operant conditioning
DESCRIPTION
psychology lecture under learningTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Cailing-Reyes-Palma-Bautista A -Meneses-Esguerra-Sison
![Page 2: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OPERANT CONDITIONING Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or
weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
Operant conditioning applies to voluntary responses, which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome.
The term operant emphasizes this point: The organism operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.
![Page 3: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
THORNDIKE’S LAW OF EFFECT Edward L. Thorndike(1932)
THE LAW OF EFFECT : Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated.
Thorndike believed, over time and through experience the organism would make a direct connection between the stimulus and the response without any awareness that the connection existed.
![Page 4: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
According to Edward L. Thorndike, the cat would have learned
that pressing the paddle was
associated with the desirable
consequence of gettingfood.
![Page 5: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Basics of Operant Conditioning
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990).
Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcer is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
The only way we can know if a stimulus is a reinforcer for a particular organism is to observe whether the frequency of a previously occurring behavior increases after the presentation of the stimulus.
![Page 6: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A primary reinforcer
satisfies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of a person’s previous experience.
Example: Food for a hungry person
A secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer.
Example: Money
![Page 8: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
POSITIVE REINFORCERS, NEGATIVE REINFORCERS, AND PUNISHMENT
A Positive Reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
Example: food, water, money, or praise
A Negative Reinforcer refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
Example: Ointment for itchy rash
![Page 9: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Punishment A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
2 TYPES OF PUNISHMENT
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Positive punishment weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
Example: spanking a child
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Negative punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.
Example: child is grounded
Both positive and negative punishment result in a decrease in the likelihood that a prior behavior will be repeated.
![Page 10: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stimulus control training – The process by which people learn to discriminate stimuli
Example : friendliness or romantic interest.
A discriminative stimulus signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response.
Example: mood of parents
Shaping The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
![Page 11: Operant Conditioning](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051115/563dbbc1550346aa9aaffe37/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)