A company of the BRUGG Group

presents

Optical FibersFiber Optic Cables

Indoor/Outdoor

A company of the BRUGG Group2Training ABB Oct. 2007

Content

Optical fiber function, typesoptical effects applicationsproduction of optical fibre

Cable - general typesIndoorIndoor / outdoorOutdoor

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Optical Transmission System

Schematic of an optical fibre transmission system:Modulator / Transmitter (LED, laser diode, VCSEL (850 nm))

convert electrical signals into optical ones

Fibretransport medium (e.g. optical fibre cable, splices, connectors etc.)

Receiver / Demodulator (PIN Photodiode, Avalanche Photodiodeconvert optical signals into electrical ones

Transmitter ReceiverFibre with splices and connectors

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General Construction Optical Fibres

Cladding glassTyp. diameter: 125 µm

Primary coating (plastic)PolyacrylateTyp. diameter: 250 µmColour: customer requirement

Core glassTyp. diameter: 9, 50 or 62.5 µm

Fiber according to the requirements of:ITU-T G.65xIEC 60793-xEN 60793-x

ISO / IEC 11801EN 50173DIN VDE 0888

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Light On Interfaces Of Two Medias

n2

n1

α1α2

InterfaceLight ray

Normal of incidence

α1 = α2

Total internal reflection of light

n1

n2

α1

α2

Normal of incidence

Light rayInterface

α1 > α2n1 < n2

Refraction of light

n1 & n2 : Refraction index of medium 1 & 2

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Light Guidance In Optical Waveguide

n1n2

Cross sectionLongitudinally section

Cladding glass (n2)

Core glass (n1>n2)

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Multi mode Fiber, Step Index

Multi mode Fiber, Graded Index

Single mode Fiber, Step Index

Properties:

Multiple light paths (modes) of different length causing different modes to arrive at different time intervals which causes pulse broadening (Multimode Distortion or Modal Distortion)

Bandwidth relatively small, low cost fiber

Properties:

The core diameter is reduced so that only one mode can exist (single mode). Therefore Single mode fibers don’t introduce any pulse broadening witch enables higher bandwidth.

Highest bandwidth

Properties:

The parabolic profile of the index results in continual refocusing of the rays in the core, and compensates for multimode distortion.Therefore we encounter less pulse broadening

Bandwidth bigger, more expensive

Types of fibers

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Types of fibers

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Optical Linear Effects

Attenuation

Dispersion

Characteristic

NumericalAperture

Looses light energy

Broaden light pulses

Effect

Launch lossesLED ->fibrefibre ->fibrefibre ->APD

Limitation

Transmission distances

Bandwidth

Launching light

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Attenuation

Scattering

AbsorbtionOH- Ionen

1

Losses in light energy

Effect

Limitation

Transmission-distance

Reduction optical power bet-ween two points of optical fibre

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Rayleigh Attenuation Curve

[dB/km]

[nm]800 1000 1200 1400 1600

1. window 2. window

Optical fibre attenuation

3. window

Rayleigh scattering

wavelength

Fibr

e at

tenu

atio

n

OH absorption

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[dB/km]

[nm]800 1000 1200 1400 1600

OH- - absorption

Rayleigh scattering

wavelength

Fibe

r atte

nuat

ion

fiber attenuation

1

3IR Absorption

U - Band

L - Band

C - Band

O - Band

E - Band

S - Band

•O - Band = Original band λ = 1260 - 1360 nm•E - Band = Extended Band λ = 1360 - 1460 nm•S - Band = Short Band λ = 1460 - 1530 nm•C - Band = Conventional Band λ = 1530 - 1565 nm•L - Band = Long Band λ = 1565 - 1625 nm•U - Band = Ultra long Band λ = 1625 - 1675 nm

Rayleigh Attenuation Curve

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Bending Loss:

Last mentioned source of decrease of input- versus output-power are bending losses in the fiber caused by bending the fiber. When the angle of bend exceeds a certain degree the light waves will no longer be reflected in the core and enters the cladding of the fiber. We distinct two ways of bending, Macro bending and Micro bending.

ForceMacro Bending Micro Bending

Attenuation

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Modal (Geometrical) Dispersion

Broaden ligth pulses and loss in

energy

A

t

2

Superpositioning of modes with different delay times at the same wavelength

Bandwidth

Effect

Limitation

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Multimode fiber Singlemode Fiber

ModeDispersion

Measured is the effect:Bandwidth [MHz x km]

Dispersion

ChromaticDispersion

[ps/km x nm]

Polarisation-modedispersion

PMD[ps/√km]

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Single Mode or Multimode FiberSingle Mode G.652.D (G.655/657)

Single mode optical fiber is ideal for long distance transmission.

Wavelengths used for Single mode fiber are 1310nm, 1550 nm and 1625nm.

The costs for a Single mode transmission system are relatively high (Laser).

High Bandwidth

Multi Mode G. 651

Multimode fiber is not suited for long communication distance but well suited for communication over short distances (below 2km).

Wavelengths used for Multimode are 850nm and 1300nm

The cost for a Multimode transmission system are less expensive than single mode equipment (LED). (2-4 times less expensive)

Lower Bandwidth than Single mode

Applications

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Selection Optical FibresSpecification type network

• Bandwidth 2 Mbit/s bis 10 Gbit/s• Distance 100 m bis 100 km• smal part of connecting / jointing

elements

• Bandwidth 4 Mbit/s bis 1 Gbit/s• Distance 10 m bis 2 km• more connecting / jointing

elements

• different requirements

Fibre type

Singlemode

Multimode62.5/125 µm

50/125 µm

Singlemode /Multimode /special fibre

Application

Tele-communication

CATV

LAN/MAN

WANCCTV

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Content

Optical fiber function, typesoptical effects applicationsproduction of optical fibre

Cable - general typesIndoorIndoor / outdoorOutdoor

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Fiber Optic Cable

BRUniversal

Metallic cableBRUclean

PATCHline, KONlan

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Brugg Cable Types

Indoor cablesPATCHline, KONlan

Not longitudinally water proof

Flexible

Compact design

Halogenfree, flame retardant

Longitudinally water proof

Blowing into pipes

Rodent protectedDirect burial

Outdoor cablesBRUclean

Longitudinallywater proof

High tensile strengthExcellent rodent

protection

Flame retardant

Metallic ropesBRUsteel, OPGW

Longitudinallywater proof

Laying into ductsor trunks

Rodent protected

Halogenfree,flame retardant

Universal cable BRUniversal

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Cable Types

Particular importance is placed on protecting the optical fibres against environmental influences such as mechanical stresses or temperature changes!The used cable type depends on:

Kind of laying up / installationGeneral application (indoor / outdoor etc.)environmental conditionsElectro-magnetic influences

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250 µm primary coated fibers

900 µm buffered fibers

Loose tubes 2.5 to 4mm

Simplex-,Duplex- &Mini-breakout- &Breakout- cable

Indoor / outdoor cables

Outdoor cables

Mechanical characteristics depend on the construction.

Tighth buffered fibers

Semi tight buffered fibers

PigtailsSimplex-, Duplex-,Mini-breakout- &Breakout- cable

Overview cable families

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Tight buffer

Fiber with 250 µm primary coating

Semi tight buffer

Secondary coating

900 µm buffer

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Loose tubes

Loose buffer, two layer constructed, with 2 to 24 optical fibers

Filling compound

Two layer constructed plastic tube

Optical fibre with:

Core glass 9; 50 or 62,5 µm

Cladding glass 125 µm

Primary coating 250 µm

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PATCHline Indoor cableSimplex 2.1 / 2.4 / 2.8 mm

FRNC outer sheath

Aramide and glass yarns

Fiber with primary coating

900 µm buffer

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Duplex 4.2x2.1 / 5.6x2.8

Aramide and glass yarns

Fiber with primary coating

PATCHline Indoor cable

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PATCHline Indoor cableDuplex+ 5.3x3.1 / 6.6x3.8

Fiber with primary coating

900 µm buffer

Aramide and glass yarns

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Mini Breakout KONlan mini

FRNC outer sheath

Glass yarns

Fiber with primary coating

up to 12 x 900 µm buffered fiber

Indoor cable

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Indoor cable

FRNC outer sheath

Up to 24 x 2.1 mm Simplex cable

Breakout Cable KONlan

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Indoor / outdoor cable BRUniversalCentral loose tube cable 150 / 250

FRNC outer sheath

Glas yarns with water-blocking tape

Gel-filled loose tube

Fibers with primary coating

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Indoor / outdoor cable BRUniversalStranded loose tube cable 300 - 900

Glass yarns with water-blocking tape

FRNC outer sheath

Gel-filled loose tube

Fibers with primary coating

Central strength member

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FO Outdoor Cable - Central Tube Type

BRUclean 150 / 250• max. number of fibers: 24• high crush resistance• longitudinally water proof• blowing into pipes• rodent protection

Application:• outdoor use, WAN, LAN, campus backbone

PE - outer sheathswellable tapeglass rovingscentral loose buffer

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FO Outdoor Cable - Stranded Tube Type

BRUclean 300-900

• max. number of fibers: 432• long term tensile strength 3‘000 - 9‘000 N• blowing into pipes• rodent protection

Application:• outdoor use, WAN, LAN, campus backbone• for higher fiber count

PE - outer sheathglassrovingsswellable tapestranded loose buffercentral strength member

A company of the BRUGG Group34Training ABB Oct. 2007

Thank you for your Attention.

Further information: www.brugg.com