operation management operation management value engineering, value analysis, quality control, waste...

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Operation managementValue engineering value analysis quality

control waste disposal application in hospital02-11-2010Dr Amit Kumar

Pandole

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Value Engineering

Historical perspective

Value engineering had its origin at General Electric Company under the leadership of LD Miles and is considered as the father of value engineering

Tata Main Hospital Jamshedpur is the first Indian hospital to apply VE

LD Miles defined value analysis as ldquo an organized creative approach which has for its purpose the efficient identification of unnecessary cost ie cost which provides neither quality nor use nor life nor appearance nor customer features

02-11-2010Dr Amit Kumar

Pandole

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Value engineering processThe formal procedure model of VE process is called VE job plan Three different approaches to conduct VE programmed are

1) Job plan due to Mudge2) DARSIRI Method3) FAST ( function analysis system technique)


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JOB PLAN DUE TO MUDGE is a well- recognized approach and it has seven phases

I) General Phase This phase is aimed at creating right environment for VE to be effective This includes

bull Good human relationbull Inspire team workbull Work on specificsbull Overcome roadblocksbull Apply good business judgment


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II) Information phase The objective of this phase is to gain an understanding of the project being studied and to obtain all essential facts relating to the projects as also to estimate the potential of value improvement

III) Function phase The objectives of this phase is to define the functions that a product service actually performs and is required to perform as well as to relate these functions to the cost and worth of providing them

IV) Creation phase The objective of this phase is to create ideas for value alternatives to accomplish the functions defined in previous phase This phase require creativity to be the focal point In the brainstorming rsquo freewheeling is permittedrsquo two powerful techniques to promote creativity are bull Establish positive thinkingbull Develop creative ideas


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V) Evaluation phase The objective of this phase is to select for further analysis the most promising of the ideas generated during the creative phase

VI) Investigation phase In this phase selected ideas are refined into workable and acceptable solution providing lower cost methods for performing the desired function

VII) Recommendation phase This is the final phase in which finally selected value alternative is recommended for acceptance and implementation Two techniques associated with this phase arebull Present factsbull Motivate positive action

02-11-2010 Dr Amit Kumar Pandole

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2) DARSIRI METHOD- similar to the job plan of mudge the seven steps are 1) D - Data collection 2) A - Analysis 3) R - Record of ideas 4) S - speculation 5) I - Investigation 6) R - recommendation 7) I ndash Implementation

3) Fast Diagram Functional Analysis System Technique was developed in 1965 by Charles W Bythway It gives an understanding of the interaction of function and cost


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Importance of value analysis and value engineering bull The concept of value engineering (VE) can be successfully utilized to rationalize the cost of any operational activity of an organization

bull Functional analysis system technique ( FAST) is very useful in assessing functional relationships

bull Concept of value engineering can be tried in other areas of Hospital Management to cut unnecessary cost and run the service most cost effectively without sacrificing quality of services


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QUALITY CONTROL

bull Quality is the totality of feature and characteristic of the product or service that bears on the ability to satisfy stated or implied needs

bullQuality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer QC is similar to but not identical with quality assurance (QA)

bullIn order to implement an effective QC program an enterprise must first decide which specific standards the product or service must meet Then the extent of QC actions must be determined (for example the percentage of units to be tested from each lot)


Pandole

Dr Amit Kumar Pandole 1002-11-2010

bullStatistical Process Control (SPC) is an collection of statistical techniques that are used to monitor critical parameters and reduce variations We used SPC to achieve process stability and improve the capability through reduction of variability Often the term Statistical Quality Control is used interchangeably with Statistical Process Control

bullThe objective of SPC is to get a process under control This is done by identifying and eliminating any specific causes of variation not associated with the process itself

bullA process that is in control will constantly perform within its own natural limits SPC can be broken into two components i) process control andii) acceptance sampling


In process control SPC involves these seven tools 1) Histogram 2) Check Sheet 3) Parato Chart 4) Cause and Effect Diagram 5) Defect Concentration Diagram 6) Scatter Diagram and7) Control Chart

These tools often called The Seven QC tools

bullMost of the tools help us to identify a problem in the processbull Acceptance sampling is used to reduce variation in the process by using statistical sampling techniques to select the proper sampling size and to interpret whether our whole product should be accepted or rejected


bullSeven QC tools are fundamental instruments to improve the quality of the product They are used to analyze the production process identify the major problems control fluctuations of product quality and provide solutions to avoid future defects bullStatistical literacy is necessary to effectively use the seven QC tools These tools use statistical techniques and knowledge to accumulate data and analyze them bullSeven QC tools are utilized to organize the collected data in a way that is easy to understand and analyze

7QC tools always include

1) Check Sheet is used to easily collect data Decision-making and actions are taken from the data

2) Pareto Chart is used to define problems to set their priority to illustrate the problems detected and determine their frequency in the process


3) Cause-and-Effect Diagram (Fishbone Diagram) is used to figure out any possible causes of a problem After the major causes are known we can solve the problem accurately

4) Histogram shows a bar chart of accumulated data and provides the easiest way to evaluate the distribution of data 5) Scatter Diagram is a graphical tool that plots many data points and shows a pattern of correlation between two variables

6) Flow Chart shows the process step by step and can sometimes identify an unnecessary procedure

7) Control Chart provides control limits which are generally three standard deviations above and below average whether or not our process is in control


Seven Steps or Seven QC StepsThe 7 QC Steps process is a structured problem solving approach for improving weak processes This approach is known as reactive improvement The 7 QC steps process is structured as follows

Step 1 Select a Theme In this step the weakness in the process or the problem to be solved is clarified in a theme statement A Flowchart a Theme Selection Matrix or a Cause amp Effect Diagram is used as a tool in this step

Step 2 Collect and Analyze Data This step focuses facts about the problem and discovers what types of problems occur frequently When collecting data you must think of all possible causes Check sheets and Pareto Diagrams are the tools most often used

Step 3 Analyze Causes With sufficient data from step 2 the root cause or fundamental cause is found by constructing a Cause amp Effect Diagram


Step 4 Plan and Implement Solution In this step you brainstorm for ideas that are causing the problem and develop a solution that prevents the root cause from recurring Then you implement an adjustment to the process The 4Ws and 1H Matrix (What When Where Who and How Matrix) is used to develop a plan Step 5 Evaluate Effects You evaluate the effects of implemented solution to make sure the solution worked and does not have unacceptable results from the comparison of data before and after the implementation of the solution In this step comparative Pareto Charts and Graphs are frequently used to identify the results Step 6 Standardize Solution A standardized solution is confirms that the old process is replaced with an improved process and indicates that the solution is workable A flowchart is most often used

Step 7 Reflect on Process and the Next Problem In this step you consider what the teams accomplishment was in the first 6 steps and recommend a weakness to work on next


Different Types of Wastes Categories of hospital waste as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) are

General waste including material such as packaging or unwanted paper This waste is generally harmless and does not need special handling

Infectious waste which includes material which contain sufficient concentrations or quantities of pathogen capable of causing diseases when exposed such as tissuesswabs materials or equipment that have been in contact with infected patients human excretions such as pus feces and vomit from patients without highly infectious diseases wash water etc


Sharps which are disposable needles syringes saws blades broken glasses nails etc Sharp objects can easily cut or injure a handler Used hypodermic needles are the most common and dangerous as they are often contaminated with highly infectious blood

Pathological waste which includes tissues organs body parts human flesh foetuses blood and body fluids Pharmaceutical waste like drugs and chemicals which are no longer used outdated or contaminated

Chemicals such as unwanted disinfectants solvents film developer laboratory reagents are items which fall under this category of waste containing purified chemical substances that are toxic


Certain chemicals and pharmaceuticals are safe in small quantities but may be highly hazardous in large quantities These are ndash Genotoxic waste like chemotherapy drugs which contain substances which can cause mutations birth defects and cancer

Radioactive waste contaminated with radioactive substances used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases like toxic goitre

Other waste from the offices kitchens rooms including bed linen utensils paper etc



Treatment Technologies1048633 Incineration1048633 Double-chamber pyrolyticincinerators specially designedto burn infectious health-carewaste1048633 Single-chamber furnaces withstatic grate used only ifpyrolytic incinerators are notaffordable1048633 Rotary kilns operating at hightemperature capable ofcausing decomposition ofgenotoxic substances andheat-resistant chemicals


Treatment Technologies1048633 Disinfection1048633 Chemical disinfection used fortreating liquid waste1048633 Thermal disinfection generallyused for treating solid waste

1048633 Sterilization1048633 Steam sterilization autoclaveused to disinfect waste1048633 Microwave irradiation uses radiantenergy to heat moisture within the waste


Treatment Technologies1048633 Plasma arc technology1048633 Operates on principles of anelectrical arc struck between twoelectrodes1048633 There is no burning and noformation of ash

1048633 Landfill1048633 Open dumps not recommended1048633 Sanitary landfills Disposing ofcertain types of health-care waste(infectious waste and smallquantities of pharmaceuticalwaste) in sanitary landfills isacceptable


Application in hospital

Application of Value engineering to Rationalize the cost of cataract surgery in Eye clinic at Tata Main Hospital

httpcyberlecturesindmedicacomshow434Application_of_22Value_Engineering22_to_Rationalize_the_Cost_of_Cataract_Surgery_in_Eye_Clinic_at_Tata_Main_Hospital

Refernces

1)D K Mishra- operation management2) google source


Thank you

Operation management

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Value Engineering

Historical perspective

Value engineering had its origin at General Electric Company under the leadership of LD Miles and is considered as the father of value engineering

Tata Main Hospital Jamshedpur is the first Indian hospital to apply VE

LD Miles defined value analysis as ldquo an organized creative approach which has for its purpose the efficient identification of unnecessary cost ie cost which provides neither quality nor use nor life nor appearance nor customer features


Pandole

3




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Pandole

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QUALITY CONTROL





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Refernces



Thank you


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QUALITY CONTROL





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QUALITY CONTROL





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operation management operation management value engineering, value analysis, quality control, waste...

Documents

function phase

creative phase

general phase

recommendation phase

investigation phase

information phase

final phase

previous phase