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Dseyo`re b`ma`mhw `m le bydmof yegeww o `ke db yer`w`dm wuyheypJy`wem N- Dd& KA& Ndlm K- AefHoua`d& KA

Aesoyqkemq db Dqdfoypmhdfdhp+Leoa oma Megj Wuyheyp& Qle Ekdyp Gf`m`g& Oqfomqo& HO& UWO

Yege`rea ?< Wesekiey 933 Emadwgds`g w`muw wuyheyp `w le hdfa womaoya bdy le yeokem db kea`goffp yebyogdyp

glydm`g yl`mdw`muw``w- Qleye `w& ldxerey& o sdsufo`dm db so`emw bdy xldk seyw`wem a`weowe `w o

sydifek- Db off le w`muwew& le bydmof w`muw `w le kdw f`jefp d lore yeguyyem diwyug`dm- Xe

erofuoea le b`ma`mhw gouw`mh bydmof yegeww diwyug dm o le `ke db yer`w dm wuyheyp-

Wquap aew hm oma weqq`mh> O yeydwseg`re yer`ex xow seybdykea `m o ey`oyp goye ogoaek`g

ddfoypmhdfdhp aesoykem-

Yewufqw> B`ma`mhw diwyug`mh le bydmof yegeww o le `ke db yer`w`dm w`muw wuyheyp xeye yer`exea-

Qxd lumayea e`hlp+m`me bydmof w`muwew xeye `mgfuaea- Werem b`ma`mhw xeye `aem`b`ea> kugdwof

a`weowe ,28%)& yeo`mea elkd`a geffw ,57%)& foeyof`~ea k`aafe uyi`moew ,73%)& yeo`mea ohhey mow`

geffw ,?7%)& wgoy ,?9%)& yeo`mea bydmof geffw , Kuf`sfe b`ma`mhw gom ie `aem b`ea lo gdmy`iue d bydmof yegeww diwyug dm

yequ`y`mh yer`w`dm w`muw wuyheyp- O gdksyelemw`re ossydogl d oaayeww off bogdyw `w megewwoyp d

syerem wuyh`gof bo`fuye okdmh so`emw syewem`mh bdy emadwgds`g bydmof w`muw wuyheyp-

93?3 Efwer`ey @mg- Off y`hlw yeweyrea-

?- @mqydaugq`dm

Emadwgds`g w`muw wuyheyp low sydrem d ie foyhefpwuggewwbuf bdy kdw so`emw o syerem`mh wpksdk yeguy+

yemge oma feoa`mh d o a`weowe+byee woe- Wuggeww yoew ow

l`hl ow 08-5% lore ieem yesdyea Z?[- Qle bydmof w`muwew&

ldxerey& w`ff yesyewem o ds`g db gdmydreywp oma aeioe

xlem ` gdkew d ldx d ebbeg refp aeof x l lek

wuyh`goffp& ldx d komohe lek kea`goffp& oma ldx d

oaayeww le wuyh`gof bo`fuyew- Qle suysdwew db l`w wuap oye d

adgukem b`ma`mhw `m le bydmof yegeww `m so`emw yequ`y`mh

yer`w`dm emadwgds`g w`muw sydgeauyew oma d a`wguww ldx

lewe b`ma`mhw uf`koefp fea d wuyh`gof bo`fuye-

9- Soq`emqw oma keqldaw

Off so`emw yequ`y`mh yer`w`dm emadwgds`g w`muw sydge+

auyew lo `mgfuaea le bydmof w`muw iexeem Kop ?008 oma

Dgdiey 9337 xeye yer`exea- So`emw xeye erofuoea idl

ip `m+dbb`ge emadwgds`g e|ok`mo`dm umaey ds`gof omewlew`o

oma mdmgdmyow gdksuea dkdhyoslp ,GQ) wgom x`lkuf`sfomoy yebdyko mh- So emw xeye dbbeyea yer w`dm

emadwgds`g wuyheyp iowea dm yeguyyemge db wpksdkw oma

ip dineg`re emadwgds`g oma GQ b`ma`mhw db w`muw a`weowe&

yebyogdyp d kea`gof leyosp- Syedseyo`re kea`gof komohe+

kem `mgfuaea gdki`mo`dmw db o 73+aop gduywe db

om`i`d`gw& o 9+ d 7+xeej gduywe db wpwek`g gdy`gdweyd`a

osey& ow xeff ow ds`goffp oak`m weyea weyd`a aydsw dy

wsyopw ow aeekea megewwoyp ip le wem`dy ouldy- So`emw

`mgfuaea `m le wuap xeye ldwe so emw xldwe bydmof

yegewwew xeye oaayewwea auy mh le yer w`dm dseyo`dm-

@mw`u`dmof yer`ex idoya ossydrof xow dio`mea iebdye

so`em gloy yer`ex-O dof db ?10 gowew xeye omofp~ea yeydwseg refp bdy

dseyo re b`ma`mhw gdmy`iu mh d a`weowe `m le bydmof w`muwew-

Aoo dm we|& owwdg`oea gdma `dmw& omaowwdg`oea a`weowe woew

,`e& Wokey(w y oa& gpw`g b`iydw w& offeyh g bumhof w`muw `w) xeye

ofwd gdffegea oma emeyea `md o aooiowe- Off yer`w`dm

dseyo`dmw xeye seybdykea ip le wem`dy ouldy ,N- K- A-)-

Yer`w`dm dseyo dmw xeye off seybdykea umaey hemeyof

omewlew`o uw`mh `kohe hu`aomge- Sydgeauyew seybdykea xeye

o fdyea d eogl so em(w umaeyfp`mh bydmof yegeww omodkp oma

Oro`foife dmf`me oq xxx-wg`emgea`yegq-gdk

Okey`gom Nduymof db DdfoypmhdfdhpLeoa oma Megj Kea`g`me oma Wuyheyp 7? ,93?3) ?85 ? *? 131 88< 77 *? 131 88< 1905-

E+ko`f oaayeww> naefhouCekdyp-eau ,N-K- AefHoua`d)-

3?02+3830$! wee bydm koey 93?3 Efwer ey @mg- Off y`hlw yeweyrea-

ad`>?3-?3?2$n-okndd-933

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b`ma`mhw oma `mgfuaea yefeowe db wgoyy`mh oma oalew`dmw&

dsem`mh db yew`auof omey`dy elkd`a o`y geffw& sdfpsegdkp&

oma ojeadxm db meddwedhem`g idme x`l`m le bydmof yegeww-

Gdmguyyem ko|`ffoyp omydwdkp& elkd`aegdkp& oma wsle+

md`a w`muwddkp xeye seybdykea xlem megewwoyp-

O dof db 90< bydmof w`muwew bydk ?10 gowew db yer`w`dm

emadwgds`g w`muw wuyheyp xeye yer`exea- Qxd w`aew xeye

e|gfuaea bydk le wuap iegouwe lep loa md ieem

syer`duwfp oaayewwea oma xeye luw gdmw`aeyea sy`koyp

gowew- Werem kdye w`aew xeye e|gfuaea iegouwe lep xeye

bef d ie a`weowe+byee idl ip l`wdyp oma slpw`gof

e|ok`mo`dm- Qlewe w`aew a`a md yequ`ye oem dm o le

`ke db yer`w`dm wuyheyp- Qle wuap hydus xow aeb`mea ow le

yeko`m`mh 9

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Wokey(w y`oa& ? so`em x`l gpw`g b`iydw`w& ? so`em x`l

Xehemey hyomufdkodw`w& ? so`em x`l woygd`adw`w& oma 5x`l glydm`g yl`mdw`muw``w- Dme so`em x`l glydm`g

yl`mdw`muw` w yequ`y`mh le kdw ,8) yer`w`dm sydgeauyew

loa loa o syer`duw kda`b`ea Fdlyds sydgeauye bdy

yegofg`yom bydmof w`muw a`weowe- Ql`w so`em xow mdea dm

emadwgds`g e|sfdyo`dm d lore o yew`auof bydmof geff `m``offp

oma wgoyy`mh `m le bydmof dw`uk oma bydmof yegeww o

wuiwequem sydgeauyew- @m le em`ye wuap hydus& gdmguyyem

a`ohmdwew xeye Wokey(w y`oa ,8 so`emw)& offeyh`g bumhof

w`muw``w ,?1 so emw)& gpw`g b`iydw`w ,9 so`emw)& oma glydm`g

yl`mdw`muw``w ,09 so`emw)- Weremeem so`emw xeye dsey+

oea dm bdy le b`ma`mh db o kugdgefe& e`ley db le bydmof

w`muw dy db le omey`dy elkd`aw- Dme so`em xow mdea d

lore youko ow le kondy gouwe db l`w glydm`g bydmofw`muw``w& lor`mh syer`duwfp umaeyhdme omey`dy oife bydmof

w`muw byoguye yeso`y-

1- A`wguww`dm

Aews`e le bog lo emadwgds`g w`muw wuyheyp `w le kdw

gdkkdmfp seybdykea wuyh`gof sydgeauye bdy le yeokem db

glydm`g yl`mdw`muw``w oma aews`e yegem w`hm`b`gom oaromge+

kemw `m le `koh`mh oma `mwyukemo`dm oro`foife d w`muw

wuyhedmw& le bydmof w`muwew w`ff yesyewem o komohekem

B`h- 9- Qy`sfomoy `kohew db o yeo`mea ohhey mow` geff gouw`mh bydmof yegeww diwyug`dm> woh`of ,O)& o|`of ,I)& oma gdydmof ,G) `kohew- Ad `w dm wusey`dy xoff

,gos) db ohhey mow` geff-

?88J-N- Dqqd& N-K- AefHoua`d $ Okey`gom Nduymof db DqdfoypmhdfdhpLeoa oma Megj Kea`g`me oma Wuyheyp 7? ,93?3) ?85?

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gloffemhe- Qle bydmof w`muw dw uk oma bydmof yegeww `m

soy`gufoy oye sydme d wemdw`w obey wuyh`gof kom`sufo`dm

iegouwe db a`bb`guf omodkp oma le f`k`ea a`kemw`dmw db

le bydmof yegeww- Qle syea`feg`dm db le bydmof w`muw

dubfdx yog d yeguyyem kugdwof a`weowe low ofwd ieem

aekdmwyoea Z9[- @m duy wuap hydus& xd l`yaw ,?07$9

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`koh`mh oww`ww x`l `aem`bp`mh bydmof geffw x`l`m le w`muw

dy le bydmof yegeww- Idl soyowoh`of oma gdydmof r`exw oye

lefsbuf `m l`w yehoya- Xlem bydmof geffw oye emgdumeyea oma

dsemea auy`mh emadwgds`g sydgeauyew& lep oye dbem

k`wojem bdy le bydmof w`muw- Oaequoe rem`fo`dm db le

w`muw `m lewe gowew `w dbem`kew md ogl`erea- Bydmof geffw

`m le hemeyof sdsufo`dm oye gdkkdm& oma lo kojew

oxoyemeww db le`y syewemge `ksdyom bdy le yl`mdfdh`w-Kepey e of Z5[ yesdyea lo db 82< gdydmof w`muw GQ wgomw

yer`exea& 93-1% xeye mdea d lore bydmof geffw- AefHoua`d

e of Z2[ bduma lo 77% db so`emw umaeyhd`mh emadwgds`g

w`muw wuyheyp lore bydmof geffw- Qle uwe db gdksuey+hu`aea

wuyheyp hyeofp oww`ww x`l `aem`b`go`dm db wugl geffw x`l`m

le bydmof w`muw oma yegeww oma wldufa ewseg`offp ie

gdmw`aeyea `m gowew db yeguyyem bydmof w`muw a`weowe Z8[-

@kohe hu`aomge hyeofp oww`ww le w`muw wuyhedm `m

mor`ho`mh le `hl gdmb`mew db le bydmof yegeww oma offdxw

`aem`b`go`dm db fomakoyjw lo xdufa dleyx`we ie k`wwea

oma sdem`offp feoa d wuyh`gof bo`fuye Z7[-

Qlewe b`ma`mhw wyeww le `ksdyomge db o gdksfee

elkd`aegdkp& `mgfua`mh oaequoe yekdrof db ohhey mow`geffw& `m emwuy`mh bydmof w`muw rem`fo`dm- Goyebuf syedseyo+

`re sfomm`mh d oww`w x`l gdksfee wuyheyp& `mgfua`mh

yer`ex`mh o GQ wgom ,seybdykea obey ko|`kof kea`gof

leyosp) bdy ohhey mow` geffw& wusyodyi`of elkd`a geffw&

bydmof geffw& oma dley elkd`a geff roy`o`dmw& `w ewwem`of-

Qle uwe db soyowoh`of r`exw sydr`aew le iew syedseyo`re

`koh`mh kdaof`p bdy wuyheyp `mrdfr`mh le bydmof yegeww-

Gdksfee umgoss`mh db le ohhey mow` geff `w megewwoyp bdy

gdksfee gfeoy`mh db le bydmof yegeww Z7[ ,B`h- 9)-

Ossyd|`koefp dme l`ya ,

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Db 90< w`muwew `m duy wuap& ?0 ,?8%) loa bydmof

yegeww diwyug`dm ip meddwedhem`g idme- Meddwedhem+

ew`w& ow ` yefoew d glydm`g w`muw `w& `w `mbfokko dm+

`maugea dwedifow`g og`r`p `m le sey`dweuk yewuf`mh `m

mex& wgfeyd g idme bdyko`dm Z??[- Qle ydfe db idme

`mrdfrekem `m glydm`g w`muw``w `w w`ff sddyfp umaeywdda&

iu `mbfokkodyp glomhew `m le idmp weso`dmw db le

w`muwew& w`k`foy d lo `m glydm`g dwedkpef w `m fdmh

idmew& low ieem aekdmwyoea Z?9[- Qlewe b`ma`mhw oye

dbem er`aem dm GQ wgom oma gom ie gdmb`ykea ip

emadwgds`g e|ok`mo`dm ,B`h- 5)- Dwe``g idme owwdg`oea

x`l dreyfp`mh a`weowea kugdwo kop yequ ye ohhyeww`re

om`+`mbfokkodyp oma om`i`d`g leyosp& oma `m seyw`wem

gowew& yer`w`dm wuyheyp- Umbdyumoefp& yer`w`dm wuyheyp

x l yekdrof db meddwedhem`g idme dbem yewufw `m

buyley meddwedhemew`w-

Dreyoff& le jep bogdy d syerem`mh `mbfokko`dm oma

wgoyy`mh feoa`mh d yeguyyem w`muw a`weowe `w ke gufduw

syeweyro`dm db le kugdwof `mehy`p x`l`m le bydmof yegeww-

Kugdwof a`wyus`dm gom feoa d wgoy& hyomufo`dm& omakugdg f`oyp apwbumg`dm ow le kugdwo yehemeyoew `m om

oeks d gdrey e|sdwea idme- Oflduhl ` `w sdww`ife lo

le fdmh+woma`mh `mbfokkodyp glomhew x`l`m le w`muw feoa

d slpw`dfdh`g dubfdx diwyug dm ip obbeg`mh g`f`oyp

bumg`dm& ` `w ofwd sdww`ife lo syer`duw youko`g kom`sufo+

`dm gouwea bumg`dmof diwyug`dm db le bydmof yegeww-

Wuyh`gof `meyrem`dm wldufa wy re d k`m`k`~e kugdwof

youko oma ko`mo`m kugdg`f`oyp gfeoyomge& sydkd`mh

mdykof w`muw slpw`dfdhp Z?7[- Sdwdseyo`re uwe db ds`gof

weyd`a aydsw dy dley syesoyo`dmw `m le bydmof yegeww low

ieem wldxm d ie ebbeg`re `m yeaug`mh `mbfokko`dm&

hyomufo`dm& oma wgoyy`mh `m le bydmof yegeww `m lesdwdseyo`re sey`da- Ql`w gom lefs d ko`mo`m bydmof yegeww

soemgp Z?1[-

Iegouwe off db duy aoo xeye yer exea oma gdffegea

yeydwseg refp& ` `w a`bb`guf d ie geyo`m xleley eogl

b`ma`mh yesyewemw o gouwe db wuiwequem bydmof w`muw

bo`fuye- Xlo `w `ksdyom d gdmw`aey& ldxerey& `w le bog

lo le dseyo`re b`ma`mhw lo osseoyea d gouwe diwyug`dm

db le bydmof yegeww xeye a`yegfp yefoea d syer`duw wuyh`gof

kom`sufo`dm 85% db le `ke- Dme db le f`k`o`dmw db l`w

yer`ex xow le fogj db l`wdy`gof aoo wuyyduma`mh eogl db

duy so emw( gf`m`gof l`wdy`ew- Iegouwe kdw so emw

syewemea ow yebeyyofw obey sy`koyp emadwgds`g sydgeauyew

loa ofyeoap ieem seybdykea o duw`ae `mw`u`dmw& `mbdyko+`dm xow md oro`foife ow d eogl so`em(w dy`h`mof e|em db

a`weowe& GQ& dy emadwgds`g b`ma`mhw- Ofwd umjmdxm xow le

hdof db le `m``of dseyo`dm- Wdke db lewe so`emw f`jefp

loa oeksea bydmof w`muwddkp bdy byomj bydmof w`muw

a`weowe& xleyeow dleyw kp lore aerefdsea bydmof w`muw

soldfdhp obey kdye k`m`kof wuyheyp bdy ko|`ffoyp dy

elkd`a a`weowe-

5- Gdmgfuw`dm

Bydmof w`muw a`weowe `w syewem 198+0-

Z9[ Wk`l QF& Ylee NW& Fdelyf QO- Wuyh gof komohekem db bydmof

w`muw``w- Guyy Ds`m Ddfoypmhdf Leoa Megj Wuyh 933?:0>19+8-

Z7[ Wdmmemiuyh YE& Wem dy IO- Yer`w`dm emadwgds g bydmof w`muw

wuyheyp- Guyy Ds`m Ddfoypmhdf Leoa Megj Wuyh 9331:?9>10+59-

Z1[ Gl`u OH& Jemmeap AX- A`woaromohew db k`m`kof eglm quew bdy

wuyh`gof komohekem db glydm`g yl`mdw`muw``w- Guyy Ds`m Ddfoypmhdf

Leoa Megj Wuyh 9331:?9>7?27+ `ksog dm bydmof `wlkuw a`kemw`dmw

oma le syewemge db bydmof w`muw``w- Oygl Ddfoypmhdf Leoa Megj Wuyh

9335:?7?>973+5-

Z8[ Fdelyf QO& Qddl`ff YN& Wk`l QF- Uwe db gdksuey+o`aea wuyheyp bdy

bydmof w`muw rem`fo`dm- Foypmhdwgdse 9333:??3>?029+8-

Z77+5-

Z0[ Idfhey XE& Julm BO& Jemmeap AX- K`aafe uyi`moe woi`f`~o`dm

obey bumg`dmof emadwgds g w`muw wuyheyp> le gdmydffea wpmegl`oe

eglm`que- Foypmhdwgdse ?000:?30>?001+0-Z??[ Jdgoj K& Wk`l QF& Wk`l KK- Idme `mrdfrekem `m glydm`g

yl`mdw`muw``w- Guyy Ds`m Ddfoypmhdf Leoa Megj Wuyh 9339:?3>10+59-

Z?9[ Seyfdbb NY& Hommdm BL& Idfhey XE& e of- Idme `mrdfrekem `m

w`muw``w> om ossoyem solxop bdy le wsyeoa db a`weowe- Foypmhdwgdse

9333:??3>9305+0-

Z?7[ Goofomd SN- K`m`koffp`mrow`re w muw eglm`que> xlo `w `4 Wldufa xe

gdmw`aey `4 Guyy Ds`m Ddfoypmhdf Leoa Megj Wuyh 9331:?9>71+8-

Z?1[ AefHoua`d NK& X`we WJ- Qds`gof weyd`a aydsw bdy le yeokem db

w`muw dw`o wemdw`w- Ok N Yl`mdf 9332:93>527+8-

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