opportunities for biofuels in ic engines - c.r. koch (univ ... ·...

Opportunities for Biofuels in IC EnginesC.R. Koch (Univ. of Alberta)Ming Zheng (Univ of Windsor)

Prasad Divekar (Univ of Windsor)Jimi Tjong (Ford)

BFN Panel

2016-07-07

BFN Panel Opportunities for Biofuels in IC Engines 2016-07-07 1 / 23

Outline

1 Opportunities for Biofuels in IC EnginesBackground: Energy and Biofuel Use OverviewMarket for BiofuelsBackground: Transportation Current RegulationsBiofuels Opportunities with IC enginesFuture Engine TechnologiesSummary and relevance to Biofuels


Talk Motivation – Why this panel?

IC Engines - Background and MotivationAutomotive IC Engines are:

I a huge marketI very highly regulated for many years into the futureI CO2 is a relatively new regulationI Particulates are becoming increasing scrutinized and are seen as

problematicI High complexity of current systems to meet current regulationsI Current certification methods are being questioned (VW Scandal)

Big regulation changes possibleBiofuels can reduce CO2 (life cycle analysis needed) and particulates

Opportunity for innovationnew high efficiency IC enginescombined with new compatible biofuels


IC Engines and Biofuels – Complex system


Overview: Future advanced combustion and biofuels

Energy use overview and Opportunities for biofuelshigh fuel energy density needed for transportationbiofuels can reduce CO2 (life cycle analysis needed) and particulates

Regulations: Big Changes possibleCO2 being regulatedtest cycle emissions not “real” emissions

Advanced Combustion - combine with biofuelsimprove thermal efficiencyreduce NOx and particulatesneed to integrate engine and aftertreatmentopportunity for biofuels


Primary Energy Flow USA by sector (2011)1

1Annual Energy Review 2011, September 2012, US Energy Information Administration, Office of EnergyStatistics, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC


Primary Energy Production in USA

Y axis is 1 Quadrillion Btu is 1,000,000,000,000,000 (1015) or1.055× 1015 kJ or 33, 500 MW all year (10 large Power stations)


Primary Energy Consumption by Sector 2011Transportation uses about 1

4 – mostly PetroleumRenewable is about 1

10


Renewable Energy Consumption


Renewable Energy Consumption; Industrial andTransportation


Ethanol and Biodiesel Consumption


Compare Energy Density - Liquid (Bio)fuels forTransportationGasoline has an Energy density of 12,700 Wh/kg or 7,200 Wh/L a factor ofabout 30 greater than current Li-Ion batteries


Biofuel energy density

Fuel Energy Liquid or Energy - LHVtype MJ/l Gas Pressure MJ/kg UsedGasoline 34 liquid 44 SparkEthanol 20 liquid 27 SparkDiesel 38 liquid 43 DieselBiodiesel 34 liquid 37 DieselDME 19 liq 0.5 MPa 28 Volvo TruckNatural gas 23 liquid(-160 C) 47 (Bio)GasMethane 9 25MPA 47 (Bio) Gas


Current Regulations2

Motivation for improving engine efficiency and using biofuels

Figure: Projected USA Fleet-Wide Targets

2EPA and NHTSA Set Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Model Years2017-2025 Cars and Light Trucks, U.S. EPA EPA-420-F-051, Aug 2012


Vehicle Technologies to Reduce GHGs and Improve FuelEconomy — direct quote highlight is mine

“ EPA projects that manufacturers will comply with the MYs 2017-2025standards by using a wide range of technologies, including continualadvances in gasoline engines and transmissions, vehicle weight reduction,lower tire rolling resistance, vehicle aerodynamics, diesel engines, and moreefficient vehicle accessories. EPA expects that the majority ofimprovements will come from advancements in internal combustionengines, although we also expect to see some increased electrification ofthe fleet through the expanded production of stop/start, hybrid vehicles,plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric vehicles. EPA also expects thatvehicle air conditioning systems will continue to become more efficient,reduce leakage, and use alternative refrigerants with lowerhydrofluorocarbon emissions.” 3

3EPA and NHTSA Set Standards to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve FuelEconomy for Model Years 2017-2025 Cars and Light Trucks, U.S. EPA EPA-420-F-051,p6 Aug 2012


Smog - Example in Paris - Spring 20144

Smog: NOx and increased use of Diesel and GDI creates particulates

4Guardian NewspaperBFN Panel Opportunities for Biofuels in IC Engines 2016-07-07 16 / 23

System Complexity - 2015 Ford 6.7 liter


Air quality Discrepancy between vehicle certification and“real world tests”

Real World EmissionsaaThompson, Gregory J.; Carder, Daniel K.; et al. (15 May 2014). In-Use

Emissions Testing of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in the United States

NOx exceeds standard by a factor of 8

Car EPA Dyno Real World Commentg/km g/km g/km

VW Passat 0.043 0.016 0.34 – 0.67 Urea based SCR

HC met standardsParticulates are below EU standards except during regeneration –exceeds by 3 orders of magnitude


Rapidly Changing World for Transportation

1 Particulates are becoming a problem especially in urban areas2 CO2 is being regulated by the EPA in future regulations3 Automotive certification legislation is being reconsidered due to

“Cycle-Beater” operation


Particulates (soot) from modern Diesel engines

Biofuels generally reduce soot in DieselOxygen content of fuel reduces formation of soot precursorsa

Reduced aromatic content of diesel blend reduces sootBiofuels try to minimize “Diesel dilemma” (NOx vs PM) by:

I add oxygen to reduce sootI increae ignition delay to provide more homogeneous combustionI reduce surface tension and viscosity to enhance spray breakup

However too long an ignition delay can cause increase in HCaFeng et al Comb. and Flame 2015

Examples of BiofuelsEU Aachen - biomass to Di-n-butyl ether and 1-octanolVolvo - Mack - Dimethyl EtherOthers


High Efficiency Combustion: SI ↔ DieselLower fuel consumption.

High Efficiency Combustion: SI ⇐⇒ Diesel: need control

High Efficiency Combustion: need controlcan get high efficiency ⇐⇒ reduce CO2can get low emissions ⇐⇒ NOx, Soot, HC - need aftertreatmentif properly controlled is fuel flexible


Summary: Rapidly Changing World for Transportation

1 Large quantity high energy density fuel needed in transportationI huge market for biofuels

2 Particulates are becoming a problem especially in urban areasI Biofuels can reduce this significantly

3 CO2 is being regulated by the EPA in future regulationsI Biofuels are renewable – combined with high efficiency IC engines

4 Automotive certification legislation is being reconsidered due to“Cycle-Beater” operation

I Biofuel - tremendous opportunity that is not just driven by fuel cost5 IC Engines are complex

I often a trade-off between NOx and SootI ignition timing is important for emissions and efficiencyI Highly efficient engines (reduce engine out) coupled with exhaust

aftertreatment are being developed.


BFN 2016: Next part of the discussion

High efficiency future engine technology (Univ. of Windsor)Biofuel Combustion Improvement with Ignition Control, Ming ZhengImproved Control in Biofuel Engine Combustion, Prasad Divekar

Industry perspective - FordBiofuel for Future Automotive Vehicles, Dr. Jimi Tjong


opportunities for biofuels in ic engines - c.r. koch (univ ... ·...

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