operation of mv installations

CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH, Weidestraße 122a, 22083 Hamburg, Tel +49 40 27899-0

Operation of MV Installations Operation of MV Installations

22--dayday´́s course with theory s course with theory and practice elementsand practice elements11. and 12. November 11. and 12. November 20020099

© CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH Agenda-2 2009

Operation ofOperation of

MV MV installationsinstallations

Agenda 1Agenda 1stst daydayCONSULECTRA CONSULECTRA office Hamburgoffice Hamburg

WeidestraWeidestraßße 122 a e 122 a

LunchLunch12:12:00h00h –– 1133::00h00h

Peter Peter HolzhausHolzhaus

2. Electrical equipment2. Electrical equipment

Switchgears, switching devices, voltageSwitchgears, switching devices, voltage--/current transformers, power transformers, /current transformers, power transformers, protection devices, selectivity, generators, protection devices, selectivity, generators, motorsmotors..

1111::00h00h –– 1122::00h00h

Coffee breakCoffee break10:10:45h45h –– 1111::00h00h


1. MV on seagoing ships1. MV on seagoing ships

Reasons for MVReasons for MV--supply supply and limits and limits of LVof LV--supplysupplynetwork design and neutral point design,network design and neutral point design,short circuit and earth fault.short circuit and earth fault.

0099::1155hh –– 10:10:45h45h

WelcomeWelcome,, introductionintroduction, , tasks and agendatasks and agenda0099::0000hh –– 0099::1155hh




End of End of the 1the 1st st dayday16:30h16:30h

PPetereterHolzhausHolzhaus

4. 4. Accident preventionAccident prevention

Regulations for shipping enterprises (UVV See)Regulations for shipping enterprises (UVV See);;internal organisationinternal organisation;; responsibilities of top responsibilities of top managementmanagement,, management, employees; skilled management, employees; skilled persons, instructed personspersons, instructed persons;; effects of electric effects of electric current on the human body, first aid, fire current on the human body, first aid, fire fighting. fighting.

14:45h 14:45h –– 16:30h16:30h

Coffee Coffee breakbreak1144:30:30h h –– 14:45h14:45h


3. Operation of MV 3. Operation of MV installationsinstallations

Responsibilities, definitions, working procedures Responsibilities, definitions, working procedures (dead working, live working, working in the (dead working, live working, working in the vicinity of live parts), five essential safety rules, vicinity of live parts), five essential safety rules, rere--energizing, nominated personenergizing, nominated personss in control of in control of a work activity and of the electrical installationa work activity and of the electrical installation

13:13:00h00h –– 1144:30:30hh

Agenda 1Agenda 1stst day day CONSULECTRA CONSULECTRA office Hamburgoffice Hamburg

WeidestraWeidestraßße 122 ae 122 a




Agenda Agenda 22ndnd day day CONSULECTRA CONSULECTRA office Hamburgoffice Hamburg


LunchLunch12:12:30h30h –– 1133::30h30h


7. 7. Practical trainingPractical training

at a MV switchgear in a substation of the localat a MV switchgear in a substation of the localgrgrid operatorid operator (1)(1)

10:10:45h45h –– 1122::30h30h

Coffee breakCoffee break1100::30h30h –– 10:10:45h45h


5. Communication in the MV operation5. Communication in the MV operation

Communication rules to avoid Communication rules to avoid misunderstandingsmisunderstandings

6. Mistaken operations6. Mistaken operations

Technical, organizational and human related Technical, organizational and human related reasons for accidents and mistaken operationsreasons for accidents and mistaken operations

0099::1155hh –– 1100::30h30h

Feedback of Feedback of thethe 11stst dayday0099::0000hh –– 0099::1155hh




Final Final feedbackfeedback an end an end of the courseof the course15:45h 15:45h –– 16:00h16:00h


7. 7. Practical trainingPractical trainingat a MV switchgear in a substation of the localat a MV switchgear in a substation of the localggrid operatorrid operator (2)(2)

Application of treated mattersApplication of treated matters(5 essential safety rules, communication)(5 essential safety rules, communication) ininpractical exercises: practical exercises:

Isolation of transformers and switchgears, Isolation of transformers and switchgears, earthing, reearthing, re--energizing, bilateral energizing, bilateral communication.communication.

13:13:30h30h –– 115:45h5:45h

Agenda Agenda 22ndnd day day CONSULECTRA CONSULECTRA office Hamburgoffice Hamburg


© CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH 1-1 2009



EmployerEmployer´́s liability insurance associations liability insurance associationissuesissues

UVV SeeUVV See(Accident prevention regulation for shipping enterprises)(Accident prevention regulation for shipping enterprises)

includesincludes

Guideline about Requirements for Guideline about Requirements for MVMV--installation on seagoing shipsinstallation on seagoing ships

3. ....permission to operate 3. ....permission to operate MVMV--installationsinstallations......

....at least one crew member has to take part at a course of 2 d....at least one crew member has to take part at a course of 2 days with ays with theoretical and practical elements......theoretical and practical elements......

0. 0. Reasons for a seminarReasons for a seminar




1.0 1.0 Electrical basicsElectrical basics

1.1 1.1 Reasons for MV supply Reasons for MV supply –– Limits of LV supplyLimits of LV supply

1.2 Network design1.2 Network design

1.3. Neutral point design1.3. Neutral point design

1.3.1 Isolated neutral1.3.1 Isolated neutral

1.3.2 Directly earthed neutral1.3.2 Directly earthed neutral

1.3.3 Low resistive earthed neutral1.3.3 Low resistive earthed neutral

1.3.41.3.4 High resistive earthed neutralHigh resistive earthed neutral

11 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships

ContentContent




VoltageVoltage is the is the difference of electrical potentialdifference of electrical potential between two points of an between two points of an electrical networkelectrical network, expressed in , expressed in voltsvolts. It is a measure of the capacity of . It is a measure of the capacity of an an electric fieldelectric field to cause an to cause an electric currentelectric current in an in an electrical conductorelectrical conductor..

1. 1. MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.0 1.0 ElectricalElectrical basicsbasics

ExceedingExceeding1000V1000V

Up to Up to 1000V1000VLow Low VoltageVoltage LVLV

Medium Medium VoltageVoltage MVMV

High High VoltageVoltage HVHV




Electrical resistanceElectrical resistance is a measure of the degree to which an object is a measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of an opposes the passage of an electric currentelectric current. The . The SISI unit of electrical unit of electrical resistance is the resistance is the ohmohm. .

The quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines theThe quantity of resistance in an electric circuit determines the amount of amount of current flowing in the circuit for any given voltage applied to current flowing in the circuit for any given voltage applied to the circuitthe circuit

Conductors => Conductors => metals (Fe, Cu, Al); some liquids, some gasesmetals (Fe, Cu, Al); some liquids, some gaseslow resistancelow resistance (10(10--66 ohm, ohm, mikromikro--ohms).ohms).

InsulatorInsulator => => plastic, synthetics, rubber, glass, porcelainplastic, synthetics, rubber, glass, porcelain(dry)(dry) wood, wood, (pure)(pure) water, some gaseswater, some gaseshigh resistancehigh resistance (10(10+6+6 ohm, megaohm, mega--ohms).ohms).





Electric currentElectric current is by definition the flow of is by definition the flow of electric chargeelectric charge. The . The SISI unit unit of electric current is the of electric current is the ampereampere (A).(A).





Ohm's lawOhm's law states that, in an states that, in an electrical circuitelectrical circuit, the , the currentcurrent passing the passing the material is directly proportional to the material is directly proportional to the potential differencepotential difference..

•• RR is the resistance, usually measured in is the resistance, usually measured in ohmsohms

•• UU is the voltage, usually measured in is the voltage, usually measured in voltsvolts

•• II is the current, usually measured in is the current, usually measured in amperesamperes

RR((ohmsohms))

UU((voltsvolts))

II((amperesamperes))

IIUU

RR==





An An electrical networkelectrical network is an interconnection of is an interconnection of electrical elementselectrical elements such such as as resistorsresistors, , inductorsinductors, , capacitorscapacitors, and , and switchesswitches..

An An electrical circuitelectrical circuit is a network that has a is a network that has a closed loopclosed loop, giving a return , giving a return path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not necessarily be a circuit.components, and may not necessarily be a circuit.





BasicsBasics

A A short circuitshort circuit (sometimes abbreviated to (sometimes abbreviated to shortshort or or s/cs/c) is an ) is an accidental lowaccidental low--resistanceresistance connection between two different potentials of connection between two different potentials of an an electrical circuitelectrical circuit. This results in an excessive . This results in an excessive electric currentelectric current limited limited only by the only by the internal impedanceinternal impedance of the of the current sourcecurrent source and potentially and potentially causes circuit damage, overheating, causes circuit damage, overheating, firefire or or explosionexplosion. .

It is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electricaIt is common to misuse "short circuit" to describe any electrical l malfunction, regardless of the actual problem. malfunction, regardless of the actual problem.





Short circuit in Short circuit in an overhead linean overhead line





At At the end of the course the participants should:the end of the course the participants should:

have a basic know how of MV installations,have a basic know how of MV installations,

know the function of the main MV properties on board,know the function of the main MV properties on board,

be familiar with the applicable rules an standards,be familiar with the applicable rules an standards,

know the main accident prevention regulations for the operation know the main accident prevention regulations for the operation of MV of MV systems,systems,

communicate professionally with responsible staff of the MV communicate professionally with responsible staff of the MV installationsinstallations,,

1. 1. MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.1 1.1 ReasonsReasons forfor MV MV supplysupply –– Limits of LV Limits of LV supplysupply

Energy comparison

Generators < 1 kV

Container2000 TEU

RoRo Passengervessel

conventional drive

Container8200 TEU

Passengervessel

EL. drive

CityNeumünster

approx. 80000 citizen

4 MVA 6 MVA

Generators 1 kV – 12 kV

10 MVA15 MVA

70 MVA

62 MVA




Manoeuvring ConditionManoeuvring Condition

70007000 TEU Container ShipTEU Container Ship

ShiploadShipload

500 Reefer Containers (8 kW)500 Reefer Containers (8 kW)

BowBow--ThrusterThruster

Generator Capacity Generator Capacity ((coscos phi = 0,75)phi = 0,75)

17501750

40004000

25002500

82508250TotalTotal

Power in kWPower in kW

11 000 (11 000 (kVAkVA))

1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.1 1.1 ReasonsReasons forfor MV MV supplysupply –– Limits of LV Limits of LV supplysupply




MW / MVAcos phi 0.75

0 2000 4000 1000080006000TEU

Container Ship

0 200 400 1000800600FEU

Reefer Boxes

0 2.2 / 3 4.5 / 6 11.2 / 159 / 126.7 / 9

LV MV





By a total power of >10 MVABy a total power of >10 MVA

The short circuit currentThe short circuit current II´´´´kk(initial symmetrical short(initial symmetrical short--circuit current) circuit current)

will be will be >> 120kA120kA

The construction of LV systems (switchgears, The construction of LV systems (switchgears, busbarsbusbars) has reached the) has reached thefeasible limitsfeasible limits ((mechanical strainsmechanical strains))..

It is difficult / uneconomical (from the technical point of viewIt is difficult / uneconomical (from the technical point of view) to realize the) to realize theneeds of the work safety.needs of the work safety.





Possibilities to reduce the short circuit current:Possibilities to reduce the short circuit current:

Increase the rated voltageIncrease the rated voltage

Separate main switchboard into different sectionsSeparate main switchboard into different sections

Possibilities to reach to required work safety:Possibilities to reach to required work safety:

Installation of short circuit limitersInstallation of short circuit limiters

UUse of arc monitoring systemsse of arc monitoring systems





Consequence:Consequence:

Use of MV installations => Use of MV installations =>

5050

606017.517.5

15.015.0

16.516.5

5050

60601212

10.010.0

11.011.0

5050

60607.27.2

6.06.0

6.66.6

5050

60603.63.6

3.03.0

3.33.3

RatedRatedfrequencyfrequency [Hz][Hz]

HighestHighest voltagevoltageforfor equipmentequipment[kV][kV]

RatedRated VoltageVoltage[kV][kV]





Use of MV installationsUse of MV installations

+++Advantages+++++++Advantages++++

•• Reduced short circuit powerReduced short circuit power..•• Safer installation => more work safetySafer installation => more work safety..•• Reduced cable lengthReduced cable length//cross section=> reduced weight (ca. 120t)cross section=> reduced weight (ca. 120t)..•• Reduced needs of spaceReduced needs of space..

-- -- Disadvantage Disadvantage -- -- --

•• Additional needs forAdditional needs for knowknow--how and skills for the staffhow and skills for the staff..!!




MV MV installationsinstallations1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.2 1.2 MV MV networknetwork designdesign –– thethe basicbasic designsdesigns

Radial Main Radial Main NetworkNetwork

G G G G

MVSB

LVSB

Ring Main Ring Main NetworkNetwork

G G G G

MVSB

LVSBRM

URM

U

RMU

RMU



MV MV installationsinstallations1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.2 1.2 MV MV networknetwork designdesign


G G G G

MVSB

LVSB

Energy is distributed Energy is distributed radiallyradially..

++ Easy to handle in the operation.Easy to handle in the operation.

++ System allows simple interlocking and autoSystem allows simple interlocking and auto--matisationmatisation concepts.concepts.

-- Doubled amount of cables and panels in the Doubled amount of cables and panels in the MV switchgearMV switchgear

-- No redundancy in case of a single fault in oneNo redundancy in case of a single fault in onefeeder line.feeder line.

-- No redundancy in case of a failure in theNo redundancy in case of a failure in theMV MV busbarbusbar..





1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.2 1.2 MV MV networknetwork designdesign

Low Voltage SystemsLow Voltage Systems

Medium Voltage SystemsMedium Voltage Systems

GG

GG

GG

GG

Tr.Tr.Reefer Dist.Reefer Dist.

ReeferReefer Tr.Tr.

Reefer Dist.Reefer Dist.

ReeferReefer Tr.Tr.

MVSBMVSB LVSBLVSB

ThrusterThruster




Power supply takes place from two sides of thePower supply takes place from two sides of themain MV switchboard.main MV switchboard.

Main consumers are connected directly to the Main consumers are connected directly to the main switchboards main switchboards (not shown in the drawing).(not shown in the drawing).

The substations are connected in a ring.The substations are connected in a ring.

If one side of the MV switchgear is out of service If one side of the MV switchgear is out of service the complete supply is still possible the complete supply is still possible (interruption).(interruption).

In case of failure of In case of failure of oneone cable the supply of all cable the supply of all substation and all distribution transformers is still substation and all distribution transformers is still possible possible (interruption).(interruption).

Less panels in the main air insulated MV Less panels in the main air insulated MV switchboard needed switchboard needed –– but additional needs of but additional needs of ring main units (RMU)ring main units (RMU)

Operation is more complex for operational staff.Operation is more complex for operational staff.


G G G G

MVSB

LVSBRM

URM

U

RMU

RMU





Low Voltage SystemsLow Voltage Systems

Medium Voltage SystemsMedium Voltage Systems

MVSBMVSB

LVSBLVSB

ThrusterThruster

Tr.Tr.

GG

GG

GG

GG

Reefer Tr.Reefer Tr.

Reefer Tr.Reefer Tr.

Reefer Dist.Reefer Dist.

Ring 1Ring 1

Ring 2Ring 2

1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.2 1.2 MV MV networknetwork designdesign ((outerouter ringnetringnet))






Ring Supply in service with aRing Supply in service with adefined disconnection pointdefined disconnection point

Cable fault occursCable fault occurs

Circuit breaker tripsCircuit breaker trips; ; oneonehalf ring half ring isis out of out of serviceservice

Faulty cable has toFaulty cable has tobe disconnebe disconnecctedted

G G G G

MVSB

LVSBRM

URM

U

RMU

RMU






ReRe--energizing:energizing:

1.1. Close circuit breaker inClose circuit breaker inMVSB (one MVSB (one RMURMU will be will be rree--energized).energized).

G G G G

MVSB

LVSBRM

URM

U

RMU

RMU






G G G G

MVSB

LVSBRM

URM

U

RMU

RMU

ReRe--energizing:energizing:

1.1. Close circuit breaker inClose circuit breaker inMVSB (one MVSB (one RMURMU will be will be rree--energized).energized).

2. 2. CClose the disconnection pointlose the disconnection point;;((the second the second RMU RMU will bewill berree--energized, too). energized, too).




The following arrangements are possible:The following arrangements are possible:

Systems with an isolated neutralSystems with an isolated neutral (1.3.1)(1.3.1)

Systems with an directly earthed neutralSystems with an directly earthed neutral (1.3.2)(1.3.2)

Systems with an resistive earthed neutralSystems with an resistive earthed neutral (1.3.3)(1.3.3)

•• high resistive earthed neutralhigh resistive earthed neutral

•• low resistive earthed neutrallow resistive earthed neutral ..

1 1 MV on MV on seagoingseagoing shipsships1.3 1.3 MV neutral point MV neutral point designdesign




1.3.1. System 1.3.1. System with isolated neutralwith isolated neutral (IT(IT--System)System)::


IIcc L1L1IIcc L2L2IIcc

L1

L2

L3

CCee CCee




1.1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT--System):System):

Voltage increase in 2 phases in case of earth fault:Voltage increase in 2 phases in case of earth fault:


L3L3

L1L1 L2L2

SystemSystemwithout earthwithout earth faultfault

System System withwithearth fault in P1earth fault in P1

L1L1=>neutral=U=>neutral=U00L2L2=>neutral=U=>neutral=U00L3L3=>neutral=U=>neutral=U00

L1L1 L2L2

L3L3

L1L1=>neutral=0V=>neutral=0VL2L2=>neutral=1,73*U=>neutral=1,73*U00L3L3=>neutral=1,73*U=>neutral=1,73*U00




1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT1.3.1. System with isolated neutral (IT--System):System):

Generator neutral is not earthed Generator neutral is not earthed –– but the stray capacitance will lead to a but the stray capacitance will lead to a residual (capacitive) current residual (capacitive) current IIcc..

IIcc depends on the cabledepends on the cable--length of the system and the generator design and length of the system and the generator design and is relatively small (1 is relatively small (1 –– 5A).5A).

Intermittent earthIntermittent earth--faults can cause transient faults can cause transient overvoltagesovervoltages..

Endangered equipment shall be fitted with Endangered equipment shall be fitted with overvoltageovervoltage protection for protection for overvoltagesovervoltages of at least 3,3*Uof at least 3,3*Urr..

All insulation shall be designed for the phaseAll insulation shall be designed for the phase--toto--phase voltage (1,73*Uphase voltage (1,73*U00), if ), if earth faults will not be isolated without delay.earth faults will not be isolated without delay.





1.3.1.3.22. System with . System with directlydirectly earthedearthedneutral (TNneutral (TN--System):System):


IIscsc

L1

L3

L2

L2

SystemSystemwithoutwithout earthearth faultfault

SystemSystemafterafter earthearth faultfault

L1

L3

L1 L2




1.3.1.3.22. System with . System with ((directlydirectly)) earthed neutralearthed neutral ((TNTN--System):System):

Will lead to a maximum value of short circuit current Will lead to a maximum value of short circuit current (kA) (kA) because it is only because it is only limited by limited by ((smallsmall!) !) generatorgenerator-- and the cable impedanceand the cable impedance..

Directly earthed mains without current limiting device require tDirectly earthed mains without current limiting device require the prior he prior approval of the GLapproval of the GL..


Resistor for current limiting (1.3.3)Resistor for current limiting (1.3.3)





1.3.1.3.33 System with System with lowlow resistiveresistive earthedearthedneutraneutral l ((TNTN--System):System):


IIefef

L1

L3

L2

L2



L1

L3

L1 L2




1.3.3 System with 1.3.3 System with lowlow resistive earthed neutral (TNresistive earthed neutral (TN--System):System):

Short circuit will be limited by the resistance (or an other curShort circuit will be limited by the resistance (or an other currentrent--limiting limiting device) installed between the device) installed between the generatorgenerator neutral and the hull.neutral and the hull.

Limits of the earthLimits of the earth--fault current:fault current:

Maximum: Full load current of the largest generator connected toMaximum: Full load current of the largest generator connected to the the switchboard.switchboard.

Minimum: 3* the minimum of the threshold current of the earthMinimum: 3* the minimum of the threshold current of the earth--fault fault monitor.monitor.

Selectivity requirements (B7) shall be fulfilled to ensure the sSelectivity requirements (B7) shall be fulfilled to ensure the selective elective disconnection of the earthdisconnection of the earth--faulted outputs.faulted outputs.





1.3.1.3.44 System with System with highhigh resistive earthed neutral (TNresistive earthed neutral (TN--System)System); 3; 3--5A per 5A per generatorgenerator::

Highly resistive earthed mains, which outputs will not be isolatHighly resistive earthed mains, which outputs will not be isolated in case of ed in case of an earth fault, are permitted, if the insulation of the equipmenan earth fault, are permitted, if the insulation of the equipment is designed t is designed according to the GL rules 3.2:according to the GL rules 3.2:


All insulation shall be designed forAll insulation shall be designed forphasephase--toto--phase voltage. phase voltage.




1.3.1.3.33 System with System with highhigh resistiveresistive earthedearthedneutraneutral l ((TNTN--System):System):


IIefef

L1

L3

L2

L2



L1

L3

L1L1 L2L2

L3L3




2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards

2.1.1 Main switchboards 2.1.1 Main switchboards -- air insulatedair insulated

2.1.2 Ring Main Feeder 2.1.2 Ring Main Feeder –– gas insulatedgas insulated

2.1.3 Type test2.1.3 Type test

2.2 Switching devices2.2 Switching devices

2.2.1 Circuit breaker2.2.1 Circuit breaker

2.2.2 Load switch2.2.2 Load switch--disconnectordisconnector

2.2.3 Isolating switch2.2.3 Isolating switch

2.2.4 Earthing switch2.2.4 Earthing switch

2.3.Transformers2.3.Transformers

2.3.1 Power transformers2.3.1 Power transformers

2.3.2 Voltage transformers2.3.2 Voltage transformers

2.3.3 Current transformers2.3.3 Current transformers

22 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment

ContentContent (1)(1)




2.4. Motors2.4. Motors

2.5 Generators2.5 Generators

2.6. 2.6. ProtectionProtection

2.7 2.7 SafetySafety interlockingsinterlockings

22 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment

ContentContent (2)(2)




Could be airCould be air--insulatedinsulated

Could be gas insulatedCould be gas insulated

Supplying Supplying primaryprimary essential equipmentessential equipment switchboard shall haveswitchboard shall have

metalmetal--clad enclosures, which areclad enclosures, which are

fully partitionedfully partitioned

closed to all sidesclosed to all sides

Supplying Supplying secondary essentialsecondary essential equipmentequipment switchboard may be ofswitchboard may be of

metal enclosed type.metal enclosed type.

Shall be in every caseShall be in every case

type tested in accordance to IEC 62271type tested in accordance to IEC 62271--200 (=VDE 0671200 (=VDE 0671--200; 200; previously: IEC 60298).previously: IEC 60298).

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards




TyTypepe testedtested -- air insulatedair insulated -- metalmetal--cladclad -- fully partitionedfully partitioned -- closed to all sidesclosed to all sides

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards2.1.12.1.1 Main Main switchboardsswitchboards –– air air insulatedinsulated




144

44

33

33

2222

11

11Switchboard Compartments;Switchboard Compartments;

metal clad type:metal clad type:

Bus barBus bar

Cable terminationCable termination,, CT/VT CT/VT

Circuit Circuit -- breakerbreaker

Protection and controlProtection and control

11

22

33

44

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards2.1.1 2.1.1 Main Main switchboardsswitchboards –– air air insulatedinsulated




Vacuumcircuit breakerHVX

HVX – Vacuum circuit breaker high rating > 2000 A

FPXSF6-circuit breaker

GFXSF6 - contactor

Vacuumcontactor CVX

CCircuitircuit breaker alternativesbreaker alternatives





Some detailsSome details

Remove / introduceRemove / introducea circuit breakera circuit breaker

BusbarBusbar withoutwithoutpartitioningpartitioning (not metal clad!)(not metal clad!)

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards2.1.12.1.1 Main Main switchboardsswitchboards –– air air insulatedinsulated




SomeSome detailsdetails

Circuit breaker sectionCircuit breaker section





A

DC

B

PProtectionrotection devicedevice

SF6 compartmentSF6 compartment

GGas pressure releaseas pressure release

CCable compartmentable compartment

A

B

C

D

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards2.1.2 2.1.2 Ring Main Ring Main FeederFeeder –– gas gas insulatedinsulated




TTypeype testtest

For main For main MVMV--switchboards and distribution switchboardsswitchboards and distribution switchboards (Ring Main (Ring Main UnitsUnits)), type , type approval according to IEC publication 62271approval according to IEC publication 62271--200200 ((previouslypreviously IIEC 60298) shall be EC 60298) shall be carriedcarried outout..

They shall be subjected to an internal arc test according to IECThey shall be subjected to an internal arc test according to IEC 6227162271--200, 200, whereby the criteria 1 to 6 (integrated to 1whereby the criteria 1 to 6 (integrated to 1--5) must be5) must be satisfied:satisfied:

1. 1. Correctly secured doors and covers do not openCorrectly secured doors and covers do not open..

2. 2. No fragmentation of the enclosure occurs within the time specifiNo fragmentation of the enclosure occurs within the time specified for the test.ed for the test.

3. 3. Arcing does not cause holes in the accessible sides up to a heigArcing does not cause holes in the accessible sides up to a height of 2 m.ht of 2 m.

4. 4. IIndicatorsndicators (horizontal and vertical)(horizontal and vertical) do not ignite due to the effect of hot gases.do not ignite due to the effect of hot gases.

5. 5. The enclosure remains connected to its earthing point. The enclosure remains connected to its earthing point.

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.1 2.1 SwitchboardsSwitchboards2.1.3 2.1.3 Type testType test




Type test Type test –– pressurepressure releaserelease internal internal arcarc

The guiding principle (Chapter 3, Section 8.B.4.2) for all Medium Voltage Installations is:

An unacceptable hazard to persons through electrical shock and accidental arcs shall be avoided independently of the required protection against foreign bodies and water





Type test Type test –– pressurepressure releaserelease internal internal arcarc

Arc in Arc in circuitcircuitbreakerbreaker sectionsection

Arc inArc inbusbarbusbar sectionsection

Arc in Arc in cablecableterminationtermination sectionsection





Pressure release conditions:Pressure release conditions:

The installation space shall be specified by the switchgear manuThe installation space shall be specified by the switchgear manufacturer and facturer and

shall have a adequate volume.shall have a adequate volume.

Design of the rooms has to take into account the overpressure.Design of the rooms has to take into account the overpressure.

Recommendation: Lead the accidental gases by ducts out of the opRecommendation: Lead the accidental gases by ducts out of the operational erational

area.area.

Combustible materials and LV cables are not admissible in the enCombustible materials and LV cables are not admissible in the endangered dangered

area.area.





Type testType test

ARCTEST accordingARCTEST accordingttoo IEC IEC 6227162271--200200

Switchboard 25 kASwitchboard 25 kA7,2 kV7,2 kV1 s1 s

Video type test

Video type test





SShall be conform to IEC hall be conform to IEC 6227162271--100100

Have the Have the maximalmaximal breaking capacity and are able to operate in all cases:breaking capacity and are able to operate in all cases:

•• Without loadWithout load

•• With normal operationWith normal operationaal loadl load

•• Short circuitShort circuit

•• EarthEarth--fault current.fault current.

ProtectProtectss the equipment against damages in case of short circuit.the equipment against damages in case of short circuit.

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.1 2.2.1 CircuitCircuit breakerbreaker




Basic principle is:Basic principle is:

•• to interrupt the current as fast as possible and to interrupt the current as fast as possible and

•• to extinguish the arc after the contacts have been openedto extinguish the arc after the contacts have been opened

•• to to reduce the space where the arc is extinguishedreduce the space where the arc is extinguished ..

The different principles to extinguish the arc are:The different principles to extinguish the arc are:

•• OilOil ((conservative; not used in conservative; not used in modern modern equipment)equipment)

•• Gas (pressed air; also not very common)Gas (pressed air; also not very common)

•• SF6SF6 (!!)(!!)

•• VacuumVacuum (!!).(!!).





ExampleExample: : VacuumVacuum





Advantages of the Advantages of the vacuum vacuum circuit breaker:circuit breaker:

High mechanical and electrical switchingHigh mechanical and electrical switching--cyclescycles

Vacuum with high electrical stabilityVacuum with high electrical stability

Low energy in the arcLow energy in the arc

Disconnects highest shortDisconnects highest short--circuitcircuit--powerpower

Minimum of maintenance Minimum of maintenance

Low leakage rate => long economical lifetime (>20 years)Low leakage rate => long economical lifetime (>20 years)

Low space requirementLow space requirement





Shall be conform to IEC Shall be conform to IEC 6227162271--103103

Are designed to operate normal loadAre designed to operate normal load,, cables (including ring mains),cables (including ring mains),

motors,motors, ttransformersransformers, capacitors under failure, capacitors under failure--free conditions. free conditions.

Not (always)Not (always) able to disconnect earthable to disconnect earth--fault current fault current (depends on the design).(depends on the design).

Not Not able to disconnect short circuit current.able to disconnect short circuit current.

(that case: HVHRC(that case: HVHRC--fuses needed)fuses needed)

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.2 2.2.2 LoadLoad switchswitch--disconnectordisconnector

NextNext slideslide




Not Not able to disconnect short circuit current.able to disconnect short circuit current.(that case: HVHRC(that case: HVHRC--fuses needed)fuses needed)





Vertical drive (air insulatedVertical drive (air insulated))





PivotPivot drivedrive

(air (air insulatedinsulated))





33--positionposition--switchswitch

(normally installed in(normally installed in

gas insulated gas insulated ring ring mainmain unitsunits))

OffOff OnOn

earthedearthed





Shall be conform to IEC Shall be conform to IEC 6227162271--102102..

Are designed to operate busAre designed to operate bus bars, short cables, voltage transformers, bars, short cables, voltage transformers,

without any load.without any load.

Shall be able to carry the rated current.Shall be able to carry the rated current.

Shall ensure the insulating clearance in the system to secure thShall ensure the insulating clearance in the system to secure the dead e dead

condition within the 5condition within the 5--safetysafety--rules. rules.

Alternative: Alternative: CircuitCircuit breakerbreaker in test in test positionposition

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.3 2.2.3 IsolatingIsolating switchswitch



MV MV installationsinstallations2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.3 2.2.3 IsolatingIsolating switchswitch




RequiredRequired forfor workwork safetysafety reasons

reasons

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.4 2.2.4 Earthing Earthing switchswitch

Shall be conform to IEC Shall be conform to IEC 6227162271--102102..

Are designed to connect components (cable, switching devices,Are designed to connect components (cable, switching devices, busbarsbusbars))

to earth (ground) potential.to earth (ground) potential.

Classification:Classification:

E0 => no makingE0 => no making

E1 => 2 operations on to live parts (short circuit!)E1 => 2 operations on to live parts (short circuit!)

E2 => 5 operations on to live parts (short circuit!)E2 => 5 operations on to live parts (short circuit!)



MV MV installationsinstallations2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices2.2.4 2.2.4 Earthing Earthing switchswitch

X

((

((

GG

DD

i.e.i.e.generatorgenerator panelpanel




Normal operational Normal operational loadload OKOK

LoadLoad switchswitch--disconnectordisconnector

OKOK XX

WithoutWithout loadload OKOK OKOK OKOK

EarthEarth--fault fault currentcurrent OKOK (X)(X) XX

Short Short circuitcircuit OKOK XX XX

TransformerTransformer loadload OKOK OKOK XX

Motor Motor loadload OKOK OKOK XX

Ring mainsRing mains OKOK OKOK XX

SummarySummary

IsolatingIsolatingswitchswitch

CircuitCircuitbreakerbreaker

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.2 2.2 SwitchingSwitching devicesdevices




Basic Basic principleprinciple

UU11

UU22

II22

II11==

Wattage Wattage primaryprimary = Wattage = Wattage secondarysecondarySS11(VA)=U(VA)=U11(V)xI(V)xI11(A)=S(A)=S22(VA)=U(VA)=U22(V)xI(V)xI22(A)(A)

UU22(V)(V)

II11(A)(A)

UU11(V)(V)

II22(A)(A)

Iron Iron corecore

NN11NN22

II11(A)(A) II22(A)(A)

UU22(V)(V)

NN11NN22

UU11UU22

==

UU11(V)(V)

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers




Shall be conform to IEC 60076Shall be conform to IEC 60076..

DryDry--type transformers should be used by preference (conform to IEC 6type transformers should be used by preference (conform to IEC 60726)0726)..

Only transformers with separate windings should be usedOnly transformers with separate windings should be used..

If oilIf oil--cooled transformers are used, measures shall ensure that the wincooled transformers are used, measures shall ensure that the windings dings are completely covered by oil, even for inclinations of 22,5are completely covered by oil, even for inclinations of 22,5°°..

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers2.3.1 2.3.1 Power transformersPower transformers




Ship supply transformersShip supply transformers: If the ship: If the ship´́s lows low--voltage network is supplied from voltage network is supplied from

the mediumthe medium--voltage networkvoltage network

at least two independent ship supply transformers shall installeat least two independent ship supply transformers shall installedd,,

transformers shall be equipped with a earthed shielding winding transformers shall be equipped with a earthed shielding winding between the between the

lowlow--voltage and the mediumvoltage and the medium--voltage coil.voltage coil.

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers2.3.12.3.1 Power transformersPower transformers




ExampleExample

Not Not insulatedinsulated typetype(not (not commoncommon in in shippingshipping businessbusiness))





ExampleExample

Oil Oil insulated typeinsulated type(open system with expansion (open system with expansion tanktank).).





ExampleExample

Oil Oil insulatedinsulated typetype((hermiticallyhermitically closedclosed))





ExampleExample

ResinResin ((epoxyepoxy--) ) insulatedinsulated typetype





ExampleExample

IP44 air / waterIP44 air / water--cooledcooledrreefereefer--ttransformerransformer(6(6..6kV / 450V) located at 6kV / 450V) located at ppassageassage wway ay aarearea..





Medium voltage is not directly useable forMedium voltage is not directly useable for

controlcontrol--

meteringmetering--

protectionprotection--

purposes.purposes.

MediumMedium--voltage has to be reducedvoltage has to be reduced

to a suitable value of to a suitable value of 100 V100 V..

22 Electrical equipmentElectrical equipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers2.3.2 2.3.2 Voltage transformersVoltage transformers




CConformonform to IEC 60044to IEC 60044--22

The basic principle is similar to the power transformersThe basic principle is similar to the power transformers

The secondary winding of every voltageThe secondary winding of every voltagetransformer has to be earthed with attransformer has to be earthed with atleast 4mmleast 4mm22 Cu.Cu.


100V100V10,000V10,000V

UU

VV

uu

vv

VV PPCC




Installed in the Installed in the cablecable compartmentcompartmentof the switchboardof the switchboard

Double poleDouble pole

Single poleSingle pole





Currents transformers are needed to:Currents transformers are needed to:

Reduce current values of > 10A to suitable values forReduce current values of > 10A to suitable values for

•• controlcontrol--,,

•• protectionprotection-- andand

•• meteringmetering purposespurposes..

Transmit the current from MVTransmit the current from MV-- to LW to LW ––potentialpotential..

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers2.3.3 2.3.3 CurrentCurrent transformerstransformers




CConformonform to IEC 60044to IEC 60044--11

The basic principle is similar to the power transformersThe basic principle is similar to the power transformers

1A1Ae.g. 200Ae.g. 200A

KK

LL

kk

ll

The secondary winding of every voltageThe secondary winding of every voltagetransformer has to be earthed with attransformer has to be earthed with atleast 4mmleast 4mm22 Cu.Cu.

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.3 2.3 TransformersTransformers2.3.32.3.3 CurrentCurrent transformerstransformers




The The differencedifference between voltagebetween voltage-- and current transformer:and current transformer:

The primary "winding" is only The primary "winding" is only oneone "turn" in form of a copper bar:"turn" in form of a copper bar:

ExampleExampleLow Low voltgagevoltgage

ExampleExampleMedium Medium voltgagevoltgage





Installed in the Installed in the cablecable compartmentcompartmentof the switchboardof the switchboard





RemindRemind::The constantThe constant--currentcurrent--condition of a current transformer could lead condition of a current transformer could lead to to extremely extremely high voltages if the secondary side of the current transformer ihigh voltages if the secondary side of the current transformer is "open" i.e. ts "open" i.e. thehesecondary side is not burdened or short circuited.secondary side is not burdened or short circuited.

KK LL

kk ll

A

II11(A)(A)

II22(A)(A)

KK LL

kk ll

II11(A)(A)

II22(A)(A)

KK LL

kk ll

II11(A)(A)

II22(A)=0(A)=0UU22 max.max.

OK!OK!OK!OK! DANGER!DANGER!




MV MV installationsinstallations2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.4 2.4 MotorsMotors

PressurePressurereleaserelease

EarthingEarthing

AsynchronousAsynchronous MV MV motormotor

Rotor of aRotor of aasynchronousasynchronous MV MV motormotor



MV MV installationsinstallations2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.5 2.5 GeneratorsGenerators

Synchronous generatorSynchronous generator

RotorRotor




Main task:Main task:To protect the installed To protect the installed equipment against serious equipment against serious damages in case of a fault damages in case of a fault in the system.in the system.Avoid a black out.Avoid a black out.

Bad example =>Bad example =>

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.6 2.6 ProtectionProtection




SelectivitySelectivity::

SecureSecure thatthat onlyonly thethefaultyfaulty equipmentequipment will will bebe switchedswitched off.off.

TheThe faultlessfaultlessequipmentequipment shouldshouldremainremain in in serviceservice..

Tore

e fe

To

r ee f

er

To

r ee f

er

G

Main Main switchboardswitchboard 6.6 kV6.6 kV

ReeferReefer switchboardswitchboard 6.6 kV6.6 kV

ReeferReefer transformertransformer6.6/0.44kV 6.6/0.44kV

LV LV ReeferReefer switchboardswitchboard

Example

Example





Fivefold time selectivity or current Fivefold time selectivity or current discreminationdiscremination (0,125ms)(0,125ms)

M

HVHV

LV


GG GGMMTT TT

112233

3344

55




Protection functions are standardised by ANSI Codes.Protection functions are standardised by ANSI Codes.Typical ANSI Typical ANSI (American National Standard) (American National Standard) Codes (not complete) are :Codes (not complete) are :

UndervoltageUndervoltage (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 27)Code No. 27)OvervoltageOvervoltage (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 59)Code No. 59)Over current Over current (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 51)Code No. 51)UnderfrequencyUnderfrequency (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 81L)Code No. 81L)OverfrequencyOverfrequency (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 81H)Code No. 81H)PhasefailurePhasefailure (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 47)Code No. 47)Short circuitShort circuit (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 50)Code No. 50)Thermal overloadThermal overload (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 49)Code No. 49)Phase current asymmetryPhase current asymmetry (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 46)Code No. 46)Reverse powerReverse power (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 32)Code No. 32)Stator protectionStator protection (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 50B)Code No. 50B)Monitoring of excitationMonitoring of excitation (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 24 & 40)Code No. 24 & 40)Differential protectionDifferential protection (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 87G/M/N/T)Code No. 87G/M/N/T)EarthfaultEarthfault protectionprotection (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 50G)Code No. 50G)Neutral Voltage displacement Neutral Voltage displacement (ANSI(ANSI--Code No. 59N/64)Code No. 59N/64)





ProtectionProtectionExample:Example:

Protection of a transformerProtection of a transformerwith a HVHRCwith a HVHRC--fuse on MV side.fuse on MV side.

Depending on the current Depending on the current ((inverseinverse time)time)((e.ge.g. fuse); . fuse);

Independent of the current;Independent of the current;defindefiniteite time.time.


= zulässigerKennlinien-

bereichs

100

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,040,05

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,40,5

1

2

3

45

10

20

30

4050

A100 200 300 400 500 30001000 2000

HVHRCHVHRC--fusefuseinverseinverse timetime

MVMVCurrentCurrentdefindeddefinded timetime

LVLVCurrentCurrentdefineddefined timetime




ProtectionProtectionExample:Example:

Protection of a transformerProtection of a transformer wwithith a HVHRCa HVHRC--fuse on MV side.fuse on MV side.


shoreshore




HVHRC fuses (in combination with load switchHVHRC fuses (in combination with load switch--disconnectordisconnector or contactors).or contactors).

+++Advantages+++++++Advantages++++

•• Extremely reliable to protect transformers up to 630kVAExtremely reliable to protect transformers up to 630kVA..•• Fast reaction.Fast reaction.•• Reduces short circuit power. Reduces short circuit power. •• (=> leads to reduced cable cross section)(=> leads to reduced cable cross section)..

-- -- Disadvantage Disadvantage -- -- --

•• Has to be replaced manually (=> work activity in a MVHas to be replaced manually (=> work activity in a MV--installation).installation).•• Needs of spares.Needs of spares.•• NeedNeedss of of a a minimum minimum shortshort circuit power.circuit power.





Differential protectionDifferential protection

is required for generators, large motors, transformers.is required for generators, large motors, transformers.

Basic principle:Basic principle:

If the incoming current (I1) is If the incoming current (I1) is equalequal the outgoing current (I2) the system is the outgoing current (I2) the system is faultless.faultless.

If the incoming current (I1) is If the incoming current (I1) is notnot equal the outgoing currentequal the outgoing current (I2)(I2) the system the system shall be in a faulty condition and the protection device will trshall be in a faulty condition and the protection device will trip the circuit ip the circuit breaker.breaker.

CT2CT2 CT1CT1

I I 22 I I 11I 1 - I 2

e.g. e.g. cablecable / / transformer/generatortransformer/generator


Fast Fast reactio

n

reactio

n!!



MV MV installationsinstallations2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.7 2.7 SafetySafety interlockingsinterlockings (in (in accordanceaccordance withwith GL GL requirementsrequirements))

Draw out Draw out switchgear unitsswitchgear units

Draw out switchgear units canDraw out switchgear units cannot be moved in connected modenot be moved in connected mode




IsolatingIsolating switchswitch

X

Isolating switches can only beIsolating switches can only beoperated when the circuit breakeroperated when the circuit breakeris openis openRecommended:Recommended:Load switchLoad switch--disconnectordisconnector instead of instead of isolating switch.isolating switch.

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.7 2.7 SafetySafety interlockingsinterlockings (in (in accordanceaccordance withwith GL GL requirementsrequirements))




Earthing Earthing switchswitch

XEarthing switches are interlockedEarthing switches are interlockedwith the associated isolating switchwith the associated isolating switchor circuit breakeror circuit breaker..

2 2 ElectricalElectrical equipmentequipment2.7 2.7 SafetySafety interlockingsinterlockings (in (in accordanceaccordance withwith GL GL requirementsrequirements) )




DoorsDoors Doors can be opened only whenDoors can be opened only whenthe earthing switch the earthing switch isis closedclosed. .


tooled

tooled

Tool access onlyTool access only. .




Earthing switch in generator panelsEarthing switch in generator panels

X

((

((

GG

DD

In generator panels earthing switchesIn generator panels earthing switchescan not be connected or disconnectedcan not be connected or disconnectedwhen the diesel is running.when the diesel is running.





Start of the diesel engineStart of the diesel engine

X

((

((

GG

DD

The closed earthing switch interlocksThe closed earthing switch interlocks•• the start of diesel engine orthe start of diesel engine or•• starting isstarting is possible only when the generator ispossible only when the generator is

dede--exited.exited.





TransfomerTransfomer


CorrespondingCorrespondingsswitching deviceswitching devices

© CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH page 3-1 2009



Common understanding and basis of the courseCommon understanding and basis of the course (1)(1)

EuropeanEuropean and German and German standards and requirements:standards and requirements:

CENELECCENELEC European Committee for European Committee for ElectrotechnicalElectrotechnical StandardizationStandardization(basically EN 50110(basically EN 50110--1)1)

VDEVDE German Standard Organisation (basically VDE 0105, in lineGerman Standard Organisation (basically VDE 0105, in linewith EN 50110with EN 50110--1)1)

BGBG EEmployermployer´́s liability insurance associations liability insurance associationespecially especially UVV SeeUVV See(Accident prevention regulation for (Accident prevention regulation for sshipping enterprises)hipping enterprises)

33 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.13.1.1 General General statementsstatements






CENELECCENELEC (EN 50110(EN 50110--1)1)

If there are no other rules or If there are no other rules or procedures, the principles of this procedures, the principles of this standard should be applied tostandard should be applied to

..........

...any seagoing ship moving under ...any seagoing ship moving under iitsts own power...own power...

UVV SeeUVV See

....eliminate rulings which conflict eliminate rulings which conflict with or duplicate each other...with or duplicate each other...

..defining so..defining so--called safety goals...called safety goals...

..the ..the cclassificationlassification rrulesules of of GermanischerGermanischer Lloyd and technical Lloyd and technical standards such as DIN, VDE and EN standards such as DIN, VDE and EN should be used..should be used..

Consequence:Consequence:EN 50110EN 50110--1 (Operation of electrical installations)1 (Operation of electrical installations)will be the basis for this course in the relevant chapterswill be the basis for this course in the relevant chapters..





""OperationOperation"" means:means:

handle switchgearshandle switchgears,,operateoperate switching devicesswitching devices(short circuit breaker, load breaker, isolating switch)(short circuit breaker, load breaker, isolating switch),,isolateisolate MVMV installationsinstallations (partly, completely)(partly, completely),,separateseparate and and securesecure working areasworking areas,,give working permissiongive working permission to working staffto working staff,,rere--energizingenergizing..





Each Each employeremployer has to has to organiseorganise all operation and work activities in the company all operation and work activities in the company under his under his responsibilityresponsibility..

The relevant framework is defined by:The relevant framework is defined by:

lawslaws

regulationsregulations

instructionsinstructions

general accepted technical rulesgeneral accepted technical rules..

3 3 Operation of MV installationsOperation of MV installations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.3.1.22 EmployerEmployer´́ss responsibilityresponsibility




The board of The board of directors/responsible director/CEOdirectors/responsible director/CEO of a jointof a joint--stock stock companycompany,,

MManaginganaging directordirector of a limited companyof a limited company,,

OOwnerwner of a comof a comppanyany,,

is is responsibleresponsible to to organiseorganise all relevant subjects in a company all relevant subjects in a company –– this includes this includes doubtless the responsibility for thedoubtless the responsibility for the operation of the electrical installation operation of the electrical installation ––independent whetherindependent whether this person is an this person is an electricalelectrical expertexpert oor r notnot..

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.2 3.1.2 EmployerEmployer´́ss responsibilityresponsibility




Regarding the operation of the switching devicesRegarding the operation of the switching devices

the the responsible employerresponsible employer has to answer the has to answer the key questionskey questions belowbelow::

Who?Who? gets the permission to operategets the permission to operate

When?When?

Where?Where?

Which installationsWhich installations//equipment/components?equipment/components?





The responsible employer has to:The responsible employer has to:

establishestablish and to document a clear organisationand to document a clear organisation,,

recruitrecruit competent managers and adequately skilled staffcompetent managers and adequately skilled staff,,

traintrain, to , to instructinstruct, to , to guideguide and to and to supervisesupervise managers and staffmanagers and staff..





The following tasks have to carried out:The following tasks have to carried out:

adequateadequate ttrainingraining with with theoreticaltheoretical and and practicalpractical elementselements,,

stipulationsstipulations of internal of internal interfacesinterfaces, , installationsinstallations and and voltage levelsvoltage levels,,

standardizationstandardization of workingof working--/operation activities, /operation activities, communicationcommunication, , documentationdocumentation,,

authorizationauthorization to to operateoperate switching devicesswitching devices,,

maintainmaintain the staffthe staff´́s knows know--how how onon an adequate levelan adequate level..





BBasedased onon

UVV SeeUVV See §§157a157aMaintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and EquipmentMaintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment::

(1)(1) The The employer shall take steps to ensureemployer shall take steps to ensure

that the maintenance that the maintenance workwork at at electrical plantselectrical plants and equipmentand equipmentis carried out by a is carried out by a crew membercrew member with with sufficient expert knowledgesufficient expert knowledge(or such work is only performed under the supervision of this (or such work is only performed under the supervision of this crew member)crew member)

that the plants and equipment are that the plants and equipment are operatedoperated iinn compliancecompliance with with the the rulesrules of good of good electrical practiceelectrical practice





Based onBased on

UVV See UVV See §§157a157aMaintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment:Maintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment:

(2)(2) A A crew membercrew member with with sufficient expert knowledgesufficient expert knowledge is a person who is a person who –– on on account of his account of his specialist trainingspecialist training, , knowledgeknowledge, , skillsskills and and experienceexperience as as well as familiarity with the applicable regulations well as familiarity with the applicable regulations –– cancan

properly properly assessassess the the workwork entrusted to him andentrusted to him and

recogniserecognise any possible any possible hazardshazards

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.3 3.1.3 SkilledSkilled personperson ((electricallyelectrically))




Based onBased on

UVV See UVV See §§157a157aMaintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment:Maintenance and Operation of Electrical Plants and Equipment:

(2)(2) Crew members with Crew members with sufficient expert knowledgesufficient expert knowledge areare

1.1. shipship´́s s electrotechnicianselectrotechnicians

2.2. shipship´́s s electricianselectricians

3.3. shipship´́s officers with a certificate of technical proficiency and s officers with a certificate of technical proficiency and trainedtrained for for defined activitiesdefined activities concerningconcerning the the operationoperation of of electrical parts and equipment.electrical parts and equipment. (Definition (Definition nextnext slideslide))





Defined activities are Defined activities are relatedrelated and and repeated activitiesrepeated activities undertaken at electrical undertaken at electrical plants and equipment. These defined activities may plants and equipment. These defined activities may only be carried outonly be carried out on on plants with rated voltages up to plants with rated voltages up to 1.000V AC1.000V AC or 1.500V DC, and as a matter of or 1.500V DC, and as a matter of principle only in a isolated condition.principle only in a isolated condition.

OnlyOnly

fault findingfault finding,,

ascertaining of deascertaining of de--energized stateenergized state,,

removing of low voltage fusesremoving of low voltage fuses

are are permittedpermitted while the while the voltage is appliedvoltage is applied..





Skilled person (electrically):Skilled person (electrically):

Person with relevant education, knowledge, and experience to enaPerson with relevant education, knowledge, and experience to enable ble

him/her to him/her to analyse risksanalyse risks to to avoid hazardsavoid hazards which electricity may create which electricity may create

No personNo person shall undertake any shall undertake any work activitywork activity where where technical knowledgetechnical knowledge or or

experienceexperience is is neededneeded to prevent electrical danger or injury, to prevent electrical danger or injury, unlessunless that that

person has such technical knowledge or experience , or is under person has such technical knowledge or experience , or is under such such

supervision as is necessary for the work undertakensupervision as is necessary for the work undertaken..


EN 50110

EN 50110--11




EN 50110

EN 50110--11


National requirements for National requirements for competence of a skilled competence of a skilled

person are availableperson are available..

E.g. Germany:E.g. Germany:""ElektrofachkraftElektrofachkraft" defined in the " defined in the National Standard VDE1000National Standard VDE1000--1010::

•• Apprenticeship "Electrician"Apprenticeship "Electrician"•• ElectrotechnicianElectrotechnician•• EngineerEngineer

•• + + ExperienceExperience(!)(!)

NoNo National requirements for National requirements for competence of a skilled person competence of a skilled person

are availableare availableThe following criteria shall be used The following criteria shall be used in assessing the competence of in assessing the competence of persons:persons:

•• Knowledge of electricity;Knowledge of electricity;•• Experience of electrical work;Experience of electrical work;•• Understanding of the installation Understanding of the installation to be worked on and practical to be worked on and practical experience of that work;experience of that work;•• Understanding the hazards which Understanding the hazards which can arise during the work and the can arise during the work and the precautions to be observed;precautions to be observed;•• Ability to recognize at all times Ability to recognize at all times whether it is safe to continue whether it is safe to continue working.working.




II. Training of the Crew

1. Crew members with sufficient knowledge (1)

According to the Accident Prevention Regulations (UVV See) crew members with sufficient expert knowledge are ship‘s electro-technician , ship‘s electrician and ship‘s officers with a certificate of technical proficiency as chief engineer or 2. technical engineer. These persons are trained for defined activities concerning the operation and maintenance of electrical plants and equipment.


SeeSee--BGBG

Guidelines for the design of MV

Guidelines for the design of MV--installations

installations

of up to 17,5kV on board of seagoing vessels





1. Crew members with sufficient knowledge (2)

If medium voltage installations are installed on board these

people shall evidence especially that they are trained on the special

arrangement of the medium voltage installations and the possible danger

arising from voltages above 1000 V. This includes a training on the medium

voltage system on board as well as a training course with the authorisation

for switching of medium voltage installations of up to 52 kV.


SeeSee--BGBG



installations





MV MV installationsinstallations3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.3 3.1.3 SkilledSkilled personperson ((electricallyelectrically))

SeeSee--BGBG



installations



2. Training on Medium Voltage Installations on board

The training on medium voltage installations can be supervised by an

experienced member of the crew, which is familiar with the installed

medium voltage system on board and which has the authorisation for

switching medium voltage installations. Furthermore the relevant

manufacturer instructions shall be observed.




SeeSee--BGBG



installations



3. Authorisation for Connecting and

Disconnecting of MV-Installations

At least one crew member mentioned under II.1 shall

have participated successfully a training course of at least 16 hours

on the authorisation for switching medium voltage installations.

............

The aim of such training course is to get the necessary theoretical and

practical knowledge to operate and maintain a medium voltage system

on board safely. The training shall incorporate the following items:




SeeSee--BGBG



installations



- Theoretical Education (1)

Legal aspects,

Steps to get the authorisation for switching,

Accident Prevention Regulations BGV A1 (VBG 1), BGV A2 (VBG 4) including relevant guidelines (national regulations),BGV A 8 (VBG125), European standards, VDE standards (national regulations),

Basics of energy distribution, network designs, kinds of failures, switching devices, types of switch boards, personal protection for operators

6 SF (sulphur fluorine) insulated switchboards




SeeSee--BGBG



installations


of up to 17,5kV on board of seagoing vessels- Theoretical Education (2)

Guidelines for switching VDE 0105, Part 100 “Operation of electrical plants” and especially part 6 “Methods of work” (e.g. the five basic safety rules),

Personal protective equipment, dangers effects of electric current

Explanations

Accomplishment of switching sequences, communication during switching operations

Failure analysis and prevention




SeeSee--BGBG



installations


of up to 17,5kV on board of seagoing vessels- Practical Training

Performing of different exercises like switching off medium voltage devices and the installation of cables

Familiarization and practical training on different air and 6 SF (sulphur fluorine) insulated switchboards.




Definition in accordance with Definition in accordance with EN 50110EN 50110--11

a person adequately a person adequately advised by skilledadvised by skilled persons to enable him or herpersons to enable him or herto to avoid dangersavoid dangers which which electricity may createelectricity may create..

It is of It is of utmost importanceutmost importance (for the instructor and for the instructed person)(for the instructor and for the instructed person)that the instructions are documented in a that the instructions are documented in a written formwritten form and be signed by the and be signed by the instructinstructoorr and the and the instructed personinstructed person..

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.4 3.1.4 InstructedInstructed personperson




A person who is neither a skilled nor an instructed person.A person who is neither a skilled nor an instructed person.

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.5 3.1.5 OrdinaryOrdinary personperson




The association The association has has been foundedbeen founded inin the the years 1884/85years 1884/85..

The association is the responsible body of the The association is the responsible body of the national accident insurancenational accident insurance..

The basic philosophy was (and still is!) that it is The basic philosophy was (and still is!) that it is difficultdifficult for for employeesemployees to make to make demandsdemands on the on the employeremployer in case of accidents.in case of accidents.

Reason:Reason:It It is/wasis/was nearly impossible to proof the guilt. nearly impossible to proof the guilt.

33 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.6 3.1.6 EmployerEmployer´́s liability insurance association (BG)s liability insurance association (BG)




onEarly years:Employee makesdemands

Employer

EmployerToday:Employee makesdemands on

Employer´sliability insurance

associacion(BG)

Employer´sliability insurance

associacion(BG)

Obligatedmembership andfinancing

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.6 3.1.6 EmployerEmployer´́s liability insurance association (BG)s liability insurance association (BG)




The The volumevolume of the demands is depending on the of the demands is depending on the different businessdifferent businessareasareas

e.g.e.g. mminingining

agricultureagriculture

office administrationoffice administration

ITIT

ship constructionship construction

shipping enterprises.shipping enterprises.

The association is divided into The association is divided into more thanmore than 120 business120 business areas.areas.

The yearly The yearly compensationcompensation is shared is shared between the membersbetween the members in the in the different business areas.different business areas.





accidentaccident preventionprevention

safetysafety precautionsprecautionsbusinessbusiness consultingconsultingemployeeemployee´́ss informationinformationtrainingtrainingsupervisingsupervising

compensationcompensation

physicalphysical rehabilitationrehabilitationfinancialfinancial compensationcompensation

double functiondouble functionof the Employerof the Employer´́s liability insurance associations liability insurance association

eacheach accidentaccidentcauses costscauses costs

the association has tothe association has tocompensate the costscompensate the costs





Basic principle:Basic principle:

ItIt´́s better to prevent accidents than to compensate thems better to prevent accidents than to compensate them!!!!





Foundation:Foundation: 18931893

Reason:Reason: The use of electricity The use of electricity cancan cause cause dangersdangers toto people, animals people, animals and objects.and objects.

Activity:Activity: VDE has VDE has developeddeveloped and and established regulationsestablished regulations to prevent to prevent hazards created by the use of electricity.hazards created by the use of electricity.

These regulations have been These regulations have been updated continuouslyupdated continuously; ; theytheyare the are the general accepted electrogeneral accepted electro--technical rulestechnical rules..

Remind:Remind: If an installation has been If an installation has been erectederected in in accordanceaccordance with the with the actual regulationsactual regulations -- there is there is no needno need to to adjustadjust the installations the installations when the regulations will change.when the regulations will change.

ExceptionExceptionAdjustmentAdjustment will only be necessary in special caseswill only be necessary in special casese.g.e.g.: : (former) VDE 0101(former) VDE 0101;;

4.4.: Protection against operating error.4.4.: Protection against operating error.

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.7 3.1.7 VDE VDE -- German German ElectricalElectrical Standard AssociationStandard Association




Basic statement:Basic statement:

If somebody operates his If somebody operates his business accordingbusiness according to the to the generalgeneralaccepted electroaccepted electro--technical standardstechnical standards, he can be sure to act , he can be sure to act legallylegally..

If someIf someoneone does does notnot make use of the general accepted electromake use of the general accepted electro--technical standards technical standards he has to proofhe has to proof that the taken that the taken measuresmeasures areareeven even effectiveeffective..

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.73.1.7 VDE VDE -- German German ElectricalElectrical Standard AssociationStandard Association



MV MV installationsinstallations3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.8 3.1.8 IEC IEC –– International International ElectrotechnicalElectrotechnical CommissionCommission

Founded 1906Founded 1906

NotNot--forfor--profit, non governmental.profit, non governmental.

DevelopDevelops s and distributesand distributes standards for units of metering (SIstandards for units of metering (SI--system).system).

Prepares and publishes International Standards for all electricaPrepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, l, electronic and related technologies.electronic and related technologies.

RelatedRelated to mto more than 130 countries (67 members; 69 participants).ore than 130 countries (67 members; 69 participants).

ItIt´́s the worlds the world´́s leading international organisation in its leading international organisation in it´́s field; more s field; more than 10,000 experts from industry, government, academia, tests lthan 10,000 experts from industry, government, academia, tests labs abs etc involved.etc involved.

IEC standards are adopted to most of the national standards of iIEC standards are adopted to most of the national standards of its ts members.members.

ExampleExample: : IEC 62271IEC 62271--200200 = = VDE 0671VDE 0671--200200



MV MV installationsinstallations3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.1 3.1 BasicsBasics3.1.8 3.1.8 IEC IEC –– International International ElectrotechnicalElectrotechnical CommissionCommission

IECIEC

Au

stra

lia

Au

stra

lia

––Sta

ndar

ds

Aust

ralia

Sta

ndar

ds

Aust

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Can

ad

aC

an

ad

a––

Sta

ndad

sSta

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sCounci

l of Can

ada

Counci

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Adm

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a

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––Ja

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ese

Japan

ese

Indust

rial

In

dust

rial

Sta

ndad

sSta

ndad

sCom

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Germ

an

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erm

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y––

DKE (

VD

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DKE (

VD

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IN)

US

AU

SA

––Am

eric

an N

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Sta

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UK

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Sta

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British

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itute

.............. .............. ............ ............ ............ ............




DIN VDE 0105DIN VDE 0105 <=> EN 50110<=> EN 50110--11

This standard is This standard is applicableapplicable to all to all

operationoperation of and of and work activitywork activity on,on,

with, or near electrical installations.with, or near electrical installations.

Electrical installations operating at Electrical installations operating at

voltage levels from and includingvoltage levels from and including

extraextra--lowlow voltage up to including voltage up to including high high

voltage.voltage.

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.2 3.2 DefinitionsDefinitions




Electrical installationElectrical installation

Includes all Includes all electricalelectrical equipmentequipment which which providesprovides for thefor the generationgeneration, , transmissiontransmission, , conversionconversion, , distributiondistribution and use of electrical energy.and use of electrical energy.It includes energy sources such as batteries, capacitors and allIt includes energy sources such as batteries, capacitors and all otherothersources of stored electrical energy.sources of stored electrical energy.

Nominated personNominated person in control of a in control of a work activitywork activity

Nominated person with Nominated person with ultimate responsibilityultimate responsibility for the for the work activitywork activity..Some of these duties can be delegated to others as required.Some of these duties can be delegated to others as required.

Nominated personNominated person in control of an in control of an electrical installationelectrical installation

Nominated person with Nominated person with ultimate responsibilityultimate responsibility for the for the operationoperation of the electrical of the electrical installation. Some of these duties can be delegated to others asinstallation. Some of these duties can be delegated to others as required.required.





Important to know:Important to know:


The nominated person inThe nominated person in

control of acontrol of a work activitywork activity..

The nominated person in controlThe nominated person in control

of an of an electrical installationelectrical installation..

CCan bean be one and the sameone and the same

person!!person!!




Operating activitiesOperating activities

Operating activitiesOperating activities are designed to are designed to changechange the the electrical stateelectrical state of an electrical of an electrical installation.installation.

There are There are two kindstwo kinds of activities:of activities:

operations intended to modify the electrical stateoperations intended to modify the electrical state of an installation,of an installation,to use an equipment, connect, disconnect, start or stop equipmento use an equipment, connect, disconnect, start or stop equipment t designed to designed to be used without risksbe used without risks so far as itso far as it is reasonably practicalis reasonably practical

disconnecting or reconnecting installations for disconnecting or reconnecting installations for workingworking

Operating activities may be carried out locally or by remote conOperating activities may be carried out locally or by remote control.trol.





OperationOperation

All All activities includingactivities including work work activity necessaryactivity necessary to permit the to permit the electrical installationelectrical installationto functionto function. These activities include such matters as . These activities include such matters as switchingswitching, , controllingcontrolling, , monitoringmonitoring and maintenance as well as both and maintenance as well as both electricalelectrical and and nonnon--electrical workelectrical work..

Work activityWork activity

Any form of Any form of electricalelectrical and and nonnon--electricalelectrical work where there is the work where there is the possibilitypossibility ofofan an electrical hazardelectrical hazard..

Electrical workElectrical work

Work Work onon , , withwith, or , or nearnear an an electrical installationelectrical installation such as testing and measurement, such as testing and measurement, repairingrepairing, , replacingreplacing, , modifyingmodifying, , extendingextending, , maintainingmaintaining and and inspectinginspecting..

NonNon--electricalelectrical workwork

Work near to an electrical installation such as Work near to an electrical installation such as constructionconstruction, , excavationexcavation, , cleaningcleaning, , paintingpainting, etc., etc.





Before starting any work it shall be plannedBefore starting any work it shall be planned

According to the According to the basic principlesbasic principles, either the , either the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the electrical electrical installationinstallation or the or the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the work activitywork activityshall ensure that shall ensure that specificspecific and and detailed instructionsdetailed instructions are given to the are given to the personnelpersonnelcarrying out the work carrying out the work before starting and completing the work.before starting and completing the work.

Before starting workBefore starting work, the nominated , the nominated personperson in control of the in control of the work activitywork activity shall shall give give notificationnotification to the nominated to the nominated personperson in control of the electrical in control of the electrical installationinstallation, , of the of the naturenature, , placeplace and and consequencesconsequences to the electrical installation of indented to the electrical installation of indented work. It iswork. It is preferable that this notification is given in writing, especiallpreferable that this notification is given in writing, especially for y for complex work.complex work.

OnlyOnly the nominated the nominated personperson in control of the in control of the electrical installationelectrical installation shall shall givegivepermissionpermission for the work to be carried out. This procedure shall also be fofor the work to be carried out. This procedure shall also be followed llowed in the case of any in the case of any interruptioninterruption of the work activity and at the end of the work.of the work activity and at the end of the work.

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.3 3.3 WorkingWorking proceduresprocedures




Working procedures are divided into three different procedures:Working procedures are divided into three different procedures:

dead working (see dead working (see EN 50110EN 50110--1; 1; 6.2)6.2)

live working (see live working (see EN 50110EN 50110--1; 1; 6.3)6.3)

working in the vicinity of live working in the vicinity of live parts (see parts (see EN 50110EN 50110--1; 1; 6.4)6.4)

All these procedures are based on the use of protective measuresAll these procedures are based on the use of protective measures against against electric shockelectric shock and/or the effects of short circuits and arcing.and/or the effects of short circuits and arcing.

Not part of this courseNot part of this course!!

3 3 Operation of MV installationsOperation of MV installations3.3 3.3 Working proceduresWorking procedures




This sub clause deals with essential requirements This sub clause deals with essential requirements ((""the five safety rulesthe five safety rules""))for ensuring that the electrical installation at the work locatifor ensuring that the electrical installation at the work location ison is

deaddead

securesecuredd for the for the durationduration of the workof the work..

After the respective installations have After the respective installations have been identifiedbeen identified the following the following five essential five essential requirementsrequirements shall beshall be undertaken in the undertaken in the specified orderspecified order unlessunless there are there are essential essential reasonsreasons for doing otherwise: for doing otherwise:

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.3 3.3 WorkingWorking proceduresprocedures3.3.1 3.3.1 DeadDead workingworking




disconnect completelydisconnect completely

secure against resecure against re--connectionconnection

verify that the installation is deadverify that the installation is dead

carry out earthing and short circuitingcarry out earthing and short circuiting

provide protection against adjacent live partsprovide protection against adjacent live parts

Permission to Permission to startstart work shall be given by the nominated work shall be given by the nominated personperson in controlin controlof the electrical of the electrical installationinstallation to the nominated to the nominated personperson of any of any work activitywork activity..

Any person Any person engagedengaged in this work activity shall be in this work activity shall be skilledskilled or or instructedinstructed or shallor shallbe be supervisedsupervised by such a personby such a person..

Order??Order??





1. 1. Disconnect completelyDisconnect completely

TThe he partpart of the installation on which work is to be carried out shall beof the installation on which work is to be carried out shall beisolatedisolated from from all sourcesall sources of supply.of supply.

The The isolationisolation shall take a form of an shall take a form of an air gapair gap or or equally effective isolationequally effective isolationwhich will ensure that the point of isolation which will ensure that the point of isolation does not fail electricallydoes not fail electrically..

PartsParts of the electrical installation still carrying of the electrical installation still carrying voltage after complete voltage after complete disconnectiondisconnection of the installation, for example of the installation, for example capacitorscapacitors and and cablescables,,shall be shall be dischargeddischarged with suitable devices.with suitable devices.





2. Secure against re2. Secure against re--connectionconnection (1)(1)

All All switching devicesswitching devices have been have been used to isolateused to isolate an electrical installation an electrical installation for work activity shall be for work activity shall be secured against resecured against re--connectionconnection preferably by preferably by lockinglocking the operating mechanism. In the the operating mechanism. In the absenceabsence of locking facilities, of locking facilities, equivalent prohibitive actionsequivalent prohibitive actions in accordance with established practice, in accordance with established practice, shall be taken in order to secure against reshall be taken in order to secure against re--connection.connection.

If an If an auxiliary powerauxiliary power source is required for operation of the switching source is required for operation of the switching device, this device, this power source shall be made inoperativepower source shall be made inoperative..





2. Secure against re2. Secure against re--connection (2)connection (2)

NoticesNotices shall be shall be attachedattached to forbid interferencesto forbid interferences..

Where Where remote control devicesremote control devices are used to secure against reare used to secure against re--connection connection local operationlocal operation of devices shall be prevented.of devices shall be prevented.

All signalling and interlocking systems used for this purpose shAll signalling and interlocking systems used for this purpose shall be all be reliable.reliable.

NoteNote::By definition the By definition the insulating protective devicesinsulating protective devices are are not devicesnot devices to secure against to secure against rere--connection!connection!





3. Verify that the installation is dead 3. Verify that the installation is dead

The The dead conditiondead condition shall be shall be verifiedverified on on all polesall poles of the electrical of the electrical installation at or installation at or as nearas near as practicableas practicable to the work location.to the work location.

This condition for parts of the installation which have been isoThis condition for parts of the installation which have been isolated shall lated shall be verified in be verified in accordanceaccordance with the with the practicepractice laid down in laid down in local local instructionsinstructions. These include for example the use of . These include for example the use of voltage indicating voltage indicating devicesdevices built into the equipmentbuilt into the equipment and/or use of separately applied and/or use of separately applied detecting devicesdetecting devices. . These devices shall be proved at least immediately These devices shall be proved at least immediately before use and preferably after use.before use and preferably after use.

In case of In case of cable connected electrical installationscable connected electrical installations, if the cables cannot , if the cables cannot be be positively identifiedpositively identified at the work location, other means of ensuring at the work location, other means of ensuring safety shall be adopted in accordance with safety shall be adopted in accordance with established local practiceestablished local practice..

This may include the use of This may include the use of suitable cable cuttingsuitable cable cutting or piercing devices.or piercing devices.





44. Earthing and short. Earthing and short--circuitingcircuiting

General (1)General (1)

At the work location of At the work location of all highall high and and some low installationssome low installations, all parts , all parts which are to be worked on shall be which are to be worked on shall be earthedearthed and and shortshort--circuitedcircuited..

Earthing and shortEarthing and short--circuiting equipment or devices shall be circuiting equipment or devices shall be firstfirstconnected to the connected to the earthing pointearthing point and and thanthan to the to the componentscomponents to be to be earthed.earthed.

The earthing and shortThe earthing and short--circuiting equipment or devices shall be circuiting equipment or devices shall be visiblevisible, , whenever possiblewhenever possible, from the work location. , from the work location. OtherwiseOtherwise, the earth , the earth connections shall be applied connections shall be applied as closeas close to the work location as to the work location as reasonably reasonably practical.practical.






General (General (22))

Where during the course of the work activity Where during the course of the work activity conductors are to be brokenconductors are to be brokenor or jointjoint and there is danger from and there is danger from potential differencespotential differences on the installation, on the installation, suitable measuressuitable measures such as such as bonding and/or earthingbonding and/or earthing shall be taken at the shall be taken at the work location work location beforebefore the the conductorsconductors are are brokenbroken or or joinjoineded..

In all cases it has to be In all cases it has to be ensuredensured that the earthing and shortthat the earthing and short--circuiting circuiting equipmentequipment or or devicesdevices and cables and connectors for bonding used for and cables and connectors for bonding used for this purpose are this purpose are suitablesuitable and and adequately matchedadequately matched to the to the fault ratingfault rating of of the electrical installation where they are installed.the electrical installation where they are installed.

Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the Precautions shall be taken to ensure that the earthearths s remain secureremain secure duringduringthe time the work is in progress.the time the work is in progress.

If during measurement or testing the earth connections are If during measurement or testing the earth connections are removedremovedspecial precautionsspecial precautions to prevent danger shall be taken.to prevent danger shall be taken.






Requirements for Requirements for high voltage installationshigh voltage installations (1)(1)

For bare overhead lines and For bare overhead lines and bare conductorsbare conductors, earthing and short, earthing and short--circuiting shall circuiting shall be be carried outcarried out on on all sidesall sides of the work location on of the work location on all conductors entering this all conductors entering this locationlocation; ; at least oneat least one of the earthing and shortof the earthing and short--circuiting equipment or device circuiting equipment or device shall be shall be visiblevisible from the work location. These rules have the following from the work location. These rules have the following exceptionsexceptions::

for a specific work activity, where there is for a specific work activity, where there is no break in conductorsno break in conductorsduring work, the installation of during work, the installation of a single earthing and shorta single earthing and short--circuitingcircuitingdevice at the work location is device at the work location is acceptableacceptable

where it where it iis s not possible to seenot possible to see earthing and shortearthing and short--circuiting equipment circuiting equipment or device at the limits of the work location earthing equipment or device at the limits of the work location earthing equipment or device or device or or additional signalling devicesadditional signalling devices or any or any otherother equipment equipment identificationidentificationshall be providedshall be provided





5. Protection against adjacent live parts5. Protection against adjacent live parts

If there are If there are partsparts of an electrical installation in the vicinity of a live part ofof an electrical installation in the vicinity of a live part of the the

work location that work location that cannot be made deadcannot be made dead, then special additional , then special additional precautionsprecautions are are

necessary and shall be necessary and shall be applied before work startsapplied before work starts as detailed inas detailed in

next subnext sub--clauseclause 3.3.2: "W3.3.2: "Workingorking in the vicinity of live partsin the vicinity of live parts""..





Work activities in the vicinity of live parts with nominal voltaWork activities in the vicinity of live parts with nominal voltages above ges above 50V a.c50V a.c. or 120V d.c. shall only be . or 120V d.c. shall only be carried outcarried out, when , when safety measures safety measures ensureensure that that live partlive part cannot be cannot be touchedtouched or or livelive working zoneworking zone cannot becannot bereachedreached..

Values of distances DValues of distances DVV can be found in national documents (VDE 0105can be found in national documents (VDE 0105andand BGV A3):BGV A3):

3 3 Operation of MV Operation of MV installationsinstallations3.3 3.3 WorkingWorking proceduresprocedures3.3.2 3.3.2 WorkingWorking in in thethe vicinityvicinity of live of live partsparts




DIN VDE 0105 T.100 Tab. 101 und BGV A2 Tab. 2: GefahrenzoneNetz-Nennspannung

Un(Effektivwert)kV

Äussere Grenze der GefahrenzoneInnenraumanlage Freiluftanlage

DL1) (Abstand in Luft)

mm

Bemessungs-Steh-Blitz-/Schaltstossspannung

Uimp (Scheitelwert)kV

<1 Keine Berührung 43 60 120 406 90 120 60

10 120 150 7515 160 9520 220 12530 320 17036 380 20045 480 25066 630 32570 750 380

110 1100 550132 1300 650150 1500 750220 2100 1050275 2400 850380 2900/3400 950/1050480 4100 1175700 6400 1550

1) Werte sind für die höchste Bemessungs-Stehstossspannung (Blitz- oder Schaltstossspannung)angegeben; weitere Werte für niedrigere Bemessungsspannungen siehe E DIN EN 50179(VDE0101)

Live Live working

working zonezone

NominatedNominated

voltagevoltage

Distance in air

Distance in air





bare live bare live partpart

live live workingworking zonezone(120 mm / 10 kV)(120 mm / 10 kV)(90mm / 6 kV)(90mm / 6 kV)

vicinityvicinity zonezone

DV

DL

DDLL:: distance distance defining the outer limit of the live working zonedefining the outer limit of the live working zone

DvDv: distance defining the outer limit of the vicinity zone: distance defining the outer limit of the vicinity zone





Permission to start workPermission to start work

The authorization of the The authorization of the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the installationinstallation is a is a necessary condition. The permission to start work shall be givennecessary condition. The permission to start work shall be given to the workersto the workers

only by the only by the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the work activitywork activity andand

only after the measures detailed in the only after the measures detailed in the ""five safety rulesfive safety rules"" have been have been carried outcarried out

NoteNoteNormally for Normally for HVHV work, work, formal written detailsformal written details of disconnections of disconnections earthingsearthings, where , where appropriate, should be used to appropriate, should be used to avoid misunderstandingsavoid misunderstandings..





ReRe--energizing after work (1)energizing after work (1)

After the work has been After the work has been completed and inspectedcompleted and inspected, persons no , persons no longer requiredlonger requiredshall be shall be notifiednotified that work is that work is completedcompleted, no more work is permitted and shall, no more work is permitted and shallbe be withdrawnwithdrawn. All . All toolstools, , equipmentequipment and and devicesdevices used during the work shall be used during the work shall be removedremoved. Only then shall the procedure for re. Only then shall the procedure for re--energizing be commenced.energizing be commenced.

all all earthingearthing and and and and safety equipmentsafety equipment and/or devices at work location and/or devices at work location shall be shall be removedremoved,,

starting starting fromfrom the the work locationwork location and and progressing outwardsprogressing outwards, the earthing , the earthing equipment and/or device that where applied to the electrical insequipment and/or device that where applied to the electrical installation tallation shall be shall be removedremoved,,

all all lockslocks and and other devicesother devices, which where used to prevent r, which where used to prevent reeconnection connection shall be shall be removedremoved,,

all all signssigns used for the work activity shall be used for the work activity shall be removedremoved..





ReRe--energizing after work (energizing after work (22))

As soon as As soon as one(!)one(!) of these actions taken to make the electrical of these actions taken to make the electrical installation safe for work has installation safe for work has been reversedbeen reversed this part of electrical this part of electrical installation shall be installation shall be regarded as liveregarded as live..

When the When the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the work activitywork activity is satisfied is satisfied that the electrical installation is that the electrical installation is ready to be reready to be re--energizedenergized, notification , notification shall be madeshall be made to the to the nominated personnominated person in control of the in control of the electrical inelectrical in--stallationstallation, stating that the work, stating that the work is is finishedfinished and the electrical installation and the electrical installation is is availableavailable for for rere--connectionconnection..





Access to synchronous Generators:Access to synchronous Generators:

Five safety rules shall be applied completely.Five safety rules shall be applied completely.

Secure that the Secure that the ddieseliesel can not be started.can not be started.

E.g.E.g.

Close the starting air valve.Close the starting air valve.

Open Open thethe drainagedrainage valvevalve..

Disable slow turning function were applicable.Disable slow turning function were applicable.

ExciterExciter--windinwindingg shall be switched off and short circuited.shall be switched off and short circuited.

Stand still heating shall be switched off.Stand still heating shall be switched off.





Access to propulsion converters:Access to propulsion converters:

Five safety rules shall be applied completely on the primary sidFive safety rules shall be applied completely on the primary side of the e of the propulsion Transformer.propulsion Transformer.

DC link shall be discharged completely.DC link shall be discharged completely.

DisconnectorDisconnector between motor and converter shall be opened.between motor and converter shall be opened.

In absence of such a In absence of such a disconnectordisconnector::

Shaft shall be lockedShaft shall be locked..

Exciter winding shall be short short circuitedExciter winding shall be short short circuited..

Five safety rules shall be applied completely on the AC side of Five safety rules shall be applied completely on the AC side of the the converter.converter.

Five safety rules shall be applied to the motor side of the convFive safety rules shall be applied to the motor side of the converter.erter.

Make sure that the standstill heating and other auxiliary supplyMake sure that the standstill heating and other auxiliary supply is is switched off (if necessary)switched off (if necessary)..





TT

MM

ACACDCDC

XX

DCDCACAC

DischargeDischarge!!!!

11

22

33

3a3a

ExcExc. . WindingWinding..Short Short cicuitedcicuited

44

55





4.1 4.1 Basics of the accident prevention and safety rulesBasics of the accident prevention and safety rules

4.2 Internal Organisation of work safety4.2 Internal Organisation of work safety

4.34.3 First Aid and Fire FightingFirst Aid and Fire Fighting

4.44.4 InstructionInstruction

44 AccidentAccident preventionprevention

ContentContent




Under the responsibility of the German EmployerUnder the responsibility of the German Employer´́s liability insurance s liability insurance association (association (BGBG) we record annually about:) we record annually about:

11..5 Mio accidents5 Mio accidents

4040,,000 cases of life000 cases of life--/long/long--term accident annuityterm accident annuity

11,,700 fatal accidents700 fatal accidents

During this 2 dayDuring this 2 day´́s course happen about:s course happen about:

88,,000 accidents000 accidents

200 cases of life200 cases of life--/long/long--term annuityterm annuity

10 fatal accidents10 fatal accidents


The accident prevention in The accident prevention in EuropeEurope is on a quite high level but there is stillis on a quite high level but there is stilla good reason to maintain or to improve ita good reason to maintain or to improve it. .

4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.1 4.1 Basics Basics of the of the accidentaccident preventionprevention and sand safetyafety rulesrules




The safety rules of the employerThe safety rules of the employer´́s liability insurance association (BG):s liability insurance association (BG):

Autonomous/independent regulationsAutonomous/independent regulations,,

worked out and decided by the BGworked out and decided by the BG,,

approved by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affaires and publiapproved by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affaires and publishedshedin the official announcement of the German Governmentin the official announcement of the German Government,,

legal basis for employers, the managers and the employees of thelegal basis for employers, the managers and the employees of themembers of the BGmembers of the BG,,

supervised by the BGsupervised by the BG,,

cases of noncases of non--observance can cause sanctions and liabilityobservance can cause sanctions and liability..





SeeSee--BerufsgenossenschaftBerufsgenossenschaftAccident Prevention RegulationsAccident Prevention Regulations

for Shipping Enterprisesfor Shipping EnterprisesUVV SeeUVV See

(600 (600 pagespages in force in force sincesince 1981)1981)

Preventive OccupationalPreventive OccupationalMedical MeasuresMedical Measures

(VBG 100)(VBG 100)with Implementation Instructionswith Implementation Instructions

First AidFirst Aid(VBG 109)(VBG 109)

with Implementation Instructionswith Implementation Instructions


SeeSee--BGBG--ccontentontent is is in linein line with the with the

basic regulations basic regulations BGV A1, BGV A3BGV A1, BGV A3 ofof

tthe he EmployerEmployer´́s liability insurances liability insurance

association association and EN 50110and EN 50110--11




UVV SeeUVV See

includes includes general regulations of the accident preventiongeneral regulations of the accident prevention and First Aid and First Aid requirementsrequirements;;

is is conformconform with the basic regulations, definitions and terminology, with the basic regulations, definitions and terminology, Classification Rules of Classification Rules of GermanischerGermanischer Lloyd and technical standardsLloyd and technical standardsas DIN, VDE, IEC and ENas DIN, VDE, IEC and EN;;

defines sodefines so--called called safety goalssafety goals;;

includes "includes "implementation instructionsimplementation instructions" " –– concrete concrete examplesexamples of howof howthe standard might be realized in practical situationsthe standard might be realized in practical situations;;

points out clearly, that the rules and regulations are points out clearly, that the rules and regulations are obligatoryobligatory forforthe employer, management and the employeesthe employer, management and the employees..




MV MV installationsinstallationsI. General RegulationsI. General RegulationsA. Scope of Application; DefinitionsA. Scope of Application; Definitions§§ 1 Scope of Application 271 Scope of Application 27§§ 2 Definition of Equipment 282 Definition of Equipment 28B. General Duties of the EmployerB. General Duties of the Employer§§ 3 General Requirements 293 General Requirements 29§§ 3 a First Aid 303 a First Aid 30§§ 4 Deviations from the Accident Prevention Regulations 4 Deviations from the Accident Prevention Regulations 3131§§ 4 a Requirements for Personal Protective Equipment 314 a Requirements for Personal Protective Equipment 31§§ 5 Provision of Personal Protective Equipment5 Provision of Personal Protective Equipment 3232§§ 5 a Use of Personal Protective Equipment 375 a Use of Personal Protective Equipment 37§§ 6 Awarding of Contracts 386 Awarding of Contracts 38§§ 7 Coordination of Work 387 Coordination of Work 38§§ 8 Instruction of the Insured Persons 398 Instruction of the Insured Persons 39§§ 8 a Operating Manuals, Labels, Notes, Instructions,8 a Operating Manuals, Labels, Notes, Instructions,Prohibitions 41Prohibitions 41§§ 9 Dangerous Work 429 Dangerous Work 42§§ 10 Danger by Intoxication 4310 Danger by Intoxication 43§§ 11 Encouraging the Assistance of Insured Persons 4311 Encouraging the Assistance of Insured Persons 43§§ 12 Safety Warden 4312 Safety Warden 43§§ 13 Surveyors according to 13 Surveyors according to §§ 18 SBG VII 4618 SBG VII 46§§ 14 Obligation to Provide Information 4714 Obligation to Provide Information 47§§ 15 Operational surveyor 4715 Operational surveyor 47§§ 16 Additional Duties of the Employer 4716 Additional Duties of the Employer 47§§ 17 Delegation of Duties 4717 Delegation of Duties 47

C. General Duties of Insured Persons§ 18 Observance of Instructions of the employer 51

§ 19 Use of Personal Protective Equipment 51

§ 20 Use of Appliances 52

§ 21 Rectifying of Deficiencies 52

§ 22 Prohibited Stay in Dangerous Areas 53

§ 23 Danger of Being Locked In 53

§ 24 Keeping Passages and Exits Clear 53

§ 25 Stairs and Doors 53

§ 26 Abuse of Alcohol 54

§ 27 Clothing 55

§ 28 Garbage Disposal 56

§ 29 Use of Spray Cans 57

4 UVV-See

§ 30 Ropes and Running Rigging 57

§ 31 Watchkeeping Duties 57

§ 32 Master 57

§ 33 Weather Reports and Navigational Warnings 57

§ 34 Drills 58



MV MV installationsinstallations4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.1 4.1 Basics Basics of the of the accidentaccident preventionprevention and sand safetyafety rulesrules

The employerThe employer

shall shall take measurestake measures in order to in order to preventprevent occupational occupational accidents, occupational diseases and workaccidents, occupational diseases and work--relatedrelated danger to danger to health as well as for an effective First Aidhealth as well as for an effective First Aid..

TheThe injuredinjured personperson

shallshall support all measuressupport all measures for preventionfor prevention ofof occupational accidents, occupational accidents, occupational diseases and workoccupational diseases and work--relatedrelated danger to health as well as danger to health as well as for an effective First Aid, and follow thefor an effective First Aid, and follow the corresponding instructions of corresponding instructions of the employerthe employer..





shall shall provide provide protectiveprotective equipmentequipment and give instructions which and give instructions which shall complyshall comply with the requirements of the Accident Prevention with the requirements of the Accident Prevention RegulationsRegulations..

TheThe injuredinjured personperson shallshall

wearwear the the personal protective equipmentpersonal protective equipment that has been placed at that has been placed at theirtheir disposaldisposal,,

check that the personal protective equipmentcheck that the personal protective equipment is in a is in a satisfactory satisfactory conditioncondition,,

inform the employer of any inform the employer of any deficienciesdeficiencies detected in personal detected in personal protective equipment without delay.protective equipment without delay.





The employer shall The employer shall issue instructionsissue instructions to insured persons aboutto insured persons aboutthe the dangersdangers associated with their work activities and aboutassociated with their work activities and aboutcorresponding accidentcorresponding accident--prevention arrangementsprevention arrangements before before employmentemployment commences.commences.

The instruction must be issued The instruction must be issued beforebefore thethe personal protective personal protective equipment is brought into service for the equipment is brought into service for the firstfirst timetime. The . The issuing of instructions must be issuing of instructions must be repeatedrepeated wheneverwhenever necessary necessary (at least once a year, however) and at regular intervals.(at least once a year, however) and at regular intervals.


follow allfollow all instructionsinstructions (including any additional directions issued by (including any additional directions issued by thethe employer) relating to the proper use and maintenance of theemployer) relating to the proper use and maintenance of theequipmentequipment;;

notnot followfollow instructions which are instructions which are contrarycontrary toto safe working practicesafe working practice..





The employer shall The employer shall ensureensure that persons who through the that persons who through the consumptionconsumption of of drugs or alcoholdrugs or alcohol could be a could be a dangerdanger to others to others oror themselves are withdrawn from duty and removed fromthemselves are withdrawn from duty and removed fromworkingworking areasareas


shall shall not consumenot consume so much so much alcoholalcohol that theythat they could be a danger to could be a danger to themselves or to others.themselves or to others.




IfIf tthe employerhe employer

employer has employer has delegateddelegated any of his duties regarding preventionany of his duties regarding preventionof occupational accidents, occupational diseases and workof occupational accidents, occupational diseases and work--relatedrelated danger to health, he shall danger to health, he shall confirmconfirm this in this in writingwritingwithout delay. Thiswithout delay. This confirmation shall be confirmation shall be signedsigned by the person by the person to whom the duties haveto whom the duties have been been assignedassigned; the ; the rangerange of duties of duties and the extent of the assigneeand the extent of the assignee’’ss authority shall be authority shall be describeddescribed in in the confirmation. The assignee shallthe confirmation. The assignee shall be provided with a be provided with a copycopyof the written confirmation.of the written confirmation.




Responsible managers/seniors/superiors.Responsible managers/seniors/superiors.

These person are heading entities of enterprises under their owThese person are heading entities of enterprises under their own n responsibility.responsibility.

This This includesincludes doubtless (in accordance with the lawdoubtless (in accordance with the law)) the the responsibilityresponsibility for for work work safetysafety for the according part of the enterprise.for the according part of the enterprise.

There is There is no way outno way out of this responsibility!of this responsibility!

Not a Not a oneone--sided statementsided statement ("("II dondon´́t accept this responsibility" or "t accept this responsibility" or "II´́m not m not gettinggetting papaiid for thisd for this....") or any clause in the work contract could lead to an ") or any clause in the work contract could lead to an exception.exception.

A person heading a part of an enterprise is responsible for the A person heading a part of an enterprise is responsible for the workworksafety of this part!! Otherwise: He/She has to refusesafety of this part!! Otherwise: He/She has to refuse the job!the job!

4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.2 4.2 Internal Internal organisationorganisation of of workwork safetysafety




Paper to drive employerPaper to drive employer´́s responsibility to managers/ seniors/superiorss responsibility to managers/ seniors/superiors..

Mrs./Mr. .......Mrs./Mr. .......

In the area of your business responsibility (.......)In the area of your business responsibility (.......)

You are You are chargedcharged to take the to take the employeremployer´́s responsibilitys responsibility for the for the work safetywork safety..

In charge of that you have toIn charge of that you have to

give ordersgive orders and to take measures to ensure work safety accordinglyand to take measures to ensure work safety accordingly

supervisesupervise your staff acting in line with the safety rulesyour staff acting in line with the safety rules

to to report any shortagesreport any shortages of safety to your responsible manager of safety to your responsible manager withoutwithout aanyny delaydelay

You are kindly requested to sign this paper and return it to ...You are kindly requested to sign this paper and return it to ....... ..... .

ManagerManager´́s Signatures Signature CompanyCompany´́s signatures signature





Safety wardenSafety warden

The employer shall nominate at least The employer shall nominate at least one safetyone safety warden onwarden on vessels with betweenvessels with between55 and and 2020 crew members. On vessels with crew members. On vessels with moremore than than 2020 crew members, at least crew members, at least oneone safety warden shall be nominated for the safety warden shall be nominated for the deckdeck area and area and oneone for the for the machinerymachineryarea.area.

(No manager, no person fulfils duties of the employer, no safety(No manager, no person fulfils duties of the employer, no safety engineer, safety engineer, safety

technician or safety foremantechnician or safety foreman!!!!))..

The employer shall ensure that the safety wardens are able toThe employer shall ensure that the safety wardens are able to fulfil their duties. fulfil their duties. Accordingly, he shall enable them to participateAccordingly, he shall enable them to participate in operational inspection and in operational inspection and investigations of accidents; the safetyinvestigations of accidents; the safety warden shall be informed of the findingswarden shall be informed of the findingsof any such operationalof any such operational inspection or accident investigation. Upon his request,inspection or accident investigation. Upon his request,the employerthe employer shall allow him to examine the technical findings of the surveyoshall allow him to examine the technical findings of the surveyorr..





In line with the safety regulations it is necessary tIn line with the safety regulations it is necessary to o skill the staff inskill the staff in

first aid in generalfirst aid in general,,

dangers created by electricitydangers created by electricity,,

first aid in case of electrical accidentsfirst aid in case of electrical accidents,,

fire protection and fire fightingfire protection and fire fighting..

The staff has to be trained in these subjects by intervals of 1 The staff has to be trained in these subjects by intervals of 1 to maximal 2 years.to maximal 2 years.

In practice it is useful to train In practice it is useful to train

how to apply artificial respirationhow to apply artificial respiration,,

how to apply reanimation of heart activity how to apply reanimation of heart activity and and thethe blood circulation.blood circulation.

4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.3 4.3 First First aidaid and and firefire fightingfighting




Effects of electric current (1)Effects of electric current (1)

Accidents caused by electricityAccidents caused by electricity

Accidents caused by Accidents caused by electrical currentelectrical current (Ampere (A))(Ampere (A))passingpassing a a human bodyhuman body or or partsparts of it (of it (classic classic „„electrical accidentelectrical accident““).).

Effects by an Effects by an electrical arcelectrical arc (heat, radiation (UV), blinding).(heat, radiation (UV), blinding).

Succeeding effectsSucceeding effects like falls from a ladder, crashes .. etc.like falls from a ladder, crashes .. etc.





When does the current run through the human body?When does the current run through the human body?

Electric current can only Electric current can only flow in a closed circuit (loop).flow in a closed circuit (loop).

Persons are endangered if they become Persons are endangered if they become partpart of the of the circuitcircuit in any kind.in any kind.

between between phase and earthphase and earth

between between two phasestwo phases

iin case of touch of n case of touch of faultyfaulty electric electric installationsinstallations or equipmentor equipment

ImpedanceImpedance1,000 Ohm1,000 Ohm

ImpedanceImpedance1,000 Ohm1,000 Ohm





Effects of electric current (Effects of electric current (22))

The effect caused by an electric shock depends onThe effect caused by an electric shock depends on

strength of the currentstrength of the current,,

type of current (impulse, AC, DC)type of current (impulse, AC, DC),,

VoltageVoltage,,

way through the human bodyway through the human body (grade of (grade of affectingaffecting the heartthe heart),),

ddurationuration,,

ffrequencyrequency..






Possible effectsPossible effects::

PPhysiologicalhysiological processes or defectsprocesses or defectsii.e. muscle cramps, respiratory paralysis (breathing defects), af.e. muscle cramps, respiratory paralysis (breathing defects), affected fected cardiac function (ventricular fibrillation, cardiac failure)cardiac function (ventricular fibrillation, cardiac failure)..

PPhysicalhysical damagesdamagesi.e. heat => loss of liquid, burns of various degreesi.e. heat => loss of liquid, burns of various degrees..

CChemicalhemical processesprocessesi.e. electrolysis => damage or destruction of cells, paralysis oi.e. electrolysis => damage or destruction of cells, paralysis of cell liquidsf cell liquids..






Figures of physiological effects of electric currentFigures of physiological effects of electric current

perception with the tongueperception with the tongue > 4.0 to 5.0*10> 4.0 to 5.0*10--66 AA

perception with the fingersperception with the fingers > 1.0 to 1.5*10> 1.0 to 1.5*10--33 AA

cross value cramping hand/musclescross value cramping hand/muscles woman > 6*10woman > 6*10--33 AAmen > 9*10men > 9*10--33 AA

breathing problems or failuresbreathing problems or failures > 20*10> 20*10--33 AA

ventricular fibrillationventricular fibrillation > 50*10> 50*10--33 AA






The human body is very sensitive for AC with low frequency (45 tThe human body is very sensitive for AC with low frequency (45 to 65 Hz)o 65 Hz)..

A current passing the human body A current passing the human body handhand => => handhand (crossing the heart)(crossing the heart)

above 0above 0..5 Ampere is 5 Ampere is fatalfatal..

The resistance of a human body The resistance of a human body handhand => => handhand is about is about 11,,000 Ohm.000 Ohm.

If the bodyIf the body comecomess ininto to contact with contact with 66,,000 V,000 V,

tthe current will be due the Ohmhe current will be due the Ohm´́ss Law:Law:

66,,000 V000 V= = 6 Ampere6 Ampere which is 12 times the which is 12 times the fatalfatal value.value.

11,,000 Ohm000 Ohm




MV MV installationsinstallations4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.3 4.3 First First aidaid and and firefire fightingfighting




Section 1Section 1 usually no physical reactions up to the level of perceptionusually no physical reactions up to the level of perception

Section 2Section 2 usually no physiological effects up to the level that the affectusually no physiological effects up to the level that the affected ed person is unable to come away from the electric sourceperson is unable to come away from the electric source

Section 3Section 3 usually no sustainable organic damages. Increasing usually no sustainable organic damages. Increasing values of values of time and strength of the current can cause reversible organic time and strength of the current can cause reversible organic troubles and irritations up to temporary cardiac failuretroubles and irritations up to temporary cardiac failure

Section 4Section 4 ventricular fibrillation is to be expected. Increasing values ofventricular fibrillation is to be expected. Increasing values oftime and strength of effective current will cause serious time and strength of effective current will cause serious physiological effects as total cardiac failure, failure of breatphysiological effects as total cardiac failure, failure of breathing hing functions, serious burnsfunctions, serious burns





In line with the safety rules of the UVV See (In line with the safety rules of the UVV See (§§8, instruction of the insured 8, instruction of the insured persons) the employer has to ensure that the persons) the employer has to ensure that the employees are instructedemployees are instructed about about hazards which can occur in the job hazards which can occur in the job -- and the measures to avoid them.and the measures to avoid them.

Frequency: At least once a yearFrequency: At least once a year

Topics could be:Topics could be:

EExamplexample of accidents happened in realityof accidents happened in reality,,

special guest or slides from the employerspecial guest or slides from the employer´́s liability insurance association s liability insurance association (BG).(BG).

The instructions The instructions shallshall be be documenteddocumented..

4 4 AccidentAccident preventionprevention4.4 4.4 InstructionInstruction




bad bad example

example





Bad Bad exampleexample!!!!!!!!





bad bad example

example





General commentsGeneral comments (1)(1)

CommunicationCommunication

includes includes allall informationinformation whichwhich is passed or exchanged between persons i.e.is passed or exchanged between persons i.e.

by spoken word (including telephone, personal radio or person toby spoken word (including telephone, personal radio or person to

person),person),

in writing (includingin writing (including faxfax, , mailmail)),,

visually (including visual display units etcvisually (including visual display units etc..))..

BeforeBefore any work activity any work activity startsstarts, the nominated person in control of the , the nominated person in control of the electrical electrical

installationinstallation shall be shall be informedinformed of the intended work.of the intended work.

55 CommunicationCommunication





All necessary information such asAll necessary information such as

network arrangements,network arrangements,

the status of switchgear (on, off, earthedthe status of switchgear (on, off, earthed, , disconnecteddisconnected),),

the position of the safety devices,the position of the safety devices,

to permit safe operation of the electrical installation shall beto permit safe operation of the electrical installation shall be transmitted by a transmitted by a

notificationnotification..

All notifications shall include the name and, if necessary, the All notifications shall include the name and, if necessary, the location providing location providing

the information.the information.






To avoid errors when information is transmittedTo avoid errors when information is transmitted

verballyverbally -- the recipient shall repeat the informationthe recipient shall repeat the information

back to theback to the sender, who shall confirm that it hassender, who shall confirm that it has

been correctlybeen correctly received and understoodreceived and understood..

!!


!!




MisunderstandingsMisunderstandings

In every language there is a certain potential for In every language there is a certain potential for misunderstandingsmisunderstandings –– different different understandings for the same word understandings for the same word -- which is which is not a problemnot a problem the the dailydailyconversationconversation..

But if we want to communicate in order to But if we want to communicate in order to operate electrical installationsoperate electrical installationswe have make use of terms which we have make use of terms which excludeexclude misunderstandings.misunderstandings.

One precondition is a One precondition is a clear indicationclear indication of the equipment and the devices of the equipment and the devices ––doubledouble indications and indications and missingmissing indications are not acceptableindications are not acceptable..





During the operation of electrical installationDuring the operation of electrical installationss we have basically to divide intowe have basically to divide into

verbally information in order verbally information in order informinform about planned actionabout planned actions s andand

verbally information in order to verbally information in order to guideguide the person acting in the the person acting in the installation correctly and doubtless to the required actionsinstallation correctly and doubtless to the required actions..





First First stepstep

Information Information in order in order to to inform about planned actioninform about planned action::

SShall hall prepareprepare the planned actionsthe planned actions,,

explainexplain state and the arrangements in a electrical installationstate and the arrangements in a electrical installationto the involved personsto the involved persons,,

point outpoint out the responsibility of the involved personsthe responsibility of the involved persons,,

shall be shall be briefbrief,,

the the correct termscorrect terms have to have to bebe usedused,,

abbreviationsabbreviations shall be avoided. shall be avoided.





Second stepSecond step

Giving an order to change the state in an electrical installatioGiving an order to change the state in an electrical installation and to confirm n and to confirm when the operation is finished.when the operation is finished.

SShall be given by the hall be given by the person authorized to give ordersperson authorized to give orders to change to change the state of an electrical installationthe state of an electrical installation

to the person to the person authorized to change the stateauthorized to change the state of an electrical of an electrical installationinstallation..

TheThe order sorder shouldhould start with the start with the commentcomment ""order to change the stateorder to change the stateof of thethe eelectricallectrical installationinstallation".".

TThe recipient shall he recipient shall repeatrepeat the information back to the senderthe information back to the sender..

TThe sender he sender shallshall confirmconfirm that it has been correctly received and that it has been correctly received and understoodunderstood..





Example 1:Example 1:

CR =>CR => Person authorized to give order to change the state of an electrPerson authorized to give order to change the state of an electrical ical installationinstallation ((CControl ontrol RRoomoom))..

SO SO =>=> Person authorized to operate in electrical installationsPerson authorized to operate in electrical installations ((SServiceerviceOOperator)perator)..

1. Step: Information about planned action1. Step: Information about planned action

SOSO gives a telephone call to gives a telephone call to CR:CR:

""II´́m in the m in the 110kV110kV plant of the customer ABC. I have to ensure that cable feeder plant of the customer ABC. I have to ensure that cable feeder 222 will be dead and secure222 will be dead and securedd for the duration of the work activity. The reason is for the duration of the work activity. The reason is that work activities at the transformer have to be carried out.that work activities at the transformer have to be carried out.

II´́m expecting your orderm expecting your order"". .





22. Step: Order to change the state of an electrical installation. Step: Order to change the state of an electrical installation

CR CR toto SO:SO:

""In the 110kV plant of the customer ABC; the cable feeder 222; plIn the 110kV plant of the customer ABC; the cable feeder 222; please switch ease switch off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and busoff the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and bus bar isolatorbar isolator".".

SO SO to to CR:CR:

""In the 110kV plant of the customer ABC In the 110kV plant of the customer ABC II have to switch off the short circuit have to switch off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolatorbreaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator""..

CRCR to to SOSO::

""O.K.O.K.""





SO SO acts under his own responsibility in the customeracts under his own responsibility in the customer´́s plant in accordances plant in accordanceto five safety rules and fulfils the conditions to get a dead into five safety rules and fulfils the conditions to get a dead installation.stallation.Than he calls again to the Than he calls again to the CR.CR.

SO SO toto CR:CR:""In 110kV plant of the customer ABC In 110kV plant of the customer ABC II have switched off the short circuit have switched off the short circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cablbreaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cable feeder 222;e feeder 222;the feeder is dead, secured against rethe feeder is dead, secured against re--connection and earthed.Time: 13:52hconnection and earthed.Time: 13:52h""..

CRCR to to SOSO::""In 110kV plant of the customer ABC you have switched off the shoIn 110kV plant of the customer ABC you have switched off the short circuit rt circuit breaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cablbreaker, the cable isolator and the bus bar isolator in the cable feeder 222;e feeder 222;the feeder is dead, secured against rethe feeder is dead, secured against re--connection and earthed.Time: 13:52hconnection and earthed.Time: 13:52h""..

SOSO to to CRCR::""O.K.O.K.""





Example 2Example 2

shipship in a in a ship yardship yard

nominated person in control of the electrical installationnominated person in control of the electrical installation

nominated person in control of the work activitynominated person in control of the work activity

Typical workflow supported by an prepared template.Typical workflow supported by an prepared template.





Work activity plants exceeding 1 kVWork activity plants exceeding 1 kV

1. Equipment:1. Equipment: Transformer 3Transformer 3

Kind of work:Kind of work: Change of the tappingChange of the tappingNominated person in control of the Nominated person in control of the electrical installation:electrical installation: Rolf MeyerRolf Meyer (owner/customer)(owner/customer)Nominated person in control of theNominated person in control of thework activity:work activity: GerdGerd Schulze Schulze (contractor)(contractor)

2. Handling over of the equipment to the nominated person in con2. Handling over of the equipment to the nominated person in control of the trol of the work activity.work activity.

2.1 The above equipment 2.1 The above equipment ((see 1) see 1) has has been switched off and is out of service:been switched off and is out of service:

1313. Oct. 2005 07:23 h. Oct. 2005 07:23 h Rolf MeyerRolf MeyerSignature (Signature (Nominated person in Nominated person in control of the electrical installationcontrol of the electrical installation))





2.2 The above equipment (see 1) will be disconnected completely2.2 The above equipment (see 1) will be disconnected completely and secured for and secured for the duration of the work activity in accordance with the VDE 010the duration of the work activity in accordance with the VDE 0105/BGV A35/BGV A3 / / EN50100....EN50100.... and the and the 5 safety rules5 safety rules by:by:

13. Oct. 2005 07:23 h13. Oct. 2005 07:23 h GerdGerd SchulzeSchulzeSignature(Nominated person in Signature(Nominated person in control of the control of the workwork activityactivity))

3. Return of the equipment3. Return of the equipment

3.1 The above work activity (see 1) has been completed, the eart3.1 The above work activity (see 1) has been completed, the earthing hing and and safety safety equipment has been removed. The above equipment (see 1) is availequipment has been removed. The above equipment (see 1) is available for able for reconnection .reconnection .

13. Oct. 2005 15:54 h13. Oct. 2005 15:54 h GerdGerd Schulze Schulze Signature (Signature (Nominated person in Nominated person in control of the work activity)control of the work activity)





Option:Option:

3.2 3.2 The above equipment (see 1) is under my responsibilityThe above equipment (see 1) is under my responsibility..

13. Oct. 2005 15:54 h13. Oct. 2005 15:54 h Rolf MeyerRolf MeyerSignature(Nominated person in Signature(Nominated person in control of the electrical installation)control of the electrical installation)



66 Mistaken operationsMistaken operations



Mistaken operationMistaken operation

incidentincident

not plannednot planned

suddenly happenedsuddenly happened

cannot be foreseen.cannot be foreseen.





Insurance point of view:Insurance point of view:

Did this incident take place during Did this incident take place during insured activityinsured activity? Will it lead to a physical ? Will it lead to a physical handicap or disability for work?handicap or disability for work?

MManagementanagement point of view :point of view :

This incident leadsThis incident leads to to an an interruptioninterruption of the of the regular businessregular business and could cause and could cause damages and/or accidents with economical consequences.damages and/or accidents with economical consequences.

ActingActing ppersonerson´́ss point of view :point of view :

This incident could cause This incident could cause tremendous personal consequencestremendous personal consequences (injury, disability (injury, disability forfor workwork, unemployment, dead, unemployment, dead).).





In most of the cases a mistaken operation happens as a consequenIn most of the cases a mistaken operation happens as a consequence in ce in accordance with accordance with theoretical principlestheoretical principles..

In the framework and interfaces of In the framework and interfaces of

acting personsacting persons

technical devicestechnical devices

organisational aspectsorganisational aspects

protection devicesprotection devices..





The human brain works similar to a switching mechanism with abouThe human brain works similar to a switching mechanism with aboutt

50,000 actions per day!!50,000 actions per day!!

The problem is, that about 1/1000 The problem is, that about 1/1000 -- about 50 cases per day about 50 cases per day -- are going wrong.are going wrong.

Due to the fact that we Due to the fact that we dondon´́t have a chance to influencet have a chance to influence this this "human "human imperfectionimperfection"" –– butbut we we shouldshould avoidavoid mistakes when the consequences could be mistakes when the consequences could be heavyheavy for us.for us.

This is the case when This is the case when operating electrical installationsoperating electrical installations ..





ConsequenceConsequence::

RecognizeRecognize thethe "human "human imperfectionsimperfections".".

AAct consequently in accordance with the ct consequently in accordance with the safetysafety rulesrules..





Three main reasons could lead to mistakenThree main reasons could lead to mistaken operations:operations:

AActingcting against the safety rules (persons)against the safety rules (persons)..

IImperfectionmperfectionss in the organisation (persons)in the organisation (persons)..

DDevicesevices/equipment not in accordance with safety requirements/equipment not in accordance with safety requirements(devices).(devices).





These reasons could lead human related These reasons could lead human related mismistakentaken operationsoperations::

LLackack of the physical condition (diseases, drugs, alcohol ...)of the physical condition (diseases, drugs, alcohol ...),,

psychological stress (trouble private/business; rage, work overlpsychological stress (trouble private/business; rage, work overload ...)oad ...),,

lack of attention (tired, ... see above)lack of attention (tired, ... see above),,

insufficient training and educationinsufficient training and education,,

wrong wrong eevaluation of the operational riskvaluation of the operational risk,,

ignorance/unawareness of ignorance/unawareness of dangedanger,r,

lack of motivationlack of motivation,,

not using the protective devices or making them ineffectivenot using the protective devices or making them ineffective..





These reasons could lead organisational related mistaken operatiThese reasons could lead organisational related mistaken operations:ons:

No nominated person in charge operative actions,No nominated person in charge operative actions,

no (clear) delegation of the responsibility,no (clear) delegation of the responsibility,

missing of coordination of the work activities,missing of coordination of the work activities,

insufficient instructions of the staff,insufficient instructions of the staff,

no (clear) planning of in changing the state of an electrical inno (clear) planning of in changing the state of an electrical installation,stallation,

missing warning labels and safety instructions,missing warning labels and safety instructions,

communication problems (language).communication problems (language).





These reasons could lead technical related These reasons could lead technical related mismistakentaken operations:operations:

IImperfectionsmperfections in design and materialin design and material,,

problems in the signalling and the (remoteproblems in the signalling and the (remote--) control) control,,

no screens/barriers ... no screens/barriers ... AAvailablevailable,,

unsuitable tools/devicesunsuitable tools/devices,,

insufficient lightinginsufficient lighting,,

unsuitable protective devicesunsuitable protective devices..





Consequences in the daily practiceConsequences in the daily practice tto avoid the human related problems:o avoid the human related problems:

Be Be aware of the physical or psychological problems,aware of the physical or psychological problems,

no carelessness,no carelessness,

act in accordance to the safety rules act in accordance to the safety rules -- without any compromise,without any compromise,

in case of changing the state of an electrical installation: Addin case of changing the state of an electrical installation: Additional itional concentration neededconcentration needed





Consequences in the daily practiceConsequences in the daily practice tto avoid the organisational related problems:o avoid the organisational related problems:

Recruit the qualified human resources; skill, train an superviseRecruit the qualified human resources; skill, train an supervise them,them,

ensure a clear organisation and responsibilities,ensure a clear organisation and responsibilities,

do not accept any compromises in the work safety.do not accept any compromises in the work safety.





reasons of accidents inreasons of accidents inelectrical HVelectrical HV--installationsinstallations

10%10%

9%9% 1%1%

48%48%31%31%

not noticing the safety rules 48%not noticing the safety rules 48%

wrong behaviourwrong behaviour 31%31%

imperfections in the organisationimperfections in the organisation 10%10%

technical faults (general)technical faults (general) 9% 9%

technical faults (electrical)technical faults (electrical) 1% 1%





reasons of accidents inreasons of accidents inelectrical electrical LVLV--installationsinstallations

10%10% 2%2%

45%45%33%33%

10%10%

not noticing the safety rules not noticing the safety rules 45%45%

wrong behaviourwrong behaviour 33%33%

imperfections in the organisationimperfections in the organisation 10%10%

technical faults (general)technical faults (general) 10% 10%

technical faults (electrical)technical faults (electrical) 2% 2%

© CONSULECTRA Unternehmensberatung GmbH page 7-1 1-2008

77 Practical Practical TrainingTraining



SwitchgearSwitchgear//TransformerTransformer





SwitchgearSwitchgear

Training CentreTraining Centre Real LifeReal Life





Voltage indicatorVoltage indicator






Test Test positionposition






Earthing Earthing switchswitch






InterlockingInterlocking


X





Substation 1 Substation 2

Connection to DSO(2 cables)

Transf.1

Exercise 1Actual stagein red/green

off

off

off on

on

on

off offoff off

on

on

on

on

off

Main station





Exercise 1Exercise 1The ring mainThe ring mainMain station => Substation1 => Substation 2 => Main stationMain station => Substation1 => Substation 2 => Main stationshould be brought into operation.should be brought into operation.

Exercise 2Exercise 2Substation 1, section 3 of the should be switched on.Substation 1, section 3 of the should be switched on.

Exercise 3Exercise 3Substation 1, section1: Need for a work activity at the cable enSubstation 1, section1: Need for a work activity at the cable end.d.

Exercise 4Exercise 4Substation 1, section 2: Substation 1, section 2: TThe screws of the copper bars to the cable end shall be checked.he screws of the copper bars to the cable end shall be checked.The transformer must stay in operation.The transformer must stay in operation.

Exercise 5Exercise 5The transformer should be cleaned. In section 3 shall be checkedThe transformer should be cleaned. In section 3 shall be checked whether thewhether thecable end is sufficiently fixed to the frame.cable end is sufficiently fixed to the frame.

Exercise 6Exercise 6Substation 1 should be completely switched off an prepared for wSubstation 1 should be completely switched off an prepared for work activitiesork activitiesat the bus bar.at the bus bar.

operation of mv installations

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