PREPARED BY :- BHASKAR DEWANGAN

B. Pharmacy University Institute Of PharmacyPt. R. S. University, Raipur(C.G.)

OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS

AND SUSPENSIONS

OBJECT

CONTENTS Ophthalmic drug delivery Pharmaceutic requirements Packaging ophthalmic solutions and

suspensions Proper administration of ophthalmic

solutions and suspensions

OPHTHALMIC DRUG DELIVERY

infectionsallergic or inflammation

elevated intraocular pressuredry-eye

PHARMACEUTIC REQUIREMENTSSpecial consideration for ophthalmic

preparations: sterility preservation isotonicity buffering viscosity ocular bioavailability and packaging

STERILITY AND PRESERVATION Ophthalmic solutions/suspensions could

be sterilized by- autoclaving at 121C for 15 minutes- bacterial filters

To maintain sterility during patient use, antimicrobial preservatives generally are included in ophthalmic formulations.

The preservatives used in ophthalmic solutions/suspensions are

benzalkonium chloride , 0.004-0.01%; benzethonium chloride, 0.01%; chlorobutanol, 0.5%; phenylmercuric acetate, 0.004%; phenylmercuric nitrite, 0.004%; thimerosal, 0.005-0.01%

ISOTONICITY VALUE Isotonic solution: a solution that has the

same salt concentration as the normal cells of the body and the blood.

Hypotonic, solutions with a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids or a 0.9% sodium chloride solution are commonly referred to as hypotonic.

Hypertonic, solutions have a greater osmotic pressure are termed hypertonic.

Boric acid has a molecular weight of 61.8, and thus 61.8 g in 1000 g of water should produce a freezing point of -1.86C. therefore:

1.86(C )/0.52(C )=61.8 (g)/x(g)X=17.3 g

17.3 g of boric acid in 1000g of water theoretically should produce a solution isosmotic with tears and blood.

BUFFERING The aims for adjusting the pH of an ophthalmic preparation:

for greater comfort to the eye; to render the formulation more stable; to enhance the aqueous solubility of the

drug; to enhance the drug’s bioavailability; to maximize preservative efficacy.

The pH of normal tears is considered to be about 7.4.

For maximum comfort, an ophthalmic solution should have the same pH as the lacrimal fluid.

A compromise pH is generally selected for solution and maintained by buffers to permit the greatest activity while maintaining stability.

VISCOSITY AND THICKENING AGENTS Viscosity for ophthalmic solutions is

considered optimal in the range of 15 to 25 cps.

In the preparation of ophthalmic solutions, a suitable grade of methylcellulose or other thickening agent (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol) is frequently added to increase the viscosity.

OCULAR BIOAVAILABILITY

There are physiologic factors which can affect a drug’s ocular bioavailability, including

protein binding, drug metabolism lacrimal drainage

Tears contain0.6-2.0% of proteinTears containenzymes

PACKAGING OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS

Soft plastic containers

2, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 30 mL

PROPER ADMINISTRATION OF OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS

wash hands thoroughly inspect for color and clarity be shaken thoroughly prior to

administration (ophthalmic suspensions)

not to touch the dropper to the eye, eyelid or any other surface

BIBLIOGRAPHY;-www.pharmatechnologyindex.comwww.visongain.comwww.jpionline.orgwww.biopharminternational.comwww.avonex.comwww.ondrugdelivery.comwww.bd.comwww.ec21.comwww.harikrushnatechnopride.tradeindia.comwww.pharmtech.comwww.baxterbiopharmasolutions.com

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