open linked data as part of a government enterprise architecture
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Open Linked Data
A Key Element ofA Key Element ofPublic AdministrationPublic Administration
Information ManagementInformation Management
Political Mindset
Transparency Participation Collaboration
““My Administration is committed to creating anMy Administration is committed to creating anUnprecedented level of openness in Government.“Unprecedented level of openness in Government.“
Barack Obama, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies - Barack Obama, “Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies - Transparency and Open Government,” Jan. 2009.Transparency and Open Government,” Jan. 2009.
“Take the example of public sector information – possibly a €30 billion market in Europe. I have said it before, and I say it again: yes to open data!”
Neelie KroesNeelie KroesVice-President of the European CommissionVice-President of the European Commissionresponsible for the Digital Agendaresponsible for the Digital Agenda
““Lift-Off towards Open Government" conference, Brussels, 15 December 2010Lift-Off towards Open Government" conference, Brussels, 15 December 2010http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/752http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/10/752
Status Quo Austria
2 Initiativen der Zivilgesellschaft: ● http://gov.opendata.at● http://www.open3.at ● http://offenedaten.at/
Überblick am Reference-Serverhttp://reference.e-government.gv.at/Open-Government-Let-the-suns.opengovernment.0.html
E-Government-Vision 2020● „Bereitstellung von ausgewählten öffentlichen Rohdaten und Mashups mit
privaten Services“ ● http://www.bka.gv.at/site/6878/default.aspx
Im Regierungsprogramm Rot/Grün Wien
Thema des Kompetenzentrums Internetgesellschaft “KIG”
Applications & State of Affairs
Open Data Catalogues
data.gov datasf.org data.edmonton.ca/ data.gov.uk data.london.gov.uk digitaliser.dk geodata.gov.gr data.suomi.fi
data.worldbank.org/data-catalog
www.undata-api.org/wiki/datasets
gov.opendata.at data.reegle.info OpenBelgium.be opengovdata.ru
State / Federal Private
http://www.london.gov.uk/rents/http://www.london.gov.uk/rents/
http://afterschoolsf.org/http://afterschoolsf.org/
http://achievedc.mapkist.com/http://achievedc.mapkist.com/
http://www.parkitdc.com/
http://www.nycbigmaps.com/restaurant-inspections-heatmap.php
http://ubahnaufzug.at/http://ubahnaufzug.at/
http://www.open3.at/sparpakethttp://www.open3.at/sparpaket
http://treesnearyou.com/http://treesnearyou.com/ http://www.wayfindermobile.com/http://www.wayfindermobile.com/ http://www.cabsense.com/http://www.cabsense.com/
Why Open Data? More information might lead to more informed
and better decisions Higher degree of effectiveness & efficiency
● P. Weiss, "Borders in Cyberspace: Conflicting Public Sector Information Policies and their Economic Impacts," ed: U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004.
Strengthen trust in establishment● R. Marcella and G. Baxter, "Information need, information seeking behaviour and participation, with special reference to
needs related to citizenship: results of a national survey," Journal of Documentation, vol. 56, pp. 136-160, 2002.
Leverage benefits of peer production New business models “Peoples right to know”
Benefits for Citizens
Execution of controlling rights by the citizens Self-Determination Communication on equal information level Better Services – better Governance – better
Regulation
Drawbacks
Administration:Loss of control & power – undermining the statutory supremacy
Business: Loss of money by threatening established business models
Society: Discrimination by stigmatisation “The unknown” considered harmful
Challenges Beneficial for many but drawbacks for some others
● eg. changing value of real estate by transparency Media Literacy - “Data divide”
● Data journalism as a new role for the endangered traditional media
Access vs. effective use● Theoretical benefit – real utility
Beneficial for larger & educated states● Anyone for “Apps for Liechtenstein”? - “Apps for Somalia”?
Background image attribution http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SBB-CFF.JPG
Open Government DataDefinitions & Principles
Open Government Data
Open Government Data are data sets released by the government on public interest. Usage is unconstrained with the right to re-share and re-purpose
without further notice.
Explained Released by the government Data is following the open data principles Always non-personal Beneficiaries rights are regulated by
meaningful licences Usage is unconstrained Business usage is welcomed
Open Data Principles Complete Primary Timely Easily Accessible Machine Processable Non-Discriminating Using Open Standards Liberal Licencing Reliable Free of Charge OR Non-Discriminating fees
von Lucke and C.P. Geiger, “Open Government Data - Frei verfügbare Daten des öffentlichen Sektors,” Dec. 2010.
Open Government Data
Element of Public Administration Information Management
Information Management (EN)
Collection and management of information
Organization of and control over the structure, processing and delivery of information
Informationsmanagement (DE) Beschaffung und Bereitstellung von Information Planung, Beschaffung und Bereitstellung der
dafür erforderlichen Informations- und IT-Infrastruktur und notwendiger, personeller Ressourcen● Informationsmanagement wird in der
deutschsprachigen Literatur überwiegend als Informationsgenerierung und Informationsbeschaffung behandelt
Literature Research
[1] J. White, Managing information in the public sector, Armonk N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.[2] C.M. Shea and G.D. Garson, Handbook of public information systems, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010.[3] B. Rocheleau, Public management information systems, Hershey PA: Idea Group Pub., 2006.
Peculiarities of Public Sector Information Management
Functional discrepancies● Private: Maximizing shareholder value● Public: Loss-making public transport
Conflicting targets, perceptions and interests in public & private sector information management● Risk, Accountability, Representativeness, Stakeholders, Openness;
Information management performance measure models complex due to conflicting targets
BUT: Literature recognizes information as a critical resource Conclusion: Information out-flow shall be treated as a core
element of public sector information management
B. Bozeman and S. Bretschneider, “Public management information systems: Theory and prescription,” Public Administration Review, vol. 46, 1986, pp. 475–487.
Information is a critical resource
Information flow is not considered to be bi-directional
Current literature does not describe an open data architecture model
Literature Review - Result
Open Government Data
Architecture Model
Architecture Model
Five level saturation model by Tim Berners-Lee
★ Available on the web (whatever format), but with an open licence★★ Available as machine-readable structured data (e.g. excel instead
of image scan of a table)★★★ as (2) plus non-proprietary format (e.g. CSV instead of excel)★★★★ All the above plus, Use open standards from W3C (RDF and SPARQL)
to identify things, so that people can point at your stuff★★★★★ All the above, plus: Link your data to other people’s data
to provide context
Everything gets an URI Data is encoded in RDF URIs are kept persistent by policies and PURLs Ontologies describe NON-Information Resources
● Data entities are self-described by these government ontologies
RESTFul APIs for data access Data gets federated to meta data register Data searchable à la swoogle
Architecture Model
Linking Concepts - BasicsLinking Concepts - Basics Connecting concepts across federal levels, spanning departments
Supports the automatic generation of new information
Common understanding about “things”, even across differentlanguages
Bundeshauptstadt Vienna
http://data.wien.gv.at/info.rdf
URIs for everything Naming scheme respects federal principle of
subsidiarity and autonomy http://{sector}.{federallevel}.data.gv.at/
{concept}/IDENTIFIKATION {.rdf|html}● http://bildung.krems.noe.data.gv.at/schule/4711
NON-Information resources require two additional URIs (“HttpRange-14”)● Associated information resource, eg. HTML-Page● Associated information resource as “303” resource,
eg. RDF-data
RDF Data Representation One format fits all Target representation by XSLT
transformation or (X)HTML render Plethora of public sector data in legacy or
non-conforming formats will require a transitional phase
TXT, CSV, HTML, XML are royalty free formats with strong open source backing
Trust by Reliability
Internet Addresses come and go URIs shall be reliable by organizational
consensus Fancy URIs remain invariant by means
of permanent Urls (PURL) PURLs interpretation of HTTP-Header
response values harmonize with Semantic Web Interpretation
PURL vs. SemWeb Interpretation
HTTP-Header Status Code
HTTP-Interpretation
PURL Interpretation
Semantic Web Interpretation
301 Moved permanently
Moved permanently to a target URL
302 Found Simple redirection to a target URL
303 Found See other URL A URI; likely an RDF-Document
Ontologies for Non-Information Resources (NIR)
Enable computer systems to reason about reality Automated service discovery Optimal resource allocation for processes Ontologies about NIRs classify Open Linked Data
about Information Resources (IR) SKOS as an alternative to the overly expressive OWL
for creating eg. Thesaurus of the public service portfolio
Open Data API Reduce server resources by optimal query strategy Querying data originator rather than local storage
prevents data inconsistencies Extern-facing API by means of RESTful serives
● Integrates seamlessly with web browsers● Well understood and supported standard technology● JSON serialization less verbose and more web friendly than
XML● “Simple” compared to wsdl:SOAP
Eliminates asymmetry of Open Data by enabling information in-flow
Open Government Data Register
Topic of research Do not repeat dead
end of UDDI!
C. Koumenides, M. Salvadores, H. Alani, and N. Shadbol, “Global integration of public sector information,” Raleigh, NC, USA: 2010.
Architecture (0)
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
0
[0] Identify an Open Data Set
Architecture (1)
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
0
[0] Identify an Open Data Set[1] Browse Url / Uri (eg. http://bildung.krems.noe.data.gv.at/schule/4711)
Architecture (2)
[0] Identify an Open Data Set[1] Browse Url / Uri (eg. http://bildung.krems.noe.data.gv.at/schule/4711)
[2] Transfer minimal Web Page with Javascript RDF-Browser
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
0
Architecture (3)
[0] Identify an Open Data Set[1] Browse Url / Uri (eg. http://bildung.krems.noe.data.gv.at/schule/4711)
[2] Transfer minimal Web Page with Javascript RDF-Browser
[3] Retrieve Data using OGD API
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
0
Architecture (4)
[4] Query RDF-Database
Interne Sicht
Externe Sicht
RDFDatenbank
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
4
0
Org 2
RDFDB
DB2
DB1
Org 3
RDFDB
4'5
Organisation
Architecture (4')
[4] Query RDF-Database[4'] Use HTTP-Proxy to Query Databases
outside Internet Domain
Interne Sicht
Externe Sicht
RDFDatenbank
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
13
URIService
DiscoveryService
4
0
Org 2
RDFDB
DB2
DB1
Org 3
RDFDB
4'
Organisation
Big picture
Interne Sicht
Externe Sicht
RDFDatenbank
data.gv.atapi.data.gv.at proxy.data.gv.at
RDF-Browser Javascript Libraries
Web Interface
1 23
URIService
DiscoveryService
4
0
Org 2
RDFDB
DB2
DB1
Org 3
RDFDB
45
Organisation
Next steps Identify already released data or uncritical data sets;
grab for the low hanging fruits Release as XML, CSV Create an online-catalogue of Open Data Go semantic: Enrich with meta data, create URI
infrastructure, identify open source components Extend government enterprise architecture with
Linked Data elements
Thank you – Contact
Johann Höchtl
Center for E-GovernmentDanube University Krems, Austria
Links and further readingPapers & Literature:C. Koumenides, M. Salvadores, H. Alani, and N. Shadbol, “Global integration of public sector information,” Raleigh, NC, USA: 2010.F. Ortiz-Rodríguez, J.C. Pelaez, and F.J. Pascual, “Semantic model approach for eGovernment to improve sharing, retrieving and exchanging documentation across back-office,” Proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Social Networks: Making Connections between Citizens, Data and Government, Digital Government Society of North America, 2009, pp. 319–320.S.K. Goudos, V. Peristeras, and K. Tarabanis, “Reengineering Public Administration through Semantic Technologies and a Reference Domain Ontology,” Semantic Web for eGovernment 2006, p. 25.C. Koumenides, M. Salvadores, H. Alani, and N. Shadbol, “Global integration of public sector information,” Raleigh, NC, USA: 2010.P. Salhofer, “Ontology Driven E-Government,” eGovernment Review, Jan. 2009, pp. 22-23.J. Sheridan and J. Tennison, “Linking UK government data,” Proc. of the WWW Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, 2010.D. Wood, Linking Enterprise Data, Springer, 2010.F. Servant, “Linking Enterprise Data,” CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Bejing: 2008.F. Maali, R. Cyganiak, and V. Peristeras, “Enabling Interoperability of Government Data Catalogues,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer, 2010, pp. 339-350.P.N. Weiss, “Borders in Cyberspace: Conflicting Public Sector Information Policies and their Economic Impacts,” Public sector information in the digital age: between markets, public management and citizens' rights, 2004, p. 137.E. Hornes, A. Jansen, and Ø. Langeland, “How to Develop an Open and Flexible Information Infrastructure for the Public Sector,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Lausanne, Switzerland: Springer, 2010, pp. 301-314.. von Lucke and C.P. Geiger, “Open Government Data - Frei verfügbare Daten des öffentlichen Sektors,” Dec. 2010.
Web Links:Empowering the empowered: http://gurstein.wordpress.com/2010/09/02/open-data-empowering-the-empowered-or-effective-data-use-for-everyone/Cool URIs for the semantic web: http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/Re-use HTTP-Header Response Codes for the Semantic Web: http://www.w3.org/2001/tag/doc/httpRange-14/2007-05-31/HttpRange-14 Licenses: http://www.opendatacommons.org/CKAN Semantic Web Software: http://ckan.org/Tabulator Library to render RDF as (X)HTML: http://semanticweb.org/wiki/TabulatorAPIs: http://open311.org/, http://www.odata.org/ http://services.sunlightlabs.com/docs/Sunlight_Congress_API/ SKOS recommendation to create thesauri: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ Tools and Software recommended by the W3C to deal with RDF and the Semantic Web: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools
http://gov.opendata.at/http://gov.opendata.at/
http://offener.datenkatalog.at/http://offener.datenkatalog.at/