opportunities and challenges for employability madan m. kundu, ph.d., crc, fnrca, ncc, lrc chair,...
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Opportunities and Challenges for Employability
Madan M. Kundu, Ph.D., CRC, FNRCA, NCC, LRC
Chair, Work and Employment Commission,
Rehabilitation International
and
Professor and Chair
Department of Rehabilitation and Disability Studies
Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
www.subr.edu/rehabilitation
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EMPLOYABILITY
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Employability
Employability is the capacity of an individual to function in a particular occupation or work situation.
General Employability Skills
Specific Employability Skills
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General Employability Skills• Refers to:
- Grooming and Hygiene
- Attendance
- Punctuality
- Safety Consciousness
- Frustration Tolerance
- Work Stamina
- Relationships with Co-workers,
- Relationship with Supervisors,
- Production Rate : Quality
: Quantity • These skills are not job specific.• These behaviors, also known as General Work Personality, are said to be
required in every job.• Client behavior in these skills areas is important for predicting job
maintenance behavior.
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Specific Employability skills
• Refers to intelligence, aptitudes, achievement, temperament, and physical capacity.
• These are known as maximum behavior. • Typically measured by intelligence and achievement
tests. • Physical capacity can be evaluated through job
analysis, occupational therapy evaluation, and medical examination.
• These behaviors can also be measured by non-test techniques, such as interviews and simulated or actual work tasks.
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Placeability
Placeability is the capacity of an individual, with his/her particular assets and liabilities, to become employed given the options of the current job market (obtain a job) and retain the job.
It has little to do with the person’s ability to perform a job.
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OPPORTUNITIES
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Opportunities: Global
The United Nations Convention on the Rights for Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD)
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
ILO Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment
(Convention No. 159) - ILO, 1983
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) - WHO, 2001
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UNCRPD
Convention
153 Signatories out of 193
106 Countries Ratified the Convention
Optional Protocol
90 Signatories
63 Countries Ratified
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Opportunities: National, State, and Local • Federal Laws
- Labor Laws
- Social Security Laws
- Workers Compensation Law
- Disability Related Laws
- Return to Work Provisions• State Laws• Local Rules and Regulations
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Challenges
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WORLD REPORT ON DISABILITY
• Total Population = 7 Billion• People with Disabilities = 1 Billion• PWD in any country = about 15% • About 20% of world’s poorest people has
some form of disabling condition.
(WHO, 2011)
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Causes of Disabilities
– Emergence of new diseases and other causes of impairment, such as HIV/AIDS, stress, and alcohol and drug abuse.
– Increasing life span and numbers of elderly persons.– Projected increases in the number of children with
disabilities, over the next 30 years, specifically in the developing countries, due to malnutrition, diseases, child labor, and other causes.
– Armed conflict and violence.• For every child killed in warfare, three are injured and
acquire a permanent form of disability.• In some countries, up to a quarter of disabilities result
from injuries and violence.
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2 MAJOR CHALLENGES#1. High unemployment rate of PWD
– Inadequate provision of vocational rehabilitation and job placement services to persons with disabilities.
• Vocational and psychological assessment• Skills building and academic support• Job development and placement• Employer consultation• Post-closure extended services to persons with
disabilities and employers
#2. Professional Preparation of Vocational
Rehabilitation Service Providers
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Employment: Necessary and Possible• Almost all jobs can be performed by someone with a disability, and
given the right environment, most people with disabilities can be productive.
• In Article 27 the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) “recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis with others; this includes the opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and work environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities.”
• Factors impacting labor market participation of persons with disabilities:– productivity differentials– discrimination and prejudice– disincentives created by disability benefit systems
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Health Condition (disorder/disease)
Interaction of Concepts ICF 2001
Environmental Factors Personal Factors
Body function & structure (Impairment)
Activities(Limitation)
Participation(Restriction)
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The World Health Organization ICF Model Diagram
Body Function & Structure (Impairment)
Activities (Limitation)
Environmental Factors
Personal Factors
Participation (Restriction)
Physical Environment
Social Environment
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Vocational Avocational
Work Life Activity
VOCATIONAL EXPLORATIONCounseling/InvolveSkills/Explore
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITYAcademicTechnical
HOME MANAGEMENTLaundryMeal PreparationShoppingHome ManagementParentingFinance ManagementContact with Others
LEISURE MANAGEMENTParticipation
TRANSPORTATIONDriver TrainingDrivingResource Use
HEALTH MANAGEMENTSelf HealthSkills
REHABILITATION OUTCOME
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Vocational Rehabilitation and Support Services for Persons with Disabilities
• Why should we emphasize “work” in rehabilitation?
• Work is considered essential and therapeutic for both the physiological survival and psychological well-being of people in contemporary societies.– Gainful employment– Career building prospects
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VR Services
• Vocational Assessment Evaluation • Work Adjustment• Assistive Technology• Counseling and Guidance• Vocational Decision Making and identify
intervention needs, resulting in optimal outcome of Career Development
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Transition Services
• Transition from school – Employment
• Transition from school – Post-Secondary Institution – Employment
• Career Building
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Life Stage
Develop
men
t
Health
Education
Employment
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Individual
Agency
Group
Collaboration
Ou
tcome
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PLACEMENT APPROACHESVR Intervention Strategies:
1. Person Centered Placement
2. Selective Placement
3. Supported Employment
4. Projects with Industry
5. Self-Employment/Business Entrepreneurship
6. Supply-side VS Demand-side Placement
7. A Systems Approach to Placement (SAP):
A Holistic Model
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SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SAP
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SAP : 2 INSTRUMENTS
Diagnostic and Therapeutic
SELF-ASSESSMENT FOR STUDENTS AND COUNSELORS
- For Rehabilitation Professionals
INTAKE ASSESSMENT AND OUTCOME EVALUATION
- For Persons with disabilities
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Target Work Behaviors
Vocational Interests and
Needs
General Work Personality
Psychological, Social, and
Environmental Behaviors
Placeability
Specific Work Personality
Persons with
Disabilities
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Job Satisfaction and Satisfactoriness
Job satisfaction factors: Needs and Values Personality and Interests.
Job satisfactoriness factors: General Employability Specific Employability Placeability
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The Modified Minnesota Theory of Work Adjustment
Job Satisfaction (Need-reinforcers correspondence)
Job Satisfactoriness (Ability-requirements correspondence)
Job Tenure
Fire
Discordance
Quit
Discordance
Correspondence
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Drivers of Market Changes• Globalization of markets• Technological change• Changing customer-driven demands• Changing patterns of trade• Changing demographic trends• Public policy• Changing skill requirements and requisite
job tasks within occupations
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ChallengesProfessional Preparation of Personnel who serve People with
Disabilities (PWD):
Rehabilitation Counselors
Case Managers
Disability Managers
Job Placement Specialists
Supported Employment Specialists
Job Coaches
Assistive Technologists
Orientation and Mobility Instructors
……………….
- To enhance Employability and Placeability skills for PWD- To enhance Employment Outcomes - To enhance Quality and Life
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Challenges• Developing Academic and Professional
Preparation Programs in colleges and universities:Certificate
Diploma
Bachelor’s DegreeMaster’s Degree
Ph.D. Degree• Establishment of Office of Disability Services
in post-secondary institutions• Evidence Based Research Infrastructure
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Training Standards for Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) Professionals
• There is a positive correlation between level of professional preparation of the VR practitioner and quality of VR outcome/degree of client satisfaction with services.– Development of academic degree granting programs at B.S., M.S., and
Ph.D. levels.
• Accreditation: The goal of accreditation is to ensure that education provided by programs and institutions of higher education meets acceptable levels of quality.– Accrediting agencies, develop evaluation criteria and conduct
evaluations to assess whether or not those criteria are met. Institutions and/or programs that request an agency's evaluation and that meet an agency's criteria are then "accredited" by that agency.
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Curriculum Standards: BS in Rehabilitation Services
• Overview of Types of Disabilities – Physical, intellectual, cognitive, mental illness, addiction, sensory loss, chemical sensitivities,
and other disabling conditions. – Strengths and weaknesses of the diagnostic process – Individualized response and impact (disability vs. impairment)
• Theoretical Models of Disability – Ecological– Independent living model – Medical model – Social construction – Social justice
• Disability Definitions and their Impact – Legal – Public service delivery system – Personal – Cultural
• Environmental – Architectural Requirements and Barriers – Adaptive Technologies – Support systems (e.g., Interpreters, Readers, Guides, Personal Assistants)
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Curriculum Standards: BS in Rehabilitation Services
• Living with a Disability – Who lives, who dies, and who pays for disability – Impact on individual, family, and society – Wellness and health models of disabilities – Current/future trends and issues
• Attitudinal Barriers to People with Disabilities • Systemic Challenges and Economic Disadvantages caused by Disability • Cultural Responses to Disability
– Dominant Culture: Individual, Family, and Society – Multicultural Responses (e.g., racial, ethnic, spiritual, age, gender, sexual orientation, and
combinations of cultures or orientations) – Disability Culture
• Employment : Economic Importance
Cultural Importance
Personal Significance
Systemic Facilitators and Barriers
• Effects of Trauma • Resilience theories • Living, Learning, Working, Playing, and Socializing with a Disability
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General Curriculum Requirements: M.S. in Rehabilitation Counseling
• Professional Identity and Ethical Behavior• Psychosocial Aspects of Disability and Cultural Diversity• Human Growth and Development• Counseling Theories and Techniques• Group Work and Family Dynamics• Rehabilitation Assessment and Evaluation• Research and Program Evaluation• Medical, Functional, and Environmental Aspects of Disability• Rehabilitation Services, Case Management, and Related
Services• Employment and Career Development Theories• Clinical Experience (A total of 700 supervised clock hours)
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Certification and Licensure• Professional Certification - National Level
• Professional Licensure - State Level
• Renewal - periodically by earning Continuing Education Units
as evidence of continued learning
- to assure qualification to perform a job or task.
For example, in the U.S.A.:• Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC)• Licensed Rehabilitation Counselor (LRC)• Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC)• Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC)
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Better Rehabilitation Outcomes
Better Employability
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RI has 7 Commissions and a network of experts in about 100 countries
RI can assist in meeting the challenges of implementing CRPD by providing:
• Technical Assistance• Consultation• Education • Training• Monitoring