optimizing the use of on-farm forage resources
DESCRIPTION
OPTIMIZING THE USE OF ON-FARM FORAGE RESOURCES. Chris Reinhardt, Ph.D. Extension Beef Specialist Kansas State University. QUIZ:. Is Nitrate toxic to cattle? Yes and No What is the REAL problem compound? Nitrite is 10x as toxic as NO 3. Nitrate Poisoning . NO 2 → RBCs - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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OPTIMIZING THE USE OF ON-FARM FORAGE RESOURCES
Chris Reinhardt, Ph.D.Extension Beef SpecialistKansas State University
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QUIZ:
• Is Nitrate toxic to cattle?• Yes and No
• What is the REAL problem compound?• Nitrite is 10x as toxic as NO3
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Nitrate Poisoning
• NO2 → RBCs • → combines w hemoglobin • → methemoglobin• Methemoglobin cannot transport O2 vs.
hemoglobin• ↑ Heart rate / respiration \• Blood / tissues → BLUE to CHOCOLATE BROWN• muscle tremors, staggering, eventual suffocation• Abortion
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QUIZ:
WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE:Prevention
vsTreatment?
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QUIZ:
WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE:PREVENTION
vsTreatment?
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Testing forages…
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Common plants known to accumulate nitrate: Crops Weeds Barley Canada Thistle Corn Dock Flax Jimsonweed Millet Johnson Grass Oats Kochia Rape Lambsquarter Rye Nightshade Soybean Pigweed Sorghum Russian Thistle Sudangrass Smartweed Sugar beets Wild Sunflower SweetcloverWheat
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Diphenylamine Testhttp://www.asi.ksu.edu/doc6194.ashx
• Intense BLUE color = forage contains potentially dangerous nitrate levels
• If POSITIVE send the forage for analysis prior to feeding.
L. Hollis – Vet Quarterly, Fall 2012
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QUIZ:
• Why am I up here talking about Nitrate toxicity THIS year?
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Current situation…
• Drought• Rain → Regrowth = LOADED!• Harvested forage tests from eastern KS• Wheat, triticale• ≥ 7,000 ppm – 18,000 (!)
• Volunteer corn, Sorghum tillers• Turnips, Radishes• 15,000 – 31,000 (!!!)
• East > West• Fertilization rates…
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QUIZ:
• What is considered the “toxic” level of NO3 in forages?• 3,000 ppm NO3
• 4,400 ppm NO3
• 6,500 ppm NO3
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Prevention:• Test• If droughthy, test and confirm• If droughthy and fertilized, likely HIGH• Safe: ≤ 3,000 ppm• Nitrate! (not NO3-N)• If NO3-N then ≤ 1,000 ppm (or 1,500 ppm)
• Safe to Blend: 3,000-20,000• Blend down to “safe” level
• >20,000: DO NOT FEED• Let it go…too risky…cover crop
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QUIZ:
• Does ensiling affect NO3 levels in forages?• How much?
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Mitigating factors:
• Ensiling reduces nitrate content 30-70%• About half…
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Does grain feeding affect NO3 toxicity?
How / Why?
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• Grain feeding reduces “toxicity”• ↓ rumen pH speeds transition from • NO3 → NO2 → NH3
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Avoiding Toxicity• Testing forages• Standing• Harvested
• Cut corn for silage 12-18” from ground• More NO3 nearer ground• Stalk > leaf > grain
• Blend down “hot” feeds• Feed grain / DG / etc.• Don’t turn HUNGRY cattle into suspect forages
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Treatment:
• Methylene blue:• Compliance Policy Guidelines (CPG) Sec.
608.400, • Compounding of Drugs for Use in Animals
• possible carcinogen • 180-d withdrawal
L. Hollis – Vet Quarterly, Fall 2012
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EVERYTHING HAS A VALUE…
• …almost anyway.• Extension has never had more value
than during the present situation.• This is why we exist:• Toxicity• Nutrition• Value
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EVERYTHING (nearly) HAS A VALUE…
• “Trust but verify…”• Test everything before you feed it.• Some forage may not work for cows but
may work in the feedlot
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Nutrition 101
• Low quality forages:• Corn stalks• Wheat straw• Soybean stubble• Milo stalks• Dormant grass
• 1st limiting nutrient???• Protein…
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Nutrition 101
• Protein response???• ↑ Intake• Why???• Feed the bugs…• …bugs digest the forage and they
feed the cow
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 221012141618202224
Days
Inta
ke (l
b / d
)
Bandyk et al. (1998) casein infusion
“SBM/CSM”
“DG”
No “supplement”
start
Supplementation w DG?
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ADG on Grass w/ DG
Klopfenstein et al. (2007)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Control .5% BW 1.0% BW
AD
G, l
b
KS8-trials
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F:G of supplementation on Grass w/ DG
Klopfenstein et al. (2007)
0.01.02.03.04.05.06.07.08.09.0
.5% BW 1.0% BW
lb D
G /
adde
d lb
AD
G
KS8-trials
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DG Substitution for Grass
Klopfenstein et al. (2007)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1
ADG on Grass, lb
lb fo
rage
/lb D
G
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Examples• Cows on dormant range/crop residue• Low energy• 4-6% Crude Protein
• DG (~30% CP) = 68% of SBM• $330 vs $480 SBM • DG @ ~$260
• Mid-gestation• 6 lbs DG Dry basis +19 lb straw
• Late-gestation• 8 lbs DG +9 lb straw + 10 lb grass hay
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Examples• Lactation• 10 lb DG• 16 lb grass hay• 5 lb straw
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Examples - Receiving calves
• 15% Crude Protein• Moderate energy (forage-based diet)
• DG has energy value 115-130% of corn• 6 lbs Dry basis
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Examples
• Growing calves• 12% Crude Protein• Moderate energy (forage-based diet)
• DG has energy value ~115% of corn• 5-8 lbs Dry basis
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Waste?
• Is it ONLY about cost?
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