optimal sanitation initiative

Optimal

Sanitation

Initiative

AGENDA

1. Optimal Sanitation Initiative – Conceptual

Framework

2. Comparative study of sanitation

regulations

De planes de inversión de

11 paises (63% de la

población de ALC), con

metas menores que los ODS

y en más tiempo:

US$180 mil millones

Inequalities in the region

Urban Segregation

• 25% of the population lives inslums and informal settlements

• 66% of the population with thelowest-income live in cities

• 57% of this population areemployed in the informal sector

Our cities are the most unequal in the world

Elimination of social inequities in access and quality ofthis service.

Protection of health in the population (EGI, Dengue,Cholera, ER, COVID-19).

Increase resources, investments and efficient use.

Adequate protection of water bodies in the urbanenvironment.

The challenge it's huge

and it’s not only infrastructure

Diversification and selection of technologies (appropriate,innovating, applying social and managementtechnologies).

Improve planning and design (comprehensive,comprehensive, and according to each situation).

Optimal Sanitation, a new paradigmVision and Focus: Strategic Axes

Resilience and climate change

Circular VisionEnergy, reuso, nutrient recovery

Planning considering a watershed approach

long-term, comprehensive and

staged solutionsDiversification of Technologies Use and application, hard and soft

Design of optimal solutionsFlexible, appropriate to each situation, progressive and scalable

Management, Efficiency and innovation Operation, purchases and

contracts

Universal access: priority on mostvulnerable Equity: Informal neighborhoods,

community participation, access beyond the home

Behavior changeConnectivity, Use, Hygiene

Sanitation as a businessEmployment, productive activities,

gender

Priority on the Policy AgendaStable and effective policies, governance, coordination and policy coherence

Stable and secure financingSufficient public/private resources, co-financiers, tariffs and subsidies

Service management and capacity buildingAutonomous and efficient operators

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SANITATION REGULATIONS

Diagnosis and analysis of regulations related to sanitation in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

17 Objetivos 169 Metas

Phase I

Phase II

Analysis and comparison of guidelines and policies associated with sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean - LAC (26 countries)

Comparative analysis of sanitation regulations (6 countries)

This allowed:Identification of elements to be considered in a regulatory framework for "Optimal sanitation"Proposal for an evaluation and monitoring tool for the regulatory framework in sanitation

Phase I. Analysis and comparison of guidelines and policies associated with sanitation in Latin America and the Caribbean - LAC (26 countries)

Comparative analysis of regulations at three levels

Identification of regulatory barriers, similarities or differences in standards

• Constitution and national laws.Legal framework

• Decrees and resolutions

• Other policy guidelines and regulationsSectoral framework

• Analysis of specific actions implemented (national plans, programmes, projects)

Specific actions

3. Decision making in projects

4. Gender focus in service delivery

5. Productive activities and local development around sanitation

6. Availability of information (existence of system)

7. Availability of information (access)

Access to theservice

CommunityEngagement

1. Universality of service

2. Standard for particular areas (informal settlements/slums)

To conduct the analysis, 3 main groups of regulatory aspects were established (38 issues):

(i) social, (iii) technical/environmental and planning, (iii) economic- financial aspects.So

cial

asp

ect

s7

to

pic

s

Conventional12. Arrangement on installation depth/place of installation of networks13. Type of material collection and evacuation system14. Net diametersNon-conventional 15. Type16. Transport of faecal sludge

Tech

nic

al/

en

viro

nm

enta

lasp

ect

s1

6 t

op

ics

User interface

8. Intra-household connection programs/incentives9. Individual solution10. Program/incentive for installation of individual solutions11. Regulation for installation of individual solutions

Wastewatercollection and

disposal

Wastewatertreatment

Reuse

Final Discharge

17. Provision on criteria for choice of type of system 18. Types of systems (Centralized)19. Type of system (decentralized, on-site)

20. General provisions on reuse21. Prohibition for waste water reuse under certain conditions22. Use of treated wastewater23. Alternatives uses of biosolids/sludge (energy use)24. Biosolids/sludge

25. Discharge standards (parameters and values)26. Regulation limits according to water bodies depuration capacities (basin)27. Prohibition of discharges without treatment

31. General Cost Recovery Provisions32. Cost Recovery Provisions(operation and maintenance)33. Cost Recovery Provisions(investment)34. Criteria for establishing differentiated tariffs35. Regulation of tariffs on services for individual solutions

Pla

nn

ing,

eco

no

mic

an

d f

inan

cial

asp

ect

s1

1 t

op

ics

Subsidies and incentives

28. Subsidies (conventional solution)29. Subsidies (individual solution)30. Connectivity incentives

Tariffs

Planning tools36. Policy, Plan, National Sanitation Program37. Project planning in stages38. Mandatory sanitation plans

Phase II. Comparative analysis of sanitation regulations (6 countries)

• Identify gaps, similarities, differencesScope

• Surveys focused on the selected countries (sectoral, national, local actors)Surveys

• 4 regional workshops

• Barriers, opportunities and lessons learned in building standards to advance safe sanitation

Workshops

We did not assess or evaluate effectiveness or level of implementation.

Countries selected for detailed analysis - Phase II

Colombia

El Salvador

México

Jamaica

Brasil

Bolivia

The level of regulatory development

Geographical variability

Relevance of regulations to analyze (e.g. reuse, individual solutions, planning instruments)

Criteria for country selection

Social and user interface: community participation, gender focus, programs to encourage intra-household connections

Environmental: Regulations for sludge/water reuse

Planning tools: Possibility of executing projects in phases, inclusion of unconventional solutions in plans

PaísesSocial

Interfase con el usuario

Recolección y evacuación

Tratamiento de AR

Reúso/Disposición final

Descargas a cuerpos de agua

Subsidios Tarifas

Instrumentos de planeación

Argentina

Bahamas

Barbados

Belize

Bolivia

Brasil

Chile

Colombia

Costa Rica

Ecuador

El Salvador

Guatemala

Guyana

Haití

Honduras

Jaimaica

México

Nicaragua

Panamá

Paraguay

PerúRep.Dominicana

SurinameTrinidad y Tobago

Uruguay

Ningún tema (38 analizados) identificados en normativa

Todos los temas (38 analizados) identificados en normativa

Results Phase I. Identification of sanitation regulations in Latin America and the Caribbean - LAC (26 countries)

• All countries have regulations on RA treatment

• Gaps in planning, social aspects.

Biggest challenges:

To stand out at the regulatory level...Social aspects

Subcomponente Detalle Países

Decision making in projects Throughout the cycle from planning, execution and post-execution of projects Participation in the execution of the works

Bolivia, EcuadorArgentina (Water + Work Program) Hondura (Water and Sanitation Framework Law)

Gender approach in service delivery

Particular provisions on gender focus in sanitation policy Guatemala, Paraguay

Productive activities and/or local development around sanitation

8 countries with regulations to encourage productive activities and /or local development around sanitation

Financial support to community organizations (Bolivia)Verification of availability of materials and local labor in projects (Colombia)Commercialization of by-products of AR use (Peru, Paraguay)

To stand out at the regulatory level...Technical/environmental aspectsSubcomponente Detalle Países

Wastewater collection and disposal

ConventionalIn 19 countries, regulations are identified with guidelines on depth or place of installation of networksIn 18 countries, technical standards are identified with guidelines on the type of pipe material

Non-conventional15 countries with standards that enable the use of unconventional. Highlights: Condominiales, sewers without dragging solids, modular sewers 100% with plastic material and simplified sewers, decanted effluents

Minimum depths are observed in Guatemala and Panama (1.00 m) and Dominican Republic (0.3 m)

No type and choice is defined subject to characteristics of RA, terrain, topography(Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Uruguay)

In other cases material is specified: PVC, simple concrete, reinforced concrete orductile cast iron, Concrete, Polyvinyl (PVC), Polyethylene (PE), Asbestos-cement(Nicaragua)

Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, VenezuelaArgentina (Buenos Aires Province): Alternative solutions can be evaluated and authorized

Faecal sludgefrom individual solutions

7 countries have regulations related with fecal sludge when there is use of individual solutions

Bolivia, Costa Rica, Rep. Dominicana, Surinam, Uruguay,* Argentina,Brasil

Types of systems(Centralized)

21 countries identified regulation for centralized systems

Including primary, secondary and tertiary (Jamaica, Mexico, Paraguay)

System type (decentralized, on-site)

21 countries with identification of this type of systems

Unidentified: Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Barbados, Venezuela

To stand out at the regulatory level...Technical/environmental aspectsSubcomponente Detalle Países

Use of treatedwastewater

In 16 countries different uses/aspects regulated, establishing certain standards for agricultural (not human consumption), industrial, irrigation of green areas, parks and gardens

Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, NicaraguaPanama, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago

Biosolids/slaudes In 12 countries there is regulation for the use and/or commercialization of slolids/biosolids

Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela

Discharge standards (parameters and values)

For 22 countries, a dumping standard is identified that specifies maximum limits of parameters allowed in discharges to bodies of water

Unidentified: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana

To stand out at the regulatory level...Planning, economic and financial aspects

Subcomponente Detalle Países

Subsidies (conventionalsolution)

En 15 countries identify provisions for subsidies The focus varies between socioeconomic strata (Colombia), poverty (Peru), lower income users (Honduras, Nicaragua, Argentina)

Subsidies (Intradomiciliaries)

2 countries with subsidies for intra-household connections

Colombia, Uruguay

General cost recoveryprovisions

In general there is provision for cost recovery through tariffs

Except unidentified Haiti and Suriname

Policy, Plan, NationalSanitation Program

23 identify national plans for sanitation, mainly conventional solutions

Unidentified: Ecuador, Belize, Venezuela

Project planning in stages

9 countries with identification Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay

Mandatory sanitationplans

Identified in 8 countries Colombia, Ecuador, Haití, Hondura, México, Argentina, México, Brasil, Uruguay

2000

1960El Salvador

Decree Law 341 (10/61)Law of the National Administration of Aqueducts and Sewers

1990

1995

20202010

2005

2015

El SalvadorAgreement 310 (10/2004). Sanitary technical standard for the installation, use and maintenance of dry latrines without water dragging

El Salvador(2017) National Drinking Water and Sanitation Plan of El Salvador

El Salvador(2019)Límites parámetros vertimientos

BoliviaLaw 2066:

Provision and Use of Drinking Water

and Sanitary Sewerage Services

BoliviaResolution No. 227/2010Regulation alternative solutions Water and Sanitation

BoliviaSectoral

Development Plan ofBasic

Sanitation 2015-2020

BoliviaSupreme Decree No. 24176. EnvironmentalPrevention and Control Regulations

BrasilLaw 9.433 (01/1997).

National Water Resources Policy and creates the National Water

Resources Management

SystemBrasil (2005)

Resolution 357 Effluent discharge standards and take

other measures

BrasilSanitation Law No.

11.445 (2007). Establishes national guidelines for basic

sanitation and federal basic sanitation policy

Brasil Resolution 430 (05/2011)Standards foreffluent dischargeand complementsRes 357

Brasil (2013)Plan Nacionalde Saneamiento Básico (PLANSAB)

ColombiaLey 142 (1994)Law on Public Household Services

Colombia (2004)National

Wastewater Management Plan (PMAR)

Colombia (2015)Parameters and maximum limit values discharges

Colombia Nothing. 1207 (2014)Use of treated wastewater

Colombia National Development Plan (2014-2018)Differential schemes

JamaicaWater Resources Actof 1995 Ley de Recursos hídricos

JamaicaNational Water Commission Act (1980)Regulation of the National Water Commission

Jamaica (2019)National Water

Sector Policy and

Implementation Plan

México National Waters Act (1992)Law with provisions on the use or exploitation of water and its property

MexicoSEMARNAT-1996. Maximum permissible limits of pollutants in waste water discharges

MéxicoSEMARNAT-1997. Maximum permissible limits for waste water in use

México (2013)Water Law for the State of Mexico and Municipalities

México (2019)

NationalWater

Program 2020-2024

Timeline of sanitation standards in

countries – Phase II

BrasilSanitation Law No. Law No. 14.026 (07/2020).

Updates the legal framework for basic

sanitation

Phase II Results. Comparative analysis 6 countries

Sanitation plans and/or programmes at the national level

No se identifica normaSe identifica disposición normativa (Parcial)No se identifica norma

Subtema Bolivia Brasil Colombia El Salvador Jaimaica México

Política, Plan, Programa Nacional Saneamiento

Plan Sectorial de Desarrollo de Saneamiento Básico

2015-2020. Incluye soluciones convencionales

El Plan Nacional de Saneamiento Básico (PLANSAB) fue aprobado por Decreto N °8.141 (2013). En 2018 se inició

un proceso de revisión que contó con participación ciudadana a través de Audiencias Públicas. El

horizonte está previsto a 2033 y actualmente se encuentra en

revisión por parte de los Consejos Nacionales de Salud, Medio Ambiente y Recursos

Hídrico

• Plan Nacional de Manejo de Aguas

Residuales -PMAR. En el cual se establecen

lineamientos y estrategias de gestión orientadas a resolver la problemática

de afectación en las condiciones de calidad del recurso hídrico generada por los vertimientos de

aguas residuales sin tratamiento

Plan Nacional de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de El Salvador - 2017. En el plan se establecen acciones e

inversiones particulares para el área metropolitana de San Salvador, las

áreas urbanas del resto del país, y se establece un plan de inversiones

para aumentar coberturas y también en plantas de tratamiento.

Plan Nacional de Implementación y Política

del Sector del Agua 2019. Se incorporan estrategias

particulares en cuanto a acceso universal a

saneamiento a 2030, dejando en responsabilidad

de las Corporaciones Municipales y las

Autoridades Locales el cumplimiento para usuarios por fuera de alcantarillado

público, que se podría interpretar como soluciones

individuales

Programa Nacional Hídrico 2020-2024 (2020) incorpora en sus objetivos la garantía

progresiva del derecho humano al agua y

saneamiento, especialmente en la población más

vulnerable. Para esto determina la necesidad de realizar una priorización de

inversiones en saneamiento, tanto en cobertura como en

tratamiento de aguas residuales y fortalecer

organismos operadores

Planeación de proyectos por etapas

n.i. Si. En Ley de Saneamiento

Si. Posibilidad de ejecutar proyectos por etapas,

garantizando funcionalidad y

autonomía operativa

n.i. n.i.

Programa Nacional Hídrico 2020-2024 (PNH). Acceso a

saneamiento, integralidad del ciclo del agua

o National plans for sanitation are identified in all countries, mainly conventional solutions o 3 countries with the possibility of implementing projects in stages (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico)o Challenges in: o Incorporation of investments to include unconventional solutions, sewerage infrastructure, execute projects in phaseso Incorporation of projects by basins and coordination between institutions at different levels, reported by 5 countrieso Funding to implement plans

Wastewater discharge regulations


Norma vertimientos (parámetros y valores)

Se definen 80 parámetros con máximos admisibles en vertimientos a cuerpos de agua

Se definen 92 parámetros con máximos admisibles en vertimientos a cuerpos de agua. En aguas dulces donde se realiza la

pesca o cultivo de organismos, para consumo intensivo, se deben cumplir

límites diferenciales para 18 parámetros.

Se definen 50 parámetros con máximos admisibles en vertimientos a cuerpos de agua. En vertimientos a cuerpos de agua que tenga como

destino el uso del agua para consumo humano, doméstico y

pecuario se exige un valor de referencial diferencial para la

concentración de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAP)

Se definen 9 parámetros fisicoquímicos máximos

admisibles en cuerpos de agua para tipo ordinario.

También se definen máximos admisibles por tipo

de actividad definiendo 6 parámetros básicos y 45

específicos

Se definen 52 parámetros con

máximos admisibles en vertimientos a cuerpos

de agua

Se definen límites máximos de parámetros permitidos en descargas a cuerpos de agua (8 parámetros para

contaminantes básicos y 9 para metales pesados y cianuro)

Regulación por capacidad de cuerpos

receptores (cuenca)n.i.

Autoridad competente puede agregar otras condiciones y estándares de

calidad, para un cuerpo de agua dado, o para hacerlos más restrictivos, teniendo

en cuenta las condiciones locales

n.i. n.i. n.i.

Los responsables de las descargas de aguas residuales municipales y no

municipales, que excedan la concentración de contaminantes en

parámetros básicos, metales pesados y cianuros, para cuerpos receptores

tipo B (ríos, uso público urbano), deben presentar un programa de acciones y u obras para control de

calidad a la Comisión Nacional

Prohibición de vertimiento sin tratamiento

Si. Centros urbanos. Operadores sin planta

debieron presentar plan al Ministerio en un plazo no

mayor de 1 año a partir de expedido el reglamento

Descarga después de tratamiento y cumpliendo con condiciones, estándares

y requisitos establecidos en normatividad

Si. Excepción a través de Plan de Gestión del Riesgo para el Manejo

de Vertimientos en situaciones que limiten o impidan tratamiento

Si n.i. Si. Aguas de origen urbano

o All countries have a dumping standard that specifies maximum limits of parameters allowed in discharges to bodies of water. Number of admissible parameters varies (between 92 – Brazil and 17 – Mexico)

o Particular standards that differentiate by receiving bodies: Brazil (quality and use), Mexico (use), Colombia (use)o Regulatory challenges relate to quality standards for discharges that vary by river basin and clarity (in existing ones) for applicationo Although there is a sanctioning regime for non-compliance with standards in all countries, there are challenges in the effective control of the

standard.o Lack of clarity in some cases on authority exercising control over jurisdictional boundaries (Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico)


Wastewater quality and use/reuse contemplated in regulations


Reúso agua

No hay norma específica. El reúso de AR crudas o

tratadas debe ser autorizado por el

Prefecto (nivel departamental) previo

cumplimiento de calidad

Si. Reutilización con fines urbanas, agrícolas y

forestales, recuperación del medio ambiente,

fines industriales, acuicultura, cumpliendo

con normatividad

Si. Usos agrícola-no consumo humano, zonas

urbanas, industrial

Reúso urbano, riego (silvicultura), agrícola (con limitaciones), no

alimenticios para humanos, recreativo,

paisajístico, construcción.

Riego con aprobación de una Autoridad y previo

cumplimiento de 6 parámetros definidos

Industria, agricultura, usos urbanos, campos de golf,

abastecimiento de hidrantes de sistemas contra incendio, lagos artificiales no recreativos, entre otros. Previo cumplimiento de

normas

Reúso energía n.iUso de biometano a partir de biogás (n.i.

norma)

Se sugiere en plantas de tratamiento

n.i n.i n.i

Reúso biosólidos/lodos

Si. Agricultura. Cumpliendo norma y

vigilancia de Prefectura (Nivel departamental)

Se establecen criterios y procedimientos para la elaboración y aplicación

debiosólido en suelos. Para la producción, compra,

venta, cesión, préstamo o permuta debiosólido.

Si. Norma establece la caracterización de

biosólidos para su uso teniendo en cuenta

factores químicos (10) y microbiológicos (4),

estableciendo valores máximos permisibles

para uso

Los reúsos no especificados serán

analizados y aprobados por las

autoridades competentes

Lodos pueden ser usados para abono en

agricultura, previo el cumplimiento de 11

parámetros

Establece las especificaciones y límites máximos permisibles de

contaminantes en lodos y biosólidos para su

aprovechamiento y disposición final. Clasificación para los

biosólidos en excelente y bueno en función de su contenido de metales

pesados; y en clase: A, B y C en función de su contenido de

patógenos y parásitos. La norma establece que aplicación de los biosólidos en terrenos con fines

agrícolas y mejoramiento de suelos se sujetará a lo establecido en la Ley Federal de Sanidad Vegetal

o All countries are available for the use of treated wastewater, mainly in: agriculture, urban areas, industrial purposes, subject to compliance with the standard.

o In the use of sewage sludge, it is the norm in all countries. Mainly for agricultureo Challenges: gaps and lack of clarity in permitted uses that complicates application (reported by Colombia, Mexico, Brazil and Jamaica). In the case

of Mexico, the project sought to feed the reservoir with AR treated for water extraction and give it urban public use (the project was stopped)o There are also challenges in regulations to facilitate the market for the sale of by-products (Brazil and Colombia)o Establish mechanisms for the recovery of costs associated with the reúso (Brazil, Colombia and Mexico)


Individual sanitation solutions

Subtema Bolivia Brasil Colombia El Salvador Jaimaica MéxicoTipo Hoyo seco y con arrastre de agua

(Baño seco de hoyo ventilado, Baño seco de hoyo seco ventilado alternante, Baño con arrastre de agua) Baño seco ecológico (Baño seco ecológico de doble cámara y

solar, Baño seco ecológico de contenedor móvil

Si. Sistema alternativo de saneamiento individual, sin definición precisa de cuáles

sistemas

Pozo séptico, para áreas que no cuenten con

redes públicas de alcantarillado, para

vivienda rural dispersa y cuando hace parte de los

alcantarillados sin arrastre de sólidos

Letrina de Hoyo Seco Modificada, Letrina

Abonera Seca Familiar y Letrina Solar

Tanques sépticos, pozos de remojo, campos de

baldosas y letrinas de pozo

Sistemas alternativos, no necesariamente

individuales

Programa/incentivo para instalación n.i. n.i.

Si. Programa Agua al Barrio

n.i. n.i. n.i.

Regulación para instalación

La norma incorpora criterios de selección, diseño, aspectos

constructivos a tener en cuenta y lineamientos para operación y

mantenimiento. Debe ser aprobado por empresas. Clausura

por parte del usuario de las soluciones alternativas cuando ya

cuente con el servicio de alcantarillado público

No son consideradas servicios públicos siempre que el usuario

no dependa de terceros para operar los servicios

Si. Pozo séptico debe tener tratamiento complementario

Norma especifica criterios de ubicación, diseño, uso y mantenimiento. También

hay un régimen sancionatorio conforme la regulación del Código de

Salud

n.i. n.i.


o The type of technology for individual solutions is different between countries. In the case of Brazil and Mexico, they refer to alternatives, without precise definition

o In almost all countries there is a standard that defines the regulation for the installation. In the cases of Bolivia and El Salvador, they even include guidelines for operation and maintenance.

o There are challenges in the application of standards and results at the level of environmental impacts (Brazil, Mexico)o The collection and conduction of individual solution products is reported regulated in most countries, but there are challenges in defining

tariffs that ensure sustainability.

Non-conventional sewers (alternatives to conventional sanitation systems)



Tipo

Si. Condominiales, alcantarillados sin arrastre de sólidos,

alcantarillados modulares 100 % con material plástico y los

alcantarillados simplificados.

CondominialSi. Condominiales, alcantarillados

sin arrastre de sólidos, y los alcantarillados simplificados.

Condominal. La responsabilidad de la operación y mantenimiento del ramal condominial a cargo de

la ANDA cuando se ubique en áreas de acceso público (aceras,

pasajes, etc.), cuando se ubique en parte interna de lotes o vivienda,

si no hay servidumbre, es responsabilidad de los usuarios.

n.i.

Redes de Alcantarillado Sin Arrastre de Sólidos

(RASAS), Sistema de Alcantarillado por Presión

(SAP) y el Sistema de Alcantarillado por Vacío

(SAV) (particularmente en zonas donde las

condiciones topográficas y por dispersión de

población no es rentable la instalación de una red

de alcantarillado convencional)

• In all countries except Jamaica, there are regulatory provisions on types of non-conventional systems. Case of condominiales in the majority. Other types: sewer without dragging of solids, simplified.

• Some of the challenges that explain the lack of sanitation in some areas of the city, as reported by the countries, are: i) the absence of intra-household connections, ii) homes located in high-risk areas, iii) requirement of legalization of properties before the execution of sanitation projects and iv) the high investment costs in sanitation

• Brazil applied them in new developments where there are no conditions for conventional solutions.

Recommendations

o Investment plans: Incorporation of unconventional solutions, prioritization by basins and execution by

phases. Coordination between different levels of government and institutions. Achieve financial closings with

various sources.

o Discharge standards: Differential standards and some cases adjusted to basin characteristics and uses.

Definition by the amount and type of pollutant discharged, which takes into account the degree of dilution

and vulnerability of receiving bodies. Graduality (local and environmental contexts).

o It is important that the regulatory framework includes clear provisions, sanctioning framework for non-

compliance of wastewater discharge regulations, enhance surveillance and control mechanisms.

o Reuse standards: Review uses incorporated in the standards, parameters and requirements for reuso.

Development of regulation for energy use and use of biosolids/sludge, including the commercialization of by-

products of treated wastewater. It is important to consider the costs and incentives related to reuse and

circular economy approaches.

o Individual solutions: Regulatory developments for installation, operation and maintenance.

Next…

• Review and Publication of results

• Further analysis

• Development and support to countries interested in developing/reviewing other frameworks.

optimal sanitation initiative

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