open source jura cbs (03 11-2010)
DESCRIPTION
Slides for presentation at CBS on 14 March 2011. See http://bit.ly/ecJu8fTRANSCRIPT
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Open Source jura
Advokat Martin von Haller GrønbækPartner, Bender von Haller Dragsted
CBS - 14-03-2011
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– Attorney-at-law, Bender von Haller Dragsted– Co-founder, Open Source Vendors Ass. (OSL)– Editorial board IFOSSLR– Co-founder, Creative Commons DK– Co-founder, Danish Internet Society Chapter– Legal advisor to Umbraco and Composite– Experience with GPL enforvement in Denmark
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Martin von Haller Grønbæk
– http://www.bvhd.dk– http://www.openlife.dk– http://www.vonhaller.dk– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller– http://www.23hq.com/mhg– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller
– [email protected]– [email protected]– [email protected]
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Martin von Haller Grønbæk
–Legal500: “At IT boutique Bender von Haller Dragsted, Martin von Haller Grønbæk is the Danish expert on open source and emerging issues around Web 2.0 and internet law.”
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Agenda• Historien bag FLOSS• Varemærker og OSS• Ophavsret og OSS• Patenter og OSS• OSS Licenser• Copykeft• Business models• Cases
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http://vodpod.com/watch/46377-revolution-os-1hr-25-
mins
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Free Software
• Hacker culture• Richard Stallman• Free Software Foundation• Software should be free• GNU “GNU is not Unix”• BSD and ATT
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Linus, Tux and Linuxmandag den 4. april 2011
Linux and Open source
• Linus Torvalds– Linux released under the GPL v2
• Eric Raymonds– Cathedral and the Bazaar
• Bruce Perens– Open Source Initiative
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Bruce Perens
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OSS and Microsoft• 2002
– Steve Balmer: “Copyright cancer”, “communism”
• 2004– SCO, Patent threaths, “Beware of infectious GPL”
• 2006– Umbraco
• 2008 – Peaceful co-existence, Novell deal
• 2009– Contributions to Linux
• 2010– Composite
• 2013– Winux?
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Communisme ?
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Communism ?
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Cancer?
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OSS Business• 1998
– Netscape
• 1999– Cygnus
• 2000– VA Linux, RedHat
• 2005– IBM, SUN
• 2006– Purple Scout, Redpill Linpro
• 2008– MySQL sold to SUN (2009: to Oracle) Symbian
• 2010– (almost) All Fortune500 companies use OSS
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Begreber
• Free software• Open source software• Copyleft• Free Software Foundation• Open Source Initiative• Free Libre Open Source
Software
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Free vs. Openmandag den 4. april 2011
FLOSS
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Free Software ideologi• “All software should be free” • Du får fire friheder• Du skal sikre disse friheder for
andre• Når du videredistribuere fri
software, sikre software disse friheder til næste led
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“Free not as in free beer but as in
freedom”
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Open source initiative
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Open Source principerne
• Ret til at distribuere• Adgang til kildekolde• Ret til af lave afledede værker• Opretholdelse af kodens “integritet”• 5-10: Ikke-diskrimination
– Kommerciel anvendelse– Ikke begrænsninger i andre aftaler– Ingen geografiske begrænsninger– Patenter
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Overhold principperne! Ellers lad være med at
kalde det OSS
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Giv æren til den,
som den tilkommermandag den 4. april 2011
Ophavsret● The programmer or the producer owns the
software● Property rights are limited● Copyright is limited in time● The user is a user not an owner● The license is an agreement not a law● The license grants positively defined user
rights. ● All residual rights belongs to the licensor● Without copyright no licenses
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Open source og
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Open source og patenter
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Patents• “A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to
an inventor or his assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an invention”
• FSF: “a patent on any performance of a computer realised by means of a computer program"
• Licensor shall not restrict use by patents (downstream)
• OSS licensee shall not claim patents against licensor or sublicensee (upstream and downstream)
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Patent trolls
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Licenses• Academic or permissive licenses
– Apache License v2– MIT License– New BSD license
• Copyleft, reciprocal or hereditary licences– Weak copyleft
• Artistic license v1• Eclipse Public License• Mozilla Public License v.1.1
– Strong copyleft• GNU GPL v1-3• GNU LGPL v1-3 32
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Copyleft - the basics
• You don’t have to redistribute or distribute• (Exception: “written offer valid for any
third party” in GPL, v. 2)• Comply or cease use, or call back
distribution• Make combined program, including
modifications and otherwise closed code available under GPL (or compatible licens)
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GPL
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Derivative work• A work based on one or more pre-
existing works• Improvement, translation, correction• Not collective work • Modifications are copyrighted
themselves• Very few court cases• GPL: Combinations
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Combination• Combination of code into a whole• NB: All combinations are permitted and
“private” combinations have no restrictions • Mechanism of communication • Semantics of the communication• Output not covered• (Exc: GPL program copies text into output)• Output of language interpreter• (Exc: “bindings” interpreter to program)• Library is under GPL, program is not• Program is under GPL, module is not
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Combination cont.• CMS Templates
– Exc: Javascript calls• Microsoft Visual C++ (or Visual Basic) DLLs• Plug-ins under a GPL program
– dynamically linked plug-ins– fork and exec to invoke plug-ins
• System library exception• Aggregate work is not combined work• Linking exception• LGPL allows linking to closed applications
– Java archive files38
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Distribution• GPL v2: Distribution• GPL v3: Propagation and Conveyance• In soft- and hardware• ASP loophole og network exception• Affero Public License• Contractors on/off-site• Outsourcing• Mergers and Acquisitions• Let recipient download the GPL’ed code
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Escapes• Make deal with licensor• Replace code• Work around• GPL v3, sec. 8
– Termination notice• NDA: Developer can agree not to
release changes at all• NDA: Developer can agree only to
release changes to customer
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Enforcement• The GPL is enforceable!
– Germany 2004: Netfilter/Iptables; 2006: D-Link
– US 2007: BusyBox; 2008: Jacobsen vs. Katzer
– SCO• Copyright holder• Injunction• GPL-VIOLATIONS.ORG
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Damages• Compensation under copyright• No penal damages or stipulated
damages• Economic loss suffered by licensor• Rule of thumb: 2 x license fee• Legal fees
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Tivo
• Anti-Tivoization–Hardware restrictions–Cryptography–Tivo, OLPC–GPLv3 (not business distribution)
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Business models• Dual licensing
– Warranties– Copyleft exemptions
• Services– Warranties– Support and maintenance– Consultancy– Accesories
• Marketing and distribution• Hardware sales
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The Mindstorm story
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LEGO goes open source
1 May 2006. LEGO press release
Hackers, Get Ready! LEGO Group Announces Open Source Firmware, D e v e l o p e r K i t s f o r L E G O ® MINDSTORMS® NXT
Consumer-directed robotics experience creation to enter “NXT” phase with open firmware, Software, Hardware and Bluetooth Developer Kits to launch in August
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Background
● Mindstorms robots launched in 1998● The best-selling LEGO product ever● Huge Mindstorm community● LEGO was and is not a software
company● Only minor upgrades to the firmware● Several parallel Mindstorms OS’s
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Challenges● LEGO was not comfortable with
“openness”● LEGO has been and is extremely reliant
on strong IPRs● ”You don't give away IPRs for free”● Turbulent period for LEGO in general● Third party software included
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Solution● Embrace User driven innovation● Open source as the enabler● Third party permission for
redistribution under an OS license● Choice of license
− ”Genuine” open source licence− Permissive (Academic) or Copyleft
(reciprocal license)
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The OS license choice● Mozilla Public license v. 1.1● Weak copyleft● Modification is limited altering
the files● “I did not understand GPL v.2”● LEGO was only concerned with
modifications of the actual files
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The “beauty” of the solution!• Huge press coverage and goodwill• Large number of downloads of
code• Much more “intelligence” in the
bricks• Convincing strategy towards
competitors• Option to “close” the code again• Many more bricks sold!
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Dual licensing
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CASE: MySQLDual-licensing
• The software company perspective• The same code is licensed under two
different licences:– MySQL Community Server: GPL v.
2 with FOSS exception– MySQL Enterprise: Commercial
license
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Owner's prerogative
● The owner can decide to release under any and as many terms she likes
● Dual licensing is only possible for owner's own modfications
● Or assigned modifications● Control is necessary to mitigate liability● ”Closing in” the code again
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Copyright and control• MySQL has exclusive copyright
to the code• MySQL controls and certifies the
code• The GPL does not give any
rights to use MySQLs trademarks
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Why pay?
• Certification of the code• Warranties• Maintenance and support• Copyleft exemption
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Still not convinced?
• MySQL AB was in 2008 bought by Sun Microsystem, Inc. for approximately USD $1 billion in total consideration
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CASE: NITA
• Danish National IT and Telecom Agency
• eFaktura (eInvoice)• Electronic invoices to, from and
between public agencies• Core service: UDDI registry for
webservice to identify senders and receivers
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Challenges• Two applications provided by
NITA to user (e.g. ERP vendors)
• API between users’ ERPs and UDDI WS
• Reference implementation integrating API with ERP
• NITA wanted to release the application under an OS license
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Goals
• Satisfying the politicians• Wide adoption of UDDI• Community based
improvement of the API• Many vendors should
integrate API into their ERP
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Solutions• API
– Copyleft– Mozilla public license v. 1.1
(maybe EUPL v. 1.1)• Reference implementation
– Permissive licence– FreeBSD license
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Also available athttp://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/
Thanks for listening!
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Creative Commons- some rights reserved
Advokat Martin von Haller GrønbækPartner, Bender von Haller Dragsted
CBS - 14-03-2011
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AgendaBehovet for CC
Forholdet til ophavsret
CC licenserne
Eksempler på anvendelse
Varme emner
CC International
CC og biblioteker
Support Free Culture and Open Content!
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PersonaliaIT-Lawyer, partner at Bender von Haller Dragsted
Advises a.o on open source and content licensing
Co-founder of Forening for Dansk Internet Handel (FDIH), Open Source Leverandør Foreningen (OSL), Danish Chapter of Internet Society (ISOC DK), DK-Hostsmaster A/S and ... Creative Commons DK
Board member of several SME IT companies
Member of the Danish IT-security committee
Openness fanatic!
“in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed is king”
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Digital indholdFormand for bestyrelsen i Saxo.com
Danmarks største Internet boghandel
Fremtidens platform for digitalt indhold
for produktion
markedsføring og salg
distribution
Deling!
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– http://www.bvhd.dk– http://openlife.dk– http://www.vonhaller.dk– http://www.linkedin.com/in/vonhaller– http://www.23hq.com/mhg– http://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller– http://www.facebook.com/vonhaller
– [email protected]– [email protected]– [email protected]
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#1Åbent indhold
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#1Free Culture
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Mennesker kommunikerer!
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EMRK art 10, Stk. 1. Enhver har ret til ytringsfrihed. Denne ret omfatter meningsfrihed og frihed til at modtage eller meddele oplysninger eller tanker, uden indblanding fra offentlig
myndighed og uden hensyn til landegrænser. Denne artikel forhindrer ikke stater i at kræve, at radio-, fjernsyns- eller
filmforetagender kun må drives i henhold til bevilling.
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Envejs kommunikation
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Censur
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Propaganda
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Forbrugeraf
informationer
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(Relativ) passiv modtager
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Ny teknologiændrer verdenen
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Det store gennembrud
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Demokratisering af adgang til at modtage og
afgive information
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ReadWrite web
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Post dotcom
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Web 2.0mandag den 4. april 2011
“Participatory culture”
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ReMix
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MashUps
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eFolklore
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Kulturelt og kreativt
overskud
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Innovation og økonomi
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Demokrati
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Ophavsret er nødvendig og rigtig
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Men ophavsreten er en del af den
sociale kontrakt
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Ophavsret skal fremme innovation og vækst
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Er der behov for beskyttelse?
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Tanker behøver som udgangspunkt ingen
beskyttelse
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Manifestationen er sårbar
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Give incitamenttil at skabe
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Regulering af økonomi
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Er der et markedsvigt?
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Ikke redistribution
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Kaldor-Hicks
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Marginal samfundsnytteved øget regulering
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Ophavsret skal fremme innovation og vækst
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Ikke forhindre innovation
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Ikke beskytte særinter
esser
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Ikke kriminalisere
en hel generation
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Der findes ikke et 11. bud
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Menneskeret står over ophavsret
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Ophavsretten skal genfinde sin balance
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Lobbyisterne ejer lovgivningsprocessen
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Balancen må genfindes gennem
markedet for indhold
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FleksibitetTransperans
Tilgængelighed
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Fair licenser!
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LicensesAttribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd)
Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-nc-sa)
Attribution Non-commercial (by-nc)
Attribution No Derivatives (by-nd
Attribution Share Alike (by-sa)
Attribution (by)
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All licenses
You always retain your copyright
Applies worldwide
Lasts for the duration of the work’s copyright
Is not revocable
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All licenses allows To copy the work
To distribute it
To display or perform it publicly
To make digital public performances of it (e.g., webcasting)
To shift the work into another format as a verbatim copy
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All licenses requiresTo get your permission to do any of the things you choose to restrict
To keep any copyright notice intact on all copies of your work
To link to your license from copies of the work
Not to alter the terms of the license
Not to use technology to restrict other licensees’ lawful uses of the work as a verbatim copy
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Licenses are expressed
Commons Deed. A plain-language summary of the license, complete with the relevant icons.
Legal Code. The fine print that you need to be sure the license will stand up in court.
Digital Code. A machine-readable translation of the license that helps search engines and other applications identify your work by its terms of use.
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Choose a license
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Search for CC materials
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CC international
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http://creativecommons.org/projects/ccplus
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+COMPANY
COMMERCIAL LICENSE
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What works?
All digital content
Music
Audio
Text
Photos
...and “physical” ie. paperbased works too
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Biq questions
What does “Commercial” mean?
What about data and databases?
What is a “derivative work”?
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Open learning and open educational resources
Based on CC licenses
Projects
ODEPO Project.
OE Community Site.
Educator's Licensing Portal
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“re-useful”
Opening and marking research and data for legal reuse — Scholar's Copyright Project
“one-click”
Facilitating the transfer of physical materials for verifying and extending research — Biological Materials Transfer Project
“de-fragmentation”
Integrating/connecting research, data, materials and services from disparate sources, for permission-free access — NeuroCommons and Health Commons
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Edward O. Wilson
Photo by Jim Harrison, Feb. 2003
Lead the next scientific revolution.Submit your best work to PLoS Biology. www.plos.org
I choose
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Collecting societies
Exclusive rights
Efficient enforcement
KODA agreement
NC licences are allowed
No compensation
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Public domain
Works not covered by copyright
Moral rights
International challenges
CC0 - all rights waiver
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Helt konkret:Staten skal frigive
indhold under CC!
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<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.5/dk/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://
i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nd/2.5/dk/88x31.png" /></a><br /><span xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" property="dc:title">CC
presentation at Forskernet</span> by <a xmlns:cc="http://creativecommons.org/ns#" href="http://openlife.dk"
Also available athttp://www.slideshare.net/vonhaller/
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Thanks for the attention!
[email protected]@groenbaek.nethttp://www.bvhd.dkhttp://openlife.dk
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