Open Data & Social Media: Recent Trends in e-Government

By Abiyot Bayou (PhD Candidate)

( abiyotb@yahoo.com)&

Hangjung, Zo (Prof.)

Global IT Technology ProgramKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

2012 International Symposium on ICT Development in Indonesia, Lombok , July 4-5, 2012

Content• Back Ground• Open Government & Open Data• Open Government Data (OGD)• Benefits of OGD• Conceptual Model• Trends in OGD• Social Media in Government• Open Data & Social media: Conclusion• Some Research Issues

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Methodology

• Desktop Research• Data Sources– UN 2012 e-Government Survey– Deloitte Analytics Research Document, 2011– Pew Research, 2010– US government Digital Government Strategy, May 2012– Other recent literatures and websites

• Objectives– Describing Open Data & Social Networking as current

trends in e-government3

• Open Government Directive.– Government should be

– Transparent: with information about agency operations and decisions available to the public online.

– participatory, tapping the collective expertise of the public in government decision-making processes.

– collaborative, using technology to share and cooperate with other agencies, businesses and nonprofits, and the public at large.

How to achieve ?

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government…….I direct the Chief Technology Officer,…….., to coordinate the development ……, within 120 days, of recommendations for an Open Government Directive

BARACK OBAMA

• The Digital Government Strategy – Enable the people to access high-quality

digital government information and services anywhere, anytime, on any device.

– Unlock the power of government data to spur innovation across the Nation and improve the quality of services for the people.

• Ensure that as the government adjusts to this new digital world, seize the opportunity to procure and manage devices, applications, and data in smart, secure and affordable ways.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/egov/digital-government/digital-government.html

• “Government as a platform”,– Citizens can use open government data to build

their own tools and collaborate directly in the process of governing

(Tim O’Reilly )– For many good government advocates,

providing citizens with access to vast stores of previously-unavailable government data represents the internet’s greatest promise for improving the relationship between the government and its constituents

Looking for government data(Pew Research, 2010)• Citizens are

going online to see how federal stimulus money is being spent at Recovery.gov (23 percent of surveyed Internet users), read or download the text of legislation (22 percent), visit a site that provides access to government data (16 percent) or to see campaign contributions to elected officials (14 percent).

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• The data must be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable reproduction cost,

• preferably by downloading over the internet. • must also be available in a convenient and

modifiable form

Availability and Access

Reuse and Redistribution

• The data must be provided under terms that permit reuse and redistribution including the intermixing with other datasets.

Universal Participation

• everyone must be able to use, reuse and redistribute –

• there should be no discrimination against fields of endeavor or against persons or groups (including commercial use)

Open data Data that can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike

What is open Government data?

• Public data – help people understand how

government works and how policies are made

• Already available, – “Open” brings it together in one

searchable website. • Making this data easily available – it will be easier for people to make

decisions and suggestions about government policies based on detailed information.

• Example: The White House digital government strategy – explicitly embraces

releasing open data in APIs to enable more accountability, civic utility and economic value creation.

Public Sector information that has been made available to the public as open data

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Public data

– Objective– Factual– No personal data

– On which public service run and

– policy decision are based

– collected and generated in the curse of public service delivery

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Data

OpenGovernment

Open-Government

Open data

Government data

Open Government Data

Adapted from: Open Knowledge Foundation 2010

Open Government Data

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Open Government Data (OGD)

• Open data is the idea that certain data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control.

• Open government applications seek to– empower consumers, – help small businesses, – or to create value in some other positive, constructive

way.• Open government data helps

– improving education, – improving government, and – building tools to solve other real world problems

How it helps

How Open Data can help you• Excerpt from VanRoekel’s (Federal Chief

Information Officer of the US) interview• For example real estate. When you're

buying a home, why doesn't it manifest to you the myriad of data that the government has locked up about – school quality, – healthcare quality,– infrastructure investments,– broadband, everything else that

people really care about when they're picking a place to live?

• We don't do that — we do roof composition and the number of bathrooms, and that's typically the extent of it. Some services are doing a better job with other government data but largely it's pretty silo'ed and not very specific to what Americans really care about.

Source: http://radar.oreilly.com/2012/05/white-house-launches-new-digit.html

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Power of OGD

Park ‘s recent interview with CNN on June 14 2012 about Obama's high-tech agenda, the power of big government data …

It's the notion of government taking a public good, which is this data …… making it available in electronic, computable form and having entrepreneurs and innovators of all stripes turn it into an unbelievable array of products and services that improves lives and create jobs.…………I think the key there is that if you make data available to everybody else, ………..We are enabling entrepreneurs and innovators across all walks of life to tap into fields of data sitting in the vaults of government in machine-readable form.

Todd Park , a federal technology officer,

"We are sending a strong signal to administrations today. Your data is worth more if you give it away. So start releasing it now: use this framework to join the other smart leaders who are already gaining from embracing open data. Taxpayers have already paid for this information, the least we can do is give it back to those who want to use it in new ways that help people and create jobs and growth.” (European Commission - Press release IP/11/1524 )

Commission Vice President Neelie Kroes

Benefit of OGD• One direct benefit of OGD is

richer governmental transparency:– citizens are now able to access the

raw government data behind the previously-opaque applications.

– Rather than being merely “read-only” users, citizens can now participate in collaborative government data access, including • “mashing up” distributed

government data from different agencies,

• discovering interesting patterns, • customizing applications, and • providing feedback to enhance the

quality of published government data.

Ding, Li et al (2011) “TWC LOGD: A Portal for Linked Open Government Data Ecosystems”. Journal of Web Semantics 00 (2011) 1–10

Opaque Application Raw Data

Read Only Collaborative access

Reactive Proactive

Benefit of OGD

• Promote Innovation• Promote Democracy

- Cost + Time efficient- Security- Service Delivery- Data is owned by

government

- Increased Participation- Increased Transparency- Increased accountability- Data is a public good

Customer Citizen

Transactional e-Government Open Data

• linking governments with app

programmers.• Gov. From Data publisher to A

development Platform

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Technical Access to OGD

Technical & Legal access to OGD should, • Ensure no dependency on the original

provider of the data by using bulk download,.• Allow anyone else that obtain a copy can

redistribute it.• Facilitate others to develop their own

services using the data,

Conceptual Model

Open Data and Content

System Processes and WEB APIs

Government Digital

Services

Private Digital

Services

Customers & Citizens

Citizens

Employees

Information Layer

Platform Layer

Presentation Layer

Adopted From: Digital Government: Building 21st Century platform to better Serve the American People, 23 may 2012

Formats of Data Sets• Examples:• CSV/XLS Comma-Separated Value

Lists / Excel spreadsheet

• TXT Raw Text files

• XML eXtensible Markup Language

• RDF Resource Description Framework, used for modelling information

• KML/KMZ Keyhole markup language, suitable for viewing in Google Earth, Google Maps or other supported applications

• ESRI shapefile overlays (spatial data)

• etc

• For Humans: web pages, Documents

• For Download and Manipulation• Tabular eg CSV• Geographical eg KML

• For Machines• For Application eg. XML• Linked Data e.g RDF, OWL,

URIs• Over the wb eg. Web

Services, API

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Data Format & Re-usability

Data available on the web

Structured data ( Ex. MS Excel instead of Scanned image

Use open non proprietary standard (CSV, XML)

Open format + URL to identify data

Open Data + URL+ Link your data to others to create

context

Reus

abili

ty

Adapted from : Open Data White Paper, Unleashing the potential, June 2012 (UK Government) http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/CM8353_acc.pdf

• Government wide strategy and policy of providing open access to data

• Promoting government openness• Encouraging Citizen participation

and engagement

• Make Data easily accessible online• Make online data in accessible

formats• Encourage Collaboration between

government departments• Inform the public• Enhance accountability

Make raw public data easy to access and reuse

More Open Government

Innovative Government

Drive innovation by letting user design

• Tap the creativity of citizens• Break down government silos• Generate healthy competition• Change the culture

• Obtain real time feedback on policy

• Crowd source ideas• Communicate faster and

better

Increase responsiveness by tuning into social networks

Responsive Government

• Recognize the power of user designed application

• Design strategies for capturing the potential of user designed application

• Provide a much useful data as possible based on user demand

• Let users decide which data is useful

• Systematically monitor what citizens are saying about policies and services

• Participate in social networks

• Update regularly social media marketing strategy of the government

In General OGD

• Creates Opportunity of– Stimulating growth and innovation

in the private sector– Creating the potential to improve

public outcomes in nearly limitless way

• By Combining– The resourcefulness of online

citizens & entrepreneurs, with– The power of factual data

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Trends in OGD• It is a Global movement and collaboration,

Supported by – The Open Government Partnership ( Founded by Brazil,

Indonesia, Mexico, Norway, Philippines, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States & has other 47 member states) http://www.opengovpartnership.org/about

– US Government http://www.data.gov/communities/– The World Bank (World Bank Open Data Initiatives)– www.datacatalogs.org ( comprehensive list of open data)– http://opendatacommons.org/ , Open Data Commons,

Legal tool for open Data – Open Knowledge Foundation– Others…

(Useful Open Data Rsources@ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEDEVELOPMENT/Resources/UsefulOpenDataResources.pdf)

Open data websites in government (Examples)

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  Website Government Lunch date

1 Data.gov U.S. May 2009.

2 Data.gov.uk U.K. September 2009.

3 data.govt.nz New Zealand Nov 2009.

4 data.norge.no Norwegian April 2010.

5 Data.gov.au Australian March 2011.

6 Data.gc.ca Canadian March 2011.

7 opendata.go.ke Kenyan Jul 2011.

8 data.overheid.nl Dutch Oct 2011.

9 datos.gob.cl Chilean Sept 2011.

10 data.gov.it Italian October 2011.

11 datos.gob.es Spanish October 2011.

12 datos.gub.uy Uruguayan November 2011.

13 data.gouv.fr French December 2011.

14 dados.gov.br Brazilian April 2012

wikipedia

Source: http://www.data.gov/opendatasites#mapanchor

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Source: 2012 UN e-Government Survey

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Purposes of OGD websites

Country Purpose/Example 0 US to make government more transparent and is committed

to creating an unprecedented level of openness in Government; l strengthen Nation's democracy and promote efficiency and effectiveness in Government.

1 Australia in order to promote greater participation in Australia’s democracy; Encourage public access to and reuse of government data

2 New Zealand

Make it easier and low cost for businesses, researchers, analysts and journalists and anyone with an interest in information - to access the data they need and which can promote economic growth

3 Canada to create socio-economic opportunities and promote informed participation by the public by expanding access to federal government data

4 UK to help people understand how government works and how policies are made

5 Kenya Foster an innovation eco-system around Government data

6 Ireland to improve access to the Irish Government data and to esablish an innovative platform that can demonstrate to government how and why they should share data

Democracy

Economic growth

Transparency

Innovation

Kenyan Open Data

– Makes public government data accessible to the people of Kenya.

– High quality national census data, government expenditure, parliamentary proceedings and public service locations etc

– The data is key to improving • transparency; • unlocking social and economic value; • and building Government 2.0 in Kenya.

https://opendata.go.ke/

• Kenyan OpenData https://opendata.go.ke/

• What is actually available?– various datasets available, from central

government departments and a number of other public sector bodies and local authorities.

• one can use the data in all sorts of ways. – Public:

• analyze trends over time from one policy area, or to compare how different parts of government go about their work.

– Technical users :• will be able to create useful applications out of the

raw data files, which can then be used by everyone.

Challenges

• Legacy IT architecture and Data Format• Long standing Laws and Policies • Existing public sector culture

– Secrecy– New type of relationship

• Privacy related issues– Personal data– Anonymized data & Di-anonymization– Pseudo-namized data

• Cost of Data• Un-intended consequences

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Government engagementusing social media

• Using Social Media– Helps people be more informed about what gov't is

doing (82%)– Makes government agencies and officials more

accessible (78%)– Just delivers the same government information in

different ways (72%)– (is a waste of government money (41/52%)

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• Social Media– Enable two way

communication in real time

– Citizens can be engaged as co-producer of services

– (EX. 66 % of US agencies use Social media

• Government agencies use Social media to – improve public

services– Reduce costs– Increase

transparency

• Through Social media Agencies – Inform citizens– Promote their

services– Seek public

view and feed back

– Monitor satisfaction

Trends in Social Media in Government

• UN e-government Survey 2012– Government website of 78 member

state (40%) provides statements “follow us on Facebook or twitter”

– 14 governments web sites (7%) provides tools to obtain raw public opinion through chat rooms or an IM features

• Social Media increase citizens usage of e-Service• Foster Social inclusiveness by reducing the e-service

usage divide among different socio-economic groups• Indirect effect on e-Service=> greater social media

usage may increase trust and increase take up of e-service

Trends in Social Media in Gov.

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Trends in Social Media in Gov

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• Open Data & Social Media: Beyond transparency and service improvement– Create possibility to users co-produce e-

Government information and services– Collaboration with government to produce

services that are in the interests of citizens– Collaboratively designing services– Emergency response, recruiting volunteers

Some Research Issues (?)

• What are the best open data strategies for Central ( and State and regional) governments?

• Public participation and collaboration will be key to the success of Data.gov

• How can open data policies contribute to increase citizens’ collaboration and participation in government and provide an economic spur?

• How to integrate Open data strategies with e-government and digital divide strategies?

• How to effectively leverage the opportunities that social media provide?

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The Future will be Open!Thank you

terima kasih