OPEN ACCESS,

INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES,

SPARC

Bülent Karasözen

ANKOS

4th. SELL Meeting

Napoli, May, 14th, 2004

Problems with traditional journals

• Serial crises, gap between the proportion of the literature that libraries can access and the information that researchers need to be effective(D.Prosser)

• Internet, WEB, digital publishing• Birth of consortia, journal bundling, licensing• Second ‘serial crises’ : librarians can not cancel under-

used journals from the bundle(D. Prosser)• ‘Permission crises’: legal and technological barries;

copyright, lisensing agreements (P. Suber)• Continue to work with sub-optimal solutions

• Access from desktop, searching, altering services, reference linking, Crossref

• Changes in scholary communication, new business models

• International dissemination and impact of research results, peer review, quality control

• Functions of journals: registration, certification, awarness,archiving

• Open Archives Inititaive(OAI) standarts ensures registration, awarness, archiving

• Peer reviewed Open Access(OA) journals• Self archiving in institutional repositories, on author’s

WEB pages

Changes in Scholary Communication

OA journals

• Wide distribution, wide impact• Increase of the profle of the authors, their institutions • No subscription income reqires new financial models• Cost associated with the peer review process:

– Authors(their institutions) pay the publication charge– Blackwell: $2.400, $Elsevier: 3.000-10.000, Nature: $18.000-

53.000– BioMed Central: $525, Public Library of Science: $1.500

• Moving from paying for acess(subscrition) to paying for dissemination

Publishing papers now*

Researcher

Publisher

Reader

Subscription/Pay-per-View

Library

Agent

—Money Flow

Information Flow

*Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

open access*

Researcher

Publisher

Reader

$

LibraryInformationflow

Publishing is the final step in a research project

*Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

SPARC (The Scholary Publishing and Academic

Resources Coalition) www.sparceurope.org

• Founded in 1998 by ARL (Association of Research Libraries)

• Over 200 libraries and consortia are members • SPARC Europe founded by LIBER in 2002• Create Change, new systems of scholary communication• Declaring independence• SPARC’s programs

– Alternatives– Leading Edge– Scientific Communities

SPARC’s Publisher Partners• Biomedcentral, 59 OA journals, in Italy 6 cancer institutes have a

partnership

• BioOne, aggregation of the bioscience journals

• Public Library of Science, Plo’s Biology, Medicine

• Columbia Earthspace

• Crystal Growth and Design, Organic Letters, ACS

• Documenta Mathematica

• Economics Bulletin

• Project Euclid

• Journal of Insect Science

• Journal of Machine Learning Research

• MIT CogNet

• Directory of Open Access Journals, supported by OSI, 550 OA journals

• Indian Academy of Sciences, 11 journals

The Wellcome Trust analysis on the potential cost of publishing*

• Analysis of publishing, 1995-99• 16,646 papers• Total funding £1.5 billion• Assume papers cost £1500 • Costs of publishing represent 1.7% costs of research• Open Access and the Competitive Market-Place

*Helen-Doyle, PLOS, ALA Midwinter, 2004

Institutional Repositories

• More than 100 institutional repositories• National initiatives: SHERPA in UK, DARE in the Netherlands• Eprints.org, • Subject specific repositories: Ginsparg’s High Energy Physics

electronic repository, arXiv• D-Space-MIT• CERN• Caltech• OA search engines OAIster searches through almost 2.000.000

electronic items in over 200 repositories• Average number of downloads for articles:

– ScienceDirect: 28– BioMedCentral: 2.500

Berlin DeclarationBerlin Declarationon on

Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanitiesand Humanities

• Publish your articles in an open-access journal whenever Publish your articles in an open-access journal whenever a suitable one exists today (currently 500, <5%)a suitable one exists today (currently 500, <5%)

• andand• Publish the rest of your articles in the toll-access journal Publish the rest of your articles in the toll-access journal

of your choice (currently 23,500, >95%) of your choice (currently 23,500, >95%) andand self-archive self-archive them in your institutional open-access eprint archives.them in your institutional open-access eprint archives.

Scientific Information Exchange (SciX)

Project • The Swedish School of Economics and Business

Administration(HANKEN) • A fully operational subject-specific repository • Studying the scientific publishing process and the effects of

different, alternative business models on the life-cycle costs of the process

• The model currently contains twenty-two interconnect schemas with

sixty-four separate activities • Barriers to the introduction of open access publishing models are

being investigated • Open access would substantially lower a lot of the transaction costs

throughout the process (both of publishers, libraries and readers)

A diagram from the Scientific Publishing Life-Cycle Model being developed in the SciX project

A classification of different types of barriers for increased open access

publishing and their relative importance

 Open access

Journals

Subject-specific

repositories

Institutional repositories

Legal framework - * **

IT-infrastructure ** * **

Business models *** ** *

Indexing services and standards ** - ***

Academic reward system *** * *

Marketing and Critical mass *** ** ***

The most Popular Areas for Open Access Journals

Scientific domain Number of journals

Medicine 36

Mathematics 36

Education 27

Law 20

Sociology 16

Economics 16

Computer Science 15

History 14

Biology 12

Information Science 11

The Impact of OA JournalsCitation Study by ISI

• 200 OA journals are covered• 148 OA journals from natural sciences are analyzed w.r.t

Impact Factors• The data across all categories is normalized • The journals ranking highest by Impact Factor are thus in

the highest percentiles• OA journals’ ranks in their respective categories vary• Does the fact of open access change the pattern of

citation?• OA journals have similar citation pattern to other journals

Criticism

• U.K. Parlliaments’s Science and Technology Select Committee’s hearing in its inquiry into scientific publishing on March 1st 2004

• STM publisshers, Blackwell, Elsevier, Nature: the cost per article download goes down; five years ago $ 14, in 2003 $3, it is predicted to go down below $2

• The Royal Society predicts, if authors pay, extra $3.5 mlllion of funding is needed each year

• ScienceDirect: OA’s author-pays model risks penalising UK because British researchers produce disproportionately high number of articles every year: UK spends 3.3 % of World’s journal subscritions and produce 5 % of all articles published globally