operation manual fiber quality analyzer code lda02€¦ · 32- bit software operation manual...

OPERATION MANUAL

Fiber Quality AnalyzerCode LDA02

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32LDA02MAN_007.wpd 2006-05-26 © 1996, 1999 OpTest Equipment Inc.

OpTest Equipment Inc.900 Tupper, Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada K6A 3S3

Phone: (613) 632-5169 Fax: (613) 632-3744

The Fiber Quality AnalyzerCode LDA02

32- Bit Software Operation Manual Version 1.4-SVC, Release RG425

Table of Contents

1.0 OPTEST PRODUCT CODE LDA02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 SERIAL NUMBER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2 Fiber Properties Measured by the FQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3.2.1 Fiber Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.2.2 Fiber Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.3 Fiber Coarseness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.2.4 Fiber Curl and Kink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.3 Operating Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3.1 The Optics Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3.2 The Flow Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3.3 The Light Source and Polarizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3.4 The CCD Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.4 Equipment Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.0 SERVICES REQUIRED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.0 LIST OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED WITH THE FIBER QUALITY ANALYZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.0 UNPACKING AND SET-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

6.1 Installation Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.2 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.3 Start-Up Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.4 Set-Up Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

7.0 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.1 Initial System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157.2 Performance Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

8.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168.1 Dry Pulp Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

9.0 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710.0 TEST PROCEDURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

10.1 Saving Electronic Data Files and Printing Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2210.2 Purge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2410.3 Graph and Print Settings Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

10.3.1 Results Output Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2610.3.2 Fiber Count Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2710.3.3 Dilution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2810.3.4 Changing Test Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2810.3.5 Values of Factory Set Test Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3010.3.6 Selecting and Creating Predefined Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3010.3.7 Coarseness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3110.3.8 HW/SW Mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3110.3.9 Shive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3110.3.10 Vessel Element Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

10.4 Interpretation of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3410.4.1 Reported Fiber Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3410.4.2 Reported % Fines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3510.4.3 Reported Fiber Curl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610.4.4 Reported Fiber Kink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610.4.5 Reported Fiber Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610.4.6 Reported Shives Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3610.4.7 Reported Vessel Elements Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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10.5 Capture Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3711.0 OPTIONAL EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

11.1 Network Connection Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3811.2 Using a USB Memory Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

12.0 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4113.0 MAINTENANCE & SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4114.0 RECOMMENDED SPARE PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4315.0 WARRANTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43APPENDIX 1 - ISO Coarseness Testing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44APPENDIX 2 - Hardwood/Softwood Mix Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52APPENDIX 3 - Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53APPENDIX 4 - Literature Summary Flow Sheets on How Fiber Characteristics Impact Paper Properties . . . . . . 54APPENDIX 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Preparing the Rayon Fiber Calibration Check Samples for the FQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Preparing Samples for the Measurement of Curl and Kink on the FQA

(Dried Low Yield Chemical Pulp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73APPENDIX 6 - Network Information Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

1Olson, J.A., Robertson, A.G., Finnigan,T.D., Turner, R.R.H., “An Analyzer for Fibre Shape and Length,” JPPS 21(11) p.J367(1995)


1.0 OPTEST PRODUCT CODE LDA02

2.0 SERIAL NUMBER: __________________

3.0 DESCRIPTION

3.1 Overview

The OpTest Laboratory Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA) is an instrument which rapidly, accurately and automaticallymeasures the quality of cellulose fibers. The fiber qualities measured by the laboratory FQA are:

! Fiber length! Fiber width! Coarseness! Fiber curl ! Fiber kink! % Fines! Shive Count

How the FQA measures these qualities is described in Section 3.2 of this manual. For a description of how these fibercharacteristics affect paper properties please refer to Appendix 4.

The FQA is a fully integrated system which contains optics, control and measurement electronics, and a pneumaticand liquid systems. One of the unique features of the FQA is its patented flow cell[1] which is fouling and pluggingresistant. This feature enables the FQA to characterize fibers in mill flows containing contaminants such as ink,extractives and pitch. For details on the design of the flow cell refer to Section 3.3.2 of this manual.

The FQA is controlled by a touch screen with user friendly menus. The operator can select the desired result outputand can obtain mean fiber length as an arithmetic (LN), length weighted (LW), and weight weighted average (LWW), themean fiber width, the Curl Index as an arithmetic mean (CIN), the length weighted mean (CIw), the average Kink Index(KI) and the mean kink angle (2). Distribution histograms and tables for each parameter are also available. For detailson how the FQA calculates these reported values refer to Section 3.2 of this manual. The data can be printed ortransmitted via an RG45 ethernet connection to an external computer or a mill-wide data acquisition system. For detailson the transfer of data to an external computer refer to Section 11.0 of this manual.

The FQA software is located on the C: hard drive. Results files can be saved on the D: (data drive). The results dataD: drive can be accessed via a network connection. For details on how to set-up the FQA to transfer information fromthe D: drive refer to Sections 10.2.1 & 11.1.

3.2 Fiber Properties Measured by the FQA

3.2.1 Fiber Length:

Fiber length is an important fiber characteristic which impacts paper properties. An increase in fiber length can increasethe tear, tensile and folding resistance of paper. Also, an increase in fiber length can have negative impacts, such asincreasing the risk of flocculation which can decrease formation quality. For more information on how fiber length

affects paper properties refer to Appendix 4. There are two ways of measuringfiber length; true contour length ( L ) or projected length ( l ). The Fiber QualityAnalyzer (FQA) measures and reports the true contour length of the fiber, L.


The contour length, L and the projected length, l are very similar for straight fibers.

But L and l are very different for curled fibers.

3.2.2 Fiber Width

Individual fibre widths are reported to an accuracy of 1 mm. The HiRes FQA optical pixel resolution for width is 7 μm.However, at the edges of a fiber, the software uses a dithering technique that takes into account fractional pixel sizes.The width of each fiber is measured multiple times along its length.

3.2.3 Fiber Coarseness

Fiber coarseness measured by the laboratory FQA is defined as the mass of oven dried (OD) weight of pulp in mgdivided by the total contour fiber length, LT, (m) of all the fibers measured by the FQA, during a coarseness test.

Coarseness (mg/m) = Mass of oven dried fiber tested (mg) Fiber Total x Ln (mm) x 1m/1000 mm

where:Total fiber length, LT (m) = Fiber Total x Ln (mm) x 1m/1000mm

3.2.4 Fiber Curl and Kink

Fiber curl and kink are important fiber characteristics which impact paper properties. An increase in fiber curl and kink(all other factors held constant) has positive and negative impacts on paper properties:

1) Positive Impacts: Curl and kink increase out-of-plane tear, bulk, wet web stretch, porosity andabsorbency of paper. These properties are desirable to towelling and tissue mills.

2) Negative Impacts: Curl and kink decrease tensile strength, burst, and bending stiffness. Theseproperties are very undesirable for high speed paper machines. For more information on how fibercurl affects paper properties refer to Appendix 4.

Definition of Curl Index:Curl is the gradual and continuous curvature of a fiber. The FQA reports curl as an index. The definition of Curl Index(CI) is the ratio of the true contour length L of the fiber divided by the projected length, l of the fiber minus 1. The curlindex is calculated for each individual fiber.

Curl Index (CI ):

Cl = L - 1l

If L = 2.3 mm and l = 1.9 mm then:

CI = 2.3 mm - 1 = 0.211.9 mm


Definition of Kink Index:Kink is the abrupt change in fiber curvature. The most widely used definition for Kink is Kibblewhite’s equation.Kibblewhite found that large kinks in fibers had more impact on paper properties i.e. tensile, tear than small kinks.Therefore, Kibblewhite’s equation places more weight (importance) on the kinks with higher angles (severity of kink).For more information on how fiber kink affects paper properties, refer to Appendix 4.

Sample Calculation for Overall Kink Index:For simplicity, the example given below only uses 2 fibers. Each of the fibers shown below, have 4 kinked spots onthem. Each kink angle on the fibers, will fall in to one of the 4 bins in Kibblewhite’s equation.

Fiber 1:Number of kinks with angles between 21 - 45 o , N(21-45) = 2Number of kinks with angles between 46 - 90 o , N(46-90) = 1Number of kinks with angles between 91 - 180 o , N(91-180) = 0L for fiber 1 = 3.2 mm

Fiber 2:Number of kinks with angles between 21 - 45 o , N(21-45) = 2Number of kinks with angles between 46 - 90 o , N(46-90) = 2Number of kinks with angles between 91 - 180 o , N(91-180) = 0L for fiber 2 = 3.6 mm

Kink Index = [ 2(4) + 3(3) + 4(0) ] = 2.50(For the above fibers) (3.2 + 3.6) mm

When calculating the overall kink index, all the fibers are grouped together in the one term. However, the FQA doesprovide a distribution table that shows the kink index for individual fibers, refer to Section 10.2 on how to print out thekink distribution table.

NOTE: Fiber Quality Analyzer uses a modified form of Kibblewhite’s equation. Thus the FQA reports kink indexaccording to the following equation.

Kink Index = [ 2N(21-45) + 3N(46-90)+ 4N(91-180)]Ltotal

Definition of Average Kink Angle:Another value reported by the FQA is the Average Kink Angle. The Average Kink Angle is the sum of all the kinkangles greater than 20 degrees, divided by the total number of detected kinks.

For example:Fibers 1 & 2 have an Average Kink Angle = 38+ 31 + 88 +46 +41+36 +72 = 50.29o

7

3.3 Operating Principles

3.3.1 The Optics Box


The optics box is the heart of the Fiber Quality Analyzer (FQA) and requires minimal maintenance. Special trainingand knowledge in optics is required before making any changes to an optics box. This means maintenance of thisportion of the equipment needs to be handled strictly by the supplier.

The optics box in the FQA contains the following components:- The flow cell- Light source- Circular Polarizing Filters- CCD Camera

3.3.2 The Flow Cell

The flow cell consists of three ports at the bottom of the flow cell, Figure 3-1. Diluted fiber enters the center port at thebottom of the flow cell. The fibers entering the center port pass through a thin planar channel. This channel helps togently orient the fiber 2-dimensionally (without affecting their shape), so that the fiber is fully viewed by the camera.High quality water enters the two side ports at the bottom of the flow cell. These planes of water sandwich the thinplane containing the fiber. The purpose of these two layers of pure water is to: (a) help to orient the fiber and (b) protectthe flowcell from contaminants, making the flowcell fouling resistant.

Exit from flow cell------------------------>

Flow cell window------------------------->

Water sheath flow entrance---------->Pulp slurry entrance--------------------->Water sheath flow entrance----------->

Figure 3-1: Sketch of the FQA flow cell design

3.3.3 The Light Source and Polarizers

The far-red spectrum light source is located on the left hand side of the flow cell, Figure 3-2. The far-red spectrum lightpasses through a circular polarizing filter. The polarized light then passes through the window of the flow cell. If thepolarized light strikes a fiber, a phase shift will occur which will allow the light to pass through the second circularpolarizing filter and reach the camera located on the right hand side of the flow cell.

Only highly organized crystalline structures (i.e. cellulose in fibers), are able to cause a phase shift in circular polarizedlight. Therefore the FQA will not detect inks, pitch, scale etc. that would otherwise affect results.


Figure 3-2: Profile view of the FQA optics box

3.3.4 The CCD Camera

The CCD camera and light source are matched to minimizing noise. The camera pixels are zero cross talk, (whichmeans when one pixel is excited it does not affect any of the adjacent pixels), zero defect, with 256 grey levels, anda pixel resolution of 7 μm for width, and 14 μm for length.

It is vital that dust not be allowed to enter the optics box. Under no circumstances should the screws for thelid of the optics box be removed. All work on the optics box needs to be done by a fully trained OpTestrepresentative.

3.4 Equipment Specifications

The Fiber Quality Analyzer was originally developed as a joint effort between the University of British Columbia,PAPRICAN Vancouver and OpTest. OpTest commercialized the FQA in 1993 and would like to thank theseestablishments for their excellent research support and validation studies.

Hardware: The sensor unit incorporates the optics, the detector, the interface boards and the processor whichcollects and analyzes the fiber images.

Features:! CCD detector with zero cross talk, 256 grey levels, and a 7μm/pixel width, 14μm/pixel length resolution! 100 mm² field of view! Diffuse illuminator with solid-state components for precision, reliability and ease of maintenance.

Software Features:! All menus are operated from the touch screen! The sensor image is displayed on screen during the test! 70 μm is the minimum default fiber or fine length reported! 41 μm is the minimum fiber or fine size reported! Reports average width to 1 um using pixel fraction dithering! Results can be sent to a network, host computer and/or to an optional printer! Supports a library of optional printers: HP Laser Jet, HP Desk Jet and Epson dot matrix or equivalent

printers which emulate their fonts and graphics, using Windows 2000 printer drivers.


4.0 SERVICES REQUIRED

Power: The FQA requires 120 Volts at 60 Hz or 240 Volts at 50 Hz, single phase, 700 watt minimum. Theequipment must be supplied with power that is stable, within ± 5% and with transients less than 10%.NOTE: These stated power requirements do not include the printer or other accessories.

Water: Supply clean, mineral free water with a max. pressure of 600 kPa (87 psi), min 150 kPa (22 psi)filtered at 5 microns or less. Ensure that connections to FQA are made with braided hose that canwithstand these pressures.

Drain: A drain at least six inches (6"/18cm) below the level of the FQA drain outlet.

Air: Clean compressed instrument air (oil and water free) regulated to 690 KPa (100 psi).

5.0 LIST OF EQUIPMENT SUPPLIED WITH THE FIBER QUALITY ANALYZER

A. Sensor unit (P/N 87000)B. Sample Beakers (2) (P/N 740010)C. Filter Cartridges (2) (P/N 500420)D. Instruction ManualE. Calibration Check Fiber (P/N 87900.001)

NOTE: The customer must supply a printer in order to make print-out copies of the results.See Section 6.4.

6.0 UNPACKING AND SET-UP

1. BEFORE REMOVING THE CONTENTS, VISUALLY INSPECT THE CRATE FOR DAMAGE, WHICH MAYHAVE OCCURRED DURING TRANSPORT. REPORT ANY DAMAGE TO THE TRANSPORT COMPANYIMMEDIATELY.

2. Remove the screws on the front side flap. Once the screws have been removed the front and top sides canbe opened by folding the carton backwards.

3. All sustained or suspected damage should be reported to the carrier immediately.

4. Two persons must remove the FQA from the box. The unit must be held on the underside of the stainlesssteel tank and under the base.

CAUTION: Never lift the unit by the rear fittings. This may cause serious damage to the instrument.

5. Remove the foam behind the LCD screen (save for re-packing).

CAUTION: The HiRes FQA incorporates a battery UPS to ensure the proper shutdown of Windows™in the event of power interruption. These batteries must be charged for a minimum of 12 hoursBEFORE the unit is turned on. To charge the batteries plug the FQA power cord into an active poweroutlet. This procedure must also be used in the event of a power interruption greater than 100 hrs.

6. Allow the entire unit to reach room temperature before turning it on.

6.1 Installation Site

Place the equipment in a level, vibration-free location near an air supply, water supply, and a drain.


6.2 Connections

Air Pressure: Connect a 1/4" OD polyethylene tube to the air input. This connection is in the middle of thelower right service shelf while looking at the rear of the instrument, see Figure 6-1.

Water Supply: A quick connect fitting is supplied for connection to a 3/8" ID hose, Figure 6-1. To release theconnector, depress the metal latch and pull off the coupling. Ensure that the hose is rated forthe water pressure in the line and that a gear clamp is used at the connector end. Thepressure must be between 150 and 600 kPa (22 - 78 psi). Connect the water supply to theplug labelled "water" at the rear of the unit.

WARNING: ENSURE THAT THE WATER SUPPLY CONNECTION IS PROPERLY MADE. WATER MUSTNOT ENTER THE PNEUMATIC OR DRAIN SYSTEM!

Drain: A drain hose assembly is provided with the FQA. The assembly consists of a ½" quick connect fittingcoupled to a 3/8" quick connect fitting. Connect the 3/8" fitting to the plug labelled drain on the serviceshelf and the ½" fitting to the ball valve at the rear of the tank, Figure 6-1. Place a ½" hose on thebarbed tee and lead it to a floor drain. The drain must be at least six inches below the level of the FQAdrain outlet.

Cable Connections: If an optional printer is to be used, then connect the optional printer cable to theDB25 female receptacle labelled "printer" at the rear of the FQA. Ensure that yourprinter is listed in Setup Menu described in Section 6.4.

Please see Sections 6.4 and 11.0 for details on setting up communications to an external computer ornetwork.

6.3 Start-Up Procedure

1. Connect the FQA to an air supply, water supply and drain, as illustrated in Figure 6-1.

2. Plug in the power cable. Turn the power on by flipping the rocker switch on the back of the unit. Themonitor will light up and the program will start automatically at the Main Menu, Figure 6-2. NOTE: If the screen saver comes on, press any portion of the touch screen and the Main Menu will berestored.

3. Once the water is made available to the unit and it is verified that water is flowing to the unit open thewater tank manual drain valve and allow water to flow through the input filter for 10 minutes.

4. Close the water tank manual drain valve and allow the FQA water tank to fill up. This takes approximately5 minutes. NOTE: Make sure the drain for the FQA tank is fully closed otherwise the water tank will not fill.

5. When the FQA is first powered up, after a few moments, the Start-Up Main Menu will be displayed,Figure 6-2. Please note that the Measure button on the Main Menu will not function when you first startup the unit. Only the HELP, SET-UP and CHECK buttons will function.

6. Press the CHECK button. This will bring up a box with two buttons. One to START the CHECK, and theother to CANCEL, Figure 6-9. Press the CANCEL button to bring the full Main Menu with all the buttonsactive as shown in Figure 6-3.

7. Press the SET-UP button on the Main Menu. This will bring the Set-Up Menu on to the screen, Figure6-4. In the Set-Up Menu there are fourteen buttons displayed including a “Return Arrow” button. Pressthe “IO Board” button. The I/O Work Bench screen is displayed, Figure 6-5. It shows a list and the statusof a number of inputs and outputs. When the indicators for top and bottom level sensor inputs (No. 2 and3) are both red, then the water tank is full. Press the return arrow button to go back to the Set-Up Menuscreen.


Figure 6-1: Hosing connections to the laboratory FQA

8. To remove air from the OUT filter housing:Locate the red “air escape” button on top of the filter housing lid at the back of the FQA. Press the filter“De-air” button on the Set-Up Menu. A small window will appear with the message: “Please insert anempty beaker and press OK when ready, press the red button on the output filter until water comes out.”Insert the empty beaker, press OK, and the red “air escape” button on the filter. If the beaker becomesfull before all the output filter air is removed, a message will appear “The beaker is full”. Touch the OKbutton, and empty the beaker.

If water did not leak out through the red button, put the empty beaker back on the beaker holder. Pressthe filter “De-air” button a second time, and press OK, and the red “air escape” button on the filter again.

9. To flush the system:Press the “Flush” button. A small window will appear with the message “Please insert a beaker half filledwith clean water in the beaker holder, and press OK.” Water will travel up the flow cell, and the beakerwill fill at the same time. Allow the water to circulate for 5 minutes, and press the stop button. Press the“Return Arrow” button on the Set-Up screen to bring the Main Menu back to the screen, Figure 6-3.


Figure 6-2: Main Menu

10. Press the MEASURE button on the Main Menu, Figure 6-3. A Sample Identification Menu will nowappear, Figure 9-2. Press any character on the keyboard displayed on the screen. After at least onecharacter has been entered on the first line, press the OK key. The Select Test Limit Settings Menu,Figure 10-1, should now be displayed.

11. From the list of Predefined Test Settings, select the “OpTest Default” Test Limit settings, and press theOK button. The FQA Start Test Menu Figure 10-2 is displayed.

12. Place an empty beaker in the beaker holder, and touch the PURGE button. A Dialogue Box will appear.Press the START button in the dialogue box. The system will purge itself, and the beaker will fill withwater.

13. Place a clean beaker containing 600 ml of clean water in the FQA beaker holder. Press the STARTbutton, Figure 10-2. The beaker holder will raise the beaker, and the water will travel up the uptake tube,and up the flowcell. This will remove any air that may be located in the tubing leading to the FQA flowcell.

14. When the water level is below the bottom beaker level probe the test will stop automatically, the beakerholder will lower the beaker, and there will be 100 ml left in the beaker. A box with three buttons willappear, Figure 10-4. Select the PREVIOUS button, and the Main Menu will appear.

15. Repeat Steps 10, 11, and 12.

16. Place a clean beaker containing 600 ml of clean water in the FQA beaker holder. The water used shouldbe the same water the mill will use to dilute the pulp samples for testing in the FQA. Press the STARTbutton, Figure 10-2. This will check the quality of the dilution water. If the total fiber count is greater than100 for a 600 ml beaker please contact the Service department at OpTest.

17. Before running any fibre measurement tests, ensure that the power has been on for at least 3 hours afterthe instrument has reached room temperature. Touch the CHECK button in the Main Menu and initiatea system check. For details on how to run a system check refer to Section 7.0.


Figure 6-3: Main Menu

6.4 Set-Up Menu

Set-Up Menu:

From the Main Menu touch the SET-UP button on the screen, Figure 6-3. The Set-Up Menu will appear, Figure 6-4.

Changing the Time and Date

To change the date and time touch the Time and Date button. A window with a clock and calendar will appear whichcan be updated.

Selecting a Printer

To select a printer, touch the Printer button. A window will appear, and a printer can be selected, or a new printer maybe added to the list. To select the Printer [driver] listed in the Printer Set-Up window, touch the desired printer icon,touch “File”, then “Set as Default Printer”. A small black circle with a white check mark identifies which printer has beenselected.

Set-Up for Data Transfer to an External Computer via a Network

The operator may choose to use an external computer or data acquisition system to store and analyse the data withthird party software (i.e. EXCEL). See Section 11.0 for hardware set-up information.

Set-Up for Data Transfer using the USB port

For details on how to save to a memory stick refer to Section 11.2.

Set-Up for Data Transfer to the Hard Drive

The FQA can only save results data onto the hard D: drive in the data folder, see Section 10.1 Saving ElectronicData Files and Printing Results.

Water Tank Refill

The status of the upper, lower, and overflow level sensors in the tank are displayed in the list of inputs on the I/O WorkBench screen, Figure 6-5. If the indicators are red, water is in contact with the sensor. If an indicator is grey, no wateris in contact with that sensor. The tank will automatically start to refill when the half-full position is reached. The tank


does not refill during fibre analysis. The operator can choose to refill the tank at any time by touching the 8 - Tank Refillbutton located in the list of Outputs. A black tick mark will appear. The operator can stop the refill by touching the 8 -Tank Refill button a second time.

Figure 6-4: Set-up Menu

Figure 6-5: I/O Work Bench screenParameters

The Parameters button displays the Parameters screen. There is no need to change the parameter values unless anew parameter is added in new releases of software. An access code is required to allow changes to be made. In sucha case please call OpTest service for information on how to change parameter values. OpTest personnel will ask for


the code already displayed in the top right corner of the Parameters screen and provide a corresponding access codeto enter. Each time the Parameters screen appears, the displayed code changes so a different access code would berequired in order to change parameter values.

Show CCD Button

This feature will allow the user to determine if:a) There is a fiber stuck in the window of the flow cellb) Any of the light emitting diodes from the diffuse light source have aged excessively.

With the polarizers in place, the screen should appear uniformly dark under normal conditions. If thereis a bright spot a fiber has become stuck in the window and the operator should do at least 4 purges totry to flush the flow cell out. If the problem persists, contact your local service representative or theService department at OpTest Equipment. It is possible to view the screen without the polarizers in place,turn the LED’s on and off as well as illuminate one LED at a time, and check illumination levels.

Service Report

Touching the Service Report button will cause a four page report to be printed. The report contains current and targetlight levels for the LED’s in the light source. A list of 236 parameters, and their values is printed as well.

Software Add-on Button

This button is used to activate add-on software that has been purchased. Additional software that is available includes:Vessel Element Testing, Shive Analysis, Coaseness plus HWD/SWD Ratio testing, and AutoFeeder software. EachHiRes FQA has a unique Master Key. After submitting the Master Key to the service department, a correspondingcode will be issued that will enable the additional purchased software to operate. Figure 6-6.

Figure 6-6: Add-on Software Menu

Lock Button

Touching the lock button brings up the Lock Menu screen, Figure 6-7. In this Menu screen it is possible to make certainbuttons inoperative or limit access to certain areas of the HiRes FQA software program. It is also possible to changethe password. The initial “start-up” password is OPTEST. To change the password, touch the first window, and use


the electronic keyboard to delete the current password. Type in the desired new password, and retype it in the Confirmwindow and press OK. The following describes what becomes locked for each possible selection.

Setup:The following five buttons become inoperative:

- Time and Date- Printer- IO Board- AutoFeeder- Lock

Selection Settings:Locking the Settings fixes the Test Limits used for each test, so that they can no longer be changed.The following selections in the Settings Selection Menu Section 10.1 are fixed:

- The Delete and Add Settings buttons, Figure 10-1- The Modify Settings button, Figure 10-1- The Test Limits Settings Menu, Figure 10-7

and the Lock Button in the Setup Menu is inoperative.

Results SettingsLocking the Results Settings makes the print selections constant. Each print-out will have the same numberof pages, tables or graphs selected to print and will use the same print limit settings.The following selections in the Graph and Print Settings Menu Section 10.3 are fixed:

- The “Change Print Settings” button is disabled, Section 10.3, Figure 10-7and the Lock Button in the Setup Menu is inoperative.

To choose any of the three possible lock selections, in the Lock Menu Figure 6-7, touch the small box beside it, anda black tic mark will appear. To deselect touch the small box to remove the tic mark. Confirm the password, and pressOK after making the desired selection.

Figure 6-7: Lock MenuWhen any lock selection has been made, a small key icon will appear in the top right hand corner of the Menu screens.Figures 6-4 & 10.1 show the key icon. The lock selections can be removed by touching the key button, and enteringthe password in the screen that automatically appears, Figure 6-8.


Figure 6-8: UnLock Screen

Modify Header Button

To change the header, which appears at the very top of the printed results, touch the Modify Header Button, Figure6-9. The Header window with a keyboard will appear allowing the header lines to be changed. For details on how touse the touch screen video keyboard refer to Section 9.0.

Figure 6-9: Header Screen


7.0 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION

The Fiber Quality Analyzer has been calibrated at the factory and will not require calibration during normal use.Automatic diagnostic routines periodically check the equipment calibration and will warn the operator if service isrequired.

NOTE: Before the first use of the system, the operator must perform a System Check.

7.1 Initial System Check

During a System Check, several diagnostic routines take place automatically. The Led light levels are checked, andthe flow rates are measured.

1) Ensure that the power is on for at least 3 hours after the instrument has reached room temperature.2) Perform a water blank Section 6-2, step 16 so that flow rate measurements can be made.3) Press the CHECK button in the Main Menu. The instrument will then request that a beaker of clean filtered waterbe inserted into the beaker holder, Figure 6-10.4) Fill a clean beaker with the filtered water used for diluting pulp samples.5) Select the Print Report option. A tic mark will appear in the box.6) After the system check, a one page report will print automatically.

Should a problem exist the operator will be warned. Send a copy of the results to the nearest service representativeor to the OpTest service department.

Figure 6-10: System Check

7.2 Performance Check

Ensure that the power is on for at least 3 hours after the instrument has reached room temperature. A rayon fibercheck pulp sample has been provided to check the operation of the FQA. Place a small amount of the fiber into abeaker (approximately the size of a pencil tip). Add 600 ml of water to the beaker. Follow the procedure outlined inSection 10.0. Ensure that the EPS is in the 20 to 40 range. The average length Ln, and Lw should be within thetolerances indicated on the bottle.

NOTE: Do not over use the sample! Only a very small amount (the size of a pencil tip per 600 mL beaker) is necessaryfor this check. Performance checks are usually made once every 100 hrs of use.

2Mohlin, U-B., Dahlborn, J., “Fibre Deformation and Sheet Strength,” Tappi 79(6) p. 105 (1996)

3Page, D., Seth, R., Jordon, B., Papermaking Raw Materials:Tansactions of the 8th Fund. Res. Sym. Oxford (1985) p.183


8.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION

The aim is to achieve a fiber frequency of 10-40 events per second (EPS) during the test depending on the type ofpulp. As a rule of thumb, if the Lw for a given pulp is below 1.3 mm, the desirable EPS range is 25-40. For pulps withLw greater than 1.3 mm dilute in such a way as to target an EPS range of 10-20. The EPS value is displayed in theMeasure Menu. At the EPS ranges given above, the pulp solutions run in the FQA will be approximately aconcentration of 2 mg/L for whole softwoods and 0.75 mg/L for whole hardwoods. These values are only guidelinesas the exact sample weight is dependent on wood species and treatment the fibers have undergone. Never-dried pulpsare preferred for fiber quality analysis. This is because disintegration and beating of dried samples can affect fibershape and fines content [2,3].

The system will not allow a test to take place if the EPS is above the maximum at the appropriate operating range. Theunit will stop the test and an error message “Fiber frequency too high” will be displayed in a dialogue box on the screenFigure 10-3.

WARNING! No organic solvents, alcohols, or caustic agents should be mixed with the pulp sample.These agents can damage the binding agent and/or the plastic used in the flowcell. If the customerwishes to use organic solvents, alcohols or caustic chemicals please contact OpTest to discuss this issueprior to running any such tests on the FQA.

8.1 Dry Pulp Samples

If the operator is interested in fiber curl and kink measurements, try to use the gentlest form of disintegration possible.The gentler the disintegration, the less likely fiber shape and fines content will be altered[2,3]. It is also important toremember that if fiber curl and kink comparisons are made to other samples, that exactly the same sample preparationtechnique should be used on all the samples being compared. For difficult to disintegrate samples, use TAPPI T 205or PAPTAC C4 "Forming Handsheets for Physical Test of Pulp" to disperse a sample of pulp in a disintegrator. Drypulp samples must be disintegrated without cutting or damaging the fibers. Never cut the samples from the sheet!Cutting shortens the fibers. The sample should be gently pulled away from a wet sheet after the sheet has beensoaked in clean water for at least 4 hours. All cut edges (sides of the sheet) should be discarded. Make sure that fibersare properly separated, and that no fiber bundles or fiber-to-fiber bonds remain in the sample. Dilute a part of thesample to verify that it is completely dispersed. If it is, dilute the sample to the necessary testing concentration, or EPSvalue.


9.0 SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION

From the Main Menu enter the testing routine by touching the MEASURE button. A video keyboard automatically willappear, Figure 9-1. Touch any of the blank rows, and type in the sample identification information. A File Prefix canbe added. The File Prefix will appear as part of the electronic results files that are saved. Once the sampleidentification information has been typed in, press the OK button to proceed to the next menu. For details on how tostart a test refer to Section 10.0 of this manual.

How to Make Changes to Sample Identification Information:

To modify one of the four lines, touch the desired line. To delete one character at a time, use the 7 (back space) buttonin the upper right hand corner of the keyboard. To delete all the characters on a line, use the *Z (delete) button in thesecond row on the right side of the keyboard. To delete the complete sample ID, press the “eraser” button. It is

possible to return to the Main Menu at any time, by pressing the i(cancel) button.

Figure 9-1: Sample Identification Keyboard

Storing Frequently Used Sample Identification Titles:

Sample identifications can be stored and retrieved for frequently used names. To load a previously stored SampleIdentification touch the LOAD button; to store the current Sample Identification touch the STORE button. AnIdentification Index screen will appear, that contains the LOAD/STORE TABLE Figure 9-2. If you are loading apreviously stored sample ID, touch one of the 12 bars containing the desired name. If you are storing a new name,touch a blank bar or overwrite an existing name by touching the desired bar.


Figure 9-2: Identification Index a sample identificationexample


10.0 TEST PROCEDURE

How to Start a Test:

Once the sample identification information has been entered the FQA Settings Selection Menu screen will appear,Figure 10-1. For details on how to enter the sample identification information refer to Section 9.

Select the settings from the list of Predefined settings. Additional Preferred settings can be created for particular pulpsamples. For details on adding or deleting additional preferred settings refer to Changing Test Limits Section 10.3.4.After pressing the OK button, the Test Menu Figure 10-2 will appear.

Place the sample beaker in the beaker holder and touch the START button, Figure 10-2. The beaker holder will raisethe beaker. A flow stabilization sequence will start, then the sample will be drawn up the intake tube, and into theflowcell for analysis.

Figure 10-1: FQA Select Test Limit Settings Menu

Figure 10-2: FQA Start Test Menu


Auto Dilution:

If the measured concentration is higher than 60 fibers per second, and below 180 fibers per second, then the volumeof excess sample to remove will be calculated and removed, then water will be added to dilute the remainder of thesample. The test will then automatically take place.

Beaker Concentration too High:

If the fiber concentration in the beaker is too high, (greater than 180 fibers per second) a warning message will appear,Figure 10-3. Divide the sample in the beaker, and dilute the sample portion. Refer to Section 8.0 Sample Preparation.

Figure 10-3: High Fiber Frequency warning

How to Stop a Test:

The FQA will stop a test if any one of the following three things occurs:a) The STOP button has been touchedb) Or the beaker is empty.c) Or the total fiber count selected has been reached. The total fiber count can be increased in the Settings

selection menu, Figure 10-1. To decrease the Fiber Limit associated with a Settings selection refer to the FiberCount Limit Section 10.3.2.

If the test was stopped by pressing the STOP button or stopped because the beaker was empty, the operator will begiven the following options, Figure 10-4:

a) Press the RESULT button. This stops testing and the final test results are tabulated.b) Press the PREVIOUS button. A window will appear with a message, a CANCEL button, and a PREVIOUS

button. The message reads “Warning all data will be lost! Press cancel to recover data.” Press the CANCELbutton, and the software returns the previous screen as displayed in Figure 10-4. The user can select eitherto display the test result, or to continue the test. Press the PREVIOUS button, the Main Menu will appear, thetest has been aborted, and the data is lost.

c) Press the CONTINUE button. This continues the test (i.e. on a new beaker containing some more of the samepulp sample)


Figure 10-4: Displayed after a test

After selecting and touching the RESULT button the FQA averaged results will be displayed on the Results Menuscreen, Figure 10-5.

Figure 10-5: FQA Results Menu

Graphs Screen

Touching the GRAPHS button allows the user to display one histogram at a time of the following measurements: Ln,Lw, Lww, Curl, Kink, Width, Figure 10-6. Beside each of the histograms that are displayed, is a window that showsthe corresponding numerical values of all the binned data for the measurement. In addition to the individual histograms,it is possible to display a length versus width plot and a bar chart of average widths (plus their standard deviation) fordifferent fibre lengths for the sample that has just been tested.


Figure 10-6: Ln Histogram and Binned Data

10.1 Saving Electronic Data Files and Printing Results

The TRANSFER Button:

When the final test results are displayed on the Results screen, Figure 10-4, touching the TRANSFER button willautomatically transfer the data to the Data folder on the D: drive. This drive destination is hard wired and cannot bechanged. In order for the Results and Raw data files (Res and Lc) to be saved, Res and Lc under the Transfer headinghave to be selected on the Settings Selection Menu Figure 10-1. When they are selected, tic marks are displayed inthe boxes. Files saved on the hard D: data drive can be accessed remotely through a “Network Neighbourhood” bydouble clicking on the icon for the HiResFQA., and entering a password. The HiRes FQA icon name is the serialnumber for the instrument, LDA02xxx. Where xxx is the three digit number unique to each instrument.

The Change Transfer Path Button:

It is possible to transfer the electronic data files to an alternate drive. This drive may be accessed through a LANconnection, or to a memory stick. The Change Transfer Path button is located in more than one Menu. It is locatedon the FQA Select Test Limit Settings Menu, Figure 10-1, the Test Limit Settings Menu, Figure 10-8, and the ChangeLength Curl and Kink Print Limits Menu, Figure 10-10. After touching the button, use the electronic keyboard to entera new transfer path. Figure 10-7.


Figure 10-7: Change Transfer Path Menu

NOTE: more than one Res file can be generated per test. More than one Res file may be saved if the user wishes tochange the upper and lower ranges or the bin sizing for the data, Section 10.2.4. It is not necessary to test duplicatesamples using different measurement limits. If the user wishes to generate several Res files each from the same testresult, it will not be necessary to change the sample ID name. Instead, each Res file will automatically be saved witha different file name. Res files have RES as a prefix in their file names. Lc files have LC as a prefix. The file namesfor both lc and res files contain the day, month, year, hour, min, sec. of when the test was performed plus a 2 digitnumber. The file names also include any prefix that was included on the Sample ID Menu, Figure 9-1. Each time morethan one res file is saved per test, the two digit number at the end of the file name increases. (ie _01.txt, _02.txt,_03.txt, etc.)

Automatic Data Transfer:

If the Auto transfer selection is made on the Settings Selection Menu, a tic mark will appear, and the data files of eachtest will be automatically saved when the return button on the Results Menu is pushed, Figure 10-5.

The PRINT Button:

The printer needs to have been selected in the Set-Up Menu, Figure 6-4, see Section 6.4 to select a printer.

When the final test results are displayed on the Results Menu, Figure 10-5, touching the PRINT button will print theresults. Only the data selected in the Print Options Tab Figure 10-9 in the Options Menu will be printed.

The same test results can be reprinted or re-transferred but with several different length, curl and kink range settings(cut-offs), Section 10.3.4. The user can generate several print-outs, each from the same test results but with differentmeasurement ranges. The axis limits for the graphs and bin sizes can be changed as well. To make these changes,follow the steps listed below:

1) Press the Settings button in the Result menu, Figure 10-5.2) Make changes to the measurement ranges for length, curl, kink, width, shives, or vessels by pressing the

appropriate tab: Length and Width, Curl and Kink, or Shives and Vessels, Figure 10-8.and/or

3) Make changes to the graph axis limits, and bin sizes by pressing the Change Print Settings button on the LimitSettings Menu, Figure 10-8. The Graph and Print Settings Menu will appear, Figure 10-9.

4) Select the appropriate tab: Length Curl and Kink, Shive and Vessels, or Width to make changes to the graphaxis limits and bin sizes. The screen for the Length Curl and Kink tab is shown in Figure 10-10.


5) Press the return arrow to go back to the Limit Settings Menu, and press the return button to go back to theResults Menu. Press the PRINT button to print out the altered results.

6) Repeat steps 1 through 5 to make any more desired changes to the ranges, axis limits, and bin sizes, and printthe altered results.

10.2 Purge

The purge sequence is a rigorous cleaning of the FQA. A purge should be done when switching between sampletypes. It is not necessary to perform a purge if the samples to be tested are from the same species. The purge is alsouseful in clearing away any debris or air bubbles that may have accumulated on the windows in the imaging path.

To purge, simply place an empty beaker on the beaker holder and touch the PURGE button. Press the Start buttonon the small window that appears. The PURGE button is displayed on the Test Menu and Results Menu screens,Figure 10-2 & 10-5.

10.3 Graph and Print Settings Menu

Changing the Scale Size and Bin Size on the Histogram Graphs:

The fiber analysis histograms automatically default to standard scale size, which allows all the data to be displayed.To select an alternate scale:

1) Touch the “Change Print Settings” button on the right side of the Test Limits Settings Menu, Figure 10-7.

2) Touch the appropriate Change Print Limits tab (either LENGTH, CURL, KINK, SHIVE AND VESSELANALYSIS, WIDTH) located at the top of the screen, see Figure 10-9.

3) Touch the numerical value of the axis limit for the measurement that the user wants to change, use the numerickeys on the screen to change the axis limit value, and touch the return button, see Figure 10-9.

The changes made on the print limits will set the upper and lower limits of each of the “x-axis” — Length,Length Weighted Fiber Length, Weight Weighted Fiber Length, Curl Index, and Kink Index and set the upperlimit for each of the “y-axis” — the % Frequency of all the graphs. The Bin Size for each of the graphs can alsobe changed from the Auto or default setting. For example, in Figure 10-10, the Bin Size for the Length WeightedFiber Length could be increased from the default Auto setting of 0.05 to 0.10 mm. Each histogram is limitedto a maximum of 200 bins. This affects the combination of x-axis print limits, and bin sizes that are selected.

Similar changes can be made to the graph limits on the Shive and Vessels screen, and the Width screen.Changes made to the x-axis, and y-axis, limits, and bin sizes will also affect the Tables that are printed out. Thechanges will also alter the appearance of the software displayed graphs, see Figure 10-6. The changes madeto the Bin Size and x-axis of Length, Width, Curl, and Kink will affect the histogram data that is saved in theelectronic Res file. The contents of the Res file reflects the nature of the Print-outs.


Figure 10-8: FQA Test Limit Settings Menu

Figure 10-9: Print Tab


Figure 10-10: Change Length Curl and Kink Print Limits

10.3.1 Results Output Format

To select the desired output format touch the “Change Print Settings” button on the right side of the Test LimitsSettings Menu, Figure 10-7, and touch the appropriate button under the Print Table and Graph Print headings whichare displayed Figure 10-8. A check mark will appear next to the chosen format option. To return to the Test LimitsSetting Menu, touch the ”Return Arrow” button. The Results Menu Figure 10-5 will appear after touching the “ReturnArrow” button on the Test Limits Setting Menu.

Tables and If all fifteen fibre measurement Table and Graph selections are made, then the six histogram graphsGraphs: for Ln, Lw, Lww, curl, kink, and width, plus the two width-length combination graphs and the

associated tables will be included in the FQA results print-outs. When a shive analysis has beenperformed, the three histogram graphs and their associated Tables can be selected and printed aswell. A small black check mark will appear next to the button to confirm that the selection wasactivated. It is possible to pick and choose any combination of Tables and Graphs to be included inthe print-out. If none of the items are selected, the print-out will consist of one page of “AccumulatedTest Results” for fibre, (plus a page each for either Shive or Vessel Analysis results if either test wasperformed). An example of the Ln distribution histogram is shown in Figure 10-6. The Ln, Lw, Lww,curl, kink, and width distribution curves plus the width-length combination graphs can be viewed priorto printing or transferring a test result by touching the GRAPHS button in the Results menu, Section10, Figure 10-5.

Special Tests: Under the Special Measurements heading on the Settings Selection Menu Figure 10-1 are fourpossible selections: Coarseness, HW/SW Ratio, Vessels, and Shive Analysis

Coarseness:Selecting the coarseness calculation will enable the calculation of coarseness in mg/m of fiber. Whenthe coarseness calculation is selected and the user exits the Option menu, a new screen will appearthat requests the weight of pulp used for the coarseness test. After entering the sample mass, andpressing the return key, the Test Menu will appear. Pressing the start button will begin the coarsenesstest.

HW/SW Ratio:Selecting the HW/SW test will enable the calculation of the hardwood to softwood ratio of a pulp.Immediately after selecting this option and exiting the Option menu, a new screen will appear thatrequests information about the coarseness and Lw length of the hardwood and softwood speciesused in the mixture, Figure 10-10. After entering the species information, and pressing the return key,the Test Menu will appear. Pressing the start button will begin the HW/SW Ratio test. The HW/SW


ratio calculation works best when pure species of hardwood and softwood are mixed. For details onhow HW/SW ratio is calculated refer to Appendix 2.

Vessels:Selecting the Vessel Element test means that the vessels in a hardwood sample will be counted andcharacterized by their effective length, effective width, and their area. It is possible to perform vesselelement testing and shive analysis at the same time. The Vessel Element test results are also savedin the files that have SH as a prefix.

Shive Analysis:Selecting the Shive Analysis test means that the shives in a sample will be counted and characterizedby their effective length, area, and shive branch index (or degree of “branchiness”). Refer to Section10.2.9. Shive Analysis results are saved in files that have SH as a prefix.

Figure 10-10: HWD & SWD Coarseness and Lw Values

Transfer Selecting “LC” and/or “Res” permits the user to save either individual raw fiber data file “LC” and/orLC and RES the average results file “RES” by touching the appropriate buttons in the Settings selection menu, files:

Figure 10-1. The “LC” file contains Curl Index, Kink Index, Kink Angle, No. of kinks, and Widthinformation on each tracked fiber while the “RES” (results) file contains the average results along withthe Ln, Lw, Lww, Curl Index, Kink Index, width distribution tables. These “LC” and “RES” text files canbe easily imported into a spreadsheet software like Excel. The files are automatically stored in the“D:/Data” drive. The results files stored in D:\Data can be accessed using a network.

To save the electronic data files, touch the TRANSFER button on the Results Menu, Figure 10-5 atthe end of a test.

Auto transfer: If Auto transfer is selected in the Settings selection menu Figure 10-1, the electronic data Lc and Resfiles are automatically saved after a test when the Return button is pressed n the Results Menu,Figure 10-5.

10.3.2 Fiber Count Limit

A test will terminate when the fiber count limit is reached. To increase the counting limit touch the up arrows in theFiber Count Limit in the Settings selection menu Figure 10-1. To make large changes in the Fiber Count Limit value,hold the up or down arrows for a few seconds. Each of the Predefined Settings has a Fibre Count Limit. The FibreCount Limit for each Predefined Setting can not be decreased in the Settings selection menu.


To decrease the Fibre Count Limit of a Predefined Setting, press the Modify button. The FQA Test Limit Settings menuwill appear, Figure 10-7. In this menu, it is possible to decrease the Fiber Count Limit to a value lower than thePredefined Setting Fiber Count Limit.

If the Fiber Count Limit is higher than the fiber content of the beaker, then the test will continue until the level in thebeaker is below the beaker lower level sensor. (About 100 ml will be left in the beaker.)

What Fiber Limit Should be Selected?

Experience has shown that in most cases after a few thousand fibers have been counted the results do not significantlychange. However, there are always exceptions to the rule.

Exceptions to the Rule:

When measuring fiber curl and kink it is important to remember that curl and kink are only measured on fibers longerthan 0.5 mm. It is recommended that at least 2000 fibers with lengths greater than 0.5 mm be measured by the FQA,to ensure accurate curl and kink index calculation for a pulp. This means that if a pulp sample contains a lot of shortfiber, even though the total fiber count was 4000, it is possible that fewer than 2000 fibers were utilized for the curl andkink calculation. In this case it is recommended that the total fiber count be increased until at least 2000 fibers are usedfor the curl and kink calculations. To make sure that more than 2000 fibers have been counted check the AccumulatedTest Results that can be printed out after each test. The number of fibers counted for curl and kink calculations isprinted directly under the titles Mean curl and Mean kink on the Accumulated Test Results print out. Below is theportion of the Accumulated Test Results print out that contains the curl and kink information:

Mean curl(count = 2804, L = 0.50...10.0 mm, CI = 0.00...5.00)Arithmetic = 0.162±0.023Length weighted = 0.183

Mean kink(count = 2804, L = 0.5...10.00 mm, KI = 0.00...20.00)Kink index = 1.76 l/mmAverage kink angle = 71.4 o

NOTE:There are several reasons why the fiber count limit may not be reached.1) The eps is too high and will cause the FQA to automatically stop the test. The user must dilute the pulp sample

before continuing the test.2) The FQA fiber range limits discussed in Section 10.2.4 must be at factory standards. If they are not then the

FQA total fiber count may be less than the fiber limit set in the Options menu.

10.3.3 Dilution

The operator can add fresh water to the beaker by touching the DILUTE button. The DILUTE button is displayed onthe Test Menu and Results Menu screens, Figure 10-2 & 10-5. Touching the DILUTE button will cause the beakerholder to raise the beaker and water to flow out of the dilution tube. The dilution will continue until the upper levelsensor has been reached. To stop the dilution prior to the upper level sensor being reached, touch the DILUTE buttona second time.

10.3.4 Changing Test Limits

The test limits for length, fines, width, shives, curl and kink, can be accessed from the Limit Settings menu Figure 10-7.To change the Curl and Kink test limits, touch the Curl and kink tab. To change the Shive and Vessel limits, touch theShive and Vessel tab. To change a limit, touch the small window that displays the numeric value of the limit. Use theZ (delete) button key to erase the entire value, or the 7 (back space) button (above the number 9 key) to erase onedigit at a time. Enter new values using the number keys. Press the large “Return Arrow” button to return to the SettingsSelection menu, Figure 10-1 before a test has been done. After a test, pressing the “Return Arrow” button will displaythe Results Menu , Figure 10-5.

Test Limits:


The purpose of the length test range limits is to allow the user to:1) Redefine which fibers will be included in the Ln, Lw, and Lww calculation. For example: If the user wishes to

know the Ln, Lw, Lww of fibers in the range of 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm then all that needs to be done is changethe lower limit up from 0.07 mm to 1.0 mm and change the upper limit from 10.0 mm down to 5.0 mm.

The purpose of the fines test range limits is to allow the user to:1) Define the length of a fine. NOTE: the maximum upper limit setting is 0.2 mm for the definition of a fine.

However, the user can decrease the upper limit and redefine what they consider to be a fine.

The purpose of the curl test range limits is to allow the user to:1) Define the length of the fibers which will be used for the curl calculation. For example: The user many wish to

only calculate the curl of the long fiber fraction (i.e. > 2.0 mm). In this case all the user needs to do is changethe lower limit from 0.5 mm up to 2.0 mm. In this case all fibers shorter than 2.0 mm will not be included in thecurl index calculation.

2) Define the curl index range of the fibers which will be included in the final curl calculations. For example: Theuser may only wish to investigate the curliest fibers. In this case the lower limit of the curl index can beincreased from 0 up to a higher curl index setting such as 1.0. This will mean all fibers with a curl index of lessthan 1.0 will not be included in the final reported curl index calculation.

The purpose of the kink test range limits is to allow the user to:1) Define the length of the fibers which will be used for the kink calculation. For example: The user may wish to

only calculate the kink of the long fiber fraction (i.e. > 2.0 mm). In this case all the user needs to do is changethe lower limit from 0.5 mm up to 2.0 mm. In this case all fibers shorter than 2.0 mm will not be included in thekink index, kink angle and kinks/mm calculation.

2) Define the kink index range of the fibers which will be included in the final kink calculations. For example: Theuser may only wish to investigate the most kinked fibers. In this case the lower limit of the kink index can beincreased from 0 up to a higher kink index setting such as 1.5. This will mean all fibers with a kink index of lessthan 1.5 will not be included in the final reported kink index calculation.

The purpose of the width test range limits is to allow the user to:1) Define the length of the fibers which will be used for the width calculation. For example: The user many wish

to only calculate the width of the long fiber fraction (i.e. > 2.0 mm). In this case all the user needs to do ischange the lower length limit from 0.5 mm up to 2.0 mm. In this case all fibers shorter than 2.0 mm will not beincluded in the width calculation.

2) Define the width range of the fibers which will be included in the width calculation. For example: The user mayonly wish to investigate wide fibers. In this case the lower width limit can be increased from 7 μm up to a highersetting such as 40 μm. This will mean all fibers with widths less than 40 μm will not be included in the includedin the mean width calculation.

Changing the ranges will affect the results. The selected ranges will be displayed on the Test Menu screen Figure 10-2, and will be printed in the header above each result section.

Very Important Notes About Test Limits:After an FQA test has been run, the user can change the range limits as many times as is desired without having tore-test the sample. This allows the user to easily play with the data after running a test. However, it is important to notethat these range limits do not reset themselves to the factory standard settings when the machine is re-booted.Therefore, it is advisable to check to make sure the range limits and bin size settings are where you desire them tobe before transferring or printing data.


10.3.5 Values of Factory Set Test Limits

All the properties have their own independent test limits. The factory default setting are:

Fiber Length 0.07 - 10.0 mm Fines 0.07 - 0.20 mmLength Limits for Width 0.50 - 10.0 mm Fiber Width 7 - 60 μm

Length limits for Curl 0.5 - 10.0 mm Curl Index 0 - 5Length limits for Kink 0.5 - 10.0 mm Kink Index 0 - 20

Shive Length 0.35 - 10.0 mm Shive Width 150 - 9000 μm

Vessel Length 0.10 - 2.0 mm Vessel Width 100 - 300 μm

These limits are included in the OpTest default predefined settings shown in Figure 10-1.

Some properties have test range limits that are wider than the default limit values:

Fiber Length 0.04 - 10.0 mm Fines 0.04 - 0.20 mmLength Limits for Width 0.20 - 10.0 mm Fiber Width 7 - 300 μm

Shive Width 100 - 9000 μm

Vessel Width 80 - 300 μm

10.3.6 Selecting and Creating Predefined Settings

To select and save different fibre count limits and test limit settings, touch the Modify button in the Settings selectionmenu Figure 10-1, and select the desired settings in the Limit Settings menu Figure 10-7. Press the return key to returnto the Settings selection menu Figure 10-1, and press the Add button located in the lower left side of the screen. TheGroup filename screen will appear, Figure 10-11. Use the software keyboard to name the selected test limit settings,and press OK. The name will appear in the list of Predefined settings on the Settings selection menu Figure 10-1

Figure 10-11: Name Group of Selected Test Limit Settingsscreen

10.3.7 Coarseness


Coarseness measurements will be performed if it has been selected in the SDettings selection menu Figure 10-1.Touch the COARSENESS button to activate this feature. A black check mark will appear next to the button, indicatingthat the option has been activated. Pressing the return arrow button will bring up a screen that prompts the user toenter the OD mass of the sample fibers. The coarseness result is greatly influenced by the accuracy of the massmeasurement. Depending upon the precision of the weight measurement, four to five coarseness tests may benecessary to ensure satisfaction of a 95% confidence interval. Enter the value by typing on the numeric keypad. Oncethe mass is entered, and the return arrow key is pressed, the Test Menu screen will appear. The fiber count limit willbe disabled during a coarseness measurement. The FQA will go through 3 cycles of drawing out most of the sampleand diluting the remaining contents. The auto dilution will ensure that only a negligible amount of fibers is left in thebeaker at the end of the test. Once the test is complete touch the RESULT button. The coarseness will be calculatedand displayed on the screen.

CAUTION: Sample preparation can introduce significant errors to the coarseness measurement. Referto Appendix 1 for details.

To start another test the operator will be prompted to enter another sample mass, followed by a sample identification.Should the operator wish to run a standard test (without coarseness), simply deselect the coarseness test in theOptions Menu.

10.3.8 HW/SW Mix

Hardwood/Softwood ratio is a calculation based on the Lw of a given test. In order to calculate the percentage theoperator must input the coarseness and Lw of the pure parent species. This information is entered in the same wayas described previously in the coarseness section. Refer to Appendix 2 for details.

10.3.9 Shive Analysis

The shive analysis routine is intended for shive morphology characterization.

Definition of a Shive:

The FQA detects a shive based on a user defined minimum width and length. If a fiber image has both a width anda length greater than those defined by the user the fiber image will be classified as a shive. The user can enter intothe FQA shive width values greater or equal to 100 μm, and shive length values greater or equal to 0.35 mm. If valuessmaller than these are entered into the FQA, the FQA will default back to a minimum width of 150 μm, and a minimumlength of 0.35 mm.

The Shive Analysis Results:

The shive analysis software provides three results:

1. Effective Length:

When a shive is detected a box is placed around the extreme edges of the shive. The box can either berectangular or square depending on the shape of the shive, Figure 10-12. Due to the very complex shape of mostshives it is very difficult to track the exact length of a shive, especially when there are many long branchesextending from the shive, Figure 10-13. In the case of Figure 10-13, the tracker can not determine which branchto travel down and use as the true length of the shive. To avoid this problem the software takes the diagonal ofthe box that is placed around the shive. This diagonal is called the effective length, Leff.


Figure 10-12: Simple Shive Figure 10-13: Branched Shive

2. Area of the Shive:

The area of the shive is a measurement of its size and likely a strong indicator of the degree of impact the shivewill have on the paper making process. When used in combination with the length measurement it can be anindicator of how compact the shive is.

3. Shive Branch Index:

The FQA captures and analyzes images of the shives. The area and perimeter of the shive image is determined.Next the software generates a model of a stick which has the same perimeter and area as the shive image, Figure10-14.

Figure 10-14: Shive Branch Index determination

The shive analysis software first calculates the moment of inertia of the shive image, I actual. Next the softwarecalculates the moment of inertia of the stick, the ideal moment of inertia, I ideal. Finally the Shive Branch Index isdetermined by taking the ratio of the I ideal / I actual

Shive Branch Index = I ideal / I actual


The Shive Branch Index will increase as a shive becomes more branched. This is because as a shive becomes morebranched its perimeter increases and when its perimeter increases, the stick generated to determine Iideal becomeslonger. A longer stick causes the Iideal value to become larger.

To Access the Shive Analysis Software:Select the Shive Analysis among the special measurements listed on the Settings Selection menu, Figure 10-1. Tochange the minimum shive width and shive length limits, touch the Modify button, see section 10.3.4 for details. TheFQA default minimum width and length settings are 150 μm, and 0.35 mm respectively. Only shives with width andlengths greater than these lower limits will be analyzed. At the end of a Shive Analysis test, the Test Result screenwill include the Shive Analysis Test Results, Figure 10-15.

Caution:Both fiber analysis (length, % fines, curl, kink, and width) and shive analysis ( No. of shives, effective shive length,shive area, and shive branch index) can be measured at the same time. However, due to the low frequency of shivesin most pulp samples, it may be necessary to test several beakers of pulp in order to measure enough shives for theshive results to be statistically significant.

One alternative would be to isolate shives from a pulp sample using a Somerville or Pulmac device. Then dilute andperform a shive analysis on the material that does not pass through the Somerville or Pulmac screens.

It can also be helpful to obtain a special flared uptake tube for the FQA. A flared (trumpet like) uptake tube helps theshives to enter the FQA with greater ease.

10.3.10 Vessel Element Analysis

Vessel element detection relies on the differences between vessel element and hardwood fibre morphology. Vesselelements are often much wider than fibres. As a rule, vessel elements are shorter than fibres.

The Vessel Element Results:

The vessel element analysis software provides three results:

1. Effective Length:

As described in Section 10.2.9, effective length (Leff) is the diagonal length of a box that surrounds the vesselelement.

2. Area of the Vessel Element:

3. Effective Width:

The vessel element effective width (Weff) is equal to the Area divided by the effective length. The effective aspectratio is Leff/Weff. Combining the vessel element aspect ratio with the Area can indicate which vessels are mostlikely to pick out. This is because vessels with large areas and low aspect ratios do not incorporate into the sheetstructure as well.

To Access the Vessel Element Analysis Software:Select the Vessel Element Analysis among the special measurements listed on the Settings Selection menu, Figure10-1. To change the minimum vessel width and vessel length limits, touch the Change Limits button, see Section10.3.4 for details. The FQA default minimum width and length settings are 100 μm, and 0.10 mm respectively. Onlyvessel elements with width and lengths greater than these lower limits will be analyzed. At the end of a Vessel ElementAnalysis test, the Test Result screen will include the Vessel Element Analysis Test Results.

Caution:Both fiber analysis (length, % fines, curl, kink, and width) and vessel element analysis ( No. of vessels, effective vessellength, vessel area, and effective vessel width ) can be measured at the same time. However, due to the low frequencyof vessel elements in most pulp samples, it may be necessary to test several beakers of pulp in order to measureenough vessel elements for the vessel element results to be statistically significant.


10.4 Interpretation of Results

Once the desired number of fibers have been measured, the accumulated results can be viewed by touching theRESULT button, Figure 10-3. Kink index, kink angle and No. of kinks/mm are displayed in the Results screen, Figure10-4. Touching the TRANSFER button transfers the results selected in the Option menu with the sample identificationto the hard drive, or a network, or an external computer. A print-out of the results can be obtained by touching thePRINT button. Refer to Section 11 on how to communicate with a network, the hard data drive, and an externalcomputer.

Figure 10-15: Results Menu with Shive Analysis Test Result

Fiber Count: The total number of fibers tracked by the FQA during a test run, N.

Run Time: The duration of the test.

EPS Events per Second. This is the average number of fibers and fines which are being analyzedby the FQA per second.

10.4.1 Reported Fiber Length

Not only is it important to know how fiber length is being measured, it is also important to know how it is being reported.The FQA classifies a fiber as anything longer than 70 :m (0.07 mm). The FQA has a reported fiber length of L š0.07mm.

Mean Length - Arithmetic, Ln: The average contour length of all the detected fibers in a given sample. Thepresence of fines will significantly affect this value.

Mean Length - Length Weighted, Lw: The length weighted average (LW) of detected fibers. This value is mostoften used to compare differences between samples. Fines tend to haveonly a minor effect on this result.

Mean Length - Weight Weighted, Lww: The weight weighted average (LWW). Longer fibers have a significant impacton the result.

The reported length value which is most widely used in the pulp and paper industry, is Lw. Lw is preferred since itplaces more weight on to the fibers and reduces the impact fines may have on the length measurement. This isbecause by squaring or cubing a value (i.e. L) larger numbers become larger and smaller values become relativelysmaller. By de-emphasizing the fines fraction, it is easier to compare the papermaking potential of different pulps.

For example:


Take two fibers, L1 = 2.3 mm and L2 = 0.9 mm. When L1 2 = (2.3) 2 = 5.29 mm 2 and L2

2 = (0.9) 2 = 0.81 mm 2.Taking the cube of a number further amplifies this effect; L1

3 = (2.3)3 = 12.2 mm 3 and L2 3 = (0.9)3 = 0.73 mm 3.

Using the default FQA settings, fines are Lfines # 0.2 mm.Considering that Lfines

2 = (0.2)2 =0.04 mm 2, and Lfines3 = (0.2)3 = 0.008 mm 3, it is clear that the impact of fines on the

length measurement is greatly reduced, and more weight is placed on the longer fiber fraction in the pulp sample.

Mean values of Ln, Lw, and Lww are calculated as follows:

Arithmetic length, Ln

Length Weighted Length, Lw

Weight Weighted Length, Lww

Where:

i = 1,2,..N categories (bins)n = fiber count in the “i th” categoryL = contour length - histogram class center length in the “i th” category

10.4.2 Reported % Fines

Typically any cellulose containing material, shorter than 0.2 mm (200 :m) as a fine. However, the upper limit used todefine a fine can be adjusted on the FQA. Please refer to Section 10.2.4 for information on how to adjust the fines limit.Fines information is reported in two ways; as arithmetic fines and as length weighted fines.

% Fines - Arithmetic: Is the portion of fibers by number which are shorter than a specified length (e.g.0.2mm). This value can be modified in the Change Limits section of the OptionMenu.

% Fines - Length Weighted This is an estimate of the weight fraction of the fines, assuming that coarseness Isconstant for all L classes. It is intended to de-emphasize the effect of very shortparticles.

% Fines - Arithmetic

Length Weighted Length, Lw

Where: n = no. of fibers < 0.2mm (selectable)N = total number of fibersLi = fines class midpoint lengthLT = total fiber length


10.4.3 Reported Fiber Curl

Mean Arithmetic Curl: The Curl Index (CI) of fibers greater than 0.5 mm in length and within the selected rangelimits and is calculated as described in Section 3.2.

Mean Curl The sum of individual CI of each fiber multiplied by its contour length divided by theLength weighted: summation of the contour lengths:

10.4.4 Reported Fiber Kink

Kink Index: The weighted sum of the number, Nx, of kinks within a range of "x" kink angles [deg], dividedby the total fiber length of all the fibers, LT:

Average Kink Angle: The sum of all kink angles greater than 20 degrees divided by the number of kink anglessummed.

Kinks per meter: The total number of kinks detected with angles greater than 20 degrees divided by the totalfiber length, LT.

10.4.5 Reported Fiber Width

Mean Width: Using the default range limits, the Mean Width of fibres longer than 0.5 mm and shorter than10 mm, wider than 7 μm, and thinner than the default value of 60 μm. Other range limits canbe selected, see Section 10.2.4.

10.4.6 Reported Shives Results

Shive Analysis: The results include: the number of shives counted, the Mean Area, Mean Effective Length,Mean Shive Branch Index, the Number of shives per metre of fiber, and the PercentUncertainty associated with the shive count. The number of shives counted by the FQA willall depend on how the minimum shive width and length is defined, see Section 10.2.9.

10.4.7 Reported Vessel Elements Results

Vessel Element Count: The results include: the number of Vessel elements counted during a vessel element test, theMean Area, Mean Effective Width, Mean Effective Length, the Number of vessel elementsper metre of fibre, and the Percent Uncertainty associated with the vessel element count. Thenumber of vessel elements counted by the FQA will all depend on how the minimum vesselelement width and length is defined, see Section 10.2.10.


10.5 Capture Mode

How Start the Image Capture:

The capture mode captures fiber images. This allows for detailed observation of individual fiber images. To run thecapture mode follow the steps listed below:

1) Place the sample in the beaker on to the FQA beaker holder.2) Touch the CAPTURE button on the Test Menu screen, Figure 10-2. An Image Identification screen with a

keyboard will automatically appear, Figure 10-16.3) The hardwired transfer path for the image files is “D:\Images”. The image files will be saved on the hard data

drive, and can be retrieved via a network.4) Use the keyboard to enter a Sample Identification name. Each image will be saved in its own file, and the name

of each file will be made up of the Sample Identification name plus a three digit number. The three digit numberincreases sequentially as more and more images are captured.

5) To start collecting images touch the “OK” key on the electronic keyboard. The number of images that are beingcaptured is displayed in the top left quadrant of the screen.

6) Image capture will stop if: the user presses the STOP button, the beaker level reaches the low level mark, orthe memory space where the images are transferred to becomes full.

The capture rate is approximately one image per second.

Hint: Doubling the normal test fibre concentration increases the chance of having multiple fibers per image, whichdecreases the total number of images to be captured.

Figure 10-16: Capture Image Sample Identification

Viewing the Captured Images:

To look at the fiber images captured in each frame, each image file can be opened using a number of different graphicsoftware programs.


11.0 OPTIONAL EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION

The recommended pathway for accessing electronic results files is using the network connection pathway.

11.1 Network Connection Pathway

The network connection can be used to connect to a network, or to an external computer.

The specifications for connecting to a network are:

Software: Microsoft Windows 2000: Protocol, TCP/IP Network

Dynamic IP capability

Hardware: 10/100 mbs through an RJ45 interface connector and twisted pair cable

“FQA” Computer name: FQAxxx(Where xxx are the last three digits of the unit’s stamped serial number, LDA02.xxx.)

Workgroup: OPTEST

Guest password: optest

The “Guest” name is not important. The “optest” password allows access to the “Data” and“Images” folders on the D:\ drive inside the FQA.

NOTE 1: When the FQA is booted up the first time, use the password “optest”, not the user selected password.

NOTE 2: If the user network does not meet the HiRes network requirements, have the network administrator fillout the “Network Questionnaire” in Appendix 6, and contact OpTest for detailed instructions.

11.2 Using a USB Memory Device

Once the HiRes FQA recognizes the USB Memory Device, the contents of the device will be found on anavailable drive. If the memory device is attached to the USB port for the first time, and the HiRes FQA doesnot recognize it, by following numerous Windows Hardware Wizard steps, a driver for the memory devicewill be installed if one is available. Figures 11.1 - 11.8.

Figure 11-1: Step 1 Figure 11-2: Between Steps 1 & 2


Figure 11-3: Step 2 Figure 11-4: Step 3




Figure 11-8: Step 8


12.0 SAFETY

Always turn off the power and unplug the power cable, but leave the air pressure ON prior to performing service onthe equipment.

If the equipment is stored or transported at colder temperatures, allow the equipment to reach room temperature forat least 8 hours BEFORE turning on the power or plugging the FQA in. This will minimize any problems withcondensation on the electronics or optics.

Keep hands clear of beaker holder at all times.

CAUTION: NEVER operate the instrument with the pump shelf retracted or the flip cover open.

13.0 MAINTENANCE & SERVICE

OpTest endeavours to provide the longest product life possible. We design critical components for our instrumentsto ensure quality and longevity. Consequently, service support for available mechanical parts is a minimum of 10years from the date of purchase. Service support for available electronic components and software is a minimum of5 years from date of purchase. Service support continues in the event the product is discontinued or new model isintroduced. Whenever a new model is introduced it is usually possible to have the existing model upgraded at afraction of the price of the new model.

Replacing a Filter Cartridge:

There are two filters located on the pump shelf at the rear of the FQA. The left hand filter (when viewed from therear, Figure 6-1) screens water prior to entering the Flowcell. The second filter screens the water and fiber priorto passing through the second pump and flowmeter to the drain.

The filters cartridges should be replaced after 1000 hours of use. The replacement frequency will depend on thefrequency of FQA use. During regular use, the left (inlet) filter cartridge should be replaced every 3 months whilethe other (outlet) should be replaced once a month.

1) Soak new filter cartridges in water for 12 hours prior to replacement.2) In order to access the filters it is necessary to unscrew the pump shelf screw. This screw fastens the shelf onto

the FQA housing. It is located at the back of the unit between, and just above the two filter housings. Use thespecial torx screw driver (OpTest P/N 724220) supplied with the FQA to remove the tamper proof screw. Slideout the pump shelf. Unscrew the two clear plastic filter bowls from the pump shelf.

3) Once the old filters have been removed it is vital to fully clean both the clear plastic bowl and the black cap ofthe filter housing. If dirt from the filters remains in the bowl or cap of the filter housing this dirt could enter theinside of the filter and cause damage to the FQA. Therefore, carefully wash with water and wipe with a lint freecloth the surfaces of the bowl and cap.

4) Shake the soaking filters (from step 1) under water to dislodge remaining air bubbles Continue to soak andshake until the majority of the air has been released.

5) Fill each of the clean filter bowls with 250 ml of clean filtered water. Carefully place the soaked filters in thecenter of the filter bowl. If all of the 250 ml of water stays in the filter bowl, it should be enough to fill the filterbowl to the top once the soaked filters have been inserted. It is important to have the filter bowl full of waterbecause this reduces the amount of air that needs to be removed from the system. Ensure that the filter bowlis screwed on tightly enough that air can not leak in during operation.

6) Push the pump shelf back to its original position, and reattach the tamper proof screw.

CAUTION: Always clean and dry the filter housing bowl thoroughly. Any contamination present willblock the flowmeters and render the unit non-operational. Never clean the filter cartridge, replace it!

Switching the Power OFF:


The FQA operates in a Windows environment. When the rocker switch at the back of the instrument is switchedoff, the power down process will take about 30 seconds. It is not possible to restart the FQA until it has completelypowered down.

Power Outages:

If a power outage occurs, the FQA will automatically start to power down. It takes about 30 seconds for the unitto complete the power down sequence. When the power down period is complete, and the FQA is receiving poweragain the FQA can be restarted. First switch the rocker on/off switch at the back of the FQA to the OFF position.Then push the switch back to the ON position. This will reboot the FQA software. If the power has been interruptedfor less than 15 minutes, testing can continue without a warm up period. If the power interruption has been longerthan 15 minutes, once the FQA software is back on, use a 15 minute warm up period to ensure the LED lightsource has warmed up sufficiently before resuming testing.

Replacing a Fuse:

The fuse holder is located next to the power switch at the rear of the unit. Ensure that the power is turned off andthe unit is unplugged. Insert a screwdriver in the notch of the fuse carrier. Turn the carrier counter-clockwise fora 1/4 turn. This will disengage the carrier and allow it to be removed. Replace the fuse, re-insert the fuse carrierin the fuse holder. Lock it in position by making a 1/4 clockwise turn with the screwdriver.

Replacing a Solenoid Valve:

Ensure that the power is off and the unit is unplugged. Use the special tool supplied with the FQA to remove thenon tamper screw on the lower service shelf. Slide out the shelf. Remove the solenoid's power connector. Unscrewthe upper left and lower right screws on top of the solenoid. Replace the defective solenoid with a new one.Re-tighten the screws and replace the power connector.

Do NOT remove the upper right and lower left screws (marked with red). This will disassemble the valve assembly!

Replacing a Pump:

Ensure that the power is off and the unit is unplugged. Slide out the lower service shelf. Unplug the connector onthe base plate. Unscrew the fittings and screws holding the pump in place. Replace the pump, connect to baseconnection and ensure that no leaks exist near the fittings.


14.0 RECOMMENDED SPARE PARTS

Description Part Number

Level Sensor 87420Micro-Pump 87455Flowmeter 87456Filter Cartridge (6) 500420Air Valve - 3 way 501110Air Valve - 4 way 501111Water Valve - tank 501120Water Valve - Manifold 501123Beaker (10) 740010Fuse 3A, Slow Blo 320030

15.0 WARRANTY

Our Company warrants that the equipment supplied by us will be in accordance with the manufacturer's statedliterature and specifications at the time of shipment and that it is free from defects in material and workmanship. Thewarranty is conditional on the equipment being installed, operated and maintained according to the manufacturer’swritten specifications.

Our obligation under this warranty is limited to repairing or replacing, F.O.B. our plant, any parts which are defectivein the equipment, provided the purchaser gives us written notice immediately upon discovery thereof, or in any event,not to exceed one year from the date the equipment is delivered. Consumable parts, such as bulbs, which have aservice life of less than one (1) year, are not covered by the standard warranty.

Warranty will not be honoured if unauthorized repairs are made to equipment during this warranty period. The warrantyis not transferrable without prior written approval from OpTest Equipment Inc.

If the purchaser so selects, a factory service technician, or authorized service representative, can be sent to theirfacility during the warranty period. Labour and parts costs will be free, but travelling and living expenses will becharged.

OpTest will provide, within reason, all technical information that is available so that the purchaser can service andmaintain the equipment in good operating condition at their facility.

Other than the obligations of OpTest expressly set forth herein and except to the extent prohibited by applicable laws,all conditions and warranties, expressed or implied, statutory or otherwise, are hereby excluded. OpTest shall not beresponsible for direct or consequential damages.


APPENDIX 1 - ISO Coarseness Testing Method

FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

Pulps — Determination of fibre coarseness by automated opticalanalysis — Polarized light method

1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies a method for determining fibre coarseness using polarized light.

The method is applicable to all kinds of pulp that polarize light. However fibrous particles shorter thanare not regarded as fibres for the purposes of this International Standard and therefore are not to be included inthe results.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies.

ISO 638, Pulps — Determination of dry matter content

ISO 4119, Pulps — Determination of stock concentration

ISO 5263-1, Pulps — Laboratory wet disintegration — Part 1: Disintegration of chemical pulps

ISO 5263-2, Pulps — Laboratory wet disintegration — Part 2: Disintegration of mechanical pulps at 20 /C

ISO 5263-3, Pulps — Laboratory wet disintegration — Part 3: Disintegration of mechanical pulps at W 85 /C

ISO 5269-1, Pulps — Preparation of laboratory sheets for physical testing — Part 1: Conventional sheet-formermethod

ISO 7213, Pulps — Sampling for testing

ISO 16065-1, Pulps — Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis — Part 1: Polarized lightmethod

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1unpolarized lightlight composed of light waves whose planes of vibration are randomly oriented

3.2polarizermaterial which only transmits that component of a light wave which is vibrating in a particular direction, thedirection of polarization of the material

© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved


ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

3.3plane polarized lightlight composed of light waves which all vibrate in the same plane

3.4crossed polarizerspair of polarizers placed in a light path such that the direction of polarization of one is at right angles to thedirection of polarization of the other, thus resulting ideally in none of the light which has passed directly from onepolarizer to the other being transmitted through this second polarizer

3.5birefringenceproperty of certain materials, such as cellulose fibres, which have a crystalline structure that results in therefractive index varying with the direction of polarization of the light

NOTE This has the effect of rotating the direction of polarization of a plain polarized beam of light resulting in light whichhas passed through this material being transmitted through the second polarizer of a crossed pair.

3.6total fibre lengthLTtotal length of all fibres in the test portion

See Equation (4)

3.7fibre coarsenessoven-dry mass of fibres in the test portion divided by the total fibre length of the same test portion

See Equation (5).

3.8finesparticles shorter than 0.2 mm

4 Principle

A known mass of fibres, suspended in water, is passed through a fibre orienting cell (FOC). The projectedlengths of individual fibres are measured automatically. A crossed-polarizer set-up is used to discriminatebetween birefringent material like fibres with oriented cellulose molecules and non-birefringent material like airbubbles and filler particles, which do not rotate the plane of polarization. The total fibre length and the meanfibre coarseness of the pulp are calculated.

5 Apparatus and materials

Ordinary laboratory equipment and the following are required.

5.1 Fibre length analyzer, as described in ISO 16065-1, consisting of a measurement section and a sampletransport system.

5.2 Disintegrator, as described in ISO 5263-1, ISO 5263-2 or ISO 5263-3.© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)


5.3 Sheet former, as described in ISO 5269-1.

5.4 Balance, with ± 0.1 mg accuracy.

5.5 Balance, with a capacity exceeding 5 kg and with ± 0.1 g accuracy.

5.6 Vials, for storing test portions, volume 50 ml, with caps and labels.

5.7 A reference pulp1).

6 Sampling and preparation of specimen

6.1 Sampling

If the test is being made to evaluate a pulp lot, the sample shall be selected in accordance with ISO 7213. If thetest is made on another type of sample, report the source of the sample and, if possible, the sampling procedureused. From the sample received, select specimens so that they are representative of the whole sample.

6.2 Disintegration

6.2.1 Sample in dried formFor samples in dried form, take at least 30 g oven-dry mass and soak for a minimum of 4 h in water. Tear thepieces, do not cut into pieces as this will cause fibre shortening. Disintegrate the pulp according to ISO 5263-1,ISO 5263-2 or ISO 5263-3, depending on the pulp.

Determine the concentration of the disintegrated pulp according to ISO 4119.

6.2.2 Sample in never-dried form

Disintegrate the pulp according to ISO 5263-1, ISO 5263-2 or ISO 5263-3, depending on the pulp.

Determine the concentration of the disintegrated pulp according to ISO 4119.

NOTE It is preferable to measure never-dried pulps with minimal disintegration, because excessive disintegration maygenerate fines and reduce fibre length in some pulps.

6.3 Removal of fines and preparation of test portion

6.3.1 Removal of fines

Place approximately 0.50 g oven-dry mass of the disintegrated pulp into a laboratory sheet former and form awet sheet as described in ISO 5269-1.

NOTE 1 Forming a 0.50 g oven-dry laboratory sheet ensures that most fines are washed out.

Visually inspect the wet laboratory sheet for debris (i.e. shives, fibre bundles, contaminants). If debris is found(e.g. in recycled pulp, in mechanical pulps), then carefully remove 1 g (approx. 0.50 mg oven-dry) of wet pulpfrom parts of the wet sheet that do not contain debris. Any debris removal shall be mentioned in the test report.

NOTE 2 Debris introduces inaccuracy in the mass measurement, which in turn causes inaccuracy in the final coarsenessresult.

© ISO 2005 – All rights reservedISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

Place the 1 g debris-free wet pulp into a tared vial (5.6) and determine the mass of the wet pulp to an accuracy


of ± 0.1 mg.

1) Reference pulp is available, for example, from the National Institute of Science & Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD,USA, or the Pulp and Research Institute of Canada (Paprican), Pointe Claire, QC, Canada. The reference pulp is providedin sheet form. This information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitutean endorsement by ISO of this product.

Determine the dry matter content of the remaining wet laboratory sheet, after removing the debris, as describedin ISO 638. Make sure that the dry matter content over the wire area is uniform. Use this value to calculate theoven-dry mass of fibre in the vial. Record the result as the oven-dry fibre mass in the vial ( = m1).

If the debris-free wet pulps are to be stored, place them in a refrigerator at 4 NC ± 2 NC until testing begins.Never allow the sample to freeze, since fibre damage will change the results.

If some other standardized or well-established method is used for fines removal, the method shall be mentionedin the test report.

The precision statements in 8.3 are specific only to the method described in 6.3.1. If other methods of removingfines are used, these precision statements are not valid.

6.3.2 Preparation of the test portion by mass and dilution

To obtain at least 3 test portions for coarseness testing from the fibres in the debris-free pulp (from 6.3.1),perform the following procedure:

Tare a clean 5 litre container to an accuracy of 0.1 g. Pour the contents of the vial into the tared container. Rinsethe vial and cap to ensure that all the fibres have been transferred to the container. Add about 4 500 ml ofdistilled, or deionised, water to the container and weigh the contents (= m2 ).

NOTE 1 Plastic containers, with handles, are recommended to facilitate handling.

The concentration cA expressed in milligrams per gram, is calculated using the equationm1

cA = m2 (1)

where

m1 is the oven-dry mass of fibres in the vial, in milligrams;

m2 is the mass of the fibres and water mixture in the container, in grams.

Tare a clean beaker, to within 0.1 g. The beaker, or other container, should conform to the manufacturers'requirements.

NOTE 2 Typically a 600 ml beaker is used.

Calculate the mass (m3), expressed in grams, of the fibre/water mixture to be transferred to the beaker usingthe equation

cBMm3 = cA (2)

where

© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

M is the final, total suspension mass in the beaker, in grams;


cB is the gravimetric concentration as specified by the manufacturer of the analyzer, in milligrams pergram.

NOTE 3 Typically for softwoods the fibre concentration cB = 0,002 4 mg/g , and for hardwoods cB = 0,001 0 mg/g . Treatmixed stocks as hardwood samples. M depends on the beaker volume. For example: the value of M for a beaker 600 mlwould be up to 600 ml.

Place the empty tared beaker on the balance.

Ensure that the fibres in the fibre/water mixture are well dispersed when drawing a test portion for testing. Drawthe test portion and fill the beaker on the balance with the amount of fibre/water mixture needed (m3) to within 10 %. Record the mass of fibre/water mixture in the beaker to an accuracy of 0.1 g, and calculate the mass ofoven-dry fibre in the beaker:

NOTE 4 A recommended procedure is to pour the fibre/water mixture rapidly back and forth, without splashing, betweentwo clean 5 litre containers. After the last transfer and before the fibres have a chance to settle, add a mass of about ofthe mixture to the beaker.

Calculate and record the mass of oven-dry fibre in the beaker (m4), expressed in milligrams, using the equation

m4 = cAm3 (3)

Prepare at least two more beakers, using the remainder of the fibre/water mixture in the 5 litre container, asdescribed above. The test portions should be tested soon after preparation.

7 Measurement and verification procedures

7.1 Measurement procedure

For the most precise results, all fibres in each test portion shall be detected and analysed.

Add water to the fibre/water mixture in the beaker until the correct mass (M) of the suspension in the beaker isreached, so that the concentration is equal to or less than that required by the manufacturer for coarsenesstesting (cf. concentration cB ). Follow the instructions to enter the oven-dry mass of the test portion into theanalyzer and then start the test.

7.2 Verification procedure

Check the performance of the analyzer regularly and always after cleaning. A verification procedure shallinclude a calibration check every week, and a performance check every month. Follow the procedures aspresented in ISO 16065-1.

8 Calculation and expression of results

8.1 Total fibre length

The total length of fibres in the test portion LT , expressed in metres, is calculated using the equation

LT = 3 li (4)

where li is the length of the ith fibre, in metres.

© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

8.2 Fibre coarseness

The fibre coarseness of the test portion Ck, expressed in milligrams (oven-dry mass) per metre, is calculated


using the equationm4

Ck = LT (5)

where

Ck is the fibre coarseness of the th test portion

m4 is the mass of the oven-dry fibres in the test portion (from Equation (3)), in milligrams

Calculate the mean fibre coarseness , using the equation3Ck

C = n (6)

where n is the number of test portions tested.

8.3 Precision

8.3.1 General

A precision statement for this International Standard is based on work published in a peer reviewed journal(see reference [3]). The estimates of precision are based on hardwood and softwood reference pulps availablefrom NIST.

There is no indication that the precision should be different between chemical and mechanical pulps, becausethe fines are washed out in 6.3.1 (see reference [3]).

Eleven laboratories participated with 17 instruments representing the different manufacturers whose apparatusmet the apparatus specifications of ISO 16065-1.

8.3.2 Repeatability

The hardwood and softwood pulps were tested in 11 different laboratories according to this InternationalStandard. The pooled repeatability was determined and the results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 — Pooled repeatability for determination of mean fibre coarseness

Sample Mean fibre coarseness mg/m

Coefficient of variation %

Hardwood 0.085 4.3

Softwood 0.140 4.0

8.3.3 Reproducibility

The hardwood and softwood chemical pulps were tested in 11 different laboratories according to thisInternational Standard. The results are shown in Table 2.

ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

Table 2 — Reproducibility for determination of mean fibre coarseness

Sample Mean fibre coarseness mg/m

Coefficient of variation %


Hardwood 0.085 10.5

Softwood 0.140 5.1

9 Test report

The test report shall give the following information:

a) reference to this International Standard;

b) the date and place of testing;

c) all information for complete identification of the sample;

d) the type of instrument used;

e) the total amount of fibres;

f) the total fibre length (the other measures, length-weighted and mass-weighted fibre length are not definedin this method);

g) the mean sample coarseness;

h) debris removal, if relevant;

i) any operations not specified in this International Standard, e.g. measurement with fines retained, or in theInternational Standards to which reference is made, or regarded as optional, which might have affected theresults.


ISO/FDIS 23713:2005(E)

Bibliography

[1] Clark, J. D'A. Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper, Second edition. 1985. Miller FreemanPublications Inc., San Francisco, Chapter 17

[2] Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, M-S., V. Alfthan, G. The Measurement of Fibre Length With a Semi-Automatic Recorder.In Paperi ja Puu 39:11 (1957), pp. 509 to 516

[3] Robertson, A.G., Olson, J.A., Allen, P., Chan, B., Seth, R. Measurement of fiber length, coarseness, andshape with the fiber quality analyzer. In Tappi J., 82:10 (1999), pp. 93 to 98

© ISO 2005 – All rights reservedAPPENDIX 2 - Hardwood/Softwood Mix Calculation


Four parameters are required of the user before the test can proceed. These are:

: Length weighted mean length of the softwood sample. (user entered).: Length weighted mean length of the hardwood sample. (user entered).: Coarseness of hardwood. (user entered).: Coarseness of softwood. (user entered).

These are determined from the pure parent species. From a run of the “mixed” pulp the length weighted mean isobtained:

: Length weighted mean length of mixture. (calculated during a run).

With the 4 numbers entered, and the measured Lwm, the FQA can calculate the fraction of both hardwood andsoftwood in a sample that contains a mixture of both, where:

: Fraction of hardwood in the mixture. This is calculated according to the formulae below.: Fraction of softwood in the mixture. This is calculated according to the formulae below.

Such that,

Fsw = Csw (Lwm - Lwh) / [ Csw (Lwm - Lwh) + Chw (Lws - Lwm)]


APPENDIX 3 - Drawings

Components Location DiagramInstrument Hook-upSensor Interface PCBMotor Control PCBPump Shelf Components Location, View 1Pump Shelf Components Location, View 2Pump Shelf Components Location, View 3Air Pressure and Oil Feed Adjustments, View 1Air Pressure and Oil Feed Adjustments, View 2


APPENDIX 4 - Literature Summary Flow Sheets on How Fiber Characteristics Impact Paper Properties


Fiber Curl and Kink Reference List:

1. Hakanen, A., Hartler, N., Paper and Timber 77(5) 1995 p. 339

2. Mohlin, U-B., Alfredsson C., Nordic Pulp and Paper Res. J. (4) 1990 p.172

3. DeGrace, J., Page, D., Tappi 59(7) 1976 p.98-101

4. Mohlin, U-B., Dahlbom, J., “Fiber deformation and sheet strength,” Tappi 79(6) 1996 p.105

5. Barbe, M., Seth, R., Page, D., Pulp and Paper Canada 85(3) T44 (1984)

6. Hartler, N., Svensk Papperstidn 71(1968):21 p.788

7. Page,D., Seth, R., Jordan, B., Papermaking Raw Materials: Transactions of the 8th Fundamental ResearchSymposium, Oxford 1985 p.183

8. Green, H., Pulp and Paper Canada 63(3) 1962 p. T155

9. Thorton, D., Nunn, B., Tappi Proceedings Engineering Conference (1978) p. 341

10. Helle, T. Progress in Paper Physics-A Seminar (1996) p.85

11. Mohlin, U-B., Miller, J., Proceedings of 4th International Conference on New Available Techniques andCurrent Trends, SPCI, Stockholm, 1992, p. 274

12. Frolander, U., Hartler, N., Cellulose Chem. Techn. 3(1969):5 p.499

13. Page, D.H., Seth, R.S., De Grace, J.H., Tappi 62(9) p.99-102 1979.

14. Brauns, O., Svensk Papperstidn 75(3), 81 1972

15. Giertz, H., Proceedings of EUCEPA Symposium, Helsinki Vol. III No. 20 (1980)

16. Barnet, A., Leask, R., Shaw, A., Pulp and Paper Canada 81(10) T255

17. Bentley, S., Pye, I., Transactions Technical Sec. CPPA 5(4) TR77 (1979)

18. Page, D.H., Barbe, M.C., Seth, R.S., Jordan, B.D., JPPS May 1984 p.J74

19. Kibblewhite, R.P., Tappi 57(8), p. 120 (1974).

20. Retulainen, E., Moss, P., Nieminen, K., Tenth Fund. Res. Sym. Oxford, 1993, p.727

21. Corson, S., Lobben, T., Int. Paper Physics Conf. Harrison Hot Springs BC Canada 1979 p.115

22. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., Barbe, M.C. and Jordon, B.D., 1983 Tappi Int’ Paper Physics Conference.

23. Seth, R.S., “Optimizing reinforcement pulps by fracture toughness,” Tappi J., 79(1) p.170 (1996)

24. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., “Fiber Properties and Tearing Resistance,”Tappi J. 71(2) p.103 (1988)

25. Stone,J.E., Scallan,A.M., Trans. of the Fund. Res. Sym.-Cambridge Sept. 1957 p.145-166

26. Kibblewhite, R.P., Kerr,A.J., Tappi J. 62(10) p.119 (1979)

27. Kibblewhite, R.P., Tappi J., 60(10) p.141 p. 141 (1977)

28. Ellis, M.J., Duffy, G.G., Allison,R.W., Kibblewhite, R.P., Appita J. January p.T210 (1998)


29. Seth, R.S., Bennington, C.P., Tappi J. 78(12) p.152 (1995)


Softwood Kraft Coarseness Reference List:

1. Seth, R.S., “Fibre Quality Factors in Papermaking: The importance of fibre coarseness,” Material ResearchSymposium Proceedings, vol. 197 (1990) p.143

2. Paavilainen, L., “Importance of cross-dimensional fiber properties and coarseness for the characterisation ofsoftwood sulphate pulp,” Paper and Timber 75(5) 1993 p.343

3. Retulainen, E., “ Fibre properties as control variables in papermaking? Part 1. Fiber properties of keyimportance in the network,” Paper and Timber 78(4) 1996 p.187

4. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., “ Fibre properties and tearing resistance,” International Paper Physics Conference1987 p.9

5. Paavilainen, L., “Effect of sulphate cooking parameters on the papermaking potential of pulp fibres,” Paper andTimber 71(4) 1989 p.356

6. Laine, J., Stenius, P., “Effect of charge on the fibre and paper properties of bleached industrial kraft pulps,”

Paper and Timber 79(4) 1997 p.257

7. Retulainen, E., “Effects of fines on the properties of fibre networks,” Tenth Fundamental Research SymposiumOxford (1993) p.727

8. Kibblewhite, P., “Effects of pulp drying and refining on softwood fiber wall structural organization,” NinthFundemental Research Symposium Cambridge (1989) p.120

9. Kerekes, R.J., Schell, C.J.,”Effects of fiber length and coarseness on pulp flocculation,” Tappi 78(2) p.133(1995)

10. Kerekes, R.J., Soszynski, R.M., Tam Doo, P.A., “The flocculation of pulp fibres,” Transactions of the EighthFundemental Research symposium Vol. I Mechanical Engineering Publications London 1985, p.265

11. Kerekes, R.J., Schell, C.J., JPPS 18(1) p.32 (1992)

12. Kerekes, R.J., Schell, C.J., Tappi 78(2) p.133 (1995)

13. Dodson,C.T.J., JPPS 16(4) p. J136 (1990)

14. Seth, R., Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings 197 p.143 (1990)

15. Soszynski, R.M. and Kerekes, R.J., Nordic Pulp and Paper Res. J. 4 p.172 (1988)


Bleached Kraft Fiber Length Reference List:

1. Hietanen, S., “The role of fiber flocculation in chemical pulp refining,” Paper and Timber 73(3) 1991 p.249

2. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., “Fibre Properties and Tearing Resistance,” International Paper Physics Conference1987 p.9

3. Paavilainen, L., “Importance of particle size-fibre length and fines-for the characterization of softwood kraftpulp,” Paper and Timber 72(5) 1990 p.516

4. Retulainen, E., “Fibre properties as control variables in papermaking? Part 1: Fibre properties of keyimportance in the network,” Paper and Timber 78(4) 1996

5. Dadswell,H., Watson,A., “Influence of the morphology of wood pulp fibres on paper properties. The Formationand Structure of Paper Vol. 2. Ed. F. Bolam. British Paper and Board Makers Association. London 1962p.537

6. Paavilainen, L., “Effect of sulphate cooking parameters on the papermaking potential of pulp fibres,” Paper andTimber (4) 1989 p.356

7. Abitz, P., Luner,P., “The effect of refining on wet fiber flexibility and its relationship to sheet properties,” NinthFundemental Research Symposium, Cambridge 1989 p.66

8. Clark, J. Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper, Miller Freeman Inc., Publishers, San Francisco, 1985.

9. Evans, K., Gibson, A., Composites Science and Technology (25) 1986 p.149

10. Hakanen, A., Hartler, N., “Fiber Deformations and Strength Potential of Kraft Pulp,” Paper and Timber 77(5)1995 p. 339

11. MacLeod, J., Pelletier, L., “Basket cases:kraft pulps inside digesters,” Tappi 70(11) 1987 p. 47

12. Jokinen, O. , Ebeling, K., Paperi Puu 67(5) p. 317 (1985)

13. Kerekes, R.J., Schell, C.J., JPPS 18(1) p.32 (1992)

14. Kerekes, R.J., Schell, C.J., Tappi 78(2) p.133 (1995)

15. Dodson,C.T.J., JPPS 16(4) p. J136 (1990)

16. Caulfield, D.F., Passaretti, J.D., Sobczynski, S.F.,”Fiber Quality Factors in Papermaking-The Importance ofFiber Length and Strength” Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings San Francisco, CA, April 18-20, Vol.197 p.125-141 (1990)


Bleached Kraft Fines Reference List:1. Retulainen, E., Moss, P., Nieminen, K., “Effect of fines on the properties of fibre networks,” Tenth

Fundemental Research Symposium Oxford 1993 p. 727

2. Laine, J., Stenius, P., “Effect of charge on the fibre and paper properties of bleached industrial kraft pulps,”Paper and Timber 79(4) 1997 p.257

3. Paavilainen, L., “Importance of particle size-fibre length and fines-for the characterization of softwood kraftpulp,” Paper and Timber 72(5) 1990 p.516

4. Hartman, R., Higgins, B., “Mechanical treatment of pulp fibres for sheet property development. InternationalPaper Physics Conf. Cape Code, MA, 1983 p.41

5. Hietanen, S., Ebe;omg. K., “Homogeneity in refining action. Effects on fibre and paper structure,” InternationalPaper Physics Conf. Cape Code, MA, 1983 p.27

6. Retulainen, E., Nieminen, K., “Fibre properties as control variables in papermaking? Part 2: Strengtheninginterfibre bonds and reducing grammage,” Paper and Timber 78(5) 1996 p.305.

7. Mohlin, U.B., Alfredsson, C., “ Fiber deformation and its implications in pulp characterization,” Nordic Pulp andPaper Res. J. (4) 1990 p.172

8. Corson, S.R., Lobben, T.H., “On the influence of fines on wet web strength,” International Paper PhysicsConference, Harrison Hot Springs BC Canada, 1979 p.115

9. Lee, J., Roy, D., Hong, M., Whiting, P., “Relationship between Properties of Pulp Fibre and Paper,” TenthFundamental Research Symposium Oxford 1993 p.159



Understanding the Factors that Affect Tear:

1. Page, D.H., “Note on the Mechanism of Tearing Strength,” Tappi J. 77(3), p.201 (1994)

2. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., “Fiber Properties and Tearing Resistance,”Tappi J. 71(2) p.103 (1988)

3. Mohlin, U-B., Alfredsson, C., “Fiber deformation and its implications in pulp characterization,” Nordic Pulp andPaper Res. J., 4 p.172 (1990)

4. Helle, T., Svensk Papperstid. 66(24) 1015 (1963)

5. Page,D., Seth, R., Jordan, B., “Curl, Crimps, Kink and Microcompressions in Pulp Fibers- Their originmeasurement and significance,” Papermaking Raw Materials: Transactions of the 8th Fundamental ResearchSymposium, Oxford 1985 p.183

6. Hakanen, A., Hartler, N., “Fiber Deformations and Strength Potential of Kraft Pulp,” Paper and Timber 77(5)1995 p. 339


How Refining Affects Fiber Curl and Kink:1. DeFoe, R.J., “Optimal refining conditions of development of OCC pulp properties,” Tappi J. 76(2) p. 157 (1993)



4. Mohlin, U-B., “Low consistency beating-laboratory evaluation contra industrial experience,” Current and FutureTechnologies of Refining, PIRA, Leatherhead, UK, 1991.

5. Peakes, D. E., “Combined High and Low Consistency Refining of Bleached Kraft Pulp,” Tappi J., 50(9) 1967.

6. Page, D.H., Pulp and Paper Canada 67(1) p.T2 (1966)

7. Jackson, M., Svensk Papperstid 70(16) p.507 (1967)

8. Kibblewhite, R.P., Tappi 57(8) p.120 (1974)

9. Kibblewhite, R.P., and Brookes, D., Appita 28(4) p.227 (1975)

10. Mohlin, U-B., Miller,J.,”Influence of industrial beating on fibre swelling and fibre shape,” Proceedings of 4thInternational Conference on New Available Techniques and Current Trends, SPCI, Stockholm, p.274-83(1992)


12. Page, D.H. , Barbe, M.C., Seth, R.S., Jordon, B.D., “The mechanism of curl creation, removal and retention inpulp fibres,” JPPS May p.J75 (1984).


Wet-End Runnability of Chemical Pulps:

1. Page, D.H., “A qualitative Theory of the Strength of Wet Webs,” JPPS 19(4) p.J175 (1993)

2. Seth, R.S., “The effect of fiber length and coarseness on the tensile strength and wet webs: a statisticalgeometry explanation,” Tappi J. 78(3) p.99 (1995)

3. Williams, D.G.Tappi J. 66(3) p.159 (1983)

4. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., Barbe, M.C., Jordon, B.D., “Mechanism of the Strength and Extensibility of WetWebs,” 1983 Tappi International Paper Physics Conference p.73



7. Kerekes, R.J., Nordic Pulp and Paper Res. J. 5(1) p.3 (1990).

8. Leblanc, J., Light,J., Annual Meeting Preprints CPPA Technical Section Montreal Canada (1993) p.A359

9. DeFoe, R.J., “Optimal refining conditions of development of OCC pulp properties,” Tappi J. 76(2) p. 157 (1993)

10. Helle, T. “Quantification of Fiber Kink Curvature Characteristics,” Progress in Paper Physics-A Seminar(1996) p.85


12. Seth, R.S., Robertson,G., Mai, Y-W., Hoffmann,J.D., “Plane stress fracture toughness of paper,” Tappi J.76(2) p.109 (1993).

13. Rosium, D.R., “Runnability of Paper Part 2: troubleshooting web breaks,” Tappi J., 73(2) p.101 (1990)

14. Rosium, D.R., “Runnability of Paper Part 1: predicting runnability,” Tappi J. 73(1) p.97 (1990)

15. Korteoja, M., Salminen, L.I., Niskanen, K.J., Alava, M., “Statistical Variation of Paper Strength,” JPPS 24(1) p.1 1998

16. Corson, S.R., Lobben, T.H., “On the influence of fines on wet web strength,” International Paper PhysicsConf., Harrison Hot Springs, BC, Canada, Sept 17-19 1979 p.115-121


Dry-End Runnability of Chemical Pulps:

1. Laine, J., Stenius, P.,“Effect of charge on the fibre and paper properties of bleached industrial kraft pulps,”Paperi Ja Puu -Paper and Timber 79(4) p. 257 (1997)

2. Kerekes, R.J., Schell,C.J., “Effect of fiber length and coarseness on pulp flocculation,” Tappi 78(2) p.133(1995)

3. Seth,R.S.,Material Res. Soc. Sym. Proc. Vol. 197 p.125-161(1990)

4. Seth, R.S., Page, D.H., Barbe, M.C., Jordon, B.D., “Mechanism of the Strength and Extensibility of WetWebs,” 1983 Tappi International Paper Physics Conference p.73



7. Page, D.H., Seth,R.S., DeGrace, J.H.,”The elastic modulus of paper:The controlling mechanisms,” Tappi 62(9)p.99 (1979)

8. Baum,G.A., “Subfracture Mechanical Properties,” Trans. Of 10th Fundamental Res. Sym. Oxford Sept. 1993p.1-124

9. DeFoe, R.J., “Optimal refining conditions of development of OCC pulp properties,” Tappi J. 76(2) p. 157 (1993)

10. Thorpe, J.L, Mark,R.E., Eusufzai,A.R., Perkins,R.W., Tappi J. 59(5) p.96 (1976)


12. Retulainen, E., Ebeling,K.,”Effect of paper on the load elongation behaviour of fiber to fiber bonds,”Transactions of the 8th Fundamental Research Symposium-Oxford Sept. 1985 p.229-263

13. Rosium, D.R., “Runnability of Paper Part 2: troubleshooting web breaks,” Tappi J., 73(2) p.101 (1990)

14. Rosium, D.R., “Runnability of Paper Part 1: predicting runnability,” Tappi J. 73(1) p.97 (1990)

15. Mohlin, U-B., Miller,J.,”Influence of industrial beating on fibre swelling and fibre shape,” Proceedings of 4thInternational Conference on New Available Techniques and Current Trends, SPCI, Stockholm, p.274-83(1992)

16. Seth, R.S., Robertson,G., Mai, Y-W., Hoffmann,J.D., “Plane stress fracture toughness of paper,” Tappi J.76(2) p.109 (1993).

17. Korteoja, M., Salminen, L.I., Niskanen, K.J., Alava, M., “Statistical Variation of Paper Strength,” JPPS 24(1) p.1 1998


APPENDIX 5

Preparing the Rayon Fiber Calibration Check Samples for the FQA

Materials:

Clean 600 ml beakerClean 5 :m filtered watersmall very clean metallic rodsmall bottle containing rayon fiber from OpTest ( P/N 750405)

Procedure:

i) Make sure to rinse the 600ml beaker several times with clean water.Warning: Do not dry the beaker with toweling paper since lint fibers from the towel could end up in thebeaker and affect results. The beaker does not need to be dry just clean.

ii) Use the small clean metallic rod to take some rayon fiber out of the bottle of rayon fiber.The rayon usually comes out in small balls. Place 2 balls (each approximately 1 mm in diameter) in theclean 600 ml beaker.

iii) Press the Measure button in the Main Menu, and use the electronic keyboard to type a sample ID, thenpress OK.

iv) Select OpTest default settings in the Settings selection Menu. Make sure that the Fiber Count Limit is setto at least 5000 fibres, ands press the OK button.

v) Place the beaker in the beaker holder of the FQA, and use the DILUTE button in the Test Menu to fill thebeaker to the 600 ml mark with dilution water. Then press the START button.

vi) If the AutoDilute is enabled, and the fiber concentration is too high, a dilution will automatically take place,and the Test will automatically restart at a lower fiber concentration.

If the AutoDilute is not enabled, carefully observe the fibers per second reading on the screen. If the fibersper second is between 25-30 let the test proceed until a fiber count of 5000 is reached.

- If the eps is less than 25 press the STOP button and go back to step ii).- If the eps is greater than 30 press the STOP button and then acquire a second clean 600 ml

beaker. Pour the contents of the first beaker back and forth at least 6 times between the twobeakers and then pour a portion of the first beaker in to the second beaker. Dilute the beaker tothe 600 ml mark again using the dilution water from the FQA. Target a fibers per second valueof 25-30 in the beaker. Once the sample in the beaker is appropriately diluted press the STARTbutton and run the test.

The expected range of values for Ln, and Lw are printed on the label of the bottle of rayon. If the measured valuesof Lw are outside the expected range, please contact the Service department at OpTest.


Preparing Samples for the Measurement of Curl and Kink on the FQA (Dried Low Yield Chemical Pulp)

IMPORTANT NOTES:

1) Curl and kink can be added to pulps during the drying process especially during rapid drying.2) Curl and kink can be removed by disintegration and lab beating processes.3) It is important to do the gentlest disintegration method possible on dried pulps

Materials:

- 25 ml glass vial with screw on lid- 4 small (~ 5 mm diameter ) round glass balls- 2 Clean 600 ml plastic beakers- 5:m filtered water

Procedure:

Step 1: Allow the dried pulp to soak in a clean 600 ml beaker filled with 5:m filtered water for at least 4hours (preferably 24 for dry lap pulp)

Step 2: Gently tease a portion of the soaked pulp that is in the center part of the soaked sheet. Make surenone of the fiber obtained contains torn and cut fiber from the edges.

Step 3: Place some of this good pulp (~10 mm diameter portion) into a 25 ml glass vial which contains 4glass beads. Fill the glass vial with 5:m filtered water and screw the lid on tight.

Step 4: Shake the vial for approximately 30 seconds to 1 minute (depending on the ease ofdisintegration).

Step 5: Pour the contents of the vial into a clean 600 ml beaker and rinse vial into beaker. Fill beaker tothe 600 ml mark with 5:m filtered water.

Step 6: Pour the contents of the 600 ml beaker back and forth between two clean 600 ml beakers for atleast 6 times. This will provide excellent mixing. Then immediately pour approximately 100 ml ofthe dilute pulp solution into a clean 600 ml beaker.

Step 7: Dilute the 100ml pulp solution with 500 ml of clean 5:m filtered water. Repeat steps 6 and 7 untilthe correct eps is reached for the FQA. Target an eps of 20-40 for hardwoods and 15-20 eps forsoftwoods.


APPENDIX 6 - Network Information Questionnaire

Company:_______________________________________

Phone & Ext.:____________________________________

Sender:_________________________________________

email:___________________________________________

Network: ethernet speed 10MBS or 100MBS

protocol: NetBeui(NETBIOS), TCP/IP or IPX COMPATIBLE

WORKGROUP or DOMAIN NAME : __________________________

“FQA” Computer name : FQAxxx (Where xxx are the last three digits of the unit’s stamped serial number, LDA02.xxx.)

user name : __________________________

user password : __________________________

Encrypted Password (Y/N) : ___ (default Yes)

TCP/IP Settings select either:

Dynamic:

or

Static: for static selection, please fill in the following

address:____:____:____:____

mask:____:____:____:____

Server IP address:____:____:____:____

Fax to OpTest at: (613) 632-3744

operation manual fiber quality analyzer code lda02€¦ · 32- bit software operation manual...

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