opening up development- towards a more open, collaborative and inclusive paradigm
TRANSCRIPT
Opening Up Development: Towards a More Open, Collaborative and Inclusive
Paradigm
Bjorn-Soren Gigler,
Senior Governance Specialist, World Bank
@bgigler
Context-Driven Technology Choice for Development
ICT and Accountability
January 30, 2015
Outline
What is Open Development?
a New Paradigm- or Old Wine in New Bottles?
Towards More Open, Effective and Inclusive
Institutions
Are Innovations in ICTs Transformational?
Case Studies (Mapping for Results, Open Aid
Partnership and ICT-enabled Citizen engagement)
Key Challenges
Early Lessons Learnt
Hypothesis
Increased Government
Openness combined with
improved Citizen
Engagement in service
delivery lead to responsive
and trusted institutions that
lead to better development
outcomes
Open and Collaborative Governance
Open Development: Stages
Transparent
DevelopmentParticipatory
Development
Co-produced
DevelopmentCollaborative
Development
Source: Adapted from the Loch Ness Model by Gigler, Bailur, and Anand (2014)
1. Political
Mandate
2. Policy driven
3. Top-down
4. Hierarchical
5. State Provider
6. Institutionalized
Controls
7. Linear
8. Closed
1. Efficiency
2. Expert-driven
3. Outsourced
4. Diffused
5. State Regulator/
Private Providers
6. Market principles
7. Distributed
8. Closed
•Clients as
RecipientsCitizen as
Co-creators
Citizens as
Beneficiaries
Executive-Driven Service-Driven Citizen-Centered
1. Inclusiveness
2. Demand-driven
3. Collaborative
4. Community
Networked
5. Co-Production
6. Citizen Oversight
7. Lateral
8. Open & Accountable
Towards A Citizen-Centered Paradigm Towards a Citizen Centered Paradigm
Technology: Enabling Factor
Is technology an
enabling factor?
What is the role of
technology in
Open
Development?
To what extent can
technology be
transformational?
Source: Gigler, 2012
Can Innovations in ICTs be transformational?
Democratizing Information
Collaboration
Networking
Empowerment
Visualization
Near real time feedback
Facilitates horizontal and vertical exchange
Collective Action (Crowdsourcing)
Collaborative Governance in Practice
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Political Commitment to
Core Principles of
Openness and
Transparency
Multi-stakeholder
Coalitions
Gradual
Institutional &
Cultural and
Behavioral
Change
Citizen
Engagement
though
Crowdsourcing
Pre-Conditions and Enabling Factors
Case Studies:
Mapping for Results
Kenya Open Data Initiative
Open Budget
Open Aid Partnership (OAP)
Malawi
Nepal
Citizen
Engagement/Feedback
Check My School
“Government Asks”
ICT4Gov
OnTrack
Poverty and WB projects
Public Expenditures
Bolivia: Poverty
concentration & geo-
mapping aid projects
1) Openness: Mapping for Results
Improved Budget
Transparency &
Accountability
Open Access to
Public Expenditure
Data
at national/ local
level
Open Data
Free, open and
easy access to
Census and Socio-
Economic
Indicator Data
ICT for Social
Accountability
Enabling Citizen
Feedback on Donor-
funded programs
1) Kenya Open Data Initiative
Mapping Public
Expenditure/Poverty
www. maps.worldbank.org
2) Enhanced Effectiveness:
Are we targeting the poorest regions within a country?
THE GOVERNOR ASKS
Multi-Channel Health Policy
Crowdsourcing
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
ICT-MEDIATED
PARTCIPATORY BUDGETING
South Kivu, DR Congo
5
3) Enhance Inclusiveness in Public Policy Making
Project Statistics
PAR I Loan: $28.4 million
Beneficiaries: 29,351 rural households
771 alliances (organizations of small producers)
110 out of the 350 municipalities
PAR II Loan:$50 million
Beneficiaries: 285,060 rural households
120 municipalities
Project Components
1. Institutional Strengthening
2. Implementation of Rural Alliances
3. Project Management
Implementing Agency
Ministry of Rural Development and Land through EMPODERAR (Empowering), decentralized unit with operational autonomy that has been built around PAR I
3) Enhance Responsiveness in Delivery of ServicesRural Alliances Project Bolivia
http://empoderar.gob.bo/
Some Lessons Learnt
Accountability part of broader political economy
reforms
Local Economic, Social, Political and Cultural
Context is critical
Bringing Supply Side and Demand side of Social
Accountability together is critical
Aid Transparency can complement enhanced
government transparency
Closing the Feedback Loop is key (governments &
donors need to be responsive and have capacity
to respond to feedback
Some Lessons Learnt
Move from Citizen Feedback to Inclusive Institutions requires institutional, cultural and behavioral changes
Governments & Donors are heterogeneous- strengthen Reform-Minded Policymakers
Form Multi-stakeholder Coalitions to enhance both horizontal and vertical accountability
CSOs, Parliamentarians and the Media play a key role to enhance accountability
Social Sustainability is a challenge
ICTs can play under certain conditions a critical role however are not a panacea
More rigorous Evaluations needed
Knowledge Products
Gigler (March2015) Development as
Freedom in Digital Age- Experiences from
Bolivia
MOOC on Citizen Engagement
https://www.coursera.org/course/engagecitizen