optimizing livelihood and environmental benefits from crop residues in smallholder crop-livestock...
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Presentation by Nils Teufel, Meera Bhatia and Braja Bandhu for the SLP Crop Residues Project Review and Planning Meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-10 December 2010.TRANSCRIPT
Optimizing livelihood and environmental benefits from crop residues in smallholder crop-livestock systems in sub-
Saharan Africa and South Asia: Background on Study Regions in South Asia
Presentation by Nils Teufel, Meera Bhatia and Braja Bandhu for the SLP Crop Residues Project Review and Planning Meeting
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 9-10 Dec 2010
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), New DelhiInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New
Delhi
Introduction• Two countries of South Asia (India
and Bangladesh) of Indo-Gangetic region
• Three regions –two from India (Karnal and Udaipur) and one from Bangladesh (Dinajpur)
• Average annual rainfall increases moving west to east from 600mm to 1,500mm.
• Main crops grown are rice and wheat. Others include maize, sugarcane and cotton.
04/12/2023 2SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
A Feelings of study region
04/12/2023 SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010 3
Agro-climatic and demographic structure Indicators Karnal Dinajpur Udaipur
Geography North latitude between 29. 500–29.500 25.900 – 26.400 23.460 –2505’East longitude 76.150 – 77.450 88.100–89.200 73.90 –74.350 Altitude [m] 252 41 598
Demographic Density of Population 506 761 196Literacy rate 68% 60% 59%
Economic activitiesCultivators 30% 43% 45%Agricultural labourers 15% 29% 5%
Climate
Temp (max) 450 C 340 C 42.30 CTemp (min) 3 0 C 100 C 2.50 CRainfall 696 2,536 mm 596 mm
Land use pattern
Total area 1,967 Sq Km 3437.98 Sq Km 13,419 Sq Km
Forest land (%) 0.41 1.58 28Permanent pastures and grazing land (%) 3.21 NA 6Land not available for cultivation (%) 5 22.32 34Cropped area (%) 79.58 70 17Cropping intensity 1.98 1.88 1.31 Average landholdings (Ha) 2.37 0.80 1.46
04/12/2023 4SLP_CRWorkshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Socio-economic characteristics of sample village across sitesIndicators Karnal Dinajpur Udaipur All sites
Basic Infrastructure
Distance from town (km) 7 5 9 7
Distance from district HQ (km) 36 37 63 45
Distance from inputs market (km) 7 2 8 5.84Distance from output market (km) 9 4 9 7
Distance from AI centre (km) 6 4 9 7
Distance from Vet. Clinic centre (km) 7 4 9 5
Distance from commercial bank (km) 6 4 11 9
Demographic Average households size in a village 388 118 343 290
Farm Category
Average land holding size (owned) (acre) 4 1.3 1.1 2
Average land holding size (cultivated) (acre) 5 1.47 1 2.31Large farms (%) 15 15 15 15Small farms (%) 36 54 71 53
Non-cultivating HHs (%) 49 31 14 32
Large herds (%) 39 14 12 22
Small herds (%) 49 73 67 63
Herd less HHs (%) 12 13 21 15
HHs providing agricultural labourers (%) 55 53 85 64
HHs below poverty line (%) 23 61 80 55
HHs working outside the Village 15 26 71 37
Irrigated land (%) 85 58 5.6 50
04/12/2023 5SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Crop grown and food habits
• Major crops grown – Karnal – rice, wheat, Sugarcane and
vegetable– Dinajpur – rice, wheat and maize– Udaipur – maize and wheat
• Staple food– Karnal – wheat and rice– Dinajpur – rice– Udaipur – maize
• Water source– Karnal and Dinajpur – Ground water
and surface – Udaipur – ground water
Rice in field in Karnal
• Rice grown in 1st season in Karnal and Dinajpur
Maize field in Udaipur
• Maize grown in 1st Season in Udaipur and 3rd season in Dinajpur
04/12/2023 SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010 6
Cultivation practice Indicators Karnal Dinajpur Udaipur
Tractor High Medium Low
Animal Nil Medium High
Combined High Nil Nil
Thresher Low High Medium
Seed drills Low Nil Nil
Fertiliser High High Medium
Manure Low Medium High
Herbicides High low low
Pesticides High High Low
Burning CR Medium
Nil Nil
Combined Harvesting After Harvesting
Burning CR (Rice) Processing of CR through Bhusiripa
04/12/2023 SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010 7
CR management
• Karnal– Harvesting –Combined and Manual– CR burn in field– Stall feeding CR– Use for roof construction
• Dinajpur– Harvesting –manual – CR not burn in field– Stall feeding of CR– Use for roof construction
• Udaipur– Harvesting –manual– CR not burn in field– Stall feeding – Grazing own animal
Processing of CR through Bhusiripa
Trading of processed CR
Burning of CR Storage of CR
04/12/2023 SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010 8
Use of CR at different stages across sites Sites Karnal Dinajpur Udaipur
Crops Rice wheat Rice Wheat Maize Rice
Type of Harvest Manual Combine Manual Combine Manual Manual Manual Manual Left as mulch (%) 12 37 7 24 26 9 8 3Grazing own animals (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 7Grazing my others (%) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Burnt (%) 16 52 0 3 0 0 1 0Sold (%) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0Given as payment in kind (%)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Collected by others for free (%)
0 0 2 3 5 8 0 0
Stall feeding (%) 43 6 81 6 41 0 81 88Used as fuel (%) 2 0 1 0 16 46 0 1Use for roof construction (%)
24 1 3 2 6 19 0 0
Sold from home (%) 2 1 5 6 6 13 1 0
Others (%) 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0
Total (%) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
04/12/2023 9SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Feeding strategy• Main Livestock
– Karnal – Buffalo and crossbreed cow– Dinajpur – Local cattle (milking and
draft)– Udaipur – buffalo, local cattle
(milking and draft) and goat
• Main fodder– Karnal – wheat straw and fodder
crops– Grass and dry grass – Dinajpur – rice straw and grass
Carrying green grass for feeding
Chopper for pressing of green fodder
Kept dry grass for feeding from Nov to May
Feeding green fodder in Sept
04/12/2023 10SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Sources of income Sites Wealthy Medium PoorKarnal Crop , dairy
and regular employment
Crop, dairy and agricultural labour
Agricultural labour, dairy and regular employment
Dinajpur Crop, dairy and poultry
Crop, dairy and self-employment
Agricultural labour, dairy, non-agricultural labour and poultry
Udaipur Remittance, non-agricultural labour and goat
Remittance, non-agricultural labour and goat
Remittance, non-agricultural labour and goat
04/12/2023 SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010 12
• Dairy farming is one major source of income for karnal farmers
Dairy farm in Karnal
• Goat farming is one major source of income for Udaipur farmers
Goat farming in Udaipur
• Remittance is the major source of income for Udaipur farmers
Migration from village
to town
Conclusion
Rice-wheat farming system is widely practiced in Indo-Gangetic plains and is characterised by integrated crop-livestock components
Karnal is developed region followed by Dinajpur and Udaipur
Modern technology is higher used in Karnal followed by Dinajpur and Udaipur
Main fodder –wheat straw and fodder crops in Karnal, dry grass in Udaipur and rice straw in Dinajpur
Farmers in karnal do not face much difficulties feeding livestock
Farmers in Udaipur face many problems and also in Dinajpur
Use of particular type of technology in sample villages across sites
Tillage through tractor % Area % HHs % Area % HHs % Area % HHs
Tillage through animals 100 100 92 100 26 37
Use of new seeds NA NA 8 60 74 76
Use of seed drills 44 76 56 91 9 12
Use of herbicides 84 100 32 52 1 3
Use of hand weeding 50 85 100 100 99 100
Use of pesticides 96 100 99 99 5 9
Use of threshers 27 45 87 100 23 21
Use of combines 73 86 NA NA NA NA
Use of choppers NA 87 NA NA NA NA
04/12/2023 15SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Use of crop output in across sites
Sites Karnal Dinajpur UdaipurCrops Rice Wheat Rice Wheat Maize Rice Wheat Maize
% sold from field 92 81 0 0 43 0 0 0
% payment in kind 0.5 1 0 0 0 0
% HHs consumption 4 13 47 9 5 90 88 90
% Livestock feed 0 2 1 1 5 0 2 1
% sold later 0.5 1 49 88 48 0 1 1
% total sold 93 82 49 88 90 0 1 1
% use for seed 2 1 3 2 0 10 9 8
04/12/2023 16SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010
Average of livestock and percentage of households keeping across sites
Sites Karnal Dinajpur Udaipur All sitesNumbers % HHs Numbers % HHs Numbers % HHs Numbers % HHs
Adult indigenous cattle
33 8 271 91 306 46 203 48
Adult cattle crossbred
326 27 5 3 0 0 23 10
Adult buffalo 2050 88 1 0.25 294 22 78 37
Sheep 134 1 29 5 94 12 78 6
Goat 55 3 261 69 465 47 260 40
04/12/2023 17SLP_CR Workshop, ILRI, Addis, 9-10 Dec, 2010