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NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL/PR6A2058606

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Page 1: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing Challenges

Eric Lantz

AWEA Wind Power Conference

Chicago, Illinois

May 7, 2013

NREL/PR‐6A20‐58606

Page 2: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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DISCLAIMER AGREEMENT 

These information (“Data”) are provided by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (“NREL”), which is operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC (“Alliance”) for the U.S. Department of Energy (the “DOE”). 

It is recognized that disclosure of these Data is provided under the following conditions and warnings: (1) these Data have been prepared for reference purposes only; (2) these Data consist of forecasts, estimates or assumptions made on a best‐efforts basis, based upon present expectations; and (3) these Data were prepared with existing information and are subject to change without notice. The names DOE/NREL/ALLIANCE shall not be used in any representation, advertising, publicity or other manner whatsoever to endorse or promote any entity that adopts or uses these Data. DOE/NREL/ALLIANCE shall not provide any support, consulting, training or assistance of any kind with regard to the use of these Data or any updates, revisions or new versions of these Data. 

YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY DOE/NREL/ALLIANCE, AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THESE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THESE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY DOE/NREL/ALLIANCE "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL DOE/NREL/ALLIANCE BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM AN ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THESE DATA. 

Disclaimer

Page 3: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Wind and Water Power Technologies Office for funding this work. 

Funding provided under contract no. DE‐AC36‐08GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Thanks also to our partners at GL Garrad Hassan and DNV KEMA.

Page 4: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Presentation Outline

• Background

• Historical Datao Operations Expenditureso System Availabilityo Major Component Replacement Rates

• Other Market Insights

• Challenges

Page 5: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

Background

Page 6: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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NREL’s Interest In Operations Expenditures (OpEx) Data Is Multi‐Faceted 

• Minimizing OpEx could increase plant profitability while helping to support a lower cost of energy.

• Understanding opportunities for reductions in OpExrequires a baseline level of knowledge of:o OpExo System or Plant Availabilityo Major component replacement rates

• Publicly available empirical data on the variables listed above are limited in scope and resolution.

An empirically derived baseline of OpEx and component failures, and experience‐based insights into recent trends are useful for R&D decision‐

making and industry benchmarking.

Page 7: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Data Housed By Project Partners GL Garrad Hassan and DNV KEMA Were Analyzed Independently, with a Focus on Three Metrics

• Historical OpEx

• Historical “plant” or “system” availabilityo Not to be confused with manufacturer, contractual, or technical 

availability

• Major component failure rates and typical repair costso Blades, gearboxes, generatorso Sensitivities in failure rates as a result of serial failures were also 

explored

• The combined GL Garrad Hassan and DNV KEMA sample represents about 10 GW of operating wind plants• Data shown today represent analysis completed by the respective partners for NREL

Page 8: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Expert Opinions Were Also Collected

• How have condition monitoring and more advanced turbine designs affected historical OpEx?

• What have been the primary causes of missed OpEx estimates?

• What is the relationship between downtime and OpEx?

• How do trends vary regionally?

• What are the current strategies to service plants and how have these changed over time?

• Have technology perceptions affected financing terms?

Opinions were gathered from within the partner organizations as well as from semi‐structured discussions with owner operators

Page 9: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

Historical Operations Expenditures, System Availability, And Replacements

Page 10: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Critical Caveats

• Datasets studied are not comprehensive and data quality varies by project and across time.

• Data are skewed toward recent builds because that’s when the capacity has come on line; however, these projects only offer 1‐3 years of operating data.

• Operating data beyond 5 years are sparse and may not be fully representative of industry experience.

Results may be sensitive to the dataset considered

Page 11: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Data from DNV KEMA for Projects Commissioned Through 2009 Suggest OpEx Initially of $40‐$50/kW and Increasing Over Time  

• Increases are primarily attributed to unscheduled maintenance and increases in soft costs (e.g., audit compliance, system operator fees, other fees, royalty payments)

• Preliminary analysis of additional data and including more recent projects suggests this trend is sensitive to servicing agreement terms as well as regional competition

Data Source: DNV KEMANote: Sample does not contain data for projects commissioned after 2009

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2179 MW 2230 MW 1915 MW 1455 MW 1065 MW 773 MW 606 MW 568 MW 568 MW 568 MW

Average OpE

x (2011

 $/kW)

Soft Costs

Turbine O&M

BOP

Plant Operating Year:

Sample:

Page 12: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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GL Garrad Hassan’s Sample Shows Turbine O&M Expenditures Increasing for More Recent Projects

Potential OpEx reductions resulting from enhanced turbine reliability may be offset by deployment of more complex equipment or operations across a broader array of wind regimes; 

sample size, servicing agreement details, and market forces also affect the trends.

Data Source: GL Garrad Hassan

$0

$5

$10

$15

$20

$25

$30

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2230 MW

991 MW

2761 MW

1239 MW

3324 MW 2988 MW 2181 MW 1689 MW 1978 MW 2085 MW 604 MW 280 MW

Capa

city W

eigh

ted Average Tu

rbine O&M (2011 $/kW

)

Commissioned Thru 2008

Commissioned After 2008

Operating Year:Comissioned Thru 2008:

Commissioned After 2008:

Page 13: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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When Adjusting for Curtailment, System Availability Appears Stable At  About 95% Through At Least Year Five

When factoring in curtailment, sample‐wide system availability is about 93% (after year 2); minimization of plant downtime may at some point require consideration of power system 

policy and planning.

Source: GL Garrad Hassan

Page 14: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Annually, 1% ‐ 3% of Turbines Require Blade Replacements with Spikes In Years 1 and 5

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1539 1640 1417 1119 935 674 525 500 500 500

Share of Turbine

s Req

uiring

 Blade

 Rep

lacemen

ts

Operating Year:

Total Turbines:

• Blade replacements in years 1 and 2 are typically the result of manufacturing defects or damage that occurs during transport and construction.

• On average, about 2% of turbines per year (through 10 years of operations) require blade replacements; lightning strikes are the most commonly noted cause of failure.

Data Source: DNV KEMA

Page 15: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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More Turbines Require Gearbox and Generator Replacements, Particularly in Years 4‐6

• Average gearbox failure rate over 10 years of operations is estimated at 5%.• The average generator failure rate is somewhat lower and over 10 years of operations is 

estimated at 3.5%.• Serial failures were observed to have a noteworthy effect on gearbox and generator failure rates, 

potentially skewing the results.

Data Source: DNV KEMA

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1539 1640 1417 1119 935 674 525 500 500 500

Share of Tu

rbines Req

uirin

g Co

mpo

nent 

Replacem

ents

Gearbox Generator

Operating Year:

Total Turbines:

Page 16: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

Other Market Insights

Page 17: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Unscheduled Maintenance Remains a Significant Source of Uncertainty for the Industry• Failure rates and unscheduled maintenance are the 

principal drivers of uncertainty around OpEx estimates.o Gearbox replacements can approach $500k including crane costs; 

generator and blade replacements are typically less costly, but still non‐trivial.

• There is no clear link between downtime and OpExexpenditures.o This may be a function of data limitations rather than the absence 

of an actual correlation.

• The value of condition monitoring is not yet fully understood.o Condition monitoring is generally seen as useful even though 

perspectives on costs savings remain varied.o Some operators cite logistics, parts availability, and preventative 

maintenance as more critical.

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Competition and Risk Management Are Expected to Continue to Influence OpEx and Servicing Strategies• Regional competition and clustering are correlated with 

OpEx (i.e., more competition and a higher concentration of plants results in lower OpEx).o Market share can also play a role.

• Proper management of risk has a direct impact on financing terms.o New products and more competition among providers allows 

owners to choose the service and terms that match their risk appetite.

• Servicing and OpEx management strategies have evolved in the last decade; continued evolution entails:o More sophisticated electronic reporting and better 

documentationo Consideration of regional climate, turbulence, and shear in cost 

models

Page 19: Operations Expenditures: Historical Trends And Continuing ...Trends And Continuing Challenges Eric Lantz AWEA Wind Power Conference Chicago, Illinois May 7, 2013 NREL ... • Operating

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Challenges• The absence of standardized reporting throughout the industry makes comparisons across operations‐related datasets very difficult.

• Limited data for older projects make conclusions for plants operating in the 7‐10 year timeframe more tentative.o The time required to gather years of operational data will continue to make it difficult to understand how technological developments affect OpEx.

• Operations servicing remains dynamic and may create continued data and reporting challenges in the future.

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Eric LantzResearch Analyst

Strategic Energy Analysis CenterNational Renewable Energy Laboratory

http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/

Phone: (303) 384‐7418email: [email protected]

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

Photo from Green Mountain Power Corporation, NREL 05593