optimized horse trail design for illinois soil christopher jones master’s student in forestry...
TRANSCRIPT
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OPTIMIZED HORSE TRAIL DESIGN FOR ILLINOIS SOIL
Christopher Jones
Master’s Student in Forestry
Southern Illinois University
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EQUESTRIAN RECREATION
Projected Growth Top five activity, growing on USFS lands (Cordell, 2012)
Economic Benefits Contributes positively to local economies Up to 6x indirect expenditures
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IMPACT AND EROSION
Use ? degradation (e.g., Deluca et al., 1998; Wilson, et al., 1994; Olive et al., 2009)
Even lowest amounts of use (Cole, 2004; Liddle, 1997)
Erosion can influence user behavior (Marion and Leung, 2004)
Use-impact relationship from Cole (2004).
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EROSION AT WORK
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EQUESTRIAN EROSION
Soil compaction, increased trail width and depth, and reduced surface litter (Whittaker,1978)
Urine and feces Nitrogen, phosphorous, and
heavy metals (Edwards et al.,1999)
Water pollution
Direct/indirect conflicts Shawnee National Forest
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LANDSCAPE FEATURES
The problems associated with recreation impact are more likely the result of poor planning and location (Cole, 1987; Leung & Marion, 2000)
Trail position, trail slope alignment angle (TSA), grade, water drainage, and type of use (Summer, 1980; Kuss, 1983; Olive & Marion, 2009)
Slope one of the most influential (Bratton et al., 1979; Wilson & Seney, 1994)
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NEGATING IMPACT THROUGH DESIGN
Considerations taken during the planning process should be able to prevent most impacts (Marion et al., 2004)
Controlling water flow by utilizing the landscape (Birchard, et al., 2000; Hesselbarth et al., 1996)
Hardening the surface in poorly drained soils (Meyer, 2002)
Experimental research about trail design is limited Few studies focus on the effectiveness of actions taken to mitigate
recreation impact (Leung et al., 2000; Cole, 2004b)
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JUSTIFICATION
Empirically test for the effects of trail design, proximal landscape attributes, and routing characteristics on equestrian trail soil transport.
Overcome limitation of observational studies
Design and maintain trails at lower cost, improved safety, and higher ecological resilience
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HYPOTHESIS
Erosion rates on equestrian trails will be significantly reduced if five factors are taken into consideration during the trail design: Trail-slope alignment Canopy cover Landform position Substrate amendment Benching
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EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLESIndependent Variables LevelsTrail slope alignment angle Measured as absolute value of trail compass direction –
landform direction, modulus 90Landform position Ridge, side-slope, valley, direct ascentPercent canopy cover Averaged as 3 measures at 25%, 50%, and 75% distance
along each trail segmentSubstrate amendment
Natural soil, wood chips, gravel, or shade tolerant turf
Benching None, half, or full benching (percent of trail constructed on mineral soil vs. replaced topsoil)
Average segment slope Averaged as 3 clinometer measures at 25%, 50%, and 75% distance along each trail segment
Trail sinuosity Degrees of curvature per unit lineal length of trailSlope and azimuth Landform, trail steepness and directionHorse use Tracked as monthly totals and cumulative totalsDependent Variables LevelsErosion Average of three cross-sectional areas at 25%, 50%, and
75% distance along each trail segmentLateral & transverse rugosity
Lateral: Average of standard deviation for cross-sections’ vertical measures. Transverse: by clinometer
Muddiness Drained, periodically muddy or pervasively muddySoil compaction Measured as soil penetration resistance with handheld
soil penetrometer
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LOCATION
New trail system on University Farms
Built near SIUC’s equine facilities
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TRAIL DESIGN
Plot areas based on available 4-foot contour maps GPS-based ground verification
Produce route that crosses a variety of landscapes
One-mile long
Five-meter segments for analysis
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CONSTRUCTION
Initial ground truthing
Thirteen-foot corridor, twelve-foot overhead clearance
Plant and stump removal
Substrate amendment
Standard dimensions for an equestrian trail (Hancock et al., 2007, p. 39).
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BASELINE DATA COLLECTION
Trail divided into five meter segments Design Variable Values Use of Trimble GPS, Suunto
survey equipment
Establish fixed reference points for each trail section Provides baseline for future
data collection
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Measurement of cross-sectional area soil erosion. Adapted by Park (2009) from Marion (1994).
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DATA COLLECTION
Monthly Rain events:
precipitation > 2.54 cm / 24 hours
Unsafe conditions (fallen trees, etc) monitored for and removed
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ANALYSIS AND REPORTING
Statistical regression analyses run via SPSS MANOVA and post hoc tests
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STATUS
Finishing construction phase
Addition of electric conductivity (EC) meter
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APPLICATIONS
Applications extend far beyond Southern Illinois Reduce costs of trail repair for forest/park managers Promote equestrian recreation
Reduce conflicts between horse riders and other recreationists
Additional research possibilities ROV UGV UAV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Logan Park, Dr. Zaczek, Department of Forestry
Dr. Guangxing Wang, Department of Geography
Dr. Sheryl King, Director of Equine Studies
Southern Illinois University
Horsemen’s Council of Illinois