optical networking beyond wdm[nakazawa et al., ofc’10] pdm 64-qam 21 gbaud (256 gb/s) [gnauck et...
TRANSCRIPT
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COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
OPTICAL NETWORKING BEYOND WDM SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING AND MIMO FOR THE PETABIT ERA Peter J. Winzer Optical Transmission Systems and Networks Research Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, USA
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Bell Labs S.Chandrasekhar A.R.Chraplyvy C.R.Doerr R.-J.Essiambre G.J.Foschini A.H.Gnauck H.Kogelnik G.Kramer X.Liu S.Randel G.Raybon R.Ryf R.W.Tkach
Optical Fiber Solutions D.DiGiovanni J.Fini R.Lingle D.Peckham T.F.Taunay B.Zhu
Sumitomo Electric M.Hirano Y.Yamamoto T.Sasaki
AND MANY OTHERS
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1 Traffic evolution in data networks
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HUMAN-DRIVEN TRAFFIC GROWTH
HiDef Video Communication Panasonic’s LifeWall
Human desire to communicate in a multi-media manner Huge transport capacities (especially for non-cacheable real time apps)
1995 2000 2005 2010
2 dB / year (58%/year)
10 Gb/s
100 Gb/s
1 Tb/s
10 Tb/s
US data network traffic
100 Tb/s
60% 10 log10(1.6) dB 2 dB
[R.W.Tkach, BLTJ, 2010]
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MACHINE-DRIVEN TRAFFIC GROWTH Amdahl’s rule of thumb 1 Floating point operation (Flop) triggers ~1 Byte/s of transport Cloud services couple network traffic to exponential growth of processor power
100 TFlops
10 TFlops
1 TFlops
100 GFlops
10 GFlops
1 GFlops
1995 2000 2005 2010
2.7 dB / year (86%/year)
2 dB / year (58%/year)
10 Gb/s
100 Gb/s
1 Tb/s
10 Tb/s
US data network traffic
Top 500 Supercomputers
100 Tb/s
60% 10 log10(1.6) dB 2 dB
http://www.circuitboards1.com
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2 The role of optical transmission technologies
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OPTICAL NETWORKS: WORKHORSE OF THE INTERNET
Line interface (e.g., 100 Gbit/s)
Router
Optical network
WDM: Wavelength-division multiplexing
Reconfigurable optical add/ drop multiplexer (ROADM)
Client interface (e.g., 4 x 25 Gbit/s)
WDM system (e.g., 80 x 100 Gbit/s)
Objectives: Increase per-wavelength interface rates (client and line side) Increase per-fiber aggregate capacities (line side)
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HIGH-SPEED OPTICAL INTERFACE EVOLUTION
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
10
100
1
10
100 Se
rial I
nter
face
Rat
es a
nd W
DM
Cap
aciti
es
Gb/
s Tb
/s
2010 2014 2018 1
2022
• From direct (envelope) detection to coherent (field) detection • Polarization multiplexed 16-QAM at 448 Gb/s demonstrated
Direct detection
9.3 ps
107 Gbaud On/Off
Coherent detection
80 Gbaud QPSK
56 Gbaud 16-QAM
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• From direct (envelope) detection to coherent (field) detection • Polarization multiplexed 16-QAM at 448 Gb/s demonstrated • 112-Gbit/s coherent interfaces commercially available since June 2010
HIGH-SPEED OPTICAL INTERFACES – PRODUCTS
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
10
100
1
10
100 Se
rial I
nter
face
Rat
es a
nd W
DM
Cap
aciti
es
Gb/
s Tb
/s
2010 2014 2018 1
2022
ASIC: 70M+ gates
Direct detection
Coherent detection
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SCALING INTERFACES TO TERABIT ETHERNET
PDM 512-QAM 3 GBaud (54 Gb/s) [Okamoto et al., ECOC’10]
PDM 256-QAM 4 GBaud (64 Gb/s) [Nakazawa et al., OFC’10]
PDM 64-QAM 21 GBaud (256 Gb/s) [Gnauck et al., OFC’11]
PDM 16-QAM 56 GBaud (448 Gb/s) [Winzer et al., ECOC’10]
PDM 32-QAM 9 GBaud (90 Gb/s) [Zhou et al., OFC’11]
60 GHz
448 Gb/s (10 subcarriers) 16-QAM 5 bit/s/Hz 2000 km transm. [Liu et al., OFC’10]
65 GHz
606 Gb/s (10 subcarriers) 32-QAM 7 bit/s/Hz 2000 km transm. [Liu et al., ECOC’10]
1.2 Tb/s (24 subcarriers) QPSK 3 bit/s/Hz 7200 km transm. [Chandrasekhar et al., ECOC’09]
300 GHz
Bandw idth, A/ D resolution Optical parallelism
A/ D resolution Bandw idth
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THE SCALING OF WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006
10
100
1
10
100
Seri
al Inte
rfac
e R
ates
and W
DM
Cap
acit
ies
Gb/s
Tb/s
2010 2014 2018
1
2022
•2.5 dB/yr
•0.8 dB/yr
•0.5 dB/yr
~10 Terabit/s WDM systems are now commercially available ~100 Terabit/s WDM systems have been demonstrated in research Growth of WDM system capacities has noticeably slowed down since ~2000
[P.J.Winzer, IEEE Comm. Mag., June 2010]
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3 Fiber nonlinearities and the “nonlinear Shannon limit”
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WHY IS AN OPTICAL FIBER NONLINEAR ?
• Core diameter ~8 mm • Cladding diameter ~125 mm • Light is kept within the core (total internal reflection)
Cladding (n1)
Core (n2 > n1)
Megawatt / cm2 optical intensities n2 = n2,0+n2,2 Popt + … (Kerr effect) Leads to nonlinear distortions over hundreds of kilometers
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PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AT PLAY
… Optical field propagating in the fiber’s transverse mode
(Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation) + N
ROADM … Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer
Fiber Nonlinearity
Filtering Effects
Chromatic Dispersion Optical Filtering (ROADMs)
Spontaneous emission from in-line optical amplifiers
Noise
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THE NONLINEAR SHANNON LIMIT Increasing the signal power (i.e. the SNR) creates signal distortions from fiber
nonlinearity, eventually limiting system performance
SNR [dB]
Cap
acity
C [b
its/s
] Maximum capacity
Signal launch power [dBm]
Tx Rx
Distributed Noise
C = B log2 (1 + SNR)
Nonlinear distortions
Quantum mechanics dictates a lower bound on amplifier noise [R.-J. Essiambre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2008) or J. Lightwave Technol. (2010)]
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AN LOWER BOUND ESTIMATE FOR THE SHANNON LIMIT • Assume ring constellations • Deterministic signal back-propagation to remove (most of the) channel memory • Numerical solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equation Numerical statistics
SNR [dB]
Cap
acity
C [b
its/s
] Maximum capacity
Signal launch power [dBm]
Tx Rx
Distributed Noise
[R.-J. Essiambre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2008) or J. Lightwave Technol. (2010)]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SNR (dB)
Capa
city
per
uni
t ba
ndw
idth
(b
its/s
/Hz)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7 1 ring 2 rings 4 rings 8 rings
16 rings
Numerical statistics
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 SNR (dB)
Capa
city
per
uni
t ba
ndw
idth
(b
its/s
/Hz)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
7 1 ring 2 rings 4 rings 8 rings 16 rings -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
Imag
par
t of
fie
ld [
mW
1/2 ]
Real part of field [ mW 1/2 ]
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Real part of field [ mW 1/2 ]
Imag
par
t of
fie
ld [
mW
1/2 ]
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
Real part of field [ mW 1/2 ]
Imag
par
t of
fie
ld [
mW
1/2 ]
SOME EXAMPLE RESULTS
R.-J. Essiambre et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2008) or J. Lightwave Technol. (2010)
Note: Capacity maximum occurs at fairly high SNRs
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REALITY CHECK: WHERE ARE WE EXPERIMENTALLY ?
5
10
15
2 100 1,000 10,000
Transmission distance [km]
Spec
tral
eff
icie
ncy
[b/s
/Hz]
~2x
Current WDM products
Commercial WDM needs, ca. 2016
~2 dB / year
WDM: Wavelength division multiplexing NL: Nonlinear
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4 Spatial multiplexing: The next frontier
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DIMENSIONS FOR MODULATION AND MULTIPLEXING
http://www.occfiber.com/
Space
but space
Polarization Frequency
Time Quadrature
Current WDM products use all dimensions
Physical dimensions
WDM: Wavelength division multiplexing
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TWO OPTIONS TO REACH OUR 2016 CAPACITY GOAL
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COMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARE
10
20
100 1,000 10,000 Transmission distance [km]
Spec
tral
eff
icie
ncy
[b/s
/Hz]
N1= 1
N1: Number of TX/RX in high-SE, multiply regenerated system
N1=3
N1=30 N1=10
N1=300 N1=100
N1=1,000 N1=3,000 N1=10,000
3x
[P. J. Winzer, PTL 2011]
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COMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARE
10
20
100 1,000 10,000 Transmission distance [km]
Spec
tral
eff
icie
ncy
[b/s
/Hz]
N2 = 1
N2: Number of TX/RX in low-SE, parallel system
3x
N2=3 N2=4 N2=5 N2=6 N2=2
[P. J. Winzer, PTL 2011]
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COMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARE N2=2 N2=3 N2=4 N2=5 N2=6
10
20
100 1,000 10,000 Transmission distance [km]
Spec
tral
eff
icie
ncy
[b/s
/Hz]
N1= N2 = 1
N1: Number of TX/RX in high-SE, multiply regenerated system
N2: Number of TX/RX in low-SE, parallel system
N1=3
N1=30 N1=10
N1=300 N1=100
N1=1,000 N1=3,000 N1=10,000
[P. J. Winzer, PTL 2011]
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5 Spatial multiplexing: The integration challenge
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NEED INTEGRATION FOR ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
TX RX
TX RX
TX RX
Integrated transponders, Integrated amplifiers, Multi-mode or Multi-core fiber
Schematic view
Deploying M spatial paths is better than using multiple regenerators But: M systems cost M times as much & consume M times the energy Cost/bit (or energy/bit) remains constant
Integration is key to scale space-division multiplexed systems
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INTEGRATED 7-CORE MULTI-MODE INTERCONNECT
[B. G. Lee et al., IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topicals, 2010]
Fiber coupled to VCSEL array for 100-m interface at 120 Gb/s
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INTEGRATED 7-CORE SINGLE-MODE RECEIVER
4.0 mm
TE TM
MZI demux Grating coupler
Photodiode
Fiber
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
[C.R.Doerr et al., PTL 2011]
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7-CORE FIBER: LOW LOSS AND LOW CROSSTALK
[B.Zhu et al., ECOC 2011 and OptEx, 2011]
[K.Imamura et al., ECOC 2011]
[T. Hayashi et al., ECOC 2011]
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SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING SETS FIRST CAPACITY RECORD
1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 10
100
1
10
100
Syst
em c
apac
ity
Gb/
s Tb
/s
2010 2014 2018
WD
M c
hann
els
1
10
Pb/s
Spat
ial
mod
es
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LONG DISTANCES AND HIGH SPECTRAL EFFICIENCIES
1,000 10,000 Transmission distance [km]
100
10
Agg
rega
te s
pec
tral
eff
icie
ncy
[b/s
/Hz]
20
30
40
50
60
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ULTIMATELY, INTEGRATION WILL LEAD TO CROSSTALK
TX RX
TX RX
TX RX
Integrated transponders, Integrated amplifiers, Multi-mode or Multi-core fiber
Schematic view
How much crosstalk is tolerable?
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a very successfully crosstalk cancellation technique... (Caveat: MIMO in optical has different boundary conditions from wireless)
[Winzer et al., ECOC 2011]
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6 SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING USING MIMO
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MIMO channel
MIMO-SDM IN FIBER – DIFFERENCES TO WIRELESS • Potential addressability of all propagation modes (complete set) • “Perturbed unitary” channel (mode-dependent loss) • Fiber nonlinearity (likely to set per-mode peak-power constraints) • High reliability requirements (99.999%), low outage probabilities (10-5) • Distributed noise • RX TX feedback almost always impossible • Nonlinear MIMO signal processing ?
MIM
O
Dec
oder
+
Channel matrix H
MT N0
N0
+ MR
MIM
O
Enco
der
M x M
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Segment
MIM
O
Dec
oder
N1
n1 H1
M
n2 H2
+
nK HK
N2 NK
N1 N2 NK
MIM
O
Enco
der
M
+
+
+
+
+
DISTRIBUTED NOISE LOADING
In optics, noise loading is usually distributed over propagation (e.g., on a “per-span” or “per-segment” basis)
Spatial noise correlation
If segment matrices are unitary: [Winzer and Foschini, Optics Express, 2011]
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MODE-DEPENDENT LOSS
Outage probabilities for M = 16 modes, K = 64 segments Mode-dependent loss MDLi per segment
1
10-2
Out
age
prob
abilit
y
0.4 0.6 0.8 1
10-4
Capacity (C/M)
MDLi [dB] = 5 2
1 0.5
Noise loading at receiver Distributed noise loading
Noise loading at receiver is worse than distributed noise loading A per-segment MDL of 1 dB only reduces capacity by
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THE FIRST 6x6 OPTICAL MIMO EXPERIMENT
SDM
M
UX
3-mode fiber
• All guided modes are selectively launched and coherently detected (otherwise: System outage)
• Modes are strongly coupled during propagation in the fiber • Digital signal processing decouples received signals
Orthogonal mode
coupling
SDM
D
EMU
X
PD-Coh RX0
Out1 Out2 Out3 Out4 Out5 Out6
MIMO DSP
Orthogonal mode
coupling
Mode mixing
PD-Coh RX1
PD-Coh RX2
n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6
Ch1 Ch2 Ch3 Ch4 Ch5 Ch6
PD: Polarization Diversity
LP01 X-pol LP11a X-pol LP11b X-pol
Inte
nsity
LP01 Y-pol LP11a Y-pol LP11b Y-pol
[R. Ryf et al., OFC 2011; S. Randel et al., Optics Express 2011]
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39
• Crosstalk between 3 cores with 2 polarizations each can be compensated using a linear 6 6 MIMO equalizer
6 6 ADAPTIVE MIMO EQUALIZER STRUCTURE
RX #3
X-Pol.
Carrier
Recovery
Carrier
Recovery
Carrier
Recovery
Carrier
Recovery
Carrier
Recovery
Carrier
Recovery
RX #2
X-Pol.
RX #1
Y-Pol.
RX #1
X-Pol.
RX #2
Y-Pol.
RX #3
Y-Pol.
TX #1
X-Pol
w1,1 w1,2 w1,3 w1,4 w1,5 w1,6
w2,1 w2,2 w2,3 w2,4 w2,5 w2,6
w3,1 w3,2 w3,3 w3,4 w3,5
w4,1 w4,2 w4,3
w5,1 w5,2 w5,3
w4,4
w5,4
w4,5
w5,5
w4,6
w5,6
w6,1 w6,2 w6,3 w6,4 w6,5 w6,6
w3,6
TX #1
Y-Pol
TX #2
X-Pol
TX #2
Y-Pol
TX #3
X-Pol
TX #3
Y-Pol
Randel et. al., Optics Express, 2011
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40
IMPULSE RESPONSE MATRIX FOR 96-km 6-MODE FEW-MODE FIBER
-50
-30
-10 h 11
|h| 2
(dB
)
-50
-30
-10 h 21
|h| 2
(dB
)
-50
-30
-10 h 31
|h| 2
(dB
)
-50
-30
-10 h 41
|h| 2
(dB
)
-50
-30
-10 h 51
|h| 2
(dB
)
1 2 3 4 5 6
-50
-30
-10 h 61
t (ns)
|h| 2
(dB
)
h 12
h 22
h 32
h 42
h 52
1 2 3 4 5 6
h 62
t (ns)
h 13
h 23
h 33
h 43
h 53
1 2 3 4 5 6
h 63
t (ns)
h 14
h 24
h 34
h 44
h 54
1 2 3 4 5 6
h 64
t (ns)
h 15
h 25
h 35
h 45
h 55
1 2 3 4 5 6
h 65
t (ns)
h 16
h 26
h 36
h 46
h 56
1 2 3 4 5 6
h 66
t (ns)
•LP01x •LP01y •LP11ax •LP11ay •LP11bx •LP11by
•LP 0
1x
•LP 0
1y
•LP 1
1ax
•LP 1
1ay
•LP 1
1bx
•LP 1
1by
•Transmitted ports
•Rec
eive
d po
rts
• The impulse response was characterized for all 6 outputs as function of all 6 inputs
• Strong coupling is observed within the LP01 and the LP11 mode
• Weaker coupling is observed between the LP01 and LP11 mode
Ryf et. al., J. Lightwave Technol., 2012
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A GLIMPSE INTO AN OPTICAL MIMO-SDM LAB
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SOME FURTHER READING Single-mode fiber capacity limit • R.-J. Essiambre et al., “Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber Networks,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 662 (2010).
MIMO-SDM capacity scaling
• R. Ryf et al., “Mode-division multiplexing over 96 km of few-mode fiber using coherent 6x6 MIMO processing,” J. Lightwave Technol. 30, 521 (2012).
• S. Randel et al., “6 x 56-Gb/s Mode-Division Multiplexed Transmission over 33-km Few-Mode Fiber Enabled by 66 MIMO Equalization,” Optics Express (2011).
Overview on globally ongoing optical MIMO efforts • G. Li, X. Liu, “Focus Issue: Space Multiplexed Optical Transmission,” Opt. Ex. 19 16574 (2011). • T. Morioka et al. “Enhancing optical communications with brand new fibers,” IEEE Comm. Mag. 50, s31 (2012).
• P. J. Winzer, “Optical Networking Beyond WDM,” IEEE Photon. J. (2012).
• P. J. Winzer and G. J. Foschini, “MIMO Capacities and Outage Probabilities in Spatially Multiplexed Optical Transport Systems,” Optics Express (2011).
• P. J. Winzer “Energy-efficient optical transport capacity scaling through spatial multiplexing,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 23, 851 (2011).
First MIMO-SDM experiments
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44
OPTICAL NETWORKING BEYOND WDM SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING AND MIMO FOR THE PETABIT ERAACKNOWLEDGMENTSlide Number 3HUMAN-DRIVEN TRAFFIC GROWTHMACHINE-DRIVEN TRAFFIC GROWTHSlide Number 6OPTICAL NETWORKS: WORKHORSE OF THE INTERNETHIGH-SPEED OPTICAL INTERFACE EVOLUTIONHIGH-SPEED OPTICAL INTERFACES – PRODUCTSSCALING INTERFACES TO TERABIT ETHERNETTHE SCALING OF WAVELENGTH-DIVISION MULTIPLEXINGSlide Number 12WHY IS AN OPTICAL FIBER NONLINEAR ?PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AT PLAYTHE NONLINEAR SHANNON LIMITAN LOWER BOUND ESTIMATE FOR THE SHANNON LIMITSOME EXAMPLE RESULTSSENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO FIBER PARAMETERSREALITY CHECK: WHERE ARE WE EXPERIMENTALLY ?Slide Number 20DIMENSIONS FOR MODULATION AND MULTIPLEXINGTWO OPTIONS TO REACH OUR 2016 CAPACITY GOALCOMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARECOMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARECOMPARISON OF REQUIRED TRANSPONDER HARDWARESlide Number 26NEED INTEGRATION FOR ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITYINTEGRATED 7-CORE MULTI-MODE INTERCONNECTINTEGRATED 7-CORE SINGLE-MODE RECEIVER7-CORE FIBER: LOW LOSS AND LOW CROSSTALKSPATIAL MULTIPLEXING SETS FIRST CAPACITY RECORDLONG DISTANCES AND HIGH SPECTRAL EFFICIENCIESULTIMATELY, INTEGRATION WILL LEAD TO CROSSTALKSlide Number 34MIMO-SDM IN FIBER – DIFFERENCES TO WIRELESSDISTRIBUTED NOISE LOADINGMODE-DEPENDENT LOSSTHE FIRST 6x6 OPTICAL MIMO EXPERIMENT6×6 ADAPTIVE MIMO EQUALIZER STRUCTUREIMPULSE RESPONSE MATRIX FOR 96-km 6-MODE FEW-MODE FIBERA GLIMPSE INTO AN OPTICAL MIMO-SDM LAB …OUTLOOK: THERE’S PLENTY OF WORK AHEAD !!!SOME FURTHER READINGSlide Number 44