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Optical imaging for the translational investigator Nader Pouratian M.D. Ph.D. Assistant Professor, UCLA Department of Neurosurgery K30 Program, January 13, 2012

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Page 1: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Optical imaging for the translational investigator

Nader Pouratian M.D. Ph.D.

Assistant Professor, UCLA Department of Neurosurgery

K30 Program, January 13, 2012

Page 2: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Acknowledgements

Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Arthur W. Toga Ph.D.

Alyssa M. Ba M.D. Ph.D. Anne J. Blood Ph.D. K.C. Brennan Ph.D.

Andrew F. Cannestra M.D. Ph.D. Michael Guiou M.D.

Masahito Nemoto M.D. Ph.D. Sameer Sheth M.D. Ph.D.

Greg Wong Ph.D.

UCLA Brain Mapping

Susan Y. Bookheimer Ph.D. Nancy L. Sicotte M.D.

Mark Cohen Ph.D.

UCLA Neurosurgery

Neil Martin M.D. Donald Becker M.D.

Linda Liau M.D. Ph.D.

Page 3: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Three Goals:

1) Describe optical imaging methodology and signal etiology a) single-wavelength intrinsic signal imaging b) spectroscopic intrinsic signal imaging 2) Review examples of application in clinical neuroscience a) Investigation of neuro-vascular-metabolic coupling b) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool

Focus on:

Human applications, except where animal investigations paved the path for human translational studies

Page 4: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 5: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Electrocorticography Magnetic Source Imaging

Page 6: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

LONI

Page 7: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 8: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

• Reflectance/Absorbance mapping • Visible and near infrared light • Intrinsic or Extrinsic Contrast

Page 9: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Using OIS to characterize

neuro-vascular-metabolic coupling

Why OIS?

• Offers both high SPATIAL and TEMPORAL resolution relative to other neuroimaging

modalities

• Intrinsic contrast

• Multiwavelength imaging allows investigation of several physiological processes within the

same experiment

Page 10: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Intrinsic Signal Imaging

• Advantages

– No extrinsic dye – Delivery

– Toxicity

– Human application

– Only limited by imaging optics AND computer processing speed

• Single Wavelength

• Multiwavelength

• Spectroscopic

Page 11: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

• small signals • trial averaging • stim/cntrl

Page 12: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

ratio (t) = I (t) / I base

ratio (t) = ratio (t) – ratio (-0.25)

I base = { I (-1.0) + I (-0.75) + I (-0.5) + I (-0.25) } / 4

• The magnitude of optical intrinsic signals is calculated as the fractional change in reflected light intensity relative to the pre-stimulus baseline. • Pixel-by-pixel division and subtraction

Optical Imaging: Analysis

Page 13: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/reflection/specular/specularjavafigure1.jpg

Absorption Emission

Reflection Refraction

Scatter Diffraction

Where do Optical Imaging signals come from and how specific are they?

Page 14: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Page 15: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Sources of Intrinsic Optical Signals

• Absorption

– Δ Total Hgb

– Δ Hgb Oxygenation

– Δ Cytochrome Oxidation

• Light Scattering

– Δ Blood volume

– Δ Blood flow

– Vessel dilatation

– Neuronal swelling

– Glial swelling

Page 16: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 17: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

LONI

Wavelength dependence of OIS

Page 18: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Optical Responses at Different Wavelengths

LONI

Page 19: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 20: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

anterior

medial

lateral

posterior

FOREPAW HINDPAW

WHISKER BARREL

SPATIAL SPECIFICITY OF OPTICAL IMAGING MAPS: MAPPING OF MOUSE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

Page 21: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Visual Cortex Mapping – Differential Imaging

Subtract two stimulus conditions that activate “distinct neuronal populations” – subtract out “non-specific responses”

Shortcomings: (1) Artifacts may be stimulus specific

(2) Artifacts may not be synchronized with stimulation

(3) Identifying orthogonal activations is non-trivial

Page 22: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

STABILITY OF OPTICAL IMAGING SIGNALS Mapping of Hindpaw cortex in Rodent

Day 0

Seconds after stimulus

Day 5

Day 10

Day 15

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Page 23: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Page 24: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

0.4 %

OIS

0.2 mV

ECoG

Note change in OIS scale

X10-3

CORRELATION OF OIS WITH SEIZURE ACTIVITY

Page 25: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Optical Imaging of Cortical Spreading Depression

Page 26: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Image changes in blood volume using the intravascular fluorescent dye Texas Red dextran (M. W. 70,000, Molecular Probes)

OPTICAL IMAGING FOR CHARACTERIZING DISEASE AND PHYSIOLOGY

Page 27: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Experience-Dependent Potentiation of Optical Responses

Page 28: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Intraop Brain Mapping Requirements

OIS fMRI Unit Activity

ECoG

Temporal Resolution

High

Spatial resolution

“Sufficient”

Spatial sampling

“Sufficient”

Biocompatibility& Signal Stability

Necessary

SNR High

Signal content Rich

Signal specificity

High

↑↑

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↔

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Page 29: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Neurosurgery: Rare and unique opportunity to study the

awake functioning human brain

Page 30: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

TRANSLATING OPTICAL IMAGING TO HUMAN APPLICATIONS

Page 31: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Median Nerve Stimulation

Page 32: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 33: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

WHY TRANSLATE OPTICAL IMAGING FOR HUMAN APPLICATION?

Cheap, portable, relatively simple to implement CLINICAL BENEFITS -potentially more precise mapping of eloquent cortex RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES -awake (or anesthetized) human with exposed brain -high resolution mapping (spatial, temporal) -can test high level function -can test fundamental hemodynamics -can compare with fMRI, ephys -can compare normal and pathological tissue

Page 34: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES OF OPTICAL IMAGING IN HUMANS

(1) REQUIRES CORTICAL EXPOSURE -> NEEDS TO BE DONE DURING NEUROSURGERY (2) OPERATING ROOM CONSTRAINTS -limited space and time -little/no control of anesthesia -restricted field of view -some tissue likely abnormal -THE BRAIN MOVES (3) CONSTRAINTS OF OPTICAL IMAGING MAPS -surface map, not tomographic

Page 35: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME BRAIN MOVEMENT DURING INTRAOPERATIVE OPTICAL IMAGING

Page 36: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Movement correction by Warping Algorithms

Page 37: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

OIS OF EPILEPTIFORM ACTIVITY IN HUMAN

Haglund MM et al Nature 1992

Haglund MM et al J Neurophysiol 2005

Page 38: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Optical spatial properties and topographic Specificity

Page 39: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Page 40: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Sato et al Cereb Cortex 2005

Intraoperative imaging of individual digit representations

Page 41: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 42: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Language Mapping

Page 43: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Cannestra A et al NeuroImage 1996

SIMILARITY OF HUMAN AND RODENT INTRINSIC SIGNALS

TIME COURSE

REFRACTORY PERIOD

Page 44: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Optical Imaging Applications: Intermodality Comparisons

Confirmation and Explanation

Page 45: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 46: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

LONI

Page 47: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 48: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 49: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 50: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 51: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 52: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Comparison of

iOIS and fMRI

Cannestra, Pouratian, Bookheimer,

Martin, Becker, and Toga

Cerebral Cortex (in press)

Page 53: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Page 54: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

LONI

Page 55: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Tongue Activations

1 cm

1 cm

1 cm

Page 56: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

fMRI Sulcal

2.36 ± 1.40 cm2

iOIS Gyral

5.07 ± 1.52 cm2

p=.035 (paired two-tailed t-test)

Avg Activation Size

1 cm

1 cm

Page 57: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

LONI Error Bars = Standard Deviation

Page 58: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Conclusions and Implications

• BOLD and positive 610 nm OIS are both spatially and temporally correlated

• Signal disparities may be related to differences in sensitivities and other signals, like light scattering, contributing to OIS

Page 59: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

NEAR FUTURE TRANSLATION

OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Page 60: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

X

Y

Entire image at single wavelength

X

Wavelegnth

(separated by prism)

Single column entire wavelength spectrum

Page 61: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Spectroscopic Imaging: Applying a Modified Beer-Lambert Law

Page 62: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WSS-4C6SM21-K&_image=B6WSS-4C6SM21-K-J&_ba=&_user=4423&_coverDate=04/22/2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=7054&_pii=S0896627304002211&view=c&_isHiQual=Y&_acct=C000059605&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4423&md5=9896475d2ddf8a76e78b69c4915cc01d
Page 63: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

2-D OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Page 64: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

• Sacrifice spectral resolution to retain spatial resolution – image at distinct wavelengths during separate trials and then integrate in post-hoc analysis using same formulas

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6WNP-4TS6SKV-2&_image=B6WNP-4TS6SKV-2-H&_ba=&_user=4423&_coverDate=08/31/2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6968&_pii=S1053811908011002&view=c&_isHiQual=Y&_acct=C000059605&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=4423&md5=72ad1f0cba316c694ec95a39f2b3e697
Page 65: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Bhatia et al Neurosurg Focus 2008

Intraoperative spectroscopy

Page 66: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Using optical reflectance below the surface: near infrared reflectance probe

Giller et al J Neurosurg 2009

Page 67: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

MORE DISTANT FUTURE TRANSLATIONS?

Extrinsic fluorescence imaging,

Phosprescence quenching imaging,

and

Intrinsic fluorescence imaging

Page 68: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 69: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Raabe et al Neurosurgery 2003

2D IMAGING OF BLOOD FLOW: Infrared fluorescence of indocyanine green dye

Page 70: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

INTRINSIC FLUORESCENCE IMAGING IN MOUSE – NADH FLUORESCENCE

Page 71: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Husson TR et al, J Neurosci 2007

INTRINSIC FLUORESCENCE IMAGING IN MOUSE -Flavoprotein fluorescence

Page 72: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Imaging of Oxygen Phosphorescence Quenching The kinetics of the oxygen concentration changes can be derived from these decay times using the Stern-Volmer equation:

τ0/τ = 1 + Kqτ0PO2 where τ and τ0 are the measured and zero-oxygen phosphorescence lifetimes, PO2 is the oxygen tension, and Kq is the second-order rate constant for quenching of phosphorescence.

Page 73: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

BEYOND HEMOGLOBIN -LIGHT SCATTER

Stepnoski et al PNAS 1991

Page 74: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Rector DM et al. NeuroImage 2005

IMAGING AT NEURONAL SPEED: FAST LIGHT SCATTER SIGNALS

Page 75: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

FAST LIGHT SCATTER SIGNALS IN HUMAN? NONINVASIVELY?

Gratton and Fabiani, Int J Psychophysiol 2001

Probably not… See Steinbrink J et al NeuroImage 2005.

Page 76: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

2D IMAGING OF BLOOD FLOW: LASER SPECKLE FLOWMETRY

Zhang and Murphy PLOS Biol 2007

Dunn AK et al J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001

Page 77: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING: OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY

Boppart SA Psychophysiol 2003 Chen Y et al J Neurosci Methods 2008

Page 78: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Bohringer et al Acta Neurochir 2009

Intraoperative OCT

Page 79: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

TOMOGRAPHIC METHODS: LAMINAR OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

Page 80: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Near Infrared Spectroscopy: A Variant of Optical Imaging

Page 81: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

NONINVASIVE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT: NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS)

Obrig and Villringer J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001

Boas and Dale Appl. Opt. 2005

Page 82: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Optical Imagings: Clinical Applications

Page 83: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 84: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 85: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 86: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

UCLA Laboratory of Neuro Imaging

Page 87: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 88: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 89: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 90: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,
Page 91: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

Use rare and unique neurosurgical opportunities to study the awake functioning human brain

Bill Speier.

In

preparation.

Page 92: Optical imaging for the translational investigatorb) Characterization of other brain mapping signals 3) Validate the use of optical imaging as an mapping tool Focus on: Human applications,

SUMMARY

• Even with limitations (invasiveness, slow hemodynamic signal) optical imaging in animals and humans is a valuable research tool. – Anatomical localization

– Functional characterization (activity)

– Metabolic measurement (oximetry, flowmetry, mitochondrial redox activity)

• Crucial limitations are being overcome – High speed imaging

– Tomographic imaging


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