal stability compared to the pure PAni, which evidence the strong interfacial

interaction between both components. Concerning electrical conductivity, values of 10-1 and

10-3 Scm-1 for the pure PAni and the PAni/Fe3O4 composite, respectively, obeyed the typical

behavior reported for similar systems. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles exposed a ferrimagnetic

behavior, with a saturation magnetization of 58 emu(g-1) . After formation of the PAni shell,

the magnetic properties shifted to lower values due to magnetic mass reduction and to the

enhanced magnetic dipolar interactions because of the separation between Fe3O4

nanoparticles.

P018. Surfaces, interfaces and simulations in advanced composite

P. G. Mani-Gonzalez, J.L. Enriquez-Carrejo, and M. A. Ramos Murillo

1Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Ciudad Universitaria, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología,

Departamento de Física y Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ave. Del

Charro 450, Cd. Juárez. C.P. 32310, Chihuahua, México.

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this group is to contribute to the solution of complex scientific and engineering

problems in the academic and private sector (local industry), including national and

international research laboratories. We will present some studies made in layered structured

composite, nanoparticles and thin films using chalcogenides, transition metal oxides, high-k

dielectric materials and ABO3. We promote the development of highly qualified human

resources in the undergraduate and graduate levels. The group has detected a shortage of

specialized studies related to analyses of the properties of composite used in local industry

products. Also, companies need access to advanced characterization equipment for surface

and interface analyses in composite used in electronic and optical devices. The group has

expertise in the use of computational techniques with advanced algorithms and commercial

software as Gaussian, Quantum Espresso, and Materials Studio for theoretical determination

of chemical and physical properties of composites. Also, the group has experience in

fabrication/synthesis by RF sputtering, hydrothermal chemical reactions, atomic layer

deposition and solid-state mechanical synthesis of advanced materials. In order to investigate

transport, thickness, morphology and electron density properties the group relies on

advanced characterization techniques as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman

spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, ellipsometry, transmission and scanning electron

microscopy for structural analysis, contamination tests, failure analysis, and determination of

electronic, optical, magnetic, catalytic and semiconducting properties.

Emails: manuel.ramos@uacj.mx, jose.enriquez@uacj.mx, pierre.mani@uacj.mx

25

REFERENCES

Manuel A. Ramos, Russell Chianelli, Jose L. Enriquez-Carrejo, Gabriel A. Gonzalez, Metallic

states by angular dependence in 2H-MoS2 slabs, Computational Materials Science, 84 (2014)

18-22.

Jose L. Enriquez-Carrejo, Manuel A. Ramos, Jose Mireles-Jr-Garcia and Abel Hurtado-Macias,

Nano-mechanical and structural study of WO3 thin films, Thin Solid Films 606 (2016) 148-154.

R Hernández-Molina, JA Hernández-Márquez, JL Enríquez-Carrejo, JR Farias-Mancilla, PG

Mani-González, E Vigueras Santiago, MC Rodríguez-Aranda, A Vargas-Ortíz, JM Yáñez-Limón

(2015) “Synthesis by wet chemistry and characterization of LiNbO3 nanoparticles” Superficies

y Vacío (4) 28

Mani-Gonzalez, P. G., Vazquez-Lepe, M. O., & Herrera-Gomez, A. (2015). Aperture-time of

oxygen-precursor for minimum silicon incorporation into the interface-layer in atomic layer

deposition-grown HfO2/Si nanofilms. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 33(1),

010602.

P019. Synthesis of Composites and Fillers at UACJ

I. Olivas Armendariz1, K. Castrejón Parga1, H. Camacho Montes1, P. E. García Casillas, A.

Martel Estrada1, C.A. Martínez Pérez1, C. Chapa Gonzalez, C.A. Rodríguez Gonzalez1

1Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Av. del Charro # 450 Nte, Col. Partido Romero, Cd.

Juárez Chihuahua, CP 32310, Mexico

ABSTRACT

Research on the synthesis of composites and fillers materials by two academic groups of the

University of Ciudad Juarez (UACJ), Materials Science and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, is

presented in this work. Polymers such as Poly-L-Lactide, Chitosan, Starch, Carboxymethyl

Chitosan has been used to synthesizes composites with advanced carbon compounds,

inorganic nanoparticles and natural extracts. Enhanced antimicrobial, electrical, tissue

regeneration, mechanical and wettability properties have been achieved among others. Main

examples are discussed. Additionally, effective properties calculations for composites

materials by means of micromechanical methods are also presented

P020. Nanocomposites of P(GA)/TiO2 and P(LLA)/SBA-15 and new trends in P(LLA/GA)

copolymers

F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez, I. Silva de la Cruz, J. Gudiño-Rivera and M. Gutierrez-Sánchez

Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí

Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P.

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) are synthetic, biodegradable and

biocompatible polymers, however, they both have relatively low mechanical properties.

Therefore, in our group, we have recently been interested in the study of these polymeric

systems with the main purpose of understanding their morphological properties and enhance

26

specific and mechanical properties. In the case of PGA/TiO2, nano fibers were prepared by

electrospinning1 and it was determined that, depending on molecular weight, the rutile

crystal phase decreases and the anatase phase increases up to 20 % hydrolytic degradation.

Furthermore, the addition of TiO2, in either form, enhanced up to 3 times the mechanical

modulus of products. No heterogeneous nucleation effects were found in neither form of the

TiO2 crystals. As for P(LLA)/SBA-15, a mesoporous silica, the surface of SBA-15 was grafted

with L-lactic oligomers in order to enhance interaction with P(LLA)2. In this form, the

heterogeneous nucleation process and the mechanical moduli (up to 3 times) were enhanced,

decreasing however ductility and hydrolytic degradation. As a new trend, the combination of

biodegradable and biocompatible monomers such as L-lactic acid and glycolic acid, into a

copolymer, offers the opportunity for obtaining a wide range of new polymeric products for

different applications. The properties of such products can be specifically controlled through

the use of nano additives. We have first obtained P(LLA/GA) copolymers, through azeotropic

distillation, whose crystallization characteristics were found similar to other high temperature

copolymers3, such as P(ET/CT). There remains the challenge of using nano additives, such as

mesoporous silica MCM41, in these important polymeric systems.

References

1. J. Gudiño-Rivera, F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez*, C. Ávila-Orta, A. Palestino-Escobedo and S.

Sánchez-Valdés, Structure/Property Relationships of Poly(L-Lactic Acid)/Mesoporous Silica

Nanocomposites. Journal of Polymers Volume 2013, Article ID 162603, 10pages

http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162603

2. L. I. Silva-de-la-Cruz, F.J. Medellín Rodríguez*, C. Velasco-Santos, A. Martínez-Hernández, M.

Gutiérrez-Sánchez, Hydrolytic Degradation and Morphological Characterization of Electrospun

Poly(glycolic acid) [PGA] Thin Films of Different Molecular Weights Containing TiO2

Nanoparticles. J Polym Res (2016) 23: 113 DOI 10.1007/s10965-016-1002-9

3. M. Gutiérrez-Sánchez, F.J. Medellín-Rodríguez*, L. I. Silva-de-la-Cruz. Molecular and

Morphological Characterization of Poly(l-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) p(l-la/ga) Copolymers

Prepared by Azeotropic Distillation. J Polym Res (2016) 23:200 DOI 10.1007/s10965-016-1083-

5

P021. Development of new composed nanostructured materials for application in:

microelectronics, sustainable alternative energy generation, and comprehensive water

conservation.

P. Amézaga-Madrid, S.F. Olive-Méndez, P. Pizá-Ruiz, C. Leyva-Porras, O. Solís-Canto, C.

Ornelas-Gutiérrez, B. E. Monárrez-Cordero, A. Sáenz-Trevizo, A. Heiras-Trevizo, O. Esquivel-

Pereyra, M. Miki-Yoshida

Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Departamento de Física de

Materiales, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31136 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico

ABSTRACT

Nanotechnology has advanced greatly in recent years, the development and study of

nanomaterials and their properties has solved problems in most scientific areas. In CIMAV, the

27

Department of Materials Physics has several consolidated research groups engaged in

research, development, synthesis, microstructural characterization in laboratory and pilot

plant of nanostructured materials in the areas of electronics, microelectronics, environment,

renewable energy, among others. The synthesis of nanomaterials is performed by physical and

physico-chemical methods, such as sputtering and aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition

(AACVD) respectively. One of our groups is dedicated to the fabrication of thin film

heterostructures in a high-vacuum sputtering system, where the stacking of different layers

leads to particular functionalities, which principal application is focused on spintronics, a

branch of electronics where information storage and manipulation is based not only on the

electron charge but also in its spin. Most of the fabricated layers have magnetic properties,

their study is based on the characterization of Curie temperature, saturation magnetization,

coercivity, and anisotropy and their link with structural properties.

On the other hand the group of Prof. Mario Miki Yoshida, has developed AACVD1 systems that

have allowed the basic study, theoretical simulation and development of composed

nanostructured materials mostly of metal oxides in the form of thin films2, nanorods3,2

nanowires4-5, nanoparticles6-7 with applications in: photocatalysis, hydrogen generation,

micro-opto-electronic, magnetism, solar control, and environmental remediation. In addition,

the group has extensive experience in the microstructural characterization of materials by

different methodologies such as SEM, TEM, GIXRD, AFM, Raman and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy.

We are also specialized in theoretical simulation using programs such as Solid Works-Fluid-

Works and COMSOL Multhiphysics. The Group is open for collaboration; any challenge to help

on research and projects is welcome.

References

1. Amézaga-Madrid P, Antúnez-Flores W, Monárrez-García I, González-Hernández J, Martínez-

Sánchez R, Miki-Yoshida M. Thin Solid Films. 2008; 516:8282–8288.

2. Sáenz-Trevizo A, Amézaga-Madrid P, Pizá-Ruiz P, Antúnez-Flores W, Ornelas-Gutiérrez C,

Miki-Yoshida. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 2016;45:57-68.

3. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Pedro Pizá Ruiz, Wilber Antúnez Flores,

Mario Lugo Ruelas, Oswaldo Esquivel Pereyra. Application for patent registered with the

Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, Docket number MX/a/2013/015380; folio

MX/E/2013/095195.

4. Lugo-Ruelas M, Amézaga-Madrid P, Esquivel-Pereyra O, Antúnez-Flores W, Pizá-Ruiz P,

Ornelas-Gutiérrez C, Miki-Yoshida M. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015;643:S46-S50.

5. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Angélica Sáenz Trevizo, Pedro Pizá Ruiz,

Wilber Antúnez Flores, Mario Lugo Ruelas. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados,

S.C. México. Patent register MX/a/2014/007867.

6. Monárrez-Cordero B, Amézaga-Madrid P, Antúnez-Flores W, Leyva-Porras C, Pizá-Ruiz P,

Miki-Yoshida M. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2014;586:S520-S525.

7. Mario Miki Yoshida, Patricia Amézaga Madrid, Blanca Elizabeth Monárrez Cordero, Eutiquio

Barrientos Juárez. Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. México, Title of

Patent No. MX/a/2012/004874

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P022. Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials

R. Martinez Sanchez, J. M. Herrera Ramirez, C. Carreño Gallardo, J. E. Ledezma Sillas

Centro de Investigacion en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de

Nanotecnologia, Miguel de Cervantes 120, 31136 Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico

ABSTRACT

The Group “Metallic Alloys, Composites and Nanostructured Materials” is focused on the

synthesis, analysis and application of metallic materials. We develop metallic alloys as well as

composites and nanostructured materials, specifically Al, Mg, and Ni-based materials

reinforced especially with nanoparticles, carbon nanostructures (CNTs, graphene

nanoplatelets, fullerenes) and fibers.

Our research is both fundamental, because the development of new materials require

comprehending mechanisms at different scales (relationship between micro/nanostructure

and mechanical behavior), and applied, because the results serve to enhance the properties of

the metallic materials. The topics range from the study of the effect of chemical composition,

microstructure and mechanical properties of materials related to their processing routes, to

the development of new nanostructural alloys with potential application in automotive,

aeronautical and aerospace industries.

Our facilities for the synthesis and deformation processes are, among others, the following:

Mechanical alloying/milling, Sintering, Foundry, Wire drawing, Rolling, Hot Extrusion, Single

fibers, nanoparticles and nanoplatelets characterization, Coatings processes, Heat treatments.

We have extensive experience in X-ray diffraction, Optical and Electron Microscopies (SEM,

TEM, EDS), Thermal Analysis, Raman Spectroscopy, Computed Tomography, Tensile,

Compression, Bending, Fatigue, Creep and Nanoindentation Tests.

The Group is open for collaboration; any challenge to help on research and projects is

welcome.

REFERENCES

1. Isaza M. Cesar A., Ledezma Sillas J.E., Meza J.M., Herrera Ramírez J.M. (2016). Mechanical

properties and interfacial phenomena in aluminum reinforced with carbon nanotubes

manufactured by the sandwich technique. Journal of Composite Materials

0021998316658784.

2. Estrada-Ruiz R.H., Flores-Campos R., Treviño-Rodríguez G.A., Herrera-Ramírez J.M.,

Martínez-Sánchez R. (2016.) Wear resistance analysis of the aluminum 7075 alloy and the

nanostructured aluminum 7075 - silver nanoparticles composites, Journal of Mining and

Metallurgy Section B-Metallurgy. Accepted

29

3. Flores-Campos R., Herrera-Ramírez J.M., Martínez-Sánchez R. (2016). Mechanical properties

of aluminum 7075 - silver nanoparticles powder composite and its relationship with the

powder particle size. Advanced Powder Technology, 27, 1694-1699.

4. Prieto-García E., Baldenebro-Lopez F.J., Estrada-Guel I., Herrera-Ramírez J.M., Martínez-

Sánchez R. (2015). Microstructural Evolution of Mechanically Alloyed Ni-based Alloys under

High Temperature Oxidation. Powder Technology 281, 57-64

P023. Computation of effective properties in elastic composites with different inclusion

shapes and under imperfect contact

J. A. Otero1, Reinaldo Rodriguez Ramos2, and Guillermo Monsivais3

1Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Estado de México, México

2DTU Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de la Habana, Cuba

3Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México

ABSTRACT

Generally in composite materials the fiber-matrix adhesion is imperfect, i.e., the continuity

conditions for stresses and displacements are not satisfied. Thus, various approaches have

been used, where the bond between the reinforcement and the matrix is modeled by an

interface with specified thickness. Other assumptions suppose that the contrast or jump of

the displacements at the interface is proportional to the corresponding component of the

stress at the interface in terms of a parameter given by the spring constant. In this work, a

fibrous elastic composite is considered with transversely isotropic constituents. Three types of

fibers are studied: circular, square and rhombic. Fibers are distributed with the same

periodicity along the two perpendicular directions to the fiber orientation, i.e., the periodic

cell of the composite is square. The composite exhibits imperfect contact at the interface

between the fiber and matrix. Effective properties of this composite are calculated by means

of a semi-analytic method, i.e. the differential equations that described the local problems

obtained by asymptotic homogenization method are solved using the finite element method.

The finite element formulation can be applied to any type of element, particularly three

approaches are used: quadrilateral element of four nodes, quadrilateral element of eight

nodes and quadrilateral element of twelve nodes. Numerical computations are implemented

and different comparisons are presented.

P024. Engineering properties of a laminate of two isotropic constituents and their

dependency on Poisson’s ratios

M. Ramírez1, F. J. Sabina1, R. Guinovart-Díaz2, R. Rodríguez-Ramos2 and J. Bravo-

Castillero2

1Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional

Autónoma de México

30

2Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de la Habana

ABSTRACT

Materials with negative Poison’s ratio, referred to as auxetics materials, are studied as

constituents in composite materials because it is has been shown that some mechanical

properties like indentation resistance, shear modulus and Young’s modulus are enhanced. This

work aims at analyzing effective properties of a periodic composite where the repetitive cell is

a laminate of two isotropic constituents and studying the behavior of these as function of

Poisson’s ratios. Effective Young’s moduli formulas are given. It is found that the rule of

mixture are lower bounds to these. Also the enhancement conditions for Young’s moduli are

found, that is, when they are bigger than the biggest constituent Young’s modulus. Auxetic

windows, that is to mean, the volume fraction at which the laminate is auxetic are found in

terms of constituents properties. Numerical analysis shows that effective Young’s modulus

enhancement is larger as Poisson ratio of the constituents approach the thermodynamic limits

and effective Poisson’s ratios, for instance, may be lower than the lowest constituent

Poisson’s ratio and higher than the highest one. The auxetic laminate studied here may be

useful as packaging material or other protective purpose.

REFERENCES

Ramírez, M., Nava-Gómez, G. G., Sabina, F. J., Camacho- Montes, H., Guinovart-Díaz, R.,

Rodríguez-Ramos, R., and Bravo-Castillero, J. (2012). Enhancement of Young’s moduli and

auxetic windows in laminates with isotropic constituents. International Journal of Engineering

Science, 58, 95-114.

Ramírez, M. and Sabina, F. J. (2012). Correction to “ out-of-plane modulus of semi-auxetic

laminates by T. C. Lim. Eur. J. Mech. A/Sol. 28 (2009) 752-756", European Journal of

Mechanics A/Solids 32: 59–61

P025. GROUP OF MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

HAVANA UNIVERSITY

R. Rodriguez-Ramos, R. Guinovart-Diaz, and J. C. Lopez-Realpozo

Group of Mechanics of Solids, Mathematic and Computation Faculty,

Havana University, Cuba

The Group of Mechanics of Solids was set up in 1990. The members are professors and

researchers of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computation of University of Havana, Cuba.

The Group has been actively involved in investigations of global material properties of

heterogeneous media, waves propagation and numerical methods related to linear and nonlinear

composite. One of the mean objectives of this Group is the development of human resources in

the field of the Mechanics of Composite Materials and their applications. More than 120 research

papers have been published in different international scientific journals. For instance,

International Journal of Solids and Structures, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,

Mechanics Research Communications, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanics of Advance Materials

and Structure, Journal of Applied Physics, Archive of Mechanics, Computational Mechanics,

31

Applied Mathematics and Computation, Material Letters, Applied Archive Mechanics and

Mechanics of Composite Materials and others. More than 130 cities are referred to the articles of

the group. The Cuban Academic of Sciences of the Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Natural

Environment of Cuba, awarded the National Prize given in 2015, 2013, 2007 and 2005. In 2005

one work was selected Outstanding Research of Havana University and Ministry of Higher

Education. The Eighth Pan American Congress of Applied Mechanics has been organized for the

Group jointly with the American Academy of Mechanics. It will be held at Conference

International Center of Havana on January 5 – 9 of 2004

P026. MEMS-Based Composite Resonators for Magnetic Field Sensors

A.L. Herrera-May1, S.M. Domínguez-Nicolás1,2, R. Juárez-Aguirre1,

F. López-Huerta3

1Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Calzada Ruiz Cortines

455, 94294, Boca del Río, Veracruz, Mexico

2Depto. Control Automático, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN

(CINVESTAV-IPN), av. IPN 2508, Col. Zacatenco, 07360 Mexico City, DF, Mexico

3Engineering Faculty, Universidad Veracruzana, Calzada Ruiz Cortines 455, 94294, Boca del

Río, Veracruz, Mexico

ABSTRACT

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) have allowed the development of magnetic field

sensors based on composite materials with small size, low power consumption, wide

measurement range and high sensitivity.

These materials can include magnetostrictive/piezoelectric or

electrostrictive/magnetostrictive layers. The magnetic field sensors can be used for different

applications such as navigation systems, telecommunications, biomedicine and non-

destructive testing. We present several designs of MEMS-based magnetic field sensors formed

by composite resonators. These sensors can detect low magnetic fields using compact

structures, simple operation principle, and high resolution at atmospheric pressure. By using

the magnetic memory method, the magnetic field sensors could be used in non-destructive

testing for monitoring cracks in ferromagnetic materials. However, the mechanical reliability

of the resonators must be studied to ensure the best performance of the magnetic field

sensors